#Father Jean Bertrand Aristide

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.7 (after 1950)

1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are massacred by South Korean forces. 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports. 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered. 1981 – A plane crash at Pushkin Airport kills 50 people, including 16 members of the Pacific Fleet. 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation. 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power. 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government. 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union. 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein. 2001 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on mission STS-98, carrying the Destiny laboratory module to the International Space Station. 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history. 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of the Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military. 2013 – The U.S. state of Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995. 2014 – Scientists announce that the Happisburgh footprints in Norfolk, England, date back to more than 800,000 years ago, making them the oldest known hominid footprints outside Africa. 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space violating multiple UN treaties and prompting condemnation from around the world. 2021 – The 2021 Uttarakhand flood begins.

[collapsedsquid]

There is recent precedent for such a force — the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, whose blue-helmeted troops patrolled Haiti for 13 years before leaving in 2017. That mission, which involved forces from Brazil, Uruguay and other nations, was a far cry from perfect. U.N. troops from Nepal introduced a severe cholera epidemic in Haiti, and others fathered hundreds of babies born to impoverished local women and girls. There were credible allegations of rape and sexual abuse by troops.

The U.N. force did manage, however, to bring a modicum of stability to Haiti following the 2004 uprising that deposed President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. At this perilous moment, a modicum of stability would be preferable to most other plausible scenarios. Statements of concern are inadequate; Haiti has been the subject of too many of them, to no effect. The international community must act now. 

[serious2020]

Haiti Remembers 9/11

Images from Sanite Belair – September 9, 2017

Haiti Remembers September 11, 1988 – Tonton Macoutes and Attaches death squads working with the Haitian military massacred members of the congregation during mass inside the church of St. Jean Bosco in the neighborhood of Lasalin as they attempted to also assassinate then Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide. A pregnant woman was viciously stabbed through…

[haitianhistory]

Do you know of any documentaries about Haitian's whole history or maybe cut into segments such as pre-revolution to independence, independence to the Duvaliers, if you know what I mean.

Hi! First of all, I want to express how sorry I am for taking so long to answer this question (especially since I don’t have much to say)! 

I cannot recommend any documentary (rigorous or not) on Haitian history that covers the entire colonial period up to the Duvalier era. (*Actually, see the second to last paragraph.)

Now, if you are interested in the Haitian Revolution, an obvious choice would be PBS’s Égalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution (2009).  (I believe it is now part of the public domain?) Now, the documentary has its own issues and it completely leaves out the war between Toussaint Louverture and André Rigaud (which, is regrettable given how important it is both in Haitian historiography of the Revolution but also in popular imagination as it is seen as”the first” war between blacks and “mulâtres”). While I wouldn’t go as far as to say that the documentary was simply an hour of hero worship, I think anyone better acquainted with the literature on the Haitian Revolution would be somewhat disappointed at times. Overall, however, if you are simply looking for an introduction to the topic, I believe it makes a very good contribution!

I am not sure I know of any documentary that covers the nineteenth century, particularly the post Jean-Pierre Boyer era (1843-1900). That being said, I am aware of at least one documentary by the CIDIHCA that may interest you. (I should note that it is in French.) Une histoire de la banque en Haïti (which I believe was released in 2015 around the time of the “celebrations” to mark the 100th anniversary since the beginning of the US Marine Occupation of Haiti) talks about the history of the Haitian bank. The story is very important and helps better understand foreign (particularly French and American) interventions in Haitian domestic affairs. The controversies around the Haitian bank are also crucial to grasp how the indemnity question was played out in the early twentieth century. They also provide a good prelude to the history of the Occupation. I know only what would be “common knowledge” about the founding of the bank therefore I am not really able to critique the documentary. From where I am standing, I enjoyed it and it did correspond to most of my (light) reading. Perhaps an economic historian would feel it was too simplistic but since we are in the spirit of finding accessible introductions to Haiti’s past, I think this one is also a great to watch. 

Moving on to the early twentieth century and the pre-Duvalier era (so really, everything from 1901 to 1957), I would absolutely recommend Les chemins de la mémoire, Haïti avant Duvalier (2001). This documentary by the CIDIHCA makes clear that it is possible to produce work that is entertaining, accessible and well-researched. As I said before, this documentary covers all the major events prior to 1957: the political instability of the pre-Occupation era, the US arrival, the rise of the Indigéniste and Noiriste movements (although not in enough details in my opinion), the Revolution of 1946, the election of Dumarsais Estimé, the coup against Estimé and Magloire’s military government, “the” 1957 election which elevated François Duvalier to the presidency. This is a lot to discuss in a documentary (that yet, I don’t remember being particularly long) but it is done very well. Frantz Voltaire, the director, mixes testimonies, with archival pictures and videos. While, of course, additional research is needed to really grasp the explosive nature of Haitian politics of that time (and because I am a bit partial to any discussion on Noirisme, I was a bit sad they did not address it more, particularly knowing the CIDIHCA supervised a book exploring this period), this documentary is still a very good place to start.

