#Ferdinand Gaillard

[carloskaplan]

Gravado a buril realizado en 1856 por Ferdinand Gaillard

[joacomaduro]

Odalisca c. 1859 by Claude Ferdinand Gaillard (1834-1887)

[hadrian6]

Oedipus and the Sphinx. 1867. after Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres French 1780–1867.  engraving by Claude-Ferdinand Gaillard French, Paris 1834–1887 Paris. engraving on heavy wove paper. http://hadrian6.tumblr.com

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.6 (before 1940)

12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. 961 – Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete. 1204 – The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus. 1323 – Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed. 1454 – Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights. 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam. 1665 – The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal. 1788 – The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement. 1820 – The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free. 1834 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto. 1836 – Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured. 1857 – The Supreme Court of the United States rules 7–2 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that the Constitution does not confer citizenship on black people. 1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society. 1882 – The Serbian kingdom is re-founded. 1899 – Bayer registers "Aspirin" as a trademark. 1901 – Anarchist assassin tries to kill German Emperor Wilhelm II. 1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce, the Antarctic region of Coats Land was discovered from the Scotia. 1912 – Italo-Turkish War: Italian forces become the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 1,800 m. 1930 – International Unemployment Day demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern. 1933 – Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "bank holiday", closing all U.S. banks and freezing all financial transactions.

[artesplorando]

Odalisca, dettaglio, 1859, Claude Ferdinand Gaillard.

[the-evil-clergyman]

Oedipus and the Sphinx by Ferdinand Gaillard (1867)

[llcircell]

Odalisque - Claude Ferdinand Gaillard. Detail ( Paris-1859)

[harvard-art-museums-prints]

Saint Sebastian, Ferdinand Gaillard, 19th century, Harvard Art Museums: Prints

Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Gift of Charles Bain Hoyt

https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/265025

[cma-prints]

Man with a Pink, Claude-Ferdinand Gaillard, Cleveland Museum of Art: Prints

Medium: engraving

https://clevelandart.org/art/1939.587

[artistspassionlove]

Claude Ferdinand Gaillard, Odalisque, particolare.

Claude Ferdinand Gaillard, Odalisque, particolare.

[worldsandemanations]

Oedipus and the Sphinx (1867). Engraving by Claude Ferdinand Gaillard (1834-1887), after an 1808 painting by Ingres

[mysticdragonkid]

Vagner Love Fifa 13

4312.Welliton-Vagner Love Ronaldinho FIFA 13. 2570 posts Fans' Favourite. February 13, 2017 10:15PM.

FIFA 13 Pack Opening #3 - Vagner Love - Duration: 3 minutes, 33 seconds. 194 views; 7 years ago; 5:58. FIFA 13 Pack Opening #1 -Falcao - Duration: 5 minutes, 58 seconds. 121 views; 7 years ago.

Check out all the new top players for FIFA 18 Ultimate, filter results, and add to squads.

FIFA 14 Infinity Patch (5 New Leagues) Single Link and Part Link

We are proud to present you today the biggest patch we’ve ever released on our website! FIFA Infinity Patch 14 will introduce 5 new leagues in your FIFA 14 game and add tons of other amazing features:

- 5 New Leagues:

Czech Gambrinus Liga -Actual rosters for the 2013/14 season -Real club info and transfer budgets -Realistic player data (years in club, contract lenths loans) -Real kits, flags and banners -Many names readed by the comentators -Chantpacks for 1.FC Slovacko, Banik Ostrava, Sigma Olomouc, Slavia Prague, Slovan Liberec, Viktoria Plzen -Real club rivalries -Real tournament trophies -Hidden EA referees -Realistic generic adboards -Czech cup is in real format +real matchdates and hours

Greek Superleague Ellada: -Actual rosters for the 2013/14 season -Real club info and transfer budgets -Realistic player data (years in club, contract lenths loans) -Real kits -Real club rivalries -Real tournament trophies -Real referees -Official Superleague ball -Realistic generic adboards -Greek Superleague with accurate league schedule (matchdates and hours) -Greek Cup in real format +real matchdates and hours

