#Francesco Crispi

[gardenofkore]

« First [sic] wife of Francesco Crispi. With him, she conspired for the sake of the unity of the Homeland. With him, she took part in the legendary Expedition of the Thousands. Sole woman in the immortal legion, she became its heroine. She enjoyed Mazzini’s trust and Garibaldi’s friendship. An example for Italian women of male patriotic virtues and gentle domestic virtues.»

Epitaph of Rose Montmasson, carved on her tombstone in Verano Cemetery, Rome [my translation]

Rose (also known as Rosalie and, more commonly in Italy, Rosalia) Montmasson was born on January 12th 1823 in Saint-Jorioz, a small village in the Haute-Savoie region, at that time still part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. She was fourth of five children and her parents, Gaspard and Jacqueline Pathoud, were humble farmers. As a child, Rose helped her parents both at home and in the fields, and received a simple education, she learnt to write, read and do maths.

In 1840, the death of her mother, aggravated the already unstable economic conditions of the family, forcing Rose to move to the more economically vibrant Torino in search of a job. Starting 1849, she worked as an ironer and, through her job, she met the Sicilian patriot and lawyer, Francesco Crispi (1818-1901). His first wife, Rosina D’Angelo, had died in 1839 due to complications in childbirth, after two short years of marriage. The baby, Tommaso, died a couple of hours later and, five months later, mother and son were followed by 2-years old Giuseppa, Francesco and Rosina’s first child. Following his wife and children’s deaths, Crispi became romantically involved with a Felicita Vella (called Ciuzza), with whom he fathered a son, Tommaso. Because of his liberal and democratic ideas as well as his active participation in the Sicilian revolution of 1848, Francesco Crispi had been forced to exile and his first destination was Piedmont.

Having met because Rose used to iron Francesco’s shirts, they started living together in 1850. Unfortunately, their cohabitation was soon disturbed when Felicita Vella moved into the same neighbourhood. Indeed, the scorned woman started harassing the couple, arriving to report Rose for mistreating young Tommaso.

Following the failed anti-Austrian uprising of 1853 in Milan, Crispi was once again forced to exile. He reached Genova and, from there, he sailed for Malta, where he was joined by Rose. On December 27th 1854 the two got married. Since, for the nth time, Francesco was compelled to abandon his asylum, they didn’t have enough time to plan the wedding and couldn’t, in that short time, provide the necessary documents. Because of this, no priest was willing to celebrate the wedding, until they convinced (for a fee) a wanderer Jesuit, Luigi Marchetti, to perform the ceremony. Only later, it would turn out Marchetti (who was also a patriot) had been previously interdicted and suspended a divinis, and this would later bear tragic consequences for Rose.

Three days later, Crispi sailed for London, while Rose stayed in La Valletta, waiting for the act of marriage to be registered in the parish of St. Publius and for the notary’s endorsement of the certificate. She then set out to join her husband in England, stopping at Saint-Jorioz to announce to her family she had finally got married (her father and siblings didn’t approve of her living together with a man who wasn’t her husband). At the beginning of 1855, she was finally in London. In the British capital, Rose navigated between befriending many of the fellow Sicilian exiles and patriots  (like Giuseppe Mazzini) and taking care of her husband. As Tina Scalia (daughter of a couple of those refugees) would put it: to Rose wifely love consisted in being for Crispi “a cook, a laundress, and an errand girl”. Her devotion for her husband and his cause went beyond her household chores. The brave woman put her own life in danger by acting as a connection between Mazzini and his followers in France and elsewhere. She secretly conveyed his messages, plans and instructions, hiding the papers in haunches of game and smuggling them past customs officers and gendarmes. In 1856 the Crispis moved to Paris, and there Rose devoted herself to the logistical coordination of the Italian clandestine network. She didn’t even neglect to look after Francesco’s recently orphaned nephew, Felice Caratozzolo (son of Anna Serafina Crispi, also called Marianna), who had just reached Paris at the wish of his uncle, who wanted to provide the teen with a better future. Because of Francesco’s  frequent trips, Rose found herself often alone. Felice proved to be an unruly kid, with no respect for rules and who didn’t acknowledge his aunt’s authority. At some point he even left the house and came back only when his uncle returned from his trip, and managed to convince his nephew to come back home. Luckily for Rose, her partner took her side when Marianna Crispi (who clearly only got her son’s side of her story) wrote his brother a letter lamenting her son’s mistreatment at the hands of Rose. Francesco answered that his wife took by heart the idea of taking care of Felice as he was her own child, spurring him to study and behave. Moreover, since she loved and feared her husband, she would have never done something which would have enraged him like mistreating Felice. As for Francesco, he regretted never having hit his nephew as it would have done him good.