Now, if you are interested in the 1940s and Haitian literature I recommend Arnold Antonin’s Jacques Roumain, la passion d'un pays (2008). (Once more, it is in French.) As the title suggests, this documentary focuses on the Haitian writer and political figure Jacques Roumain (1907-1944). Beyond this, I think the documentary gives a good feel of 1930s and 1940s Haitian politics. I’ve watched this quite some time ago and cannot remember what faults I remember finding in it. Overall, my impression was positive one. There is a lot of interest for Jacques Roumain both in francophone and anglophone intellectual circles at the moment (well, probably always, but even more so now). I am sure you will enjoy learning about his life and time. 

On to the Duvalier era (1957-1986). My understanding is that there are a few documentaries that were made about this period. I will admit I haven’t watched a single. Simply reading about torture is difficult, seeing photographic evidence of it, even for “scholarly pursuits” seems somewhat unnecessary and can even become voyeurist. Now, a documentary which has been recommended to me time and time again by Haitians whom I deeply respect is Arnold Antonin’s Haïti: le chemin de la liberté (1973). Now, the act of making the documentary in itself during Jean Claude Duvalier’s presidency (1971-1986) is an evidence of great courage. I think the documentary can be seen as both a primary and secondary source. It serves as a great testimony of life under the Duvaliers but also of the increased awareness and adoption of “human rights language” in political and activist circles during the 1970s. My understanding is that the documentary deals with state-sponsored violence and armed resistance to the Duvaliers. (I have it that a version with English subtitles exists somewhere.) I am sure it is a difficult watch but a worthy one. 

Continuing with the Duvalier era, in 2004, the CIDIHCA and their colleagues produced Au Nom Du Père… Duvalier (which I am guessing focused on François Duvalier’s regime as opposed to that of his son). Once more, this is a documentary I haven’t watched. As you can see from my previous recommendations (and this blog in general) I have a high esteem for the CIDIHCA and therefore I am inclined to believe this documentary was well-made. The title itself “In the name of the Father” is a good jab at how François Duvalier enjoyed appropriating Roman Catholic language and symbolism to make his regime seem divine and god-sent. I am guessing the totalitarian aspect of his tenure will be well explored there.

*Since writing the above, it occurred to me that I had not included Haiti, land of tragedy : Haiti, land of hope (2004) which I recently became aware of. It apparently covers all Haitian history from the French colonial era to Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s first (and potentially) second term. I know little about this other than Antoine Léonard-Maestrati, Frédéric Tyrode Saint-Louis, Peter Hudson (who is an historian) were involved in the project. Again, I have not watched it and given it was released in 2004 (probably amid the second coup against Aristide) I am intrigued by the potential political motivation behind it. 

At any rate, I hope this was useful. I am sorry I am not a big “documentary junkie” and don’t have much more titles to share. If anyone is aware of an important contribution I have missed, please let me know. I am working on a permeant page for the blog where I review documentaries. Anyhow, good luck @i-amneveralone!

[the-daily-tizzy]

Meet your new Vice President!

Here is a timely editorial that exposes the hidden background of Kamala Harris from the Combat Veterans for Congress Political Action Committee that is posted here with permission of the author.

CVFC PAC supports the election of US military combat veterans to the US Senate and House of Representatives.

The editorial begins:

Kamala Harris’ father was an avowed Marxist professor in the Economics Department at Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA. Both of Harris’ parents were active in the Berkeley based Afro- American Association; Fidel Castro and Che Guevara were the heroes of the Afro-American Association.

The group’s leader, Donald Warden (aka Khalid al-Mansour), mentored two young Afro-American Association members, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; they created the Maoist inspired Black Panther Party which gained strong support from Communist China; the Black Panther Party served as the model for creation of the Black Lives Matter Marxist organization.

Khalid al-Mansour subsequently went on to arrange financing and facilitated for Barack Hussein Obama to be accepted as a student to matriculate at Harvard Law School.