Japan J-League 1: -Actual rosters for the 2013 season -Real club info and transfer budgets -Realistic player data (years in club, contract lenths loans) -Real kits, flags and banners -Real club rivalries -Real tournament trophies -Real referees -Official J-League ball (adidas Kotohogi) -Realistic generic adboards

Turkish Super Lig: -Actual rosters for the 2013/14 season -Real club info and transfer budgets -Realistic player data (years in club, contract lenths loans) -Many names readed by the comentators -Real kits, flags and banners -New kit numbers for Fenerbahce, Galatasaray + UCL, Besiktas, Bursaspor, Trabzonspor, Eskisehirspor & Gaziantepspor -Real club rivalries -Real tournament trophies -Hidden EA referees -Realistic generic adboards -Official Nike Incyte ball -Super Lig with accurate league schedule (matchdates and match hours) -Turkish Cup in real format +real matchdates and hours

Ukrainian Premier League: -Actual rosters for the 2013/14 season -Real club info and transfer budgets -Realistic player data (years in club, contract lenths loans) -Real kits, flags and banners -New kit numbers for Chornomorets Odesa, Dynamo Kyiv, Dnipro, Arsenal Kyiv & Metalurh Donetsk -Cyrillic Name Font -Many names readed by the comentators -Real club rivalries -Real tournament trophies -Real referees -Chantpacks for Chornomorets, Dnipro, Dynamo Kyiv, Karpaty, Metalurh Zaporizhya, Metalist, Tavriya, Volyn Lutsk, Vorskla -Realistic generic adboards -Ukrainian Cup in real format +real matchdates and hours

New national teams (playable in career mode): -Bosnia & Herzegovina -Croatia -Japan -Serbia -Ukraine

New teams in ROTW: -Pandurii Targu-Jiu(ROU) -Steaua Bucuresti (ROU) -BATE Borisov (BLR) -GKS Katowice (POL)

- Updated rosters in all of the original leagues to mid december - New Free Agents: Nenê, Quaresma, Miccoli, Vagner Love, Lisandro Lopez, Nilmar, Raúl, Misimovic, Rivaldo, Nelson Valdez, Elkeson, Kanoute, Miku, Vittek & Vukcevic - Real tournament names and team names (for originally non-licenced ones) [ENG only]- UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League licensed with realistic adboards, balls,referee kits, stadium boards,etc - Licensed referee kits for EPL, Liga BBVA, Serie A, UCL, Brasileiro Série A and Friendlies (Referee kits also available for lower leagues and domain cups) - Over 700 new boots with specific assignments for over 9000 players - Serie B fully licensed (Logos, Kits, Ball,etc) - All national teams licensed - New 13/14 Kits for Germany, Spain, France, Brazil, Colombia, Denmark, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Scotland, Sweden + Adidas 14 Kit Numbers - Alternative & Third kits for Crystal Palace, Lokomotiv Moskva, Vasco da Gama, Olymprique Marseille, CSKA Moskva, Borussia Dortmund, Austria Wien, Coritiba, Flamengo & Palmeiras - Updated kits for India, Egypt, Udinese, AS Roma & Torino - Stadium updates for Santiago Bernabeu and Old Trafford - New gloves - New scarfs for Liga BBVA - Realistic generic adboards for Brasileiro Série A & Friendlies - Updated Nike Incyte Ball Pack + HI-Vis (With RM14 assignments) - European kit numbers for Arsenal, Chelsea & Manchester United - New kit numbers for Brazil, Steaua, Ajax, Athletic Bilbao, Bayern Munich, Celta Vigo, Elche CF, Napoli, Reak Sociedad, AS Roma, Schalke 04, UD Almeria, Werder Bremen, Amkar Perm, Anzhi, FC Krasnodar, Krylia Sovetov, FC Rostov, Kuban Krasnodar, Lokomotiv Moskva, Spartak Moskva, Terek Grozny & Zenit - Cyrillic Name Font for Russian and Ukrainian Leagues (Latin Name Font in European Cups) - EPL Name Font Updated with new charachters like é, c, C, ü, á, Ö etc - New HD Pitch - New Kit Shadows - Many new missing minifaces for over 20 leagues - Real season schedules for the next 13 leagues: Austria tipp3-Bundesliga Belgium Jupiler Pro League Brazil Campeonato Brasileiro Denmark Superliga England League Championship Germany 2. Bundesliga Holland Eredivisie Italy Serie B Poland T-Mobile Ekstraklasa Portugal Liga ZON SAGRES Russia Premier League Scottish Premiership Switzerland Super League