In 1858, the Crispis, together with young Felice, had to leave France since Francesco had been suspected to be in league with Felice Orsini (the Italian patriot who had tried unsuccessfully to assassinate Napoleon III the year prior). They went back to London where he got again in touch with Mazzini. 1859 marked a turning point in Crispi’s patriotic experience. The Kingdom of Sardinia, together with Napoleon III’s France, had defeated the Austrian Empire. The Austrians had ceded Lombardy to France, whom, in turn, passed it to Sardinia. The year after Sardinia had exploited the situation and annexed the Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, and the Papal Legations. Nice and Savoy were ceded to France as compensation for assisting the Sardinians. The outcome of the Second Italian War of Independence had suggested Crispi that, unlike what Mazzini (and Crispi with him) had advocated, perhaps Italy’s future was monarchic rather than republican.

From London the Crispi couple moved to Torino and Genova. In July 1859, Crispi reached Messina incognito, convinced that he could arrange an anti-Borbonic revolt with the support of the Sicilian mazziniani. The uprising (planned for October 4th) was delayed indefinitely. This convinced Crispi that a future revolt in Sicily needed the support of the population rather than committees and that a military expedition was fundamental to back up the insurrection.

In order to plan this uprising, in March 1860, Rose embarked on a steamboat headed for Messina to get in touch with Sicilian patriots Rosolino Pilo and Giovanni Corrao. She reached Malta to meet with fellow patriots Nicolò Fabrizi and Giorgio Tamajo with whom she exchanged information and letters she took with her when she returned to Genova.

Two months later, Rose embarked on the steamboat Piemonte headed once again for Sicily, the only (official) female member of the Expedition of the Thousand. Her husband had been against her participation, while Garibaldi, despite the initial veto, had given his consent (“Come then, if it pleases you. However bear it in your mind that you’re putting yourself in great risk and peril, and I won’t answer to it”). In Sicily, armed with a gun, she risked her life to fight in Marsala, Calatafimi and Palermo. She also helped tend to the injured soldiers, quickly becoming a familiar and dear figure. The Sicilians quickly renamed her Rosalia, after St. Rosalia, the much beloved saint patron of Palermo, and with this name, she would be remembered.

If Rose thought the desired and fought for the Unification of Italy in 1861 would mark the beginning of a much happier and more secure future, she quickly realized how wrong she was. The only one who benefited from it was her husband. The couple moved back to Torino and then Firenze, where they spent their last period of relative happiness. In 1861 Francesco was elected deputy of the Parliament of the newborn Kingdom of Italy (and would later become one of its Prime Ministers) and quickly turned his back on his republican ideal becoming a staunch monarchist. Rose (as well as many of his old friends) must have seen it as a betrayal and it must have made their relationship even rockier. Crispi didn’t just betray her in terms of shared political ideals, but also in more personal terms. He had various flirts with women much younger than his wife and even fathered illegitimate children with them. He reached his worst in 1878 when, after repudiating Rose (claiming their Maltese marriage was irregular), he married Filomena (Lina) Barbagallo, with whom he had a child five years prior. This caused such an uproar (and the accusation of bigamy) that, during a public event, Queen Margherita refused to shake his hand. As it came to light the fact that brother Luigi Marchetti, who had performed the wedding ceremony, had been interdicted and thus Rose and Francesco’s marriage was null.

The betrayed woman moved to a modest house in Rome, where the couple had previously moved when the city was declared Capital of the Kingdom in 1871, and the whole court had moved there.

Rose spent the last part of her life in financial hardship, economically helped by her friends. Through common friends, Agostino Bertani and Giorgio Tamajo, she reached an agreement with her former husband, who agreed to pay her a life annuity. When Crispi died in 1901, Rose (as a former Garibaldina) was offered a meagre Royal pension, who allowed her to live her last couple years in semi poverty.