Following her graduation from college, Harris returned to California and subsequently became the mistress of the 60-year-old married Speaker of the California Assembly, Willie Brown, Jr. Brown’s political campaigns were supported and funded by Dr. Carlton Goodlett, the owner of The Sun Reporter and several other pro-Communist newspapers.  Brown was elected as Mayor of San Francisco, and strongly endorsed Harris’ Marxist political philosophy; he guided Harris' political rise in California politics, leading to her election as California’s Attorney General.

Willie Brown, Jr. was a well-known long-time Communist sympathizer.  Willie Brown, Jr. was initially elected to public office with the substantial help of the Communist Party USA. Today, Willie Brown is widely regarded as one of the Chinese Communist Party’s best friends in the San Francisco Bay Area.

While serving as San Francisco District Attorney, Kamala Harris mentored a young San Francisco Radical Maoist activist, Lateefah Simon, who was a member of the STORM Revolutionary Movement; Simon currently chairs the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Board.  Simon has always been close friends with the founder of Black Lives Matter Marxist Domestic Terrorists, Alicia Garza, as well as STORM member and avowed Communist, Van Jones.

Harris has been openly and aggressively supporting Black Lives Matter Marxists; Kamala Harris is still closely associated with Maoist Lateefah Simon and Marxist Alicia Garza.

Kamala Harris’s sister Maya Harris was a student activist at Stanford University.  She was a closely associated with Steve Phillips, one of the leading Marxist-Leninists on campus and a long-time affiliate with the League of Revolutionary Struggle, a pro-Chinese Communist group.

Phillips came out of the Left, and in college he studied Marx, Mao, and Lenin, and maintained close associations with fellow Communists. Phillips married into the multi billion dollar Sandler family of the Golden West Savings and Loan fortune.  He funded many leftist political campaigns, and the voter registration drives in the Southern and South Western states in order to help his friend, Barack Hussein Obama, defeat Hillary Clinton.  Phillips has been a major financial sponsor for Kamala Harris’s political campaigns for various California elective offices.

Harris' husband,  Doug Emhoff works for the law firm DLA Piper, which “boasts nearly 30 years of experience in Communist China with over 140 lawyers dedicated to its ‘Communist China Investment Services’ branch.  He was just appointed to Professor at Yale to school future lawyers in the fine points of Communism.

When she was elected to the US Senate, Kamala Harris appointed a Pro-Communist Senate Chief of Staff, Karine Jean-Pierre.  Jean-Pierre was active with the New York-based Haiti Support Network. The organization worked closely with the pro-Communist China/Communist North Korea Workers World Party and supported Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the far-left Communist former president of Haiti and the radical Lavalas movement.

Fortunately for Harris, but potentially disastrous for the Republic, elected office holders are not subject to the security clearance process.  If the FBI did a Background Investigation on Kamala Harris, she never would have passed, because of her 40-year close ties with Marxists, Communists, Maoists, and Communist China.  Harris would never have been approved for acceptance to any of the 5 Military Service Academies, been appointed to a US Government Sub-Cabinet position, or would have been approved to fill a sensitive position for a high security defense contractor.  Yet, since Joe Biden was elected, Harris could be a heartbeat away from being President.

The US constitutional Republic is being threatened by the People’s Republic of Communist China (PPC) externally, and by of their very active espionage operations within the United States. The People’s Republic of Communist China (PPC), with 1.4 billion people, is governed by the 90 million member Chinese Communist Party (CCP), that has been working with Russia to destroy the US Constitutional Republic for over 70 years.

The CCP operates a massive global intelligence network through its Ministry of State Security. The CCP operates a vast intelligence network in the U.S as well.  It is made up, not merely of intelligence operatives working for the Ministry of State Security, but it is also made up of a myriad of business and industry officials, Chinese scholar associations, and 370,000 Chinese students currently attending American universities.  It also operates the Confucius Institute indoctrination and intelligence gathering centers in the US on 67 University campuses and in seventeen K-12 Public School Districts.  The Confucius Centers are staffed by Communist Chinese intelligence operatives.  Refer to this.

Kamala Harris is now involved with the Biden Family Business, and is supporting Joe Biden, who has worked closely with Communist China for 12 years.  Joe’s son, Hunter Biden, is the point of contact for developing the off-shore Biden Family Businesses in Ukraine, Russia, Communist China, Iraq, Iran, etc. Hunter was provided with a $5 million non-recourse loan for the Biden Family Business to form a partnership with the PPC; that loan was subsequently forgiven by Communist China for one dollar.

