#Freedmen

[houghtonlib]

"Slavery, Abolition, Emancipation and Freedom" is a project from Houghton Library to make primary sources on African-American history freely accessible to all.

United States. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. [Circulars, etc., issued by the commissioner of the bureau of refugees]. Galveston [Texas], 1865-1868.

55-12

Houghton Library, Harvard University

[800-dick-pics]

Happy Indigenous Peoples Day!

Consider helping an Afro Indigenous and reneconnecting Nahua lesbian couple!!!

Things have been really tight for us, my partners mother passed, and I dont have the resources to start working again (outside of selling art).

We have been dipping in and out of the negatives, so if anyone would like to redistribute some funds so we can get out of the negatives and get some groceries that would rock!

$150 goal!

CA: $sleepyhen

VN: wildwotko

[ausetkmt]

[militantinremission]

Is Media's Support of Kamala Harris doing more Harm than Good?

I wanted to hear from All Sides before going over the Presidential Debate. In My Opinion, The Winner of the Harris- Trump Debate was Dr. Jill Stein. Her Presidential Campaign w/ Running Mate, Dr. Butch Ware is gaining steam following their Interviews w/ The Breakfast Club & Mehdi Hasan. They look like the Adults in the Room. The ABC sponsored Debate generated a lot of feedback, but neither Candidate performed very well. Kamala Harris appeared poised, but her Message is [still] too general. Time is running out, so Kamala should be more specific about what a 'Harris- Walz Administration' will look like over the next 4Yrs. Donald Trump looked comfortable in 'Enemy Territory', but may have overestimated his readiness. The Man's debate performance resembled a Sales Presentation; he appeared to be ad libbing off a list of Bullet Points, opposed to the Talking Points that Kamala Harris used. NEITHER were effective in explaining their Agenda, so I gave both Candidates a Grade of 'C'.

Following the Debate, Kamala Harris gave a brief interview to Philadelphia Action News Anchor, Brian Taff that rose eyebrows. In that Interview, Kamala lacked the poise displayed during the Debate; she was back to her Bad Habits. Body Language Experts had a field day comparing & contrasting Kamala Harris' mannerisms from the Debate Stage, to the Action News Interview. A few Content Creators began to ask if Kamala was prepped for the Debate. Meanwhile, critiques of ABC Debate Moderators, David Muir & Lindsey Davis began to echo across Social Media Platforms. Harris' next appearance, at the NABJ Forum in Philadelphia didn't help. Despite a warm reception & softball questions from the Moderators, Kamala Harris appeared uncomfortable, uncertain, & eventually bothered by the questions being asked. She barely shook hands w/ the Moderators before leaving the Stage. Around this time, Post Debate Poll Numbers were coming out.

The Harris- Trump Debate was anticipated, but did little to change hearts & minds. Kamala Harris Supporters felt that she not only handled Trump, but clearly won the Debate. Donald Trump Supporters admit this wasn't his best Debate performance, but they say that Trump held his own in a '3 against 1' Fight. Even CNN pointed out that ABC Debate Moderators fact checked Donald Trump far more than they did Kamala Harris. The usual back & forth between Pundits followed, but was brought to a full stop when an ABC News Whistleblower released a letter that accuses ABC/ Disney of colluding w/ the Harris-Walz Campaign. In a Sworn Affidavit, the Whistleblower says that Harris Staffers dictated which Topics were off limits, while ABC provided Harris w/ sample questions. Using Post Debate Interviews as a Standard for Comparison, Kamala Harris' Opponents point out how much her Pre & Post Debate Interviews contrast w/ her Debate Performance. They cite them as proof that ABC prepped her for their Sept. 10th Debate. Kamala's association w/ Disney Co- Chair Dana Walden & Anchor Lindsey Davis didn't help matters.

The Takeaways from the Debate were:

The Border Crisis

Late Term Abortions

Transgender Surgery for Illegal Immigrants

Haitian Immigrants eating Ducks, Geese, & Cats in Springfield, Ohio.

Despite the narrative of a Harris Victory, Post Debate conversation hasn't benefitted Kamala Harris or helped her Poll Numbers. Any percentage bump that she may have gained was quickly nullified by a 2nd Assassination attempt on Donald Trump at a neighboring Golf Course near his Mar A Largo Residence. Political Insiders say that regardless of what Polling Trends may show, Kamala Harris is in the Electoral College 'Danger Zone'. Her numbers are starting to plateau, while Trump is on the rebound. This might have been the inspiration behind Oprah's Town Hall Rally in Michigan. In yet another DNC friendly environment- complete w/ Celebrity Endorsements, Kamala meandered her way through some pretty straight forward questions. Oprah had to lend an assist on more than one occasion, & very few missed it. Her overall performance was underwhelming; even Oprah had to admit that Kamala failed to answer questions. The Harris-Walz Campaign attempted to shore up deficits in Pennsylvania & Michigan, but did little to influence Rural or Muslim American Voters in either Swing State.

In what has been a very busy News Cycle for Presidential Politics, an unexpected comment from Janet Jackson has created yet another Media Storm. In an interview w/ The Guardian, Janet was asked her thoughts on a 'Black Woman' winning the Election for POTUS. She replied: "Well you know what they supposedly said? She's not Black. That's what I heard. That she's Indian". When the reporter tried to insist that Kamala was BiRacial, Janet doubled down on her answer. Democratic Shills- from Joy Reid & the Ladies of 'The View', to DL Hughley & Roland Martin had something to say about Janet's opinion. To Date, I think I heard Kamala say that she is Black ONCE. This came after seeing a number of Campaign Ads that identified her as a 'Black Woman of Asian Descent', & hearing several Democratic Shills say [relentlessly] that Kamala Harris IS Black. For The Record, BOTH of her Parents identify as 'Caucasian' (Aryan) on their Birth Certificate. I don't understand what the DNC is trying to accomplish. Kamala has yet to be specific about her Agenda for the next 4Yrs. She has begun to put Policy Measures on her Website, but hasn't explained how she will attain Policy Goals.

Mainstream Media has provided cover for Kamala Harris, like they covered for Joe Biden. DNC Friendly Outlets share the same tactic; a knee jerk response of gaslighting Harris Critics & Undecided Voters that contest her History or Agenda. It's painfully clear that Kamala Harris is struggling on Policy Issues. Her response to specific questions has been so redundant that critics believe she's reading from a script. After 3Yrs 8Mos of serving as Vice President, more is expected out of her. Shills like DL Hughley have said that [the Office of] Vice President is not a position of relevance, but Harris casted the Deciding Vote 33 times during her Tenure. In contrast, Mike Pence did this only 3 times. Clearly, Kamala has been an integral part of the Biden- Harris Administration & should be able to ride w/o Training Wheels. The fact that so many 'Aides' have to set her up has Harris Critics & Undecided Voters questioning her ability to Serve effectively.

We know that Obama Operatives like David Plouffe & Eric Holder have been inserted into the Harris- Walz Campaign, so catch words like 'Energized', 'Freedom' & 'Joy' aren't surprising. Mainstream Media has been literally paving a Yellow Brick Road for Kamala Harris to work her Magic, but she lacks the special sauce of a Barack Obama or Bill Clinton. The Truth is, Clinton & Obama did MORE DAMAGE to Black America than either Bush [41 & 43] or Trump. Kamala Harris is in the unfortunate position of following in their wake. She can't run the same Game on Black America that they ran. Blackfolk have Buyer's Remorse & won't tolerate a 3rd Serving of 'DNC Double Talk'. Hillary Rodham Clinton had the same dilemma w/ Black Voters in 2016. Like Hillary, Kamala lacks a Silver Tongue, but has an expectation of privilege that is supposed to carry her into The White House. Mainstream Media has foregone any appearance of objectivity in their effort to make Kamala Harris a Political Rock Star. Unfortunately, this effort has put a spotlight on her consistent inconsistency.

In their attempt to present Kamala Harris as a brilliant Presidential Candidate, Journalists & Shills are revealing that she is not ready for Prime Time. Is this by design? I recall a rumor that started not long after Kamala's 'Selection' that she was being Set Up for a Great Fall. According to the rumor, Barack Obama & Nancy Pelosi weren't pleased w/ Joe Biden seeking a 2nd Term in Office. Americans aren't satisfied w/ the performance of the Biden- Harris Administration, so Gavin Newsome, Gretchen Whitmer, & Josh Shapiro were among those being considered as potential Candidates; Kamala wasn't in the conversation. The Biden- Harris Campaign War Chest necessitated keeping Kamala on the Ballot, but there was a rumored concern about Joe Biden's 'Legacy'. Apparently, the Obama- Pelosi Camp don't want him to have one. Barack & Michelle withheld their support for Kamala, to leverage placement of 'their people' into Harris' Campaign. This increases their influence while diminishing Joe Biden's influence on a 'Harris Administration'.

Billionaire Donors have thrown Hundreds of Millions of Dollars into the Harris-Walz Campaign, but it only appears to be treading water. As We approach the Home Stretch to Election Day, NEITHER Candidate on the DNC Ticket holds a strong position on Important Issues. BOTH have to rely on Media Support & Emotional Buzz Words to keep potential Voters 'in line'. The General Public is more focused on Kitchen Table Issues like The Economy, than supporting 'Forever Wars' in Ukraine & Gaza. This is hurting Kamala Harris w/ Young Adults & Muslim Voters. Taking a step back to review how We got here, I have to ask: Are Democratic Elites & their Donors manufacturing a losing scenario intentionally? Are Content Creators being On Point when they theorize that the DNC wants to weaponize Kamala Harris- in an effort to destroy Joe Biden's 'Legacy,' while they begin the process of selecting a 2028 Presidential Candidate?

All I know, is Kamala Harris had the lowest approval rating of ANY Vice President; then Joe Biden 'bowed out' of the Election & she suddenly became a Political Rock Star. It's pretty clear that Kamala is not living up to all of the Hype, but is it her fault? -Afterall, she is who she is.

[reasoningdaily]

Black Seminoles | African-Native American History & Culture

Also called: Seminole Maroons or Seminole Freedmen

Black Seminoles, a group of free blacks and runaway slaves (maroons) that joined forces with the Seminole Indians in Florida from approximately 1700 through the 1850s. The Black Seminoles were celebrated for their bravery and tenacity during the three Seminole Wars.

The Native American Seminoles living in Florida were not one tribe but many. They spoke a variety of Muskogean languages and had formed an alliance to prevent European settlers from expanding into their homelands. The word they used to describe themselves—Seminole—is derived from a Creek word meaning “separatist” or “runaway.” Because slavery had been abolished in 1693 in Spanish Florida, that territory became a safe haven for runaway slaves. Throughout the 18th century, many free blacks and runaway slaves went to Florida and lived in harmony with the Seminoles. Their proximity to and resulting collaboration with the Seminoles led students of the group to refer to them as Black Indians, Black Seminoles, and eventually—especially among scholars—Seminole Maroons, or Seminole Freedmen.

Most Black Seminoles lived separately from the Indians in their own villages, although the two groups intermarried to some extent, and some Black Seminoles adopted Indian customs. Both groups wore similar dress, ate similar foods, and lived in similar houses. Both groups worked the land communally and shared the harvest. The Black Seminoles, however, practiced a religion that was a blend of African and Christian rituals, to which traditional Seminole Indian dances were added, and their language was an English Creole similar to Gullah and sometimes called Afro-Seminole Creole. Some of their leaders who were fluent speakers of Creek were readily admitted to Seminole society, but most remained separate.

There are a number of references, beginning in the late 18th century, to Seminole “slaves.” However, slavery among the Seminole Indians was quite different from what was practiced in the slave states to the north of Florida. It had nothing to do with ownership or free labour. The only real consequence of the status of Black Seminoles as “slaves” was that they paid an annual tribute to the Seminole Indians in the form of a percentage of their harvest.

The Black Seminoles were relatively prosperous and content. They farmed, hunted wild game, and amassed significant wealth. Many black men joined the Seminole Indians as warriors when their land or freedom was threatened. Others served as translators, helping the Seminoles understand not only the language but also the culture of Euro-Americans.

That cooperation endured only through the Seminole Wars of the first half of the 19th century. Euro-American settlers wanted the rich land occupied by the Seminoles, and Southern slaveholders were unnerved by free blacks who were armed and ready to fight and living just over the border from slave states. Between 1812 and 1858, U.S. forces fought several skirmishes and three wars against the Seminoles and the maroon communities.

The Black Seminoles were recognized for their aggressive military prowess during the First Seminole War (1817–18). That conflict began when General Andrew Jackson and U.S. troops invaded Florida, destroying African American and Indian towns and villages. Jackson ultimately captured the Spanish settlement of Pensacola, and the Spanish ceded Florida to the United States in 1821. About that time, some Black Seminoles chose to leave Florida for Andros Island, in the Bahamas, where a remnant of the Black Seminoles still remains, although they no longer identify themselves as such.

In 1830 the federal government enacted the Indian Removal Act, which stated the government’s intent to move the Seminoles from the southeast portion of the United States to Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. That event led to renewed conflict.

In the Second Seminole War (1835–42), Black Seminoles took the lead in stirring up resistance. Although some bands of Seminoles had signed a treaty agreeing to the move, they did not represent the whole body of Seminoles. When the time came to leave, they resisted and fought an impassioned guerrilla war against the U.S. Army. Once again, during that conflict, Black Seminoles proved to be both leaders and courageous fighters. Often cited as the fiercest conflict ever fought between the United States and Indians, the Second Seminole War dragged on for seven years and cost the U.S. government more than $20 million. By 1845, however, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles had been resettled in Oklahoma, where they came under the rule of the Creek Indians.

Although both groups were subjugated by the Creeks, life was much worse for the Black Seminoles, and many left the reservation for Coahuila, Mexico, in 1849, led by John Horse, also known as Juan Caballo. In Mexico the Black Seminoles (known there as Mascogos) worked as border guards protecting their adopted country from attacks by slave raiders. The Third Seminole War erupted in Florida in 1855 as a result of land disputes between whites and the few remaining Seminoles there. At the end of that war, in 1858, fewer than 200 Seminoles remained in Florida.

When slavery finally ended in the United States, Black Seminoles were tempted to leave Mexico. In 1870 the U.S. government offered them money and land to return to the United States and work as scouts for the army. Many did return and serve as scouts, but the government never made good on its promise of land. Small communities of descendants of the Black Seminoles continue to live in Texas, Oklahoma, and Mexico.

How Black Seminoles Found Freedom From Enslavement in Florida

Black Seminoles were enslaved Africans and Black Americans who, beginning in the late 17th century, fled plantations in the Southern American colonies and joined with the newly-formed Seminole tribe in Spanish-owned Florida. From the late 1690s until Florida became a U.S. territory in 1821, thousands of Indigenous peoples and freedom seekers fled areas of what is now the southeastern United States to the relatively open promise of the Florida peninsula.

Seminoles and Black Seminoles

African people who escaped enslavement were called Maroons in the American colonies, a word derived from the Spanish word "cimarrón" meaning runaway or wild one. The Maroons who arrived in Florida and settled with the Seminoles were called a variety of names, including Black Seminoles, Seminole Maroons, and Seminole Freedmen. The Seminoles gave them the tribal name of Estelusti, a Muskogee word for black.

The word Seminole is also a corruption of the Spanish word cimarrón. The Spanish themselves used cimarrón to refer to Indigenous refugees in Florida who were deliberately avoiding Spanish contact. Seminoles in Florida were a new tribe, made up mostly of Muskogee or Creek people fleeing the decimation of their own groups by European-brought violence and disease. In Florida, the Seminoles could live beyond the boundaries of established political control (although they maintained ties with the Creek Confederacy) and free from political alliances with the Spanish or British.

The Attractions of Florida

In 1693, a royal Spanish decree promised freedom and sanctuary to all enslaved persons who reached Florida, if they were willing to adopt the Catholic religion. Enslaved Africans fleeing Carolina and Georgia flooded in. The Spanish granted plots of land to the refugees north of St. Augustine, where the Maroons established the first legally sanctioned free Black community in North America, called Fort Mose or Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose.

The Spanish embraced freedom seekers because they needed them for both their defensive efforts against American invasions, and for their expertise in tropical environments. During the 18th century, a large number of the Maroons in Florida had been born and raised in the tropical regions of Kongo-Angola in Africa. Many of the incoming enslaved Africans did not trust the Spanish, and so they allied with the Seminoles.

Black Alliance

The Seminoles were an aggregate of linguistically and culturally diverse Indigenous nations, and they included a large contingent of the former members of the Muscogee Polity also known as the Creek Confederacy. These were refugees from Alabama and Georgia who had separated from the Muscogee, in part, as a result of internal disputes. They moved to Florida where they absorbed members of other groups already there, and the new collective named themselves Seminole.

In some respects, incorporating African refugees into the Seminole band would have been simply adding in another tribe. The new Estelusti tribe had many useful attributes: many of the Africans had guerilla warfare experience, were able to speak several European languages, and knew about tropical agricultures.

That mutual interest—Seminole fighting to keep a purchase in Florida and Africans fighting to keep their freedom—created a new identity for the Africans as Black Seminoles. The biggest push for Africans to join the Seminoles came after the two decades when Britain owned Florida. The Spanish lost Florida between 1763 and 1783, and during that time, the British established the same harsh enslavement policies as in the rest of European North America. When Spain regained Florida under the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the Spanish encouraged their earlier Black allies to go to Seminole villages.

Being Seminole

The sociopolitical relations between the Black Seminole and Indigenous Seminole groups were multi-faceted, shaped by economics, procreation, desire, and combat. Some Black Seminoles were fully brought into the tribe by marriage or adoption. Seminole marriage rules said that a child's ethnicity was based on that of the mother: if the mother was Seminole, so were her children. Other Black Seminole groups formed independent communities and acted as allies who paid tribute to participate in mutual protection. Still, others were re-enslaved by the Seminole: some reports say that for formerly enslaved people, bondage to the Seminole was far less harsh than that of enslavement under the Europeans.

Black Seminoles may have been referred to as "slaves" by the other Seminoles, but their bondage was closer to tenant farming. They were required to pay a portion of their harvests to the Seminole leaders but enjoyed substantial autonomy in their own separate communities. By the 1820s, an estimated 400 Africans were associated with the Seminoles and appeared to be wholly independent "slaves in name only," and holding roles such as war leaders, negotiators, and interpreters.

However, the amount of freedom that Black Seminoles experienced is somewhat debated. Further, the U.S. military sought the support of Indigenous groups to "claim" the land in Florida and help them "reclaim" the human "property" of Southern enslavers. This effort ultimately had limited success but is historically significant nonetheless.

Removal Period

The opportunity for Seminoles, Black or otherwise, to stay in Florida disappeared after the U.S. took possession of the peninsula in 1821. A series of clashes between the Seminoles and the U.S. government, known as the Seminole wars, took place in Florida beginning in 1817. This was an explicit attempt to force Seminoles and their Black allies out of the state and clear it for white colonization. The most serious and effective effort was known as the Second Seminole War, between 1835 and 1842. Despite this tragic history, approximately 3,000 Seminoles live in Florida today.

By the 1830s, treaties were brokered by the U.S. government to move the Seminoles westward to Oklahoma, a journey that took place along the infamous Trail of Tears. Those treaties, like most of those made by the United States government to Indigenous groups in the 19th century, were broken.

One Drop Rule

The Black Seminoles had an uncertain status in the greater Seminole tribe, in part because of their ethnicity and the fact that they had been enslaved people. Black Seminoles defied the racial categories set up by the European governments to establish white supremacy. The white European contingent in the Americas found it convenient to maintain a white superiority by keeping non-whites in artificially constructed racial boxes. The "One Drop Rule" stated that if one had any African blood at all, they were African and, therefore, less entitled to the same rights and freedoms as Whites in the new United States.

Eighteenth-century African, Indigenous, and Spanish communities did not use the same "One Drop Rule" to identify Black people. In the early days of the European settlement of the Americas, neither Africans nor Indigenous peoples fostered such ideological beliefs or created regulatory practices about social and sexual interactions.

As the United States grew and prospered, a string of public policies and even scientific studies worked to erase the Black Seminoles from the national consciousness and official histories. Today in Florida and elsewhere, it has become increasingly difficult for the U.S. government to differentiate between African and Indigenous affiliations among the Seminole by any standards.

Mixed Messages

The Seminole nation's views of the Black Seminoles were not consistent throughout time or across the different Seminole communities. Some viewed the Black Seminoles as enslaved people and nothing else. There were also coalitions and symbiotic relationships between the two groups in Florida—the Black Seminoles lived in independent villages as essentially tenant farmers to the larger Seminole group. The Black Seminoles were given an official tribal name: the Estelusti. It could be said that the Seminoles established separate villages for the Estelusti to discourage Whites from trying to re-enslave the Maroons.

Many Seminoles resettled in Oklahoma and took several steps to separate themselves from their previous Black allies. The Seminoles adopted a more Eurocentric view of Black people and began to practice enslavement. Many Seminoles fought on the Confederate side in the Civil War; the last Confederate general killed in the Civil War was a Cherokee leader, Stand Watie, whose command was mostly made up of Seminole, Cherokee, and Muskogee soldiers. At the end of that war, the U.S. government had to force the Southern faction of the Seminoles in Oklahoma to give up their enslaved people. It wasn't until 1866 that Black Seminoles were accepted as full members of the Seminole Nation.

The Dawes Rolls

In 1893, the U.S. sponsored Dawes Commission was designed to create a membership roster of Seminoles and non-Seminoles based on whether an individual had African heritage. Two rosters were assembled: the Blood Roll for Seminoles and the Freedman Roll for Black Seminoles. The Dawes Rolls, as the document came to be known, stated that if your mother was Seminole, you were on the blood roll. If she was African, you were placed on the Freedmen roll. Those who were demonstrably half-Seminole and half-African would be placed on the Freedmen roll. Those who were three-quarters Seminole were place on the blood roll.

The status of the Black Seminoles became a keenly felt issue when compensation for their lost lands in Florida was finally offered in 1976. The total U.S. compensation to the Seminole nation for their lands in Florida came to $56 million. That deal, written by the U.S. government and signed by the Seminole nation, was written explicitly to exclude the Black Seminoles, as it was to be paid to the "Seminole nation as it existed in 1823." In 1823, the Black Seminoles were not yet official members of the Seminole nation. In fact, they could not be property owners because the U.S. government classed them as "property." Seventy-five percent of the total judgment went to relocated Seminoles in Oklahoma, 25% went to those who remained in Florida, and none went to the Black Seminoles.

Court Cases and Settling the Dispute

In 1990, the U.S. Congress finally passed the Distribution Act detailing the use of the judgment fund. The next year, the usage plan passed by the Seminole nation excluded the Black Seminoles again from participation. In 2000, the Seminoles expelled the Black Seminoles from their group entirely. A court case was opened (Davis v. U.S. Government) by Seminoles who were either Black Seminole or of both African and Seminole heritage. They argued that their exclusion from the judgment constituted racial discrimination. That suit was brought against the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Bureau of Indian Affairs: the Seminole Nation, as a sovereign nation, could not be joined as a defendant. The case failed in U.S. District Court because the Seminole nation was not part of the case.

In 2003, the Bureau of Indian Affairs issued a memorandum welcoming Black Seminoles back into the larger group. Attempts to patch the broken bonds that had existed between Black Seminoles and the rest of the Seminole population have seen varied success.

In the Bahamas and Elsewhere

Not every Black Seminole stayed in Florida or migrated to Oklahoma. A small band eventually established themselves in the Bahamas. There are several Black Seminole communities on North Andros and South Andros Island, established after a struggle against hurricanes and British interference.

Today there are Black Seminole communities in Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Black Seminole groups along the border of Texas/Mexico are still struggling for recognition as full citizens of the United States.

Sources

Gil R. 2014. The Mascogo/Black Seminole Diaspora: The Intertwining Borders of Citizenship, Race, and Ethnicity. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 9(1):23-43.

Howard R. 2006. The "Wild Indians" of Andros Island: Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas. Journal of Black Studies 37(2):275-298.

Melaku M. 2002. Seeking Acceptance: Are the Black Seminoles Native Americans? Sylvia Davis v. the United States of America. American Indian Law Review 27(2):539-552.

Robertson RV. 2011. A Pan-African analysis of Black Seminole perceptions of racism, discrimination, and exclusion The Journal of Pan African Studies 4(5):102-121.

Sanchez MA. 2015. The Historical Context of Anti-Black Violence in Antebellum Florida: A Comparison of Middle and Peninsular Florida. ProQuest: Florida Gulf Coast University.

Weik T. 1997. The Archaeology of Maroon Societies in the Americas: Resistance, Cultural Continuity, and Transformation in the African Diaspora. Historical Archaeology 31(2):81-92.

[shanellofhouston]

Juneteenth is coming up! A Texas originated holiday for Black Americans w/lineage to American slavery.

Acceptable flags are

• Black American Heritage Flag

• Juneteenth Flag

• American Flag

[duxfemina]

I'm stating this in relation to ancient Roman history but I'm sure it applies to any time and place where slavery was/is prevalent so if you're triggered by discussions of slavery and the R word (rhymes with grape) maybe just scroll on...

So the Roman view of slavery distilled down to its simplest is; an enslaved person has no agency.

So that view established it's an appalling truth that slaves both male and female have absolutely no control over access to their bodies. Rape happened a lot in the ancient world as a general rule: sieges, raids, war, no legal repercussions if you were a low status victim etc. but it will literally make you a little ill when you factor enslaved people into that picture. Combine the overwhelming misogyny and entitlement of the classes that owned the most slaves and the general over inflated sense of self the Romans possessed and you know it though you hate to think about but they raped their slaves a lot and thought nothing of it. And if they didn't personally they didn't really make a fuss if someone else did. It's gross but it's true.

Now to the point here that blows my mind HOW MANY SLAVES WERE THE SPITTING IMAGE OF THEIR MOTHER'S RAPIST? Like we know the children of slaves were born as slaves. So here are the female victims giving birth (yes there were abortives and contraceptives in the ancient world but how much access did enslaved women have to those things??) To children who will grow up in the house of their mother's abuser. Another generation of property for their owner. And how can the person who owns these people look them in the eye day after day watching them grow up knowing that that's their kid...

Like I know we can't judge the past by modern standards of morality especially the ancient past but to me it's just sort of morbidly fascinating like watching a train wreck. Like this was NOT an uncommon thing. It couldn't be. Not with how the system of slavery worked in ancient Rome. So like how many times is "so-and-so's freedman" who Plutarch or Tacitus is talking about really in fact their son, or brother, or cousin? Or even the unfreed people. Like how often was some nobleman being raised around his enslaved half-siblings? How often did a child by a slave get sold off and lost to history.

For all we know some people in Crassus' army could have been not very distant relations to some of the people in Spartacus' army.

The ancient world is smaller than you think and ten times as disturbing. It's all not just kinda possible but VERY possible and quite likely.

[petervintonjr]

"If the government had the right to free us she had a right to make some provision for us and since she did not make it soon after Emancipation she ought to make it now."

One of the earliest leaders in the cause of post-enslavement reparations, Callie Guy House was herself born enslaved in (it is assumed) 1861, in Tennessee, even as the Civil War was underway. After emancipation her mother moved the family to Nashville, where she lived until the age of 22. While Callie did receive some primary school education there is no indication of her ever having graduated from any high school or higher institution. She married a William House and and they raised five children.

From there the story might otherwise have ended unremarkably, but for Callie happening upon a pamphlet that had been circulating amongst Black communities in central Tennessee in 1891; Freedmen's Pension Bill: A Plea for American Freedmen by Walter Vaughan. Modeled on the military service pensions of the Civil War, Vaughan's pamphlet was an appeal for the fair treatment of formerly enslaved people, and a proposal to grant pensions to people of color who had been emancipated. While the first such bill had already been introduced in Congress the previous year, it had gotten little traction. But the premise appealed to House and she set forth on a newfound personal mission.

By 1898 House had chartered the National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty, and Pension Association and was serving as its secretary --eventually to be its president. She travelled throughout the post-Reconstruction South, and spread the idea of former slave reparations to massed audiences. By 1900 the organization's membership stood at 300,000, and House had brought her eloquent arguments all the way to the floor of Congress.

In an era of rapidly expanding Jim Crow laws, House's efforts quite naturally entailed a lot of risk, and the ex-slave pension movement fell afoul of both the press and the government, which resorted to using (of all tactics) the Post Office Department's antifraud powers to concoct charges against House. In 1916, in the midst of a prolonged attempt to file a class action lawsuit against the U.S. Treasury department (see Johnson v. McAdoo, 1915), Callie and other leaders of the association were formally indicted by U.S. postmaster general on charges of mail fraud (on the argument that the printed circulars were promising "imminent" reparation payments). House was convicted and sentenced to nearly a year in prison in Jefferson City, Missouri. House did not return to her activist life after prison; she died in 1928 at the age of 67.

[thefirsthogokage]

Oh hey, I just mentioned this yesterday with the Choctaw tribe:

[downisupandupisdown]

Storer College

Women's College Basketball team. 1947

[makingcontact]

Tulsa's Black History Saturday School

Ribbon cutting at Tulsa’s EduRec Youth Center for Black History Saturdays. Credit: Black History Saturdays 2021 marked the centennial of the Tulsa Race Massacre – a horrific attack white people waged against Greenwood, a once prosperous Black neighborhood in north Tulsa, Oklahoma. Also in 2021, state legislators passed a law that limits how race is discussed in classrooms.  Tulsa activists say HB…

[ausetkmt]

This Day in History

Time Periods: 1866

Themes: Reconstruction

The New Orleans Massacre (also known as the New Orleans Riot) occurred on July 30, 1866, when white residents attacked Black marchers gathered outside the Mechanics Institute, where the reconvened Louisiana Constitutional Convention met in response to the state legislature enacting Black Codes and limiting suffrage.

As explained in “An Absolute Massacre: The 1866 Riot At The Mechanics’ Institute“:

The parade of marchers had thwarted off the mob on the other side of Canal, but once they made it to the Mechanics’ Institute, where the convention was taking place inside, they were beset by more violence. A gang of white supremacists and ex-Confederates attacked. Fire sirens went off, signaling police to attack. They were sent by the mayor.

“There was panic because the police and firemen, armed, surrounded that building and began advancing,” says [Caryn Cosse] Bell. “The attack was premeditated. Lead police chief Harry T. Hayes, what he was doing at the time was recruiting policemen from Confederate veterans. They stormed in and started shooting, chasing people down the street.”

The brutal attack led to a total of 150 casualties, including 48 deaths (44 African Americans and three white Radical Republicans).

The New Orleans and Memphis riots strengthened the argument by Radical Republicans (a faction in the Republican Party) that President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was insufficient and greater protection of African Americans was needed.

Read more at Black Past.org. Find resources below to Teach Reconstruction and to teach about the long history of the fight for voting rights.

[militantinremission]

The Democratic Shills must B getting Nervous:

According 2 DL Hughley, Kamala Harris IS 'Black' bcuz:

She's from Oakland

She went 2 an HBCU

She's an AKA

She had a boyfriend named 'Willie'

These Boule Bootlicks R completely Out of Touch w/ the Black Grassroots. We have Charlemagne 'The Clod' posting a DNC Driven 'Pamphlet' that refers 2 Us as (Politically Immature) 'Ns'. Then We have Rickey Smiley going on a condescending Anti Black tirade. The man actually implied that We as a Community, R MISSING OUT on a chance 2 witness a Member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Inc. 'Swear In' a Member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Inc., on the Birthday of a Member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc'! For some reason, THAT is supposed 2 Move Us 2 The Polls.

It's interesting how ALL of these Shills repeat some variation of DNC Talking Points. Kamala Harris earned her critique by not putting out ANY Policy Measures. All We have to go on, is her Record as VP, Senator, Attorney General, & District Attorney. From a Black American Perspective, NONE of her Policies benefitted Us. Harris had an opportunity 2 'Do Right by Us' w/ Freedman's Bank, but instead, she LOOTED the Resources of Our Ancestors & made them available 2 ALL 'Minority & World Communities'. True 2 her Word, she's not doing ANYTHING that will ONLY benefit Blackfolk. Meanwhile, Kamala DID Award

$17.3B in Government Contracts SPECIFICALLY 2 the AAPI Community in 2022

$20B in Federal Contracts & $6.4B in Federal Funding SPECIFICALLY 4 the AAPI Community in 2023

It's in Kamala's Best Interest 2 produce a Policy Platform that includes a meaningful Black Agenda & a Road Map 2 a Lineage Based Multigenerational Reparations Plan 4 American Descendants Of Chattel Slavery. If she Fails to do so & stays w/ the current Agenda: Staying silent on Policy, while letting 'Boule Bootlicks' & 'Carpetbagger Colonists in Blackface' speak 4 her, I don't see Kamala's Honeymoon Period lasting much longer.

-Just My Opinion

[ourrace-sexraceandculture]

This is soo touching.

Nothing like a Black woman...PERIOD!

[reasoningdaily]

After 246 Years of Slavery, What Could Reparations Look Like Today? 

As the debate around reparations intensified in California, members of the Black community stepped forward to share their perspective on what should be done to address systemic racism. In the final episode of our series on reparations, we learn how citizens in other states have held organizations and communities accountable for past wrongs. 

The video is a look at how reparations can be accomplished. And now that the California Reparations Task Force has delivered its landmark 1,200-page report with 115 recommendations for reparative measures, it will be up to the state Legislature — and pressure from community organizers — to keep the momentum moving toward restitution.

Documentary “Reparations Now!”, which follows the journey of the California task force studying how the U.S. can make long-overdue reparations for slavery: https://tubitv.com/movies/100005110/r...

End Slavery in California Act Coalition: https://endslaveryincalifornia.org/ California reparations task force final report reading (chapter 15, part 1). Examples of other reparatory efforts. Reading by Raphael H. Plunkett:   • CA Reparations Report: Chapter 15 Par...  

Reparations educational resources via California Reparations & Reparative Justice for Black/African American Descendants of U.S. Chattel Slavery: https://www.cjec-official.org/education Gold Chains: T

he Hidden History of Slavery in California | ACLU NorCal https://www.aclunc.org/sites/goldchai... California Reparations Task Force Report: https://oag.ca.gov/ab3121/report 13th (full feature). Combining archival footage with testimony from activists and scholars, director Ava DuVernay’s examination of the U.S. prison system examines how the country’s history of racial inequality drives the high rate of incarceration in America:   • 13TH | FULL FEATURE | Netflix   A discussion of the way the 13th amendment has effectively continued the practice of slavery in America since the end of the Civil War:   • Experts Explain the Slavery Loophole ...