Rose Montmasson died in Rome on November 10th 1904 after suffering from a stroke. She was 81. Since she couldn’t afford it, she was buried in a simple grave, freely granted by the Campo Verano Cemetery. According to her wishes, she was dressed up with a red shirt (symbol of the Thousands), and her medals were displayed on a pillow placed before her coffin. Her funeral (a secular ceremony) was attended by many Garibaldini, and people she had personally helped during the Expedition, but no representative (except from Senator Francesco Cucchi, who had personally known her during the Sicilian adventure) of the Nation she had helped made.

Sources

- CASALINI Fabio, Rosalia Montmasson, l’unica donna tra i Mille di Garibaldi

- FERRI Marco, Rosalia Montmasson;

- ODDO Giacomo, I mille di Marsala: scene rivoluzionarie;

- PAGLIUSO Antonio, Rosalia Montmasson: la Storia dell’unica Donna tra i Mille di Garibaldi;

- PALADINO Francesco, Crispi, Francesco;

- PALAMENGHI CRISPI Giulio, Rose Montmasson;

- Rosalia Montmasson;

- Rose Montmasson Crispi;

- ZAZZERI Angelica, Montmasson, Rosalie

[blacjaq1]

[officialpenisenvy]

amo parlare con i siciliani fuorisede mi fa sentire come un esiliato del quarantotto che organizza il risorgimento

[giuseppearagno]

Processo al carcere

Difendendo i primi operai socialisti in un processo politico, nel 1892 Giovanni Bovio provò invano a dar voce alle loro ragioni e ad ammonire le classi dirigenti; «Per carità di voi stessi, giudici, per quel pudore che è l’ultimo custode delle società umane, non fateci dubitare della Giustizia. Noi fummo nati al lavoro, non fate noi delinquenti e voi giudici!». I tribunali però li «fecero…

[telodogratis]

Avviso.

Via Francesco Crispi direzione Piazza della Pace altezza Molo Santa Lucia restringimento carreggiata causa cedimento manto stradale, procedere con prudenza.  ​Read More Via Francesco Crispi direzione Piazza della Pace altezza Molo Santa Lucia restringimento carreggiata causa cedimento manto stradale, procedere con prudenza.   Feed RSS – Comune di Palermo  Tweet PM 

[viunews]

Furto da 750 euro in un bar di Grotte: identificati tre adolescenti

Furto da 750 euro in un bar di Grotte: identificati tre adolescenti

I carabinieri di Grotte hanno identificato e denunciato tre minorenni – due sedicenni e un quindicenne, ospiti di una comunità – responsabili del furto al bar di via Francesco Crispi. Durante il colpo, avvenuto nella notte tra il 17 e il 18 dicembre, i giovani hanno rubato 450 euro, un carnet di assegni e due espositori di cioccolatini, per un danno totale di circa 750 euro. Determinanti sono…

[siciliatv]

Furto in un bar, identificati gli autori: denunciati tre minori Identificati gli autori del furto al bar “Belvedere” di via Francesco Crispi nel centro di Grotte,... #SiciliaTV #SiciliaTvNotiziario Read the full article

[alessandrapomella]

(V.le Francesco Crispi, Milano, Italia)

[roomchailimited]

Naples to the Amalfi Coast: Italy’s Southern Splendor

Italy’s southern region is a treasure trove of natural beauty, history, and vibrant culture. From the bustling streets of Naples, rich in history and authenticity, to the picturesque Amalfi Coast, where dramatic cliffs meet the turquoise waters of the Mediterranean, this journey offers a blend of adventure and relaxation. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, a food lover, or someone simply in search of breathtaking views, the route from Naples to the Amalfi Coast promises an unforgettable experience. Let’s explore the highlights of this journey through Italy’s southern splendor.

Discovering Naples: A City of Contrasts

Start your journey in Naples, a city that pulses with energy and life. Known as the birthplace of pizza and home to some of Italy’s most important historical sites, Naples is the perfect starting point for a southern Italian adventure. Wander through the historic center, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and discover landmarks like the Naples Cathedral (Duomo di Napoli) and the Royal Palace.

For a deeper dive into history, visit the Naples National Archaeological Museum, which houses some of the most impressive artifacts from Pompeii and Herculaneum. The museum’s collection of ancient sculptures, mosaics, and frescoes is a fascinating glimpse into life during the Roman Empire.

Of course, you can’t leave Naples without indulging in its culinary delights. Enjoy a traditional Neapolitan pizza at one of the city’s renowned pizzerias, like L'Antica Pizzeria da Michele or Sorbillo, and don’t forget to try sfogliatella, a deliciously crispy pastry filled with ricotta and candied fruit.

Pompeii: A Step Back in Time

Just a short drive from Naples lies Pompeii, the ancient city frozen in time by the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Walking through the ruins of Pompeii is an awe-inspiring experience as you explore remarkably preserved villas, temples, and amphitheaters. Highlights include the Forum, the city’s political center, and the House of the Faun, known for its exquisite mosaics.

For a more off-the-beaten-path experience, visit the nearby ruins of Herculaneum, which, like Pompeii, was buried by volcanic ash but is often quieter and more intimate. The preservation of wooden structures and household items offers a unique perspective on daily Roman life.

Sorrento: The Gateway to the Amalfi Coast

Continue your journey to Sorrento, a charming town perched on cliffs overlooking the Bay of Naples. Known as the gateway to the Amalfi Coast, Sorrento offers a more laid-back atmosphere compared to bustling Naples. Stroll through its narrow streets, lined with artisan shops selling local ceramics, limoncello, and handmade leather goods.

Sorrento’s scenic beauty makes it an ideal place to stop and soak in the Mediterranean views. Visit the Marina Grande, a quaint fishing village, or take a boat tour around the bay for panoramic views of the coastline. For those seeking a touch of luxury, the Cloisters of San Francesco provide a peaceful retreat with stunning views of the sea.

The Amalfi Coast: A Slice of Paradise

No trip to southern Italy is complete without exploring the Amalfi Coast, a stretch of coastline renowned for its breathtaking views, charming towns, and dramatic cliffs plunging into the sea. From Sorrento, the drive along the Amalfi Drive (SS163) is one of the most scenic routes in the world, winding through hairpin bends and offering stunning views at every turn.

Positano: Often referred to as the jewel of the Amalfi Coast, Positano’s pastel-colored buildings cascading down the cliffs create an iconic scene. Spend some time wandering through its winding streets, filled with boutique shops and cafés, before relaxing on Spiaggia Grande, the town’s main beach.

Amalfi: The town of Amalfi, once a powerful maritime republic, is home to the stunning Amalfi Cathedral, a striking mix of Arab-Norman and Byzantine architectural styles. Visit the Cloister of Paradise and the Paper Museum to learn more about Amalfi’s papermaking tradition, which dates back to the Middle Ages.

Ravello: Perched high above the coastline, Ravello offers sweeping views and a sense of tranquility. Visit Villa Rufolo and Villa Cimbrone, both known for their magnificent gardens and panoramic terraces. Ravello is also famous for its annual music festival, which attracts world-class musicians to perform in open-air venues with stunning backdrops.

A Taste of the Amalfi Coast

The Amalfi Coast is not only famous for its beauty but also for its incredible cuisine. Seafood lovers will delight in dishes like spaghetti alle vongole (spaghetti with clams) or scialatielli ai frutti di mare (fresh pasta with mixed seafood). Don’t miss the chance to try locally made limoncello, a lemon liqueur produced from the region’s famous Sfusato Amalfitano lemons.

For dessert, indulge in delizia al limone, a lemon-infused cake that perfectly captures the flavors of the coast. Enjoy your meal at a cliffside restaurant with views of the sparkling Mediterranean, where every bite is enhanced by the stunning surroundings.

Capri: An Island Escape

If time allows, consider a boat trip to the glamorous island of Capri, located just off the coast of Sorrento. Capri is famed for its Blue Grotto, a sea cave where sunlight creates a magical blue reflection on the water. Take a boat tour around the island to see the Faraglioni rock formations, or ride the chairlift to the top of Monte Solaro for panoramic views of the island and beyond.

Explore Capri Town, with its upscale boutiques and cafés, or head to the quieter town of Anacapri for a more peaceful atmosphere. Whether you’re shopping for luxury goods or simply relaxing with a cappuccino in the piazza, Capri offers a taste of Italian island life at its finest.

Conclusion

The journey from Naples to the Amalfi Coast is a feast for the senses, offering a perfect blend of history, natural beauty, and culinary delights. From the ancient ruins of Pompeii to the stunning cliffs of the Amalfi Coast, this region of Italy is one of the most captivating in the world. Whether you're exploring the vibrant streets of Naples, savoring fresh seafood along the coast, or taking in the views from a seaside villa, southern Italy is a destination that will leave you enchanted.

For those planning their Italian adventure, travel agencies like Roomchai Limited, along with local services such as Naples Tour Guides and Amalfi Coast Journeys, can help craft an unforgettable trip through Italy’s southern splendor.

[riccardofranchinilucca]

🍕 PIZZERIA DA FRANCESCO. LUCCA Ieri sera pizza La Pizzeria Lucchese e come sempre metto una mia “recensione” del passato che dopo 35 anni vale sempre di più. (Da leggere tutta in un fiato) Pizzeria Storica economica caotica confusionaria anni 80 sempre piena lucchesi italiani tedeschi americani pompieri carabinieri politici partite in tv passa il treno giovani compleanni calcetto amiche a mezzanotte forno a legna bassa croccante. Giocatori attori io. Foto maglie trofei calcio basket. E poi lui Francesco. Tutti hanno provato almeno una volta la Pizza di Francesco. Istituzione e Monumento Lucchese. 🇬🇧 A review from the past that holds even more true after 35 years. (To be read in one breath): A historic, affordable, chaotic, and bustling pizzeria straight out of the 80s. Always packed with locals, Italians, Germans, Americans, firefighters, police officers, politicians, people watching games on TV, young people, birthday parties, friends at midnight, wood-fired oven, thin and crispy crust. Players, actors, and myself. Photos, jerseys, soccer and basketball trophies. And then there’s Francesco. Everyone has tried Francesco’s pizza at least once. A Lucchese institution and monument. 👉 Pizzeria, Ristorante "Da Francesco" 🎯 Pizzeria 💶 10 - 12,€ 🚗 Via Camillo Benso Cavour 191c Lucca ☎️ 0583 955350 🍕

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[pietroalviti]

Ceccano, un fiore per Francesco Bruni, eroe della Resistenza a 19 anni

Un fiore per Francesco Bruni: la sua vita fu stroncata 80 anni fa da due proiettili sparati da un ufficiale delle SS che, il 25 gennaio 1944, gli aveva teso un agguato, in via Crispi, a Roma, dopo una delazione. Era nato a Ceccano nel 1925, aveva soltanto 19 anni ma, dopo l’8 settembre del 1943, aveva deciso di lottare contro l’occupante. Per ricordare questo coraggioso ragazzo e fargli omaggio…

[thetldrplace]

Sicily: An Island at the Crossroads of History. Ch. 15- Risorgimento

Risorgimento is the Italian word for Unification. It literally means 'resurgence', but it is the word that was historically used for this period of Italian unification.

By 1849, The Austrians were back in Venice and Lombardy, the Pope had returned to Rome, and much of Tuscany was under Austrian protection as well. Italy was divided up into several provinces run by kings from outside Italy. The Piedmontese King, Victor Emmanuel II, and his Chief Minister Camilo Cavour, were seeking a united Italy with Piedmont at the head. A deal had been made with Napoleon that would see Nice ceded to France, and Austria would cede Lombardy to France, which would then give it to Piedmont. Cavour also negotiated to get Tuscany. This would grant Piedmont much of northern and central Italy, leaving the papal territories alone. Lots of people were not happy about this, but the angriest of all was Garibaldi, the Italian patriot who had been born in Nice, and now found himself a Frenchman.  

Garibaldi's story is a bit wild. He had gotten into some trouble in Italy years earlier, and fled to Brazil, where he met his wife, Anita, and got involved in guerilla warfare to liberate a small state there. He then left for Uruguay, where he formed a brigade of Italian expats. He won a famous victory in 1846 and his fame spread to Europe. The moment the revolutions of '48, broke out, he headed back to Italy where he took part in some uprisings on the Italian peninsula. But while on a ship in route to Venice, the Austrians intercepted the ship and forced it to the coast, where his wife Anita had died. Distraught, he left Italy for New York for a period of exile. 

A friend of Garibaldi's, Francesco Crispi, a fervant republican and Sicilian lawyer, came back to Italy in 1859, and found that the Bourbons were hated everywhere. He convinced Garibaldi to come with a force and liberate Sicily. In 1860, the Sicilians again revolted, but things went badly as usual. The revolt did spark other revolts throughout Sicily. Garibaldi was collecting guns, when he heard of the insurrection. Always ready for a good liberatory fight, he petitioned Victor Emmanuel, but was denied. Nevertheless, Garibaldi collected a band of volunteers: the Thousand, and they sailed for Sicily without the King's blessing.  

Victor Emmanuel wished success for Garibaldi, but Cavour distrusted him. The King knew it would be dangerous to reveal his sympathies, but at the same time, could not openly disown Garibaldi, the most popular figure in Italy, by far. 

Garibaldi arrived in Marsala in May 1860, and found it completely undefended. He addressed the people and declared himself dictator. He marched inland and met the Bourbon army, where he won. The Bourbon resistance then melted away and he moved straightaway to Palermo. He was expected to come through Monreale, but came around a suburb instead, entering the city with no resistance.  

The Palermitani were unwilling to side with him at first, unsure of what would happen, but when they heard the bells ringing, they joined in and celebrated.  

His men were exhausted, but help and arms were on the way. In early June, the equipment arrived as well as more volunteers. The Sicilian response to Garibaldi's call to arms was disappointing, however. 

Garibaldi led his troops across to Messina and Sicily was liberated from the Bourbons. But of course the island still had to be governed. Garibaldi had been careful to emphasize that Sicily would always be considered a part of united Italy. Here, Crispi helped the effort. He was Sicilian, a lawyer, and highly intelligent. He partitioned the land and set local Sicilian administrations over each.  

Cavour wanted Sicily annexed immediately to Piedmont. Garibaldi and Crispi opposed this on the grounds that Sicily was already a part of the Kingdom. Sicilians had assumed as much. 

Cavour did not want Garibaldi crossing to the mainland, since he knew Garibaldi was much more popular that Victor Emmanuel. If Garibaldi were to do all the heavy lifting of unifying Italy, any 'reign' of Victor Emmanuel would be seen as rather hollow. So Cavour moved to have the Piedmontese army reach Naples first.  

Back in Sicily, the fight for unification was turning into a class struggle. Liberty was never going to be enough for the starving. I mean it's great to have liberty and all, but if you don't have anything to eat, then it's a secondary concern. And while 'liberty' was being proclaimed from the Spaniards, the Sicilian peasants knew that they had some homegrown overlords that were all too willing to oppress them when the Spaniards were gone. While things were all battle-y, why not consider a cause that was a little closer to home for the Sicilians, and turn the anger into a war of oppressed versus oppressor? But this would derail the larger effort, so Garibaldi had to force some order on the island.  

Garibaldi's invasion of the mainland in August 1860, against Victor Emmanuel's wishes, went on, and after crossing the straight of Messina, they landed and marched northward to Naples with little resistance. He was invited in to Naples and delivered a speech thanking the Neapolitans for all they had done in the name of Italy. They hadn't really done anything, of course, but a little flattery wouldn't hurt to get them on board with the whole unification project. 

Garibaldi's next move would be to march on Rome, but that never happened. Had he tried it, Garibaldi's forces would likely have been no match for the French forces at Rome. But apart from that, Cavour and King Vittorio Emanuele had sent the Piedmontese army marching around Rome to cut through the Papal states and unite Italy (other than Rome and Venice, which, admittedly, were two pretty important pieces, but we'll let it go for the moment). 

Garibaldi, when confronted with the possibility of a fight between the two forces that were supposedly trying to unite Italy, chose unification over his own personal glory and voluntarily stepped down and handed his command over to Victor Emmanuel.  

A plebiscite for acceptance of unification was held through the Italian regions, and in Sicily, the vote was overwhelmingly for unification. However, when the Sicilians got wind that Garibaldi had been removed and they would then be ruled by Turin, they were none too pleased about it. Cavour, for his part, concluded "the island needed a good dose of northern discipline." This, as one might imagine, didn't go over particularly well in Sicily itself.  

In March 1861, Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed King of Italy. His chief minister is reported to have said: "L'Italia è fatta: restano fare gli italiani." Which means "Italy is made. All that's left is to make Italians." True dat. Few of the 22 million people in the new Italy thought of themselves as 'Italians'. North and South had virtually nothing in common. People thought of themselves as Sicilians, Lombards, Venetians, Tuscans, or Neapolitans, but not so much as Italians. 

As for the remaining outliers: Venice and Rome; in 1866 Bismark, wanting to unify the German states, made a treaty with Italy that if they helped him attack Austria, he would cede Venice. The battle was won and Venice became an Italian city.  

Rome was captured when the French pulled out their troops in 1870. With no one left to protect the Pope, the Italian army marched in and Rome was then a part of Italy. The Pope refused to acknowledge it, went on a giant pout, and lived in the Vatican another 8 years before he died.  

[lightdancer1]

The First Italo-Ethiopian War, the great exception, very much proves why it was that exception:

The Italo-Ethiopian War itself was noticeable both for following the victory of Emperor Yohanes IV at Dogali with a much bigger victory at Adwa, and by the successes of the Ethiopian Emperors in consolidating a brand new force reliant on the most modern weaponry of its time. Equally ironically the Italian arms industry furnished a great deal of Italian-made weaponry which the Ethiopians proceeded to use better than the Italians. In this sense Menelik II can be compared to Japan's Emperor Meiji and even more successful given that European cultural influence in Ethiopia was rather lesser than in its Asian equivalent.

[claudioparentela]

PROGETTO DI MAIL ART :’’STOP BORDER VIOLENCE-ART. 4: STOP ALLA TORTURA E AI TRATTAMENTI DEGRADANTI ALLE FRONTIERE D’EUROPA’’

L’articolo 4 della Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione Europea afferma: “Nessuno può essere sottoposto a tortura, né a pene o trattamenti inumani o degradanti”. Negli ultimi anni si assiste nei confronti dei migranti a un’escalation di violenza intollerabile per le coscienze europee, in aperto contrasto con i principi fondamentali della UE. I rapporti delle organizzazioni quali UNHCR, Amnesty International e Human Rights Watch, le inchieste giornalistiche, le numerose testimonianze delle vittime raccontano di torture, stupri e minacce nei centri di detenzione della Libia, paese con il quale l’Italia ha stretto accordi per controllo delle partenze; di condizioni di estremo degrado nei campi in Grecia e in Bosnia, dove sovraffollamento, assenza di sevizi igienici e di assistenza mettono a rischio la vita dei soggetti più vulnerabili; dell’uso spropositato della forza e di episodi ripetuti di vera e propria tortura da parte della polizia croata nei confronti di richiedenti asilo alla frontiera con la Serbia e la Bosnia; di situazioni di detenzione illegale di migranti in diversi paesi della UE o finanziati dalla UE, di respingimenti violenti lungo tutte le frontiere d’Europa, di sospensione di fatto del diritto a richiedere asilo.

Tema: ’’STOP BORDER VIOLENCE-ART. 4: STOP ALLA TORTURA E AI TRATTAMENTI DEGRADANTI ALLE FRONTIERE D’EUROPA’’

Tecnica :Libera(Grafica,Collage,Disegno,Fotografia,Pittura)

Dimensioni:A4(21cm x 30 cm)-A5(15cm x 21cm)su Carta e Cartoncino.

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Scadenza:24 APRILE 2024

Tutte le opere devono essere originali e firmate sul retro con Nome,Cognome,Paese dell’Artista.

APERTO A TUTTI GLI ARTISTI DI TUTTE LE ETA’ E DI TUTTO IL MONDO.

Nessuna giuria ,nessuna vendita,non si accettano opere pornografiche,razziste,sessiste,ecc.

I LAVORI NON SARANNO RESTITUITI E FARANNO PARTE DI UNA MOSTRA ITINERANTE IN CONCOMITANZA CON LA RACCOLTA FIRME PER L’ICE(INIZIATIVA DEI CITTADINI EUROPEI) A SOSTEGNO DELL’ART.4

Le opere devono essere spedite esclusivamente per posta ordinaria,senza valore commerciale,o come piego di libro.Le spese di spedizione sono a carico dell’artista.

Inviare a :SILVIA GALIANO-VIA FRANCESCO CRISPI 79-88100 CATANZARO

LA MOSTRA SI TERRA’ IL PRIMO MAGGIO A RIACE(RC)-ITALIA

DOCUMENTAZIONE DELLA MOSTRA E DI TUTTI I PARTECIPANTI SARA’ PUBBLICATA ONLINE

_____________________________________________________________

MAIL ART PROJECT:’’ ’’STOP BORDER VIOLENCE-ART. 4: STOP TORTURE AND DEGRADING TREATMENT AT EUROPE’S BORDER’’

Article 4 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union states: ‘No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’. In recent years, there has been an escalation of violence against migrants that is intolerable to European consciences, in open contrast to the fundamental principles of the EU. Reports from organisations such as UNHCR, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, journalistic investigations, and numerous testimonies from the victims themselves tell of torture, rape and threats in the detention centres of Libya, a country with which Italy has made agreements to control departures; extremely degrading conditions in camps in Greece and Bosnia, where overcrowding, lack of medical care and assistance put the lives of the most vulnerable at risk; the disproportionate use of force and repeated incidents of actual torture by the Croatian police against asylum seekers at the borders with Serbia and Bosnia; situations of illegal detention of migrants in several EU or EU-funded countries, violent rejections along all borders of Europe, and de facto suspension of the right to seek asylum.

Theme: ’’STOP BORDER VIOLENCE-ART. 4: STOP TORTURE AND DEGRADING TREATMENT AT EUROPE’S BORDER’’

Technique: Free (Graphics, Collage, Drawing, Photography, Painting)

Size:A4(21cm x 30 cm)-A5(15cm x 21cm)on Paper or Cardboard.

Poetry or Visual Poetry or Short Texts (can be printed and displayed).

Deadline: 24 APRIL 2024

All works must be original and signed on the back with the Artist's Name, Surname and Country.

OPEN TO ALL ARTISTS OF ALL AGES AND FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD.

No jury, no sales, pornographic, racist, sexist, etc. works are not accepted.

THE WORKS WILL NOT BE RETURNED AND WILL BE PART OF A TRAVELING EXHIBITION IN CONCOMITENCE WITH THE COLLECTION OF SIGNATURES FOR THE ICE (EUROPEAN CITIZENS' INITIATIVE) IN SUPPORT OF ART.4

The works must be sent exclusively by ordinary mail, without commercial value, or as a booklet. Shipping costs are the responsibility of the artist.

Send to:SILVIA GALIANO-VIA FRANCESCO CRISPI 79-88100 CATANZARO-ITALY

THE EXHIBITION WILL BE HELD ON MAY 1ST 2024 IN RIACE (RC)-ITALY

DOCUMENTATION OF THE EXHIBITION AND OF ALL PARTICIPANTS WILL BE PUBLISHED ONLINE

[telodogratis]

Incidente

Via Francesco Crispi possibili rallentamenti al flusso veicolare con dir. via Montepellegrino, a causa di una anomalia su sede stradale comunque già segnalata.  ​Read More Via Francesco Crispi possibili rallentamenti al flusso veicolare con dir. via Montepellegrino, a causa di una anomalia su sede stradale comunque già segnalata.   Feed RSS – Comune di Palermo  Tweet PM 

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"Il peso dell'amore": Venerdì convegno sulle politiche pubbliche per supportare le donne in età avanzata

"Il peso dell'amore": Venerdì convegno sulle politiche pubbliche per supportare le donne in età avanzata

CALTANISSETTA – L’Associazione Onde donneinmovimento organizza un convegno intitolato “Il peso dell’amore” il 29 novembre 2024, alle ore 17.00, presso la sala Conferenze della Fondazione Banca Sicana, in Via Francesco Crispi, 25. La locandina dell’iniziativa “Le politiche pubbliche nel nostro Paese mostrano gravi lacune nel supporto a chi si prende cura degli anziani, una responsabilità che…