Hunter Biden was given $1.5 billion for the Biden Family Business, to strategically purchase interests in companies in the US Military Industrial Complex, whose technologies would enhance and improve Communist China’s defense industry.  Hunter Biden was also instructed to try to take control of US companies involved in sourcing rare earth minerals in the United States. Hunter also received $3.5 Million from the wife of the Mayor of Moscow for some carefully hidden reason.

The Peoples Republic of Communist China has a military of two million men, including the world’s largest Navy. The United States does not have enough ships and munitions to defeat China’s Navy, absent the use of nuclear weapons. There is a famous book, Unrestricted Warfare, written in 1999 by two People’s Liberation Army colonels.  It argues that war between the PRC and the U.S. is inevitable, and that when it occurs China must be prepared to use whatever means are necessary to achieve victory Refer to this.

If the American voters read the background information (in Trevor Loudon’s article) on Kamala Harris, they would never support her election as Vice President of the United States.  Joe Biden is suffering from the early onset of dementia and will continue to decline in cerebral awareness; he will never be able to fill out a four-year term of office.  Since Biden was elected, the Socialists, Marxists, and Communist who control Kamala Harris, are planning to enact provisions of the 25th Amendment, in order to remove Joe Biden from office, so Harris can become the first Communist President of the United States.

Since Biden was elected, because Biden would not be up to it, Kamala Harris would lead the effort to appoint very dangerous anti-American Leftist, Communist, Socialists, and Marxists to fill highly sensitive positions in the Washington Deep State Bureaucracy.  She would fill all appointive positions in the US Intelligence Agencies, in the Department of Homeland Security, in the Department of Defense, in The Justice Department, the Department of State, the FBI, the CIA, most cabinet positions, the National Security Council, and in the White House Staff.

American voters must be alert their fellow Americans that Kamala Harris is a very serious National Security threat to the very survival of the US Constitutional Republic; she has been a fellow traveler of Marxists, Communists, Maoists, Socialists, Progressives, and Chinese Communists for over 35 years.

President Trump had much more background information on Kamala Harris than we presented here, and he was correct, when he accused Kamala Harris of being a Communist subverter.

--

Geoffrey B. Higginbotham Major General, USMC (Ret.)

[techmaqofficial]

Jean-Bertrand Aristide Fast Facts Father: Joseph Aristide, farmer Mother: Marie (Pierre-Louis) Aristide Marriage: Mildred (Trouillot) Aristide (January 20, 1996-present) Children:

[toldnews-blog]

New Post has been published on https://toldnews.com/world/haiti-the-university-planning-a-green-revolution/

Haiti: The university planning a green revolution

Image copyright Gemma Handy

Image caption Belotte Walky dreams of becoming a farmer to feed fellow Haitians

As far as dreams go, it is a fairly modest one. It is neither fame nor riches that student Belotte Walky aspires to; just a farm to help feed his compatriots, with jobs to keep them employed.

This he divulges sitting under a 250-year-old ficus, one of many age-old trees shading the North Haiti Christian University (UCNH) in Haut-Limbé.

Like Belotte, the vast majority of students are here to read agronomy to forge a career in farming and, ultimately, play a part in overturning Haiti’s economic fortunes.

But this university found at the end of a bone-shaking road an hour from Cap-Haitien is renowned for more than just its academic offerings.

Wildlife haven

In a country where deforestation earns as many superlatives as poverty, UCNH’s ancient flora across its 19-acre campus has become a haven for rare, endemic birds thanks to a generations-long ban on tree felling.

Not only can students learn all about sustainable agricultural practices, they can experience the symbiosis that occurs when the Earth is left to its own devices.

An alarming report released in October suggests that if current deforestation rates continue, Haiti could lose all of its primary forest within two decades along with most of its native wildlife.

“Mass extinction” is already under way, the findings by US and Haitian researchers warned.

Swathes of Haiti’s virgin forests were destroyed by French colonists in the 17th and 18th Centuries to make way for sugarcane plantations. More recent losses are due to small-scale agriculture and the production of charcoal, widely used as cheap fuel.

Image copyright Gemma Handy

Without tree roots to hold soil, Haiti’s mountainsides are especially vulnerable to landslides and flooding.

“I always tell people, plant trees; the more we have, the better the weather,” Belotte says. “Some find that difficult to understand. Many charcoal sellers ask, what will I give my family to eat? I try to show them trees are good for food.”

Hunger, in Belotte’s home village of Pignon, is never far away.

“Many people in rural areas don’t have jobs. I see a lot of people suffering in my community. I cry when I see where some have to sleep,” he says. “Since I was a child I wanted to become a farmer so I could help them.”

When an owl is not just an owl

Balancing ingrained cultural beliefs with ecological education goes to the heart of Haiti’s unique and complex relationship with the environment.

“You show students a picture of an owl and they cover their eyes,” explains ecology professor Debbie Baker.

In the Haitian voodoo religion, the owl is associated with Marinette, a spirit symbolising power and violence.

“It’s hard to address spiritual issues, so I tell the class, owls are very important because they come out at night and kill rats,” Debbie, who studied in her native US, continues. “And any time I teach about snakes it’s a very highly charged lesson as the snake is highly significant in voodoo.”

The serpent god, Damballa, is one of the most important deities, believed by some to be the creator of the world.

“People rely on the environment for everything from clean water to food so I work these beliefs into my teaching,” Debbie says.

“I tell students about the vital roles different creatures play, like the hummingbirds that pollinate plants, and about woodpeckers who control the insect population and make holes for other birds to live in which helps the ecosystem,” Debbie adds.

Fostering hope

Since taking up the position in November, she has identified 30 different species of birds on campus, including threatened Hispaniolan parakeets, and 60 in the surrounding area.

Image copyright Michael McGovern

Image caption Among the bird species Debbie has spotted on campus are the Hispaniolan parakeet

Image copyright Debiie Baker

Image caption …and the red-tailed hawk

Image copyright Michael McGovern

Image caption as well as the black-crowned Palm-Tanager

Seeing young people passionate about their studies amid Haiti’s current political tension, which sparked a wave of violent protests in the capital Port-au-Prince, is heartening for Laurel Casseus whose father started the school as a seminary in 1947.

“It’s a very difficult time in Haiti and many people are discouraged,” she tells the BBC. “Seeing our students so committed to helping future generations makes you realise, however bad things are, there’s still hope.”

This year will mark the university’s 25th anniversary. It evolved into its current form during upheaval in the 1990s after the military overthrew then-President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

“The UN trade embargo was on and there was a need to feed [people],” recalls Laurel’s husband, and former university president, Jules Casseus. “That’s when we added agriculture to the curriculum. These days we have more than 200 graduates per class.”

Image copyright Gemma Handy

Image caption Laurel Casseus’s father founded the university and her husband, Jules, is its former president

UCNH’s innovative work is now being rolled out further still. A major reforestation initiative seeks to plant 1.5 million trees, including coffee and cacao, by 2024.

Guy Buckmaster, who heads the programme, has already signed up almost 4,000 farmers to plant them, in conjunction with local fair trade organisations.

The World Food Programme estimates Haiti imports more than half the food it needs to feed its population.

Guy hopes the project will help address that. “The volume of imports keeps Haiti reliant on other countries,” he says. “We have to turn things around.”

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.7

457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor. 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales. 1313 – King Thihathu founds the Pinya Kingdom as the de jure successor state of the Pagan Kingdom. 1497 – In Florence, Italy, supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books, in a "Bonfire of the vanities". 1756 – Guaraní War: The leader of the Guaraní rebels, Sepé Tiaraju, is killed in a skirmish with Spanish and Portuguese troops. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar. 1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day. 1812 – The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri. 1813 – In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand. 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar. 1842 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien. 1854 – A law is approved to found the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Lectures started October 16, 1855. 1863 – HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189. 1894 – The Cripple Creek miner's strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners, begins in Cripple Creek, Colorado, United States. 1898 – Dreyfus affair: Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'Accuse…!. 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops fail in their third attempt to lift the Siege of Ladysmith. 1900 – A Chinese immigrant in San Francisco falls ill to bubonic plague in the first plague epidemic in the continental United States. 1904 – A fire begins in Baltimore, Maryland;[10] it destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. 1940 – The second full-length animated Walt Disney film, Pinocchio, premieres. 1943 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, ending Japanese attempts to retake the island from Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign. 1944 – World War II: In Anzio, Italy, German forces launch a counteroffensive during the Allied Operation Shingle. 1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are massacred by South Korean forces. 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports. 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered. 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation. 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power. 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government. 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union. 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein. 2001 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on mission STS-98, carrying the Destiny laboratory module to the International Space Station. 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history. 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of the Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military. 2013 – The U.S. state of Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995. 2014 – Scientists announce that the Happisburgh footprints in Norfolk, England, date back to more than 800,000 years ago, making them the oldest known hominid footprints outside Africa. 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space violating multiple UN treaties and prompting condemnation from around the world.

[luckylq45-blog]

Ron would be looking closer to find out why

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Was a real motivator, good with systems. Ron had different ideas than a lot of people, but was also way ahead of his time with iPads and the move towards analytics. https://www.cheapjerseys18.com/ If we were out of position, Ron would be looking closer to find out why. Sixers general manager Sam Hinkie is known for finding value in the second round. McDaniels were his second round steals in the 2014 draft. Grant, who plays both forward positions, ended the season as a valuable role player.

wholesale jerseys from china New Jersey has a long history of new municipalities created from even bigger municipalities, usually through a referendum. Much of the splitting up of municipalities happened during the 19th century and continued until the mid 20th century. This phenomenon, referred to as led to New Jersey having a variety of strangely shaped, tiny towns that are less than one square mile in size wholesale jerseys from china.

[midlifewonderer]

109. Katherine Dunham (1909–2006)

Katherine Dunham was born in Chicago and raised in nearby Joliet in a family of immigrants. Her mother was of French Canadian and Native American ancestry and her father’s parents came from West Africa and respectively Madagascar. She became interested in the arts when she was young, showing promise in both dance and creative writing.  Her first short story was published at the age of 12.  And she yearned to spread her love a dance to others very early on, opening a dance school when she was still in high school.

As she matured, Dunham followed her brother, whom she greatly admired, to University of Chicago.  There he studied philosophy and she focused on anthropology as a means for better understanding the sources and development of African American culture, from music to dance. In that she resembled her equally talented contemporary Zora Neale Hurston (she was the subject of an entry earlier in this blog). Like Hurston, she became interested in researching Afro-Caribbean culture with a focus initially on Jamaica and later on other places, especially Haiti (1936).  Dunham’s research settled primarily on the type of religious rituals developed around voodoo practices and, like Hurston, she also benefitted from a prestigious Guggenheim fellowship to conduct  research.

During this period of intense studying and travels overseas, Dunham also nurtured her passion for dance as practice. In Chicago she met a Russian émigré, Ludmila Sperantzeva, with whom she first studied and eventually collaborated as teacher and choreographer. Sperantzeva’s syncretic knowledge of dance techniques from around the world had been a core component of her vaudeville dance troupe and fit very well with Dunham’s own sensibilities, for whom the separation between highbrow and lowbrow culture seemed quite limiting. Working with Spernatzeva while she also attended college, in 1933 Dunham opened a dance school, the Negro Dance Group.  By 1934 she was also performing with the Chicago Opera in a star role, bringing with her members of her school.

Dunham’s troupe toured extensively throughout the United Sates and eventually overseas (57 countries). It became known for Dunham’s effervescent dancing and the type of innovative choreography the group promoted. In particular, Dunham was extremely skilled at translating various forms of traditional African and Caribbean dance into modern versions that retained the emotional intensity of these rituals but rendered them legible to a more secular audience with little knowledge about these traditions. Her abilities as a choreographer landed Dunham (and her company) credits in a number of Hollywood productions and on television. Her face and dancing moves became familiar to millions of viewers. Her work was at once teaching and performance, and audiences overall responded enthusiastically to Dunham’s vision.  The only negative reception happened in parts of the United States, where some racist audiences rejected her celebration of African culture. Dunham reacted by taking the troupe on the road for nearly 20 years primarily outside the U.S.

After retiring from this intensive touring lifestyle in 1960, Dunham was asked by the Metropolitan Opera in New York to work as choreographer for a production of Aida.  She was the first African-American woman to reach this level of appreciation at the premier opera company in the United States.  Other commissions as a choreographer followed, but she retired by 1967.

But Dunham was by no means retired from public life.  In 1945 she had founded the Katherine Dunham School of Dance and Theater in New York. The roster of the students who attended this institution reads like a who’s-who list of famous personalities in the Hollywood world, among them Eartha Kitt, James Dean, Shirley Mclaine, Sidney Poitier, Gregory Peck, and Jose Ferrer. The accompanying musicians included Charles Mingus and Marlon Brando. In short, between the mid-1940s and late-1950s the Dunham School was the place to be in New York City. Just as importantly, the school became known for its innovative breathing and movement techniques that have significantly reshaped the training of future generations of professional dancers. Several of her students still teach this technique and the Alvin Ailey company has also made use of the Dunham techniques.

In the mid-1960s Dunham made a dramatic life choice that can only be explained by her fundamental and unswerving commitment to fight racial discrimination: she moved away from New York and settled in East Saint Louis, a predominantly African American city across from St. Louis. Like other talented African Americans of her generation, Dunham had more than her share of humiliating experiences at the hand of racist audiences. When performing in the South, her troupe was not allowed to stay in certain hotels and often her audiences were all white, as African Americans had been prevented from purchasing tickets for her performances. Even when traveling abroad, in places like Brazil, they were no allowed to stay in the same high class hotels that white American businessmen stayed at.

Dunham’s reaction to these acts of racism was consistently to reject future working relationships with such agencies and individuals and to expose these attitudes as publicly as the media was willing to go. Because of that, she gave up a number of contracts in Hollywood, in various states in the South, and the financial support of the State Department when touring overseas. But she became a legend among those who saw a symbol of love and respect in all her public actions.

As a resident of East St. Louis, Dunham became deeply involved in local activism, both political and especially cultural.  She opened the doors of her school to the most vulnerable children of that community, those whose poverty and family circumstances put them on a path towards gang life.  She also used the academic appointment she received at nearby Southern Illinois University in Edwardsville to develop a curriculum that integrated the arts with the humanities in a holistic approach to college education and especially integrating African American studies, a pioneering endeavor at that time.

During the latter period of her life Dunham remained active in social activism both at home and overseas, especially in Haiti.  Having travelled there many times for research, she eventually came to think of the country as a second home. In fact, she owned a house and extensive property in Port-au-Prince and spent many winters on the island, often working with local people on various cultural projects. That is why, in 1992 she decided to go on a hunger strike to protest the treatment of Haitian refugees by the U.S. government. She was 83.  After 47 days of the very well-publicized strike and at the personal request of Jesse Jackson and Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Dunham ended her strike, out of fear for her life.  Unfortunately, the record of the U.S. leadership with human disasters in Haiti and with Haitian refugees has continued to be appalling.

In addition to winning the Kennedy Center Medal of Honor and the National Medal of Honor, Dunham received many other awards from various national and international dance organizations, as well as from anthropology organizations and over a dozen honorary doctorates from various American universities, a combination I believe is unique for anyone in the twentieth century.  She also won informal honors, such as the designation of “Katherine the Great Dancer” and “Matriarch of Black Dance." Her life has been an inspiration for generations of dancers and activists and her contributions to advancing African American culture and the rights of African Americans are a gift we all enjoy today, whether we know it or not.

[mariefsaintfleur-blog]

Week 9 Blog

Brother, I’m Dying Edwidge Danticat Pages Read: 136-195 Word count: 467 Summary When General Prosper Avril resigned in 1990, a young priest named Jean Bertrand Aristide ran in the December 1990 election. On September 30, 1991 Aristide fled to Venezuela after being ousted by a military coup. In the election Danticat uncle voted for him, saying that he was the right man for the job. In the fall of 1994, he had returned to Haiti accompanied by twenty thousand U.S soldiers. That same day Tante Denise suffered a mild stroke and Danticat’s cousin Maxo have returned to Bel Air after years of being away. In February 2003 Tante Denise died from a massive stroke the day of her husband eightieth birthday. Danticat and her father returned to Haiti together for the funeral. Critical Analysis The types of inferential reading strategies that the reader can used to better understand the book is Imagining Motivation, Tracing Development Of Thematic Ideas, and Predicting Outcomes Using Foreshadowing. The first strategy is Imagining Motivation, in page 139, “During the years when he couldn’t speak, he had developed a habit of jotting things down, so he kept track of the cadavers in the small notepads he always carried in his jacket pocket,” I believe that the real reason Danticat’s uncle Joseph did this is because he wants to keep those things as a remained of the obstacle he faced, based on the fact that he wrote everything down in a notepads which he could have write them in a piece of paper then throw them away which he didn’t. The second strategy is Tracing Development Of Thematic Ideas, on page 157, “When we got to the hospital, I watched my uncle sprint down the long corridor toward my father’s room. Although he had high blood pressure and an inflamed prostate,” Edwidge Danticat seems to suggest there that brotherly love is the thematic idea based on the fact that even though Danticat’s uncle Joseph was sick himself as soon as he heard his brother was in the hospital he ran to the hospital to visit him instead of worrying about his own health. The third strategy is Predicting Outcomes Using Foreshadowing, in page 166, “My father was having a good day. The night before, he’d slept more than six hours and in the morning had experienced fewer coughing spells than usual….” Based on the fact that Danticat stated that today he father was having a good day compared to the rest of the days, Danticat’s father will get better soon and his sickness will not affect him like it used to in the beginning. Personal Response I didn’t love nor hate this week reading. Overall it was okay, not a lot of things happened compared to the other weeks Reading. I think this week reading is serving as a background for the chapters of the book that’s to come.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.7

457 – Leo I the Thracian becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales. 1313 – King Thihathu founds the Pinya Kingdom as the de jure successor state of the Pagan Kingdom. 1497 – In Florence, Italy, supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books, in a "Bonfire of the vanities". 1783 – American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar. 1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day. 1812 – The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri. 1813 – In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand. 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar. 1842 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien. 1854 – A law is approved to found the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Lectures started October 16, 1855. 1863 – HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189. 1894 – The Cripple Creek miner's strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners, begins in Cripple Creek, Colorado, United States. 1898 – Dreyfus affair: Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'Accuse…!. 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops fail in their third attempt to lift the Siege of Ladysmith. 1900 – A Chinese immigrant in San Francisco falls ill to bubonic plague in the first plague epidemic in the continental United States. 1904 – A fire begins in Baltimore, Maryland; it destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. 1940 – The second full-length animated Walt Disney film, Pinocchio, premieres. 1943 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, ending Japanese attempts to retake the island from Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign. 1944 – World War II: In Anzio, Italy, German forces launch a counteroffensive during the Allied Operation Shingle. 1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are massacred by South Korean forces. 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports. 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered. 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation. 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power. 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government. 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union. 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein.[12] 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history. 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military. 2013 – The U.S. state of Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995. 2014 – Scientists announce that the Happisburgh footprints in Norfolk, England, date back to more than 800,000 years ago, making them the oldest known hominid footprints outside Africa.[13] 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space violating multiple UN treaties and prompting condemnation from around the world.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.7

457 – Leo I the Thracian becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales. 1497 – In Florence, Italy, supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books, in a "Bonfire of the vanities". 1783 – American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar. 1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day. 1812 – The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri. 1813 – In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand. 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar. 1842 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien. 1854 – A law is approved to found the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Lectures started October 16, 1855. 1863 – HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189. 1894 – The Cripple Creek miner's strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners, begins in Cripple Creek, Colorado, United States. 1898 – Dreyfus affair: Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'Accuse…!. 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops fail in their third attempt to lift the Siege of Ladysmith. 1900 – A Chinese immigrant in San Francisco falls ill to bubonic plague in the first plague epidemic in the continental United States. 1904 – A fire begins in Baltimore, Maryland; it destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. 1940 – The second full-length animated Walt Disney film, Pinocchio, premieres. 1943 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, ending Japanese attempts to retake the island from Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign. 1944 – World War II: In Anzio, Italy, German forces launch a counteroffensive during the Allied Operation Shingle. 1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are massacred by South Korean forces. 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports. 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered. 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation. 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power. 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launched a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government. 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union. 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. 1997 – NeXT merges with Apple Computer, starting the path to Mac OS X. 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein. 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history. 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military. 2013 – The U.S. state of Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995. 2014 – Scientists announce that the Happisburgh footprints in Norfolk, England, date back to more than 800,000 years ago, making them the oldest known hominid footprints outside Africa. 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space violating multiple UN treaties and prompting condemnation from around the world.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.7

457 – Leo I the Thracian becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.[1] 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales.[2] 1497 – In Florence, Italy, supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books, in a "Bonfire of the vanities".[3] 1783 – American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar. 1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day. 1812 – The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri. 1813 – In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand. 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar. 1842 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien. 1854 – A law is approved to found the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Lectures started October 16, 1855. 1863 – HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189. 1894 – The Cripple Creek miner's strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners, begins in Cripple Creek, Colorado. 1898 – Dreyfus affair: Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'Accuse…!.[4] 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops fail in their third attempt to lift the Siege of Ladysmith. 1900 – A Chinese immigrant in San Francisco falls ill to bubonic plague in the first plague epidemic in the continental United States.[5] 1904 – A fire begins in Baltimore, Maryland;[6] it destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. 1940 – The second full-length animated Walt Disney film, Pinocchio, premieres. 1943 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, ending Japanese attempts to retake the island from Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign. 1944 – World War II: In Anzio, Italy, German forces launch a counteroffensive during the Allied Operation Shingle. 1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are massacred by South Korean forces. 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports. 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered