#Gastric Lymphoma Treatment

[vijayadworld]

Gastric Lymphoma Treatment

[hybridmindthoughtsreloaded]

Turbo Cancers

One interesting story that seems to be buried is all the young social media influencers from YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok that took the jab are getting turbo cancers.

July 9, 2023 – Sam and Colby (10 million subscribers) – 26 year old Colby Brock was diagnosed with testicular cancer. https://youtu.be/gn6nAkg9Ltw

July 3, 2023 – 37 year old Grace Helbig (2.6 million subscribers) Reveals She’s Battling Breast Cancer at 37 – she was diagnosed with Stage 2A Triple-Positive Breast cancer. https://youtu.be/QG2nTvma-ZE

Aug. 10, 2023 – Mexican TikTok Star, 25 year old Emilio Betancourt (3.2 million TikTok followers) announced he had cancer recurrence (Osteosarcoma) with no treatment options. https://youtu.be/YolbM7LheDA

May 26, 2023 – Buenos Aires, Argentina – 33 year old Aylen Milla (1 million Instagram followers) was diagnosed with very aggressive breast cancer. https://youtu.be/zo6QEq6ZJyk

May 19, 2023 – vlogbrothers (3.74 million subscribers) – with John Green and Hank Green. 43 year old Hank was diagnosed with Hodgkin Lymphoma. He promoted COVID-19 vaccines in 2021. https://youtu.be/x6a4hMyiwBo

May 16, 2023 – Mermaid Zelda (152k subscribers) was diagnosed with lymphoma. https://youtu.be/qfFlpwYjYmg

May 2023 – TikTok star Anthony Carrodo (500K TikTok followers) was diagnosed with lymphoma (DLBCL).

April 22, 2023 – Karina Reske (30.5k subscribers) was diagnosed with breast cancer recurrence and metastasis. She was in remission for 5 years. https://youtu.be/5bmJNuqHMHY

April 21, 2023 – Lizzy Musi Racing (66.2K subscribers) – was diagnosed with Stage 4 breast cancer. https://youtu.be/_iLcwRIwXyk

April 12, 2023 – Jessica Brock (63.7k subscribers) was diagnosed with three ovarian tumors up to 16cm, one was a malignant teratoma. https://youtu.be/4DYB4YWVU_4

March 4, 2023 – 21 year old Kyedae Shymko (1.1 million Instagram followers, 2.2 million Twitch followers), was diagnosed with Leukemia (AML). https://youtu.be/eUT9w8u2FUA

Feb. 4, 2023 – 39 year old Chad Wild Clay (14.7 million Youtube subscribers, 1 million Instagram followers) – was diagnosed with extremely rare myxopapillary ependymoma (spinal cancer). https://youtu.be/9FNXk3UDVxQ

Jan. 26, 2023 – Tiktok Influencer “Enkyboys” Randy Gonzalez (15.7 million TikTok followers, 2 million Instagram followers) announced in April 2022 he was diagnosed with Stage 4 Colon cancer. He was given 3 to 5 years to live by his doctors, he died 8 months later. https://youtu.be/mr7FGUy8h-0

Nov. 22, 2022 – 24 year old Andrea Barba (11.9k subscribers) – was diagnosed with Gastric Cancer (Stage 1B). https://youtu.be/j9r7ORs1k0E

Jul. 2022 – 33 year old Jenny Appleford (114k subscribers) was diagnosed with Stage 3 Lung cancer in March 2021 that has progressed rapidly to Stage 4 metastatic to brain. https://youtu.be/dHIhnM9T_gc

Jun. 30, 2022 – 23 year old Minecraft Youtuber Technoblade (16.5 million subscribers) died of metastatic sarcoma after being diagnosed in Aug. 2021. https://youtu.be/g9_aYyEDMD0

Jun. 19, 2022 – 36 year old Jessica Krock (Krocks in the Kitchen, 103k subscribers) – was diagnosed with Stage 3 Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the left ovary.

May 25, 2022 – Austin, TX – 39 year old Nasreen Shahi is a popular fashion blogger (477k Instagram followers) who was diagnosed with breast cancer late in 2021.

Apr. 21, 2022 – Tess Christine (2.3 million subscribers) was diagnosed with breast cancer in March 2022.

Jan. 23, 2022 – Eamon & Bec (1.23 million subscribers) – was diagnosed with stage 3 breast cancer in Dec. 2021.

Nov. 2021 – Stephanie Williams, Registered Nurse and TikToker (19K followers) was diagnosed with Stage 3 Lung cancer.

[flyonthewallmedstudent]

Helicobacter Pylori

Spicing things up a bit with a Gram Negative Helical/spiral Bacteria

Epidemio:

up to 50% of the population worldwide, but even more in endemic countries/the 3rd world

it can cloud differentials, as it can be asymptomatic unless it caues peptic ulcer disease, in which case the infection may have been decades prior to detection - so you have to interpret serology with a grain of salt (it may not be the culprit of acute infection)

often picked up in early childhood and lingers without treatment for dcades

by contrast, 5% of children in the US have had it, so it may change your clinical decision making depending on where your patient grew up

In australian populations, up to 30% have it, but again, high frequency in older migrants, lower socioeconomic status etc.

Transmission:

faecal oral or even sexual (did not know that one)

increased risk:

lower socioeconomic status/growing up in a developed country

family history of infection and gastric cancer

What it does:

cause ulceration (peptic ulcer disease)

and inflammation or gastritis

due to it's helical shape and flagella, it can penetrate the mucosal lining

Trivia/History:

discovered by Australians in Western Australia in the 1980s

To quote the IM physician, Barry Marshall, in the face of skepticism that a bacteria could survive the stomach's acidic environment: "everyone was against me, but I knew I was right"

After failing to publish and some lab snaffus, he decided to do a Jonas Salk and swallow a broth of Hpylori himself. Of course this last experiment was published in an Australian journal.

At any rate, it is now widely accepted that Hpylori is linked to PUD and gastric cancer and by 2005, the two Australians who found the bacteria received the Nobel prize in medicine

we now know so much more about the pathogen with advancements in microbiology

they also came up with the urease breath test for it

Clinical presentation:

asymptoamtic

symptom onset occurs after gastritis and peptic ulcer disease develop: nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdo pain, or at the extreme when the lining has eroded, bleeding/haematemesis

IMage source

Important differentials

coeliac's

Crohn's

nSAID induced gastritis

reflux

lactose intolerance

eosinophilic oesophagitis (sooo rare, usually a/w dysphagia)

Investigations (all with relatively good/high sens and spec)

H pylori antigens in stool

serology (antibodies in serum, urine) --> usually IgG, hence can remain positive for years even post eradication

urease breath test

if a scope was involved due to PUD, then histopathology and culture (reduced sensitivity if treated with PPI in 2/52 prior or Abx 4/52 prior)

actually had no idea they breathed into little bags.

Treatment:

triple therapy - PPI, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for 14 days, in penicillin allergy replace amox with metro (increasing resistance is why metro is not first line in some countries - refer to local guidelines made based on local Abx resistance trends)

In patients younger than 50, it can be cost effective to treat if they have reflux on testing (if there's a high pretest probability - see increased risk groups) given the life time risk of PUD & gastric cancer, can also reduce risk of GIB

balance of risk/benefit: will it significantly improve QOL or will risks of ADRs outweigh the benefits (eg frail, elderly, multiple comorbidities)

when used in those with PUD - improves ulcer healing, recovery and prevents relapse

in simple ulcers, triple therapy is all that is required in more chronic complex ones --> 8/52 of PPI is also recommended to prevent recurring of bleeding etc.

not treating can lead to relapse and complications like bleeding/perforation/cancer risk

Complications

rarely, it can cause gastric adenocarcinoma as a known carcinogen

aka MALT lymphoma - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

this resolves with triple therapy (Usually)

consider it in family histories of gastric cancer

life time risk of gastric cancer at 2% and 15-20% risk of peptic ulcer disease

Wish the acronym wasn't MALT. But could be a good way to remember it. MALT, tasty, gastritis and Hpylori.

Follow-up

test for eradication 2 weeks post with stool antigen or urease breath test (serology less effective as the IgGs can remain positive for years) but that's on holding the PPI for 1/52 to prevent a false negative, some countries want both tests

in resistance or relapse there's salvage therapy, usually with bismuth or a quinolone.

Sources:

Wikipaedia - I havent covered pathophysio or it's cellular mechanisms and virulence factors, but there's a good overview in wiki

StatPearls (more paeds focused in this one)

CDC guidelines

Australian Therapeutic guidelines (Paywalll rest above are free)

[jdrsandeep]

Stomach Cancer: Understanding the Disease and the Importance of Awareness

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a serious health condition affecting thousands of people globally every year. Stomach cancer originates in the lining of the stomach, often going unnoticed in its early stages. Unfortunately, due to its subtle symptoms, stomach cancer can progress significantly before detection, making awareness, early diagnosis, and preventive care crucial for improving outcomes. Abdominal Cancer Day is dedicated to raising awareness about this often-overlooked disease, providing vital information, and advocating for advancements in stomach cancer research and treatment.

What is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer typically develops in the cells that line the stomach and is classified according to the cells where it originates. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer, beginning in the stomach's mucus-producing cells. Other types include lymphomas, which originate in the immune cells, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, which arise in the connective tissues. Although stomach cancer is relatively rare compared to other forms of cancer, its impact on patients and their families is profound, and survival rates depend heavily on the stage at which it is diagnosed.

Recognizing Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer symptoms can be vague and easily mistaken for less severe conditions, making early detection challenging. Common symptoms include persistent indigestion, stomach pain, nausea, bloating after eating, and loss of appetite. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include weight loss, vomiting, blood in stool, and difficulty swallowing. Individuals experiencing persistent symptoms are encouraged to seek medical attention, as early intervention greatly increases the likelihood of successful treatment.

Risk Factors and Prevention

Several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing stomach cancer. A family history of the disease, infection with Helicobacter pylori (a common stomach bacterium), long-term inflammation of the stomach, smoking, and certain dietary factors are all associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer. For example, diets high in smoked or pickled foods and low in fruits and vegetables may increase risk. Understanding these risk factors enables individuals to take proactive steps toward prevention, such as improving dietary habits, quitting smoking, and seeking regular medical check-ups.

Importance of Early Detection and Screening

Early detection is critical for effectively treating stomach cancer, yet it remains a significant challenge due to the disease’s subtle onset. Routine screenings are typically not recommended for the general population; however, individuals at high risk, such as those with a family history of stomach cancer or related genetic conditions, may benefit from regular check-ups and screenings. Detecting cancer in its initial stages allows for more effective treatment options and can prevent the disease from spreading to other parts of the body.

Abdominal Cancer Day: A Commitment to Awareness and Support

Abdominal Cancer Day is a dedicated initiative aimed at educating the public on stomach cancer and other forms of abdominal cancers. By spreading knowledge, Abdominal Cancer Day encourages individuals to understand the symptoms, seek medical guidance, and prioritize preventive care. The organization collaborates with healthcare providers, cancer research institutions, and support networks to foster community support and drive advancements in diagnosis and treatment. Their mission goes beyond awareness, aiming to empower patients and their families by providing resources, offering guidance on treatment options, and advocating for accessible, high-quality care.

How You Can Contribute

Support for stomach cancer awareness is invaluable, as it aids in research funding, educational programs, and patient support services. By participating in Abdominal Cancer Day initiatives, you can help reduce the stigma, support families affected by stomach cancer, and contribute to the efforts to find a cure. Simple actions such as sharing information, donating to research, or volunteering at awareness events can have a lasting impact on many lives.

Conclusion

Stomach cancer is a life-threatening disease that demands greater awareness and attention. Through the dedicated efforts of Abdominal Cancer Day, individuals can become more informed, take preventive actions, and support those battling this condition. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential in fighting stomach cancer, and by raising awareness, we can work together to reduce its impact and foster hope for a cancer-free future.

Read More Info : Colorectal Cancer

Appendix Cancer

[cancer-specialist-in-pune]

Pembrolizumab Immunotherapy Current & Future of Cancer Treatment

Pembrolizumab Immunotherapy is an immune checkpoint inhibitor, a form of immunotherapy, designed to help the immune system target and destroy cancer cells. It is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) protein on T cells, preventing cancer cells from evading immune detection. By blocking this interaction, pembrolizumab enables the immune system to attack and eliminate cancer cells effectively. Initially, it gained accelerated approval from the FDA in September 2014 for treating advanced, refractory melanoma. Since then, pembrolizumab has been approved for several other cancer types, with ongoing clinical trials exploring its potential in additional oncologic conditions. This innovative treatment is accessible right here in Pune! Discover the expertise of Dr. Pratik Patil, recognized as the best oncologist in Pune, specializing in immunotherapy, and can guide you through your cancer treatment options.

Read this interesting article on how pembrolizumab transforms treatment across various cancer types.

The Role of Pembrolizumab Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment:

Biliary Tract Cancer:

Pembrolizumab is used in combination with gemcitabine hydrochloride and cisplatin for biliary tract cancer that is either unresectable or has metastasized. This regimen aims to manage the disease when surgical options are no longer viable.

Breast Cancer:

For triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), Pembrolizumab is employed in multiple scenarios:

Advanced Stage: It is combined with chemotherapy for patients whose tumors express the PD-L1 protein and are either recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic.

Early-Stage: It is used with chemotherapy before surgery and continued alone after surgery in patients with high-risk early-stage TNBC, aiming to reduce recurrence.

Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma:

Pembrolizumab is used:

Adults: For cases that are refractory or have relapsed after initial treatments.

Children: For relapsed or refractory cases after at least two other treatment lines.

Cervical Cancer: Pembrolizumab’s role in cervical cancer includes:

Stage III/IVA: Used alongside chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage cervical cancer.

Recurrent or Metastatic: Combined with chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, for cancers that are PD-L1 positive and have either relapsed or metastasized.

PD-L1 Positive Refractory Cases: Administered alone for cancers that have worsened during or after chemotherapy.

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

For this skin cancer, Pembrolizumab is indicated in patients whose disease has recurred or spread and is not amenable to surgical or radiation therapy.

Endometrial Carcinoma:

Pembrolizumab is approved for:

Combination Therapy: With carboplatin and paclitaxel followed by monotherapy for patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer.

Monotherapy: For MSI-H or dMMR cancers that are not curable by surgery or radiation.

Lenvatinib Combination: For cancers that are not microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR), which have progressed after other therapies.

Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer:

Pembrolizumab is used:

Chemotherapy: Combined with platinum-based chemotherapy and fluoropyrimidine for cancers that cannot be treated with surgery or chemoradiation.

As Monotherapy: For squamous cell cancers that are PD-L1 positive, following prior systemic therapy.

Gastric Cancer:

For advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma:

HER2 Positive: Pembrolizumab is used with trastuzumab, fluoropyrimidine, and platinum-based chemotherapy.

HER2 Negative: Administered with fluoropyrimidine and platinum-based chemotherapy.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma:

Pembrolizumab is indicated for patients who have progressed on sorafenib, providing an alternative therapeutic approach for advanced liver cancer.

Melanoma:

Pembrolizumab is applied in:

Advanced Cases: For cancers that are unresectable or metastatic.

Adjuvant Therapy: In adults and children aged 12 years and older with stage IIB, IIC, or III melanoma, following surgical resection.

Merkel Cell Carcinoma:

Pembrolizumab is used for Merkel cell carcinoma that has recurred or spread in both adults and children.

Microsatellite Instability-High (MSI-H) or Mismatch Repair Deficient (dMMR) Cancers

Pembrolizumab treats:

Solid Tumors: In both adults and children with TMB-H solid tumors have progressed after other treatments and are not amenable to other therapies.

Colorectal Cancer: Specific focus on cancers with MSI-H or dMMR characteristics.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC):

For NSCLC, Pembrolizumab is utilized:

First-Line Treatment: With pemetrexed and platinum-based chemotherapy for nonsquamous cancers without EGFR or ALK mutations, or with carboplatin and paclitaxel for squamous cancers.

Adjuvant Therapy: Used alone after platinum-based chemotherapy and surgery to prevent recurrence.

Monotherapy: As a first-line treatment for stage III cancers with PD-L1 positivity, or for those with disease progression after prior therapies.

Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma:

Pembrolizumab is indicated for adults and children with refractory or relapsed primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma after at least two other therapies.

Renal Cell Carcinoma:

Pembrolizumab is employed:

First-Line Therapy: With axitinib or lenvatinib for cancers that are unresectable or metastatic.

Adjuvant Therapy: To reduce recurrence risk after kidney surgery in high-risk patients.

Solid Tumors with High Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB-H):

For TMB-H tumors that have spread or are unresectable, Pembrolizumab is used when other therapies are unsuitable or ineffective.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck:

Pembrolizumab is utilized:

First-Line: Combined with platinum-based chemotherapy and fluorouracil for unresectable tumors.

Monotherapy: For PD-L1 positive tumors or those progressing after chemotherapy.

Urothelial Carcinoma:

Pembrolizumab is indicated:

With Enfortumab Vedotin: For cancers that have spread.

Monotherapy: For cancers that have spread or worsened after platinum-based chemotherapy or have not responded to BCG therapy.

If you want to explore immunotherapy for your cancer treatment, book an appointment today with Dr. Pratik Patil to discuss your options and take the next step toward your health.

[ruaahomecareblog]

Understanding Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Global Awareness Efforts!

Lymphoma, a cancer affecting the lymphatic system, is one of the most prevalent cancers globally. Despite its commonality, there is still a need for increased public awareness of this disease. World Lymphoma Awareness Day, held annually on September 15, serves as a reminder to educate people about lymphoma, share vital information, and encourage early detection.

Our hope in this paper is to be able to help further understand, and build better awareness across the globe that may bring the very best outcome for the sufferers and their families-from knowledge on lymphoma symptoms and treatment to its cause. The most primary question one could ask, if given a chance, is what lymphoma is.

What is lymphoma?

Broadly viewed, the term lymphoma refers to cancers afflicting the lymphatic system, which is part of the human body's infection and disease fighting apparatus. It is commonly defined as an abnormal and unregulated growth of lymphocytes, which leads to the forming of tumors either inside the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

Generally, lymphomas are divided into two main groups: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

It is a tumor composed of Reed-Sternberg cells. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a class of cancer originating either from B-cells or T-cells; the two major subtypes of lymphocytes. In each of those two, of course, there are great numbers of subtypes—more than 60 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Causes of Lymphoma: Getting to Know Your Risks

Though, the real lymphoma causes are unknown, there are a few well-documented risk factors whose presence would ensure increased chances of a person getting the disease. In these respects, it would be apt to mention that these are not causing lymphoma in real terms but merely providing greater chances for it to develop.

1. Immune Deficiency: Probably one of the most easily recognizable risk factors in lymphoma is immune deficiency in such well-known cases as the disease in transplant organ receivers who take immuno-suppressive drugs and in advanced HIV/AIDS, for which the body's defense cannot contain the growths of abnormal cells.

2. Infections: Also, viral and bacterial infections of an individual are known to be the reasons for certain lymphoma diseases.

For example, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, now known to be a leading cause of gastric ulcers, has also been shown to induce a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that most often arises in the stomach lining

3. Age and Sex: Lymphoma can occur at any age but regarding the conditions, the distribution is different. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma most commonly occurs during the ages of 15-35 years, non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma most commonly occurs at > than 60 years of age. On a broad note, most commonly males are at a greater risk compared to females for developing non - Hodgkin's lymphoma.

4. Genetics and Family History: Like any other cancer, lymphoma has an increased risk of incidence in a person if they have a positive family history. To put it simply if your immediate family member was unfortunate enough to encounter it, it increases your chances of having them as well. Hence making it essential for close family members to undergo screening. Although Lymphoma has been known to affect several patients with no known family history as well.

5. Environmental and Occupational Exposure: Long-term use or exposure to pesticides, herbicides, and other noxious chemicals/toxic substances can be linked to lymphomas, more so in an agricultural or industrial setup where a worker is quite exposed to such chemicals.

6. Autoimmune diseases: Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease already cause chronic inflammation or autoimmune malfunction and thereby increase risks for lymphoma. In one way or another, chronic immune activation predisposes atypical cells to proliferate.

Symptoms of lymphoma: making an early diagnosis.

In fact, all slogans follow the closely related synonyms on early detection, and that is the very precept of World Lymphoma Awareness Day.

In fact, the earlier the symptoms are identified and proper treatment instituted, the prognosis would have been better for the patient. However, since lymphoma mainly presents itself with nonspecific symptoms most of which may easily be confused with other less malignant illnesses, the disease may fairly be difficult to diagnose. The most common symptoms of lymphoma that one should be well conversed with include:

 1. Lymphadenopathy: Painless enlarged lymph nodes especially in the neck, armpits, or groin are the most concerning way with which lymphoma presents itself among all signs and symptoms. Most cases of swelling of the lymph nodes result from infections. If a swelling remains over weeks, it could be a sign of lymphoma.

2. Unexplained Fevers: Most of the patients with this condition, namely, lymphoma, say that one complains of unexplained occurrences of fever. The fevers go away, come back; no signs of infection or something else may appear and give a clue that something in the body is going horribly wrong.

3. Nighttime Sweating: Cardinal symptoms of lymphoma diagnosis include the drenching sweats, especially nocturnal. The night sweat is obstinate, with wetting of clothes and bedding that cannot be accounted for by surroundings in respect to temperature and climate.

4. Unintentional Weight Loss: Such drastic reduction in weight could be reasoned by the fact that the lymphoma hasn't made the patient change their particular diet and exercise. The alarming bell would ring at such time when one loses 10 percent or above of body weight within just six months, which in this case forces him to visit the doctor.

5. Fatigue: Lymphoma fatigue is universal and will not be improved, even by taking rest. Further, lymphoma fatigue does not occur in the usual course of events when one feels tired after an extremely heavy schedule or from sleep deprivation. If lymphoma fatigue has started to interfere with routine activity, then the degree of weakness an individual may feel can become markedly debilitating.

6. Pruritus or Itching: Often chronic, cause not apparent, but most of the time seems to emanate from the lower limbs. Perhaps considered as a prodromal sign for lymphoma, it is often then generalized. The pruritus may turn out to be refractory to classical treatments such as antihistamines and others.

7. Anorexia: There is generalized loss of appetite; this may also present as a feeling of fullness even after very little intake. This will progress to demonstrate weight loss and is one of the worst ominous signs for the disease.

8. Shortness of breath and chest pain: Lymphoma may lead to the development of faulty lymph nodes in the chest, sometimes tending to press on the trachea, lungs, or any other structure within the chest. It may therefore cause a chronic cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

These symptoms are quite non-specific and can thus be mistaken with far less serious diseases; as such, most of the patients will only present themselves to the doctor after the disease has existed for a considerable amount of time. "The doctors and patients who are aware of symptoms ascribed to Lymphoma Awareness can hence help in recognizing early signs and symptoms.".

Staging Procedures to Confirm Diagnosis of Lymphoma

Diagnosis of lymphoma involves several tests and investigations, which are conducted to confirm the suspicions of the disease and further inform on the type and stages involved.

Usually, it includes:

1. Examination: The doctor carries out a physical examination, looking for the physical appearance of lymphoma signs like swelling of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver enlargement.

2. Blood Tests: Certainly, a blood test by itself cannot reveal lymphoma, but it does give an overview of general health and functioning of all body organs and helps in ruling out other disorders. With the use of blood tests, one would look for the level of some sort of blood cells that may reflect some abnormality typical for lymphoma patients.

 3. Imaging studies are radiographic techniques involving X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and PET scan, through which very lucid details about the body enable the clinician to locate swollen lymph nodes and defects in any organ of the body. They, therefore, become major contributors to the very important role that lymphoma staging plays in treatment planning.

4. Lymph node biopsy: It can diagnose lymphoma when a biopsy is taken. A small piece of tissue from the affected lymph node or other involved area can be placed under a microscope to determine if cells indicative of a patient's having cancer are present. Bone Marrow Biopsy

5: These suspicions consist of those in which the lymphoma has already set deeply inside the bone marrows at an advanced stage. A sample is taken from inside such a bone in the case of a bone marrow biopsy for examination. This process occurs over and over again many times when the lymphoma is at a pretty advanced stage.

6. Genetic and Molecular Testing: Currently, diagnosis of lymphoma greatly depends on the genetic and molecular testing applied over the years. These tests will show specific abnormalities or changes in the lymphoma cells, and as such guide options for treatments.

Lymphoma Staging

Understand Disease Extent - Having diagnosed lymphoma, physicians would work towards understanding its stage. It is based on one significant premise that the staging then becomes a foundation for the treatment strategy besides reflecting on the prognosis of the patient. In most instances, staging includes assessment of how far the lymphoma has spread in the lymphatic system and whether it has infiltrated other organs.

Stage I: The pathology of lymphoma is localized only in one group of the lymphatic nodes or restricted to only one organ, except for the lymphatic nodes.

Stage II: Disease in two or more lymph node areas, with or without the presence of diseases in adjacent organs and it is additionally restricted to above the diaphragm.

Stage III: The cancer involves lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm and/or has extended to the spleen or to adjacent organs like the lung, testicles, or breast.

Stage IV: Cancer has spread to far sites from the location of concern, for example, the liver, lungs, or marrow.

Lymphoma Treatments

There are several ways of treatment for lymphoma. Very often, the doctor combines a few different kinds of therapeutics in order to achieve the best results. Among the most frequent treatments are:

1. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy has remained to be the primary form of treatment afforded to lymphoma patients. This is due to the reason that chemotherapy uses powerful medicines that kill fast-dividing cancer cells or stop them from growing and dividing again. The treatments are delivered through various methods: intravenous or oral. Treatment with chemotherapy can be given to patients suffering from both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Chemotherapy is usually given in cycles, thereby giving the body a little respite and time of recovery between such treatments. As chemotherapy kills the normal, healthy cells as well, its common side effects include but are not limited to hair loss, fatigue, nausea, vulnerability to infection due to low WBC counts, and so on and so forth.

2. Radiation therapy

Targeted destructions against the cancerous cells can be made by the use of high-energy rays, mostly X-rays. It is most commonly referred to as radiation therapy. Radiation therapy works best when lymphoma is in only one part of the body, as it is most often seen in early stages of Hodgkin lymphoma. Therefore, in advanced stages, radiations may also be given concomitantly with chemotherapy.

3. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Immunotherapy Treatments

The new mode of treatment is such that it uses the natural immune system in our bodies to kill the cancer cells. Therefore, promising results of treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma with one special kind of immunotherapy are represented by monoclonal antibodies. In most indications, biological agents are about the prescription of a specific drug, in particular Rituximab, which acts selectively against B cells in many types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Other immunotherapies being tried on these resistant lymphomas include checkpoint inhibitors in which the drugs act on the mechanisms by which the tumor cells may escape an immune response and are hence acting directly on the tumor cells themselves.

4. Targeted Therapy

These are a class of treatments that selectively hone in on and block a very small number of signals which would otherwise allow these tumor cells to survive and grow. In general, it has been proven where targeted therapies work through specific genetic abnormalities or mutations in some lymphomas. Side effects from targeted therapies are relatively less than those associated with conventional treatment, namely chemotherapy.

5. CAR T-Cell Therapy

Perhaps other than CAR T-cell therapy, no cancer treatment has developed as much lately as lymphoma treatment. In this highly developed form of immunotherapy, the patient's very own T cells will be genetically engineered to attack and kill lymphoma cells. These treatments have been quite effective in some types of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas, particularly those patients who are resistant to other treatments.

6. Stem Cell Transplant

Those with very aggressive lymphomas, or those whose lymphoma had recurred, may be eligible for a stem cell transplant, where an extensive amount of chemotherapy and/or radiation is administered and it should have killed the disease cells, then the healthy stem cells regenerate bone marrow in the patient.

Cells for the transplant can be obtained from the patient, which would make it an autologous transplant, or alternatively, from a donor, in which case the procedure would be termed an allogeneic transplant.

7. Vigilant Waiting

Some kinds of lymphoma don't need to be treated right away. Sometimes nothing at all is the best treatment - your doctor may call this "watchful waiting.". It may be an effective treatment only when the actual disease is at an inactive stage and monitored well, that is, when the lymphoma just started to grow. At the same time, all side effects of the treatment will be possible to prevent in due time, while carefully monitoring the disease condition of an individual.

So much is happening in research on lymphoma that totally new horizons are unfolding for patients. Continuous research and trials during this period further promise a brighter tomorrow in view of this aspect. More so, emerging immunotherapy and targeted treatment may fare better by increasing survival rates for patients with lower side effects. Other fast-expanding areas in the management of lymphoma are through personalized medicine. This might open a Pandora's Box of options that concern one's own genetic material. The more one learns about lymphomas' molecular driving forces, the more options open up. Perhaps the most exciting of all the breakthroughs of recent years was that of CAR T-cell therapy, which at last brought major aid and some sort of hope in patients with aggressive or relapsed lymphoma. It is an achievement and one of those giant strides taken in a different direction toward therapies using the immune system of the human body in its battle against cancer. Aside from this, another emerging role of investigation in lymphoma treatment by gene therapy is the action on genetic mutation that causes or aggravates the disease. With all these relentless developments in treatment, it is now being hoped that curative potentials can be extended even into the most complex forms of lymphoma diseases.

Personalizing: Living With Lymphoma – Survivor Stories and Support  

Living with lymphoma involves more than just managing physical symptoms; it also requires emotional resilience. This perhaps explains why one hears so often survivors of lymphoma telling their stories related to World Lymphoma Awareness Day about surviving and coping well with the disease leading them to becoming highly inspiring for all people currently suffering from the disease. These are stories of hope giving evidence of early detection, effective treatment, and conquering spirit of body and mind against such adversities. The patient advocacy groups help some lymphoma patients and their family members to easily cope with various dimensions of the disease. These groups join the resource pool, support groups, and education in new treatments for the person to make decisions about their care.

Global Fight Against Lymphoma: Awareness Towards a Cure

The awareness campaigns about lymphoma information, its research, and advocacy for its patients struck the embers to fight against the disease globally. Its importance in trying to demystify these diseases, educating the masses, and bringing down barriers that form delays in the diagnosis and treatment of the same has consequently been pretty important. Great awareness forms a relationship between lymphoma and better understanding, thus less stigmatization of patients and creating much more chances of being saved out there. That is, enormous strides have been made toward understanding lymphoma, but one can only hope these giant leaps in treatments continue to be made and that public education on the subject until a time when the disease no longer needs to be managed, but rather cured.

[drarunnair]

Gastric Cancer treatment in Thrissur

Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, is a malignancy that develops in the lining of the stomach. It is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment. Dr. Arun Nair is a highly skilled surgical gastroenterologist and advanced laparoscopic surgeon with expertise in treating gastric cancer. With his extensive training and experience, Dr. Nair provides comprehensive care for patients with gastric cancer, focusing on effective surgical interventions and personalized treatment plans.

What is Gastric Cancer?

Gastric cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach lining. It can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread to nearby tissues and organs if not treated in the early stages. Gastric cancer can be categorized into different types based on the location and characteristics of the tumor.

Types of Gastric Cancer:

Dr. Arun Nair is highly proficient in a diverse range of laparoscopic procedures, including:

Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of gastric cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the stomach lining. It can be further classified into intestinal-type and diffuse-type adenocarcinoma.

Lymphoma: A rare type of gastric cancer that begins in the lymphatic tissue of the stomach. It includes different subtypes such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): These tumors originate from specialized cells in the stomach wall called interstitial cells of Cajal. GISTs can be either benign or malignant.

Carcinoid Tumors: These tumors develop from hormone-producing cells in the stomach lining. They are typically slow-growing and may not cause symptoms in the early stages.

Sarcomas: Rare cancers that begin in the connective tissues of the stomach. They include leiomyosarcoma and gastrointestinal stromal sarcoma (GSS).

Benefits of Treatment for Gastric Cancer:

Removal of the cancerous tissue and prevention of further spread: Surgery plays a crucial role in removing the tumor and nearby lymph nodes to eliminate cancer cells.

Relief from symptoms such as abdominal pain, indigestion, and weight loss: By removing the tumor, gastric cancer treatment can alleviate associated symptoms and improve overall well-being.

Improved quality of life and overall survival rates Early detection and timely treatment offer better chances of cure and long-term survival.

Potential for cure, especially in the early stages of gastric cancer: Early-stage tumors that have not spread significantly can often be effectively treated with surgery.

Minimally invasive and advanced surgical techniques for faster recovery and reduced complications: Dr. Arun Nair specializes in laparoscopic and robotic surgical approaches, which offer smaller incisions, reduced post-operative pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery.

Cost of Gastric Cancer Treatment:

The cost of gastric cancer treatment may vary depending on several factors, including the stage of cancer, the specific treatment approach, the hospital or medical facility, and additional services required. It is recommended to consult with Dr. Arun Nair or the hospital administration to get accurate information about the costs involved. They can provide a breakdown of expenses related to consultations, diagnostic tests, surgery, hospital stay, medications, and follow-up care.

[keyholesurgeon]

Understanding Stomach Cancer: Treatment Options and Laparoscopic Surgery

Stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, is one of the most aggressive cancers, often diagnosed in later stages due to its vague early symptoms. Early detection is crucial, as it significantly increases survival rates. In this blog post, we will explore the nature of stomach cancer, the various treatment options available, and the role of laparoscopic surgery in managing this disease.

 What is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer develops in the lining of the stomach and can spread to other parts of the digestive system and beyond. It often begins as gastric adenocarcinoma, the most common type of stomach cancer, but other variants can occur, including lymphomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and carcinoid tumors.

Risk Factors

Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing stomach cancer, including:

- Helicobacter pylori infection: This bacterium is a significant risk factor, as it can cause chronic inflammation and lead to cancer.

- Diet: High consumption of salty and smoked foods, as well as low intake of fruits and vegetables, has been linked to an increased risk.

- Smoking: Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for many cancers, including gastric cancer.

- Family history: Genetics play a role; individuals with a family history of stomach cancer or certain genetic syndromes are at higher risk.

- Age and Gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, and men are generally more affected than women.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

Symptoms of stomach cancer can often be mistaken for other digestive disorders, leading to delayed diagnosis. Common symptoms include:

- Persistent indigestion or heartburn

- Bloating after meals

- Nausea and vomiting

- Loss of appetite

- Unexplained weight loss

- Blood in vomit or stool

- Abdominal pain

If these symptoms persist, it is crucial to seek medical advice.

Diagnosing Stomach Cancer

Medical professionals utilize various methods to diagnose stomach cancer, including:

- Endoscopy: A thin tube with a camera is inserted into the stomach to visualize abnormalities and obtain tissue samples for biopsy.

- Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI, and PET scans can help determine the cancer's stage and any metastasis.

- Blood Tests: While not definitive for diagnosis, they can help assess overall health and detect certain markers.

Treatment Options for Stomach Cancer

The treatment of stomach cancer typically depends on its stage, location, and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:

 1. Surgery

Surgery is often the primary treatment for stomach cancer, especially in its early stages. Depending on the extent of the cancer, different surgical procedures may be performed:

- Gastrectomy: This surgery involves removing part of the stomach (partial gastrectomy) or the entire stomach (total gastrectomy).

- Laparoscopic Surgery: Minimally invasive techniques are increasingly used for stomach cancer removal, allowing for smaller incisions, reduced pain, less scarring, and a quicker recovery time.

 2. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, either as a primary treatment or in conjunction with surgery. It can help shrink tumors before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) or kill any remaining cancer cells post-surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy).

 3. Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It may be used before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery as a preventive measure against recurrence.

 4. Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy

Newer treatments, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, focus on specific characteristics of cancer cells or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. These options might be considered for advanced stomach cancer cases.

Laparoscopic Surgery: A Modern Approach to Stomach Cancer

Laparoscopic surgery represents a significant advancement in surgical techniques for stomach cancer. It involves making small incisions in the abdomen and using specialized instruments and a camera to perform the surgery.

 Advantages of Laparoscopic Surgery

1. Minimally Invasive: Smaller incisions lead to less trauma to the body.

2. Reduced Pain and Scarring: Patients typically experience less postoperative pain and scarring compared to open surgery.

3. Shorter Recovery Time: Many patients find that they can return to their normal activities more quickly after laparoscopic surgery.

4. Lower Risk of Complications: This technique often results in fewer complications, such as infections or blood loss.

Considerations

Not all patients are candidates for laparoscopic surgery; factors such as the size and location of the tumor, as well as overall health, must be assessed. A skilled surgical team will evaluate these factors to determine the best approach.

Stomach cancer is a serious condition that requires timely diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the disease, recognizing symptoms, and knowing the treatment options–including innovative approaches like laparoscopic surgery–can empower patients and their families in navigating this challenging journey. As research and technologies progress, we anticipate new, more effective strategies in the fight against stomach cancer.

If you or a loved one is facing a potential diagnosis of stomach cancer, consult a healthcare professional to discuss symptoms, risk factors, and screening options. Early detection and a tailored treatment plan are your best defenses against this formidable disease.

Senadhipan Institute of Medical Sciences, the best hospital in Kerala for laparoscopic surgery. Make an early appointment with Dr. Senadhipan, a prominent expert in minimally invasive or laparoscopic surgery in Trivandrum.

[jim-fetter-illustrations]

Bee Venom Cancer Cure?

Can HoneyBee Venom Be Used as Anticancer Agent?

New scientific medical studies in PubMedCentraal medical journal, article #10378503 are looking at the mechanisms of anticancer activity of bee venom. Research shows strong 'anti-cancer' potential of both crude bee venom and its main constituent, "melittin", by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the cell cycle without significantly affecting physiological cells.

Which means the Melittin in Bee Venom stops the cancer cells from growing, starving them to death while letting normal healthy cells reproduce.

Like the bee venom only affects the cancer cells!

There are many reports in the literature on the pharmacological properties of bee venom and/or its main components, e.g., anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial or neuroprotective properties. In addition, both crude venom and melittin exhibit cytotoxic activity against a wide range of tumor cells, with significant anti-metastatic activity in pre-clinical studies.

Ya see,... Over the centuries, secondary metabolites from bacteria, fungi, insects or terrestrial plants have played an essential role in traditional medicine, but bee products have greatly distinguished themselves in chemical biodiversity, providing not only an efficient, but also a widely available and renewable source of therapeutic substances.

We have seen various types of products produced by bees known for their health-promoting properties since ancient times. Natural bee products used in the treatment and prevention of various diseases include honey, bee pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee pollen, beeswax, as well as bee venom (BV) also known as apitoxin since 1000-3000 BC.

Bee Venom is a secretion from the venom gland of worker bees that is supposed to have a defensive function against predators. It is an odorless and colorless liquid consisting of 88% water and only 0.1 μg of dry matter, and we now know this because of Microbiology,.... the study of the biology at microscopic levels.

Microbiology started in 1857, but significant advances in the field have occurred in the last three years because of new technology with Centrifuges, Microscopes, Colony Counters, and Spectrophotometers.

Which have opened a whole new era with Bee Venom being realized as a rich source of secondary metabolites, such as: peptides, including melittin, apamin, mast cell degranulating peptide (MCD) or adolapin, enzymes such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and hyaluronidase, as well as amino acids and volatile compounds. And this new information tells us Bee Venom has all the components to not only cure cancers, but prohibit them from starting by taking supplements before you get cancer,..... like when we put sunscreen on our skin so the sun's ultraviolet and UV rays won't damaging the skin's melanin causing damage to skin cells we call sunburn.

Don't get this wrong, we have been studying Bee Venom since the 1950's, but it wasn't until the 1980 that anyone thought Bee Venom had anti-cancer properties. And from 2013 to 2023 we have actually seen how it works to starve-out and kill cancer cells in the laboratory.

The list of types of cancer Bee Venom is being tested for is long, but a few are breast Cancer, Leukemia, TNBC, Lung Cancer, Glioblastoma, Pancreatic cancer, Colon cancer, Cervical cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Gastric cancer, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Malignant melanoma, ........ and on, and on, and on.

Are Honey bees going to turn out to be humanities saviours?

Will Bee products be the new cure-all for human beings?

Will we realize this before we wipe out the honey bee with global warming?

Your Votes can make a change, because the Green party is the only political party that wants to further investigate the Honey Bee and it's cures for humanity. Not the republicans, and not the democrats, because their support is on treatments side of cancer, not cures, because treatments bring in much more money,........ once you are cured they lose money!

It's your government they tell you, so vote to push the human race forward, and vote independent Green Party.

[actioncancerhospital24]

Understanding the Signs of Stomach Cancer

Introduction: Unveiling the Silent Threat of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer, medically termed gastric cancer, poses a significant health threat worldwide. Despite advances in medical science, it remains a formidable adversary due to its elusive symptoms and silent progression. At Action Cancer Hospital, we recognize the importance of early detection and prompt treatment in combating this disease. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the signs, symptoms, and treatment options for stomach cancer, empowering you with the knowledge to safeguard your health.

Deciphering the Signs: Recognizing the Red Flags

Persistent Abdominal Discomfort

One of the early warning signs of stomach cancer is persistent abdominal discomfort. This may manifest as a dull ache or a feeling of fullness even after consuming small meals. Individuals experiencing prolonged abdominal discomfort should seek medical evaluation promptly.

Unexplained Weight Loss

Unexplained weight loss, especially when not associated with changes in diet or physical activity, can indicate an underlying health issue, including stomach cancer. Rapid and unintended weight loss warrants investigation by a healthcare professional.

Loss of Appetite

A sudden loss of appetite, coupled with other symptoms such as abdominal pain and bloating, can be indicative of stomach cancer. Persistent loss of appetite should not be overlooked and requires medical attention.

Nausea and Vomiting

Frequent nausea and vomiting, particularly after meals, may signal an obstruction or irritation in the stomach. While these symptoms can be attributed to various conditions, their persistence necessitates further evaluation.

Blood in Stool or Vomit

The presence of blood in stool or vomit, albeit alarming, is a significant indicator of gastrointestinal issues, including stomach cancer. Immediate medical assessment is crucial to determine the underlying cause.

Understanding Stomach Cancer: Types and Risk Factors

Types of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer can manifest in different forms, including adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and carcinoid tumors. Adenocarcinoma, which originates in the glandular cells lining the stomach, is the most common type.

Risk Factors for Stomach Cancer

Various factors increase the risk of developing stomach cancer, including:

Helicobacter pylori infection: Chronic infection with H. pylori bacteria can lead to inflammation and damage to the stomach lining, increasing the risk of cancer.

Smoking: Tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes or cigars, is a significant risk factor for stomach cancer.

Dietary Factors: Consumption of smoked, pickled, or salted foods, as well as a diet low in fruits and vegetables, may elevate the risk.

Family History: Individuals with a family history of stomach cancer are at higher risk of developing the disease.

Age and Gender: Stomach cancer is more common in older adults and tends to affect men more than women.

Diagnosis and Treatment: A Multifaceted Approach

Diagnostic Procedures

Diagnosing stomach cancer often involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopic procedures, and biopsy. These may include:

Upper Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to examine the stomach lining.

Imaging Tests: CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs help visualize the extent of cancer spread.

Biopsy: Tissue samples are obtained during endoscopy or surgery for laboratory analysis.

Treatment Modalities

Treatment for stomach cancer depends on various factors, including the cancer stage, location, and overall health of the patient. Common treatment modalities include:

Surgery: Surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue is often the primary treatment for early-stage stomach cancer.

Chemotherapy: Systemic medications are used to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors.

Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams are directed at the cancerous area to eliminate cancer cells or alleviate symptoms.

Conclusion: Empowering Action Against Stomach Cancer

In conclusion, understanding the signs of stomach cancer is paramount for early detection and intervention. By recognizing the red flags and addressing them promptly, individuals can improve their prognosis and quality of life. At Action Cancer Hospital, we are committed to providing comprehensive care and innovative treatments to combat stomach cancer effectively. Together, let us take proactive steps to safeguard our health and well-being.

[unifiedcitationjournals]

Understanding Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction:

Cancer is a formidable opponent, affecting millions of lives worldwide each year. Despite significant advances in medical research and treatment options, it remains one of the leading causes of death globally. In this blog, we delve into the complexities of cancer, exploring its causes, types, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures.

Understanding Cancer:

At its core, cancer is a disease characterized by the abnormal growth and division of cells. Normally, cells in the body grow, divide, and die in a controlled manner, but cancer disrupts this balance. This uncontrolled growth leads to the formation of tumors, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

UCJournals provide a platform for Our Global Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment offers you a special venue to publish your work, which is a fantastic approach to share your findings with the globe. To know more about it visit here: https://www.ucjournals.com/global-journal-of-cancer-research-and-treatment/ WhatsApp Us: +447723493307

Types of Cancer:

There are over 100 different types of cancer, each with its own unique characteristics, treatment approaches, and prognosis. These cancers are classified based on the type of cells they originate from and the part of the body where they develop. Some of the most common types of cancer include:

1.Breast cancer

2.Lung cancer

3.Prostate cancer

4.Colorectal cancer (including colon and rectal cancer)

5.Skin cancer (including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma)

6.Bladder cancer

7.Pancreatic cancer

8.Ovarian cancer

9.Leukemia (cancer of the blood and bone marrow)

10.Lymphoma (including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma)

11.Liver cancer

12.Kidney cancer

13.Thyroid cancer

14.Brain and central nervous system tumors

15.Stomach (gastric) cancer

These are just a few examples, and there are many other less common types of cancer that affect various organs and tissues in the body. Each type of cancer may have different risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options, and some may be more aggressive or have a poorer prognosis than others. Early detection through regular screenings and awareness of potential signs and symptoms are crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates for individuals with cancer.

Causes and Risk Factors:

While the exact cause of cancer is often complex and multifactorial, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These risk factors may include genetic predisposition, exposure to carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke or UV radiation), unhealthy lifestyle choices (such as poor diet and lack of physical activity), and environmental factors.

Diagnosis:

Early detection plays a crucial role in improving cancer outcomes. Diagnosis often involves a combination of imaging tests, laboratory tests, and biopsies to identify the presence of cancer and determine its type and stage. Advances in diagnostic techniques, such as molecular profiling and liquid biopsies, have enhanced our ability to detect cancer at earlier stages.

While it's not always possible to completely prevent cancer, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk:

Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce your risk of developing cancer. This includes maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, while limiting processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages. Regular physical activity is also important, aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise each week.

Avoid Tobacco: Tobacco use is a leading cause of several types of cancer, including lung, mouth, throat, and bladder cancer. Avoiding tobacco in all forms, including smoking and chewing tobacco, is essential for cancer prevention. If you smoke, quitting can significantly lower your risk of developing cancer and improve your overall health.

Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption is linked to an increased risk of certain cancers, including breast, liver, colorectal, and esophageal cancer. Limiting alcohol intake to moderate levels—up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men—can help reduce this risk.

Protect Against Sun Exposure: Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Protect your skin by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, applying sunscreen with a high SPF, and avoiding indoor tanning.

Stay Active: Regular physical activity not only helps maintain a healthy weight but also reduces the risk of certain cancers, including breast, colon, and endometrial cancer. Aim for a combination of aerobic exercise, strength training, and flexibility exercises to stay active and reduce your cancer risk.

Get Screened: Regular cancer screenings can help detect cancer at an early stage when treatment is most effective. Follow recommended screening guidelines for cancers such as breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancer, based on your age, gender, and risk factors.

Know Your Family History: Some types of cancer have a genetic component, meaning they run in families. Understanding your family history of cancer can help you assess your risk and take appropriate steps for early detection and prevention.

Practice Safe Sex: Certain sexually transmitted infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), are associated with an increased risk of cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. Practicing safe sex, including using condoms and getting vaccinated against HPV, can help reduce this risk.

Maintain a Healthy Weight: Being overweight or obese is associated with an increased risk of several types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and kidney cancer. Aim to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of healthy eating and regular exercise.

Follow Environmental Guidelines: Minimize exposure to environmental carcinogens, such as asbestos, radon, and industrial chemicals, by following safety guidelines in the workplace and at home.

By incorporating these lifestyle habits into your daily routine and staying proactive about your health, you can lower your risk of developing cancer and improve your overall well-being. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider can also help identify any potential risk factors or early signs of cancer.

UCJournals provide a platform for Our Global Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment offers you a special venue to publish your work, which is a fantastic approach to share your findings with the globe. To know more about it visit here: https://www.ucjournals.com/global-journal-of-cancer-research-and-treatment/ WhatsApp Us: +447723493307

Treatment Options:

Treatment for cancer varies depending on factors such as the type of cancer, its stage, and the patient's overall health. Common treatment modalities include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. In recent years, personalized medicine approaches have emerged, tailoring treatment plans to individual patients based on their unique genetic makeup and tumor characteristics.

There isn't a single medicine that can cure all types of cancer. Cancer treatment often involves a combination of therapies tailored to the specific type of cancer, its stage, and the individual patient's health. Some common types of cancer treatment include:

Surgery: Surgery involves removing cancerous tumors and nearby tissue to eliminate cancer cells. It is often used for solid tumors that are localized and haven't spread to other parts of the body.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It can be administered orally or intravenously and may be used alone or in combination with other treatments.

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to target and destroy cancer cells. It can be delivered externally using a machine (external beam radiation) or internally using radioactive materials (brachytherapy).

Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy works by harnessing the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. This approach includes immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive cell transfer therapy.

Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy drugs interfere with specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression. They are designed to target cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells.

Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy is used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer. It works by blocking or lowering the levels of hormones that fuel cancer growth.

Stem Cell Transplantation: Stem cell transplantation, also known as bone marrow transplantation, may be used to replace diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells after high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Additionally, ongoing research is continually uncovering new treatment approaches, including gene therapy, oncolytic viruses, and therapeutic vaccines.

It's essential to note that the choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the patient's overall health, and their preferences. Treatment plans are often developed collaboratively by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and other specialists.

Supportive Care and Survivorship:

Cancer treatment can be physically and emotionally challenging, often accompanied by side effects such as fatigue, pain, nausea, and anxiety. Supportive care services, including pain management, nutritional support, counseling, and palliative care, play a vital role in improving patients' quality of life during and after treatment. Survivorship programs also offer ongoing support and guidance to individuals who have completed cancer treatment, helping them navigate life beyond cancer.

UCJournals provide a platform for Our Global Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment offers you a special venue to publish your work, which is a fantastic approach to share your findings with the globe. To know more about it visit here: https://www.ucjournals.com/global-journal-of-cancer-research-and-treatment/ WhatsApp Us: +447723493307

Prevention and Risk Reduction:

While not all cancers are preventable, adopting healthy lifestyle habits can reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Strategies for cancer prevention may include maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, practicing sun safety, and staying up-to-date with recommended cancer screenings.

Conclusion:

Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that affects millions of people worldwide. By increasing our understanding of its causes, risk factors, and treatment options, we can improve outcomes for those affected by cancer. Through continued research, education, and advocacy, we can work towards a future where cancer prevention, early detection, and effective treatment are accessible to all.

                                            THANK YOU

[bookpromo]

Cannabis for the Treatment of Cancer: The Anticancer Activity of Phytocannabinoids and Endocannabinoids

Eighth Edition, March 2024: This is the most comprehensive update yet! Many new scientific studies and human cases have been added, plus substantial updates throughout the entire book to increase clarity, including better specification of what types of cannabis medicines were used in each case. Overall, there are 68 scientific studies analyzed and 205 unique human cases summarized.

The evidence that cannabis can directly fight cancer is truly overwhelming. Phytocannabinoids like THC, CBD, and CBG from the cannabis plant have been shown in scientific studies to fight brain, breast, cervical, cholangiocarcinoma, colon, gastric, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemia, liver, lung, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, prostate, pancreatic, rhabdomyosarcoma, skin, and other cancers. Phytocannabinoids directly kill cancer cells as well as reduce proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. There is also emerging evidence they stimulate the immune system to better kill cancer cells.

Dozens of human cases where phytocannabinoids were associated with anticancer effects have been published in formal medical journals hosted on PubMed and ResearchGate. Doctors, dispensaries, corporations, caregivers, and cancer patients themselves have also reported efficacy. There is even a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial indicating cannabis combined with chemotherapy can extend the lives of glioblatoma patients. While cannabis is not perfect and does not work for everyone, there is no doubt it has helped many patients in their battles against cancer.

[drmsskeerthi]

Stomach Cancer Treatment in Hyderabad

Are you dealing with stomach(gastric) cancer? Look no further than Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi the best Stomach Cancer Surgeon in Hyderabad, she provides improved care for you or a loved one and focused on creating customized treatment strategies for Stomach Cancer treatment in Hyderabad and getting positive effects.

Dr MSS Keerthi is an Sr. Consultant Surgical Oncologist and laparoscopic and robotic Surgeon at Tulasi Hospital, and Evoke Clinic at Secunderabad, Telangana, she has more than 15+ experience of managing various cancer diseases at very advance level and technical training make her one of the   best cancer specialists in Hyderabad. She’s one of the many oncologists in Secunderabad and Hyderabad who perform Minimal Access( keyhole) Surgery i.e. Laparoscopic and robotic Surgery to offer her patients a smooth & pain-free recovery from Cancer. Whether it’s accurate diagnostics, improved remedies, or holistic patient care,  Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi’s experience ensures complete support throughout your journey with stomach cancer.

What is Stomach (Gastric) Cancer?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the cells lining the stomach. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can affect both the stomach’s function and a person’s overall health. The stomach is a muscular organ located in the upper abdomen, and its main function is to store and break down food. Stomach cancer is a relatively uncommon type of cancer, but it can be serious and often has a higher chance of spreading to other parts of the body before it is diagnosed.

Types of Stomach (Gastric) Cancer:

Dr MSS Keerthi is known as a best Stomach cancer Surgeon in Hyderabad, she explains the main types of stomach cancer as follow:-

Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, arising from glandular cells in the stomach filling, it frequently presents as slow- growing tumors.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor( GIST): These appear in technical cells within the stomach wall, independent of the filling. GISTs can be slow- growing or aggressive.

Leiomyoma: Rare excrescences developing in the muscle subcaste of the stomach, generally benign and slow- growing.

Lymphoma: Can affect the stomach, frequently as part of a broader lymphoma affecting the lymphatic system.

Squamous cell carcinoma: Uncommon, arising from scaled cells in the stomach filling.

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer:

As per Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi ,stomach cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. However, as the disease progresses, individuals may experience:

Persistent Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen is a common symptom.

Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant and unexplained weight loss can be an early sign of stomach cancer.

Nausea and Vomiting: Frequent nausea and vomiting, often after meals, may occur.

Feeling Full Quickly After Eating: This sensation, known as early satiety, can result from a tumor obstructing the stomach’s normal function.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Stomach Cancer:

Diagnosis: Stomach cancer is typically diagnosed through endoscopy, which allows a doctor to examine the stomach’s lining and take biopsies for analysis. Other diagnostic tools, such as imaging studies like CT scans, may be used to determine the extent of the cancer.

Treatment: The treatment for stomach cancer depends on the stage of the disease. Common treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor (gastrectomy), chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells, and radiation therapy to target cancerous tissue. Some patients may receive a combination of these treatments to achieve the best possible outcome.

How can I prevent stomach cancer?

Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi is one of the best surgical Oncologist in Secunderabad, Hyderabad, provides precious perceptivity into the prevention of stomach cancer.

Load up on veggies and fruits: Aim for 5 servings daily for their protective antioxidants and fiber.

Ditch the salty, smoked, pickled: These irritate the stomach filling.

Quit smoking and limit alcohol: Both damage cells and raise cancer threat.

Test and treat H. pylori :This bacteria can inflame the stomach and increase threat.

Manage habitual stomach issues: Get ulcers, cysts, and gastritis treated instantly.

Survival Rate:

Dr M.S.S Keerthi explains that the survival rate for stomach cancer varies depending on the stage at which it is diagnosed and the treatment provided. Early detection and treatment significantly improve the chances of survival. It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized information regarding prognosis and stomach cancer treatment options.

Dietary Precautions to Reduce Risk of Gastric Cancer:

According to Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi, a best cancer specialist in Hyderabad, Telangana ,says that the dietary precautions to reduce risk is not always clear, but there are several aspects that can contribute to their development:

Eating a balanced diet: Incorporate a variety of fruits and vegetables into your diet and limit the consumption of processed and smoked foods.

Avoiding smoking: Quitting smoking can lower your risk not only for stomach cancer but for various other health problems.

Managing H. pylori infection: If diagnosed with an H. pylori infection, follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for treatment and prevention.

Regular screenings: If you have a family history of stomach cancer, consider regular check-ups and screenings to catch any potential issues early.

Why Choose Dr MSS Keerthi for Stomach Cancer Treatment in Hyderabad:

Expert Oncologist: Dr.M.S.S. Keerthi is described as an expert surgical oncologist with more than 15 years of experience in performing various cancer surgeries. Having specialized in Surgical Oncology from the Cancer Institute, she’s likely to retain a deep understanding of stomach cancer and its treatment.

State-of-the-Art Facility: The citation of a state- of- the- art facility suggests that the medical structure where Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi practices are equipped with improved technologies and ultra modern amenities. And other installations like wheelchair accessible, cleaned toilets and proper consulting rooms.

Clinic Location: Dr. M.S.S. Keerthi practices at Tulasi Hospital and Evoke Clinic in Secunderabad, Telangana. 

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H. pylori Infection

Introduction

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant global health concern, affecting a substantial portion of the world’s population. The discussion aims to provide an in-depth exploration of various aspects of H. pylori infection, including its prevalence, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, prevention strategies, and future research directions.

Prevalence and Transmission

H. pylori infection is widespread, with approximately two-thirds of the world’s population harboring the bacterium in their gastrointestinal tract. Various factors contribute to its prevalence, including socioeconomic status, living conditions, hygiene practices, and geographic location. The discussion indulges into the epidemiological trends of H. pylori infection across different populations and regions, highlighting disparities in prevalence rates and associated risk factors.

Transmission of H. pylori occurs primarily through interpersonal contact and ingestion of contaminated food or water. Saliva, fecal-oral transmission, and oral-oral transmission, including through kissing, are significant modes of spread. Poor sanitation and overcrowded living conditions facilitate the transmission of the bacterium, particularly in resource-limited settings. The discussion explores the mechanisms of H. pylori transmission and the implications for public health interventions aimed at reducing its spread.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

While many individuals with H. pylori infection remain asymptomatic, others experience a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including stomach pain, bloating, nausea, and weight loss. The discussion elucidates the spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with H. pylori infection, emphasizing the importance of recognizing atypical presentations and considering differential diagnoses.

Diagnosing H. pylori infection presents several challenges due to the variability of symptoms and the limitations of available diagnostic tests. We critically evaluates the utility of different diagnostic modalities, including stool antigen tests, urea breath tests, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, in detecting H. pylori infection. It also examines the role of serological tests and molecular techniques in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and guiding clinical management decisions.

Treatment Options

The standard treatment regimens for H. pylori infection typically involve a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). However, rising rates of antibiotic resistance pose significant challenges to effective eradication therapy. It explores the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori and the implications for treatment outcomes.

Alternative treatment approaches, such as sequential therapy, concomitant therapy, and bismuth-based quadruple therapy, are also examined in the context of their efficacy and tolerability. Highlighting the importance of individualizing treatment regimens based on antibiotic susceptibility testing and patient-specific factors to optimize therapeutic outcomes.

Complications

Peptic ulcers are a common complication of H. pylori infection, resulting from the bacterium’s ability to disrupt the gastric mucosal barrier and induce inflammation. The discussion elucidates the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer formation and the factors contributing to ulcer recurrence and complications.

In addition to peptic ulcers, H. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of more serious complications, such as gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The discussion explores the molecular mechanisms underlying H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis and the strategies for early detection and management of gastric neoplasms.

Prevention

Preventive measures play a crucial role in reducing the burden of H. pylori infection and its associated complications. The discussion emphasizes the importance of promoting good hygiene practices, including handwashing and sanitation, to minimize the risk of transmission.

Furthermore, dietary factors may influence the risk of H. pylori infection and its clinical outcomes. The discussion evaluates the evidence regarding the impact of dietary habits, such as consumption of fruits, vegetables, and probiotics, on H. pylori colonization and disease progression. It also addresses the potential role of vaccination in preventing H. pylori infection and its complications, highlighting ongoing research efforts in vaccine development.

Research and Future Directions

Ongoing research efforts are focused on advancing our understanding of H. pylori pathogenesis, identifying novel therapeutic targets, and developing effective preventive strategies. The discussion highlights recent advancements in H. pylori research, including insights into bacterial virulence factors, host immune responses, and microbial interactions within the gastric microbiota.

Future directions in H. pylori research encompass a multidisciplinary approach, integrating molecular biology, epidemiology, immunology, and clinical medicine. The discussion outlines key areas for future investigation, such as the development of targeted antimicrobial agents, the role of host genetics in H. pylori susceptibility, and the impact of microbial dysbiosis on disease outcomes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, H. pylori infection remains a significant public health challenge, with implications for gastrointestinal health and disease worldwide. A comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of H. pylori infection is essential for guiding clinical practice and informing public health policies. By addressing the complexities of H. pylori infection through interdisciplinary research and collaborative efforts, we can strive towards reducing its global burden and improving patient outcomes.

In managing H. pylori infection, compassion, empathy, and a holistic approach are crucial alongside clinical expertise. Striving for excellence in knowledge and practice enables us to advance gastroenterology and improve patient outcomes.

As we address H. pylori infection and its broader implications on gastrointestinal health, let’s remain dedicated to providing optimal patient care. By working collaboratively and embracing interdisciplinary approaches, we can positively impact lives and contribute to a healthier future.

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●Indications for testing – Testing for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) should be performed only if the clinician plans to offer treatment for positive results (table 1). Indications include:

•Gastric marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)

•Active peptic ulcer disease or past history of peptic ulcer if cure of H. pylori infection has not been documented

•Early gastric cancer

•Other indications that are supported by more limited evidence of benefit include:

-Uninvestigated dyspepsia in patients <60 years without alarm features (table 2)

-Prior to chronic treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or long-term, low-dose aspirin

-Unexplained iron deficiency anemia

-Adults with immune thrombocytopenia

●Testing approach and important pretest considerations – The choice of test used to diagnose H. pylori depends on whether a patient requires an upper endoscopy for evaluation of symptoms or surveillance. Endoscopy is not indicated solely for the purpose of establishing H. pylori status. Other important determinants include the recent use of medications that can suppress the bacterial load of H. pylori (eg, proton pump inhibitor [PPI] therapy, antibiotics, and bismuth), concurrent peptic ulcer bleeding, the prevalence of H. pylori, test availability, and cost (algorithm 1) (see 'Approach to diagnostic testing' above).

Patients should be advised to stop PPI therapy one to two weeks prior to testing. If feasible, testing should performed at least four weeks after completion of bismuth/antibiotic treatment. (See 'Approach to diagnostic testing' above and 'Medications that should be discontinued prior to testing' above.)

●Noninvasive testing in patients who do not require upper endoscopy – In patients who do not require endoscopic evaluation, initial diagnosis of H. pylori should be made with a test for active infection (stool antigen or urea breath test). The urea breath test and stool antigen assay both have high sensitivity and specificity for identifying active H. pylori infection. (See 'Patients not undergoing upper endoscopy' above and 'Urea breath testing' above and 'Stool antigen assay' above.)

●Testing for H. pylori in patients undergoing upper endoscopy

•In patients undergoing upper endoscopy who have no recent PPI/bismuth/antibiotic use and do not require biopsies of the stomach for histology, the diagnosis of H. pylori can be established with a biopsy urease test. (See 'Patient undergoing upper endoscopy' above and 'Biopsy urease testing' above.)

•In patients with visible endoscopic abnormalities (eg, gastric ulcer, gastropathy) and patients with recent PPI/bismuth/antibiotic use, we obtain gastric biopsies for histology to diagnose H. pylori. In patients with recent PPI/bismuth/antibiotic use, we perform a urea breath test or stool antigen assay to confirm a negative test result. (See 'Histology' above and 'Urea breath testing' above and 'Stool antigen assay' above.)

●Limitations of serologic testing – Serology has low sensitivity and specificity for H. pylori and cannot differentiate between active and past infection. Serology should not be performed in areas of low H. pylori prevalence. If performed, positive results should be confirmed with a test for active infection prior to initiating eradication therapy. (See 'Noninvasive testing' above.)

●Confirmation of eradication – Eradication should be confirmed in all patients treated for H. pylori with either a urea breath test, stool antigen assay, or endoscopy-based testing. Tests to confirm eradication should be performed at least four weeks after completion of antibiotic treatment. Endoscopy with biopsy for culture and sensitivity should be performed in patients with persistent H. pylori infection after two courses of antibiotic treatment. (See 'Confirm eradication in all patients' above.)