- New 17 hidden faces: Nakamura Shunsuke Trémoulinas Benoît Hleb Aliaksandr Emre Belözoglu Malouda Florent José Bosingwa Baroš Milan Ferdinand Anton Frey Sebastien Taiwo Taye Cicinho Babel Ryan Quaresma Lisandro Lopez Raúl Nelson Valdez Kanoute

Available language versions: ENG, GER, ITA, PL, CZ, RUS.

NOTES

The new leagues can be seen ONLY in OFFLINE mode! The patch is online compatible and won’t affect your online modes! The patch is NOT COMPATIBLE with mods that uses database files!

If you want to play Career Mode with the new leagues simply go offline with Origin. If you want to play online, go to Origin and switch to online mode. You career will remain safe as long you don’t use the Career Mode while online.

A-League, Ligue 2, Irish League, Swedish Allsvenskan & Norwegian Tippeligaen are replaced by the new leagues in Career Mode. However you can still transfer and scout players from those league!

Irish League, Swedish Allsvenskan & Norwegian Tippeligaen are unplayable in Tournament Mode!

New Zealand, Wales, Northern Ireland,Finland and Norway have been replaced by the new national teams.

While playing Ultimate Team or Seasons, Shakthar and Galatasaray will use Steaua and Bate Borisov kits and logos.

DOWNLOAD LINK:

ADRIVE : CLICK HERE

MEGA : CLICK HERE

CHATS FROM MEDIAFIRE : CLICK HERE

ZYPPYSHARE:

PART 2: CLICK HERE

HOW TO INSTALL: CLICK HERE

Wagner Love Fifa 13 Download

Our weekly FIFA 13 news roundup is here!

The 3rd TOTS got released and features the best Barclay’s Premier League players of 12/13 season:

FIRST XI GK: Petr Cech, Chelsea – 84>89 RB: Pablo Zabaleta, Manchester City – 79>85 CB: Jan Vertonghen, Tottenham Hotspur – 81 (83)>87 CB: Rio Ferdinand, Manchester United – 83 (84)>88 LB: Leighton Baines, Everton – 80 (81)>86 CDM: Michael Carrick, Manchester United – 81 (82)>86 RM: Eden Hazard, Chelsea – 87 (88)>91 LM: Gareth Bale, Tottenham Hotspur – 85 (88)>93 CAM: Juan Mata, Chelsea – 86 (87)>90 ST: Luis Suarez, Liverpool – 86 (88)>91 ST: Robin van Persie, Manchester United – 88 (89)>93

SUBS GK: Asmir Begovic, Stoke City – 76 (78)>82 CB: Ashley Williams, Swansea City – 76>82 CDM: Steven Gerrard, Liverpool – 84 (85)>89 CAM: Marouane Fellaini, Everton – 81 (83)>86 CAM: Santi Cazorla, Arsenal – 84 (86)>89 CF: Michu, Swansea City – 77 (80)>84 ST: Christian Benteke, Aston Villa – 72 (76)>81 You can get these TOTS players in packs from 6PM BST on 15th May – 22nd May. View this team in-game in the Web App or more detailed at FUTHead!

The normal TOTW 35 is also out featuring the next IN-Form players:

FIRST XI GK: Samir Handanovič, Inter – 83>85 CB: Arribas, CA Osasuna – 75>77 LB: Andrés Guardado, Valencia CF – 82>84 CB: Charlie Mulgrew, Celtic – 75>77 LM: André Ayew, Olympique de Marseille – 81>82 CAM: Vágner Love, CSKA Moskva – 82>83 RM: Kevin Mirallas, Everton – 78>80 CDM: Frank Lampard, Chelsea – 83>85 ST: Jérémy Ménez, Paris Saint-Germain – 81>82 ST: Branimir Hrgota, Borussia M’gladbach – 66>72 ST: Daniel Sturridge, Liverpool – 80>81

SUBS GK: Jelle ten Rouwelaar, NAC Breda – 71>74 RB: Davy De Fauw, SV Zulte-Waregem – 70>73 RM: Robert Snodgrass, Norwich City – 74>77 CDM: Remi Johansen, Tromsø IL – 63>64 RM: Saber Khelifa, Évian Thonon Gaillard FC – 68>73 RW: Russell Teibert, Vancouver Whitecaps – 61>64 ST: Mustapha Yatabaré, En Avant Guingamp – 61>67 These IN-forms will be available in packs from 6PM BST on 15th May – 22nd May. View this team in-game in the Web App or more detailed at FUTHead!

More MOTM (Man Of The Match) cards got released last week featuring players like Jo,McManama or Ivanovic:

Another ProPlayer card has been bought in the FUT Auction House last Sunday! This time the personal FUT13 card of Gareth Bale ended up on the FUT market and got bought for a price of 4,6 million coins! For a more detailed story of this card please go here.

And finally here are the best FIFA 13 related articles and guides of the week:

– The Backpage FIFA 13 Tips | End Your Losing Streak (EA)

Wagner Love Fifa 13 Demo

– Time Method on FIFA 13 Ultimate Team (FIFAUTeam)

– Hours Method on FIFA 13 Ultimate Team (FIFAUTeam)

Wagner Love Fifa 13 Repack

– How To Add Custom Audio To FIFA And Where To Get It From! (UltimateFIFA)

– 5 Star Skill Players in FIFA 13 (FGN)

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.6

12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. 961 – Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete. 1204 – The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus. 1323 – Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed. 1454 – Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights. 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam. 1665 – The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world's longest-running scientific journal. 1788 – The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement. 1820 – The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free. 1834 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto. 1836 – Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured. 1857 – The Supreme Court of the United States rules 7–2 in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case that the Constitution does not confer citizenship on black people. 1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society. 1882 – The Serbian kingdom is re-founded. 1899 – Bayer registers "Aspirin" as a trademark. 1901 – Anarchist assassin tries to kill German Emperor Wilhelm II. 1904 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce, the Antarctic region of Coats Land was discovered from the Scotia. 1912 – Italo-Turkish War: Italian forces become the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 1,800 m. 1930 – International Unemployment Day demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern. 1933 – Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "bank holiday", closing all U.S. banks and freezing all financial transactions. 1943 – Norman Rockwell published Freedom from Want in The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series. 1943 – World War II: Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel launches the Battle of Medenine in an attempt to slow down the British Eight Army. It fails, and he leaves Africa three days later. 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Fardykambos, one of the first major battles between the Greek Resistance and the occupying Royal Italian Army, ends with the surrender of an entire Italian battalion, the bulk of the garrison of the town of Grevena, leading to its liberation a fortnight later. 1944 – World War II: Soviet Air Forces bomb an evacuated town of Narva in German-occupied Estonia, destroying the entire historical Swedish-era town. 1945 – World War II: Cologne is captured by American troops. On the same day, Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of the war, begins. 1946 – Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. 1951 – Cold War: The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins. 1953 – Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 1957 – Ghana becomes the first Sub-Saharan country to gain independence from the British. 1964 – Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad officially gives boxing champion Cassius Clay the name Muhammad Ali. 1964 – Constantine II becomes the last King of Greece. 1965 – Premier Tom Playford of South Australia loses power after 27 years in office. 1967 – Cold War: Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defects to the United States. 1968 – Three rebels are executed by Rhodesia, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation. 1970 – An explosion at the Weather Underground safe house in Greenwich Village kills three. 1975 – For the first time the Zapruder film of the assassination of John F. Kennedy is shown in motion to a national TV audience by Robert J. Groden and Dick Gregory. 1975 – Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement of their border dispute. 1984 – In the United Kingdom, a walkout at Cortonwood Colliery in Brampton Bierlow signals the start of a strike that lasted almost a year and involved the majority of the country's miners. 1987 – The British ferry MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes in about 90 seconds, killing 193. 1988 – Three Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers are shot dead by the SAS in Gibraltar in Operation Flavius. 1992 – The Michelangelo computer virus begins to affect computers. 2003 – Air Algérie Flight 6289 crashes at the Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport in Tamanrasset, Algeria, killing 102 out of the 103 people on board. 2008 – A suicide bomber kills 68 people (including first responders) in Baghdad on the same day that a gunman kills eight students in Jerusalem. 2018 – Forbes names Jeff Bezos as the world's richest person, for the first time, at $112 billion net worth. 2020 – Thirty-two people are killed and 81 are injured when gunmen open fire on a ceremony in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Islamic State claims responsibility for the attack.

[katherinestvincent]

. Berhubung review buku ini di Goodreads sudah saya bahas panjang lebar, saya lebih mau mengetengahkan 𝙁𝙪𝙣 & 𝙁𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙨 about this book: * Eleanor of Aquitane bercerai dari Raja Louis VII dgn "pembatalan pernikahan" di tahun 1152. Berarti selama ini saya salah sangka bahwa Gereja Katolik Roma memang sangat ketat dlm perceraian. Jadi dlm kasus Henry VIII yg gagal mendapatkan perceraiannya dgn Catherine of Aragon di tahun 1527 memang murni politis krn Catherine "kuat" kedudukannya secara beliau adalah anak dari Isabella & Ferdinand dari Spanyol yg saat itu merupakan kerajaan terkuat di Eropa. * Philip II dari Perancis adalah musuh bebuyutan Richard si Hati Singa, anak kesayangan Eleanor. Saat dia terperangah melihat Chateau Gaillard, benteng yg didirikan Richard utk menghadang Philip, raja ini masih berguyon "walau tembok benteng ini terbuat dari besi aku akan tetap menyerbunya." Richard membalas telak dgn sarkasmenya "walau tembok ini terbuat dari mentega, aku akan tetap mempertahankannya". * Biara Fontevrault (slide ke-3) yg menjadi makam Eleanor adalah tempat favorit semasa hidupnya. Biara ini adalah biara pertama yg diperuntukkan bagi wanita yg menjadi korban kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Dan biara ini dipimpin oleh biarawati yg dipilih dari kaum bangsawan pd masa Eleanor masih hidup. Pada tahun 1117 sudah merekrut 3,000 biarawati di komunitas ini. Bagi penyuka tokoh-tokoh wanita kuat dlm sejarah, buku ini layak dibaca. . . . #RMTMChallenge #eleanorofaquitane #britishliterature #medieval #bukusejarah #nonfiction #historicalbook #dirumahaja #bacadirumah #stayhome #bookstagram #bookstagramindonesia #bookstagrammer #bookstagramfeature #booksofinstragram #readingchallenge #bacaituseru #pecandubuku #ayomembaca https://www.instagram.com/p/CApc3BVg8mw/?igshid=q4yek9kr064j

[hudsonespie]

10 Important Panama Canals Facts Everyone Should Know

“Have you ever crossed Panama Canal?” One of many questions we mariners encounter while interacting with landlubbers, if they are smart enough not to ask questions like “where do you sleep at night on ship?”.

Panama Canal is perhaps one the most remarkable feats of engineering ever conceived by the whole of mankind. Its sheer size tells a beautiful tale about human endurance, determination and accomplishment. As a seafarer, I would say we are a privileged lot who get to see the Panama Canal in a very intimate way by actually sailing through it. Thus it would not be wrong to mention that it is a kind of moral obligation for us mariners to know few intricate facts about it.

1. Who Built The Panama Canal?

Everyone knows that the Panama Canal was built by the United States of America, but very few know that work was in fact started by the French. It was Mr Ferdinand de Lesseps, a French diplomat who first started the work back in 1881. The work had to be stopped in the year 1894 because yellow fever and malaria claimed lives of an estimated 22,000 workers and spending nearly USD $ 287 million bankrupted Mr Ferdinand de Lesseps.

The left over work was undertaken by Americans in the year 1904 after helping Panama cede from erstwhile ‘Greater Colombia’. Under the able leadership of Mr John Frank Stevens and later Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer, they were able to complete the work in 10 years. It was on 15th August 1914, full two years before the target year of 1916, when the Panama Canal was officially inaugurated.

Related Read: A Brief History of the Panama Canal

2. Which was the first vessel to cross the Panama Canal? 

As per records available, the first ship to cross Panama Canal was SS Ancon. She was an American flag cargo and passenger ship owned by Boston Steam Ship Company. She was about 150 meters in length, 18 meters in beam, about 9600 Gross Registered Tonnage and drew a draft of about 8.8 meters. She played a very important role in building the canal by ferrying workers, construction material and notably massive amounts of cement from New York to Panama for construction of Panama Canal.

3. How much time is saved by crossing the Panama Canal? 

Panama Canal was first envisioned by Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain in the year 1534. He was convinced that a canal across the isthmus of Panama would greatly reduce the distance between Spain and Peru, thus giving them a military advantage over Portuguese. Though it took nearly four centuries for his dream to materialize, since its inauguration, Panama Canal has reduced the sailing distance from Atlantic to Pacific and vice versa by a huge 8000 nautical miles (approximately). If we sail with an average speed of about say 15 knots, then it will be 22 long days!

On contrary, it takes just around 8 to 10 hours to cross the Panama Canal. Panama Canal not only saves money and time for owners and ship operators but in fact, it helps in saving huge amounts of CO2 emissions and thus helping the shipping industry to reduce its carbon footprint.

4. How much does it cost to transit the Panama Canal?

Panama Canal authorities calculate tolls by using a system called Panama Canal Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS), which is based on international standard of vessel measurement established by International Convention of Measurement of Ships 1969. To determine net Canal Tonnage a mathematical formula is applied for calculating the total ship’s volume. A net Canal tonnage is 100 cubic feet of volumetric capacity.  Then depending upon whether the ship is laden or in ballast, appropriate rate is applied. Warships and other Naval Auxiliary vessels are charged on the basis of their displacement tonnage. One displacement ton is equivalent to one long ton or 35 cubic feet of salt water.

For practical purpose, a typical IMO type III chemical tanker of around 50,000 DWT, laden pays around USD $ 135,000 in toll, whereas an LNG tanker of neo Panamax size 83,000 DWT laden pays around USD $ 260,000 in toll. The smallest amount of toll was paid by Mr Richard Halliburton in the year 1928 of USD $0.36 for swimming across the canal.

Related Read: Different Types of Tankers: Extensive Classification of Tanker Ships

5. How do the locks at the Panama Canal work and why are they there in the first place? 

There is a total of twelve locks in the Panama Canal system. From Pacific entrance to the canal, first set of locks are known as Miraflores locks. It is a two-step flight which lift or lowers ships 54 feet above the mean sea level. Then comes Pedro Miguel locks. It is a single step flight which lift or lowers ships 31 feet above mean sea level. Pedro Miguel locks then lead to Gatun lake via Culebra cut. The final lock is known as Gatun Lock. It is a three-step flight which lift or lowers ships 85 feet above the mean sea level and opens to the Atlantic Ocean. All three set of locks are in a pair so as to ensure at least in principle for ships to pass in opposite directions.

The main purpose of these locks is to ensure that Gatun lake does not flow outwards to the Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean. This ensures that there is sufficient draft available at all times for ships to pass.

Locks work on the basic principle of gravity and floatation. The height difference between Gatun lake and Pacific & Atlantic Oceans causes water to flood and empty the locks through culverts. Huge valves control the flow of water. The entire system is managed by control centre located at respective lock gates. When lock gates flood, the ship which is floating inside lock gate rises with rising water level and then enters the consecutive lock gate for further rise. The same technique is used to lower the ship by emptying the lock gates.

Related Read: How the Water Locks of Panama Canal Work?

6. What is the maximum draft allowed to transit the Panama Canal? 

Every year ACP (Autoridad del Canal de Panamá) or Panama Canal Authority issues notice giving details of size and draft limitation for vessels intending to transit the Panama Canal. With the opening of new locks for commercial traffic since 26 June 2016, there are different requirements for ships transiting old and new locks. Old locks are referred to as Panamax locks whereas new locks are referred to as neo-Panamax locks.

As of year, 2018 maximum draft for Panamax locks is 12.04 meters (39 feet 6 inches) Tropical Fresh Water (TFW). Tropical Fresh Water (TFW) is 0.9954 gms/cc at 29.4°C (85°F). Maximum draft for neo-Panamax locks is 15.2 meters (49.87 feet) Tropical Fresh Water (TFW).

7. What are pre-arrival preparations required before transiting the Panama Canal?

Panama Canal is one of the most important waterways of the world. To ensure continued safe transit of vessels there are very strict regulations which control the entire transit system of the Panama Canal. Canal transit should be booked via the agent, who would also send the list of pre-arrival documents. These documents are required for vessel clearance upon arrival. Vessels arriving the Atlantic or Pacific anchorages are required to contact the Port Entry Coordinator (PEC) in Cristobal or Flamenco signal stations on VHF Channel 12 before the evolution takes place. Upon arrival at either Atlantic or Pacific anchorages, Panama Canal Authority (ACP) inspectors board the vessel to carry out pre transit inspection. It is important that all bridge equipment, steering gear, mooring winches and associated equipment, main engine and various other auxiliary machines are working in good order so as to avoid any delays or rejection during ACP inspection.

Image credit: micanaldepanama.com

Panama Canal is in ECA (Emission Control Area) thus before transit change over from HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil) to LSMGO (Low sulphur marine gas oil) may be required depending on ship type. Ship’s crew should also be familiar with PCSOPEP (Panama Canal Ship Board Oil Pollution Emergency Plan). PCSOPEP notification drill and oil spill drill in accordance to PCSOPEP should also be carried out prior arrival.

Related Read: 10 Points to Remember When Transiting a Narrow Channel

8. Navigation in Panama Canal And Its Challenges  

Navigating the Panama Canal can be challenging. Though Panama Canal pilots are known for their thorough professionalism and skilled navigation, still responsibility for safe navigation lies with ship’s master and crew. Special care should be taken especially when a vessel is in the lock and the locked gate open. The sudden gush of water creates an effect which local pilots call ‘The Hydraulic Effect’, this pushes the vessel astern and full main engine power is required to maintain the position. During this, the forward and aft station duty officer should be in constant communication with bridge and should inform the condition of lines passed by mules.

The other section where special care should be exercised is the ‘Culebra Cut’ also formally known as the ‘Gaillard Cut’. This is a narrow stretch of Panama Canal which cuts through the continental divide in Panama. Sharp cut and narrow passage make it tricky and challenging.

9. Honorary Pilots

It is interesting to note that Panama Canal Authority (ACP) appoints few honorary pilots, generally masters, who have successfully completed 100 transits through Panama Canal. Most recently Capt. Sonjoy Sen of WWL (Wallenius Wilhelmsen group) received honorary Panama Canal Pilot’s Licence back in 2015.

Commodore Ronald Warwick master with Cunard Liners who has commanded RMS Queen Marry II was awarded honorary pilot of Panama Canal by Panama Canal Authority (ACP) for crossing Panama Canal for more than 50 times.

10. Competitors of Panama Canal

Although presently Panama Canal is the only canal between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean, there is also a proposal for another canal which would cut across Nicaragua. It is to be known as Nicaragua Canal. Back in 2006 President of Nicaragua Enrique Balaños announced his intention of building this canal. In 2012 Nicaraguan government together with Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Company (HKND Group) signed a memorandum of understanding in which HKND Group would finance the entire project and after completion of the project would operate it. However, the Hong Kong Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Company (HKND Group) became bankrupt after 2015-16 Chinese stock market turbulence. This together with local and environmental activists protest brought this project to its knees. In spite of this present Nicaraguan government is committed for construction of this canal. If ever this project becomes a reality, it may give Panama Canal a serious competition.

Reading about the Panama Canal gives one just a glimpse of this magnificent piece of engineering marvel. Its true beauty can only be captured and felt by actually sailing through it. We hope all fellow seafarers will sail through it at least once in their lifetime and experience Panama Canal in all its glory.

Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

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Bronze Bust of Dante, Ferdinand Gaillard, 19th century, Harvard Art Museums: Prints

Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Gift of Charles Bain Hoyt

https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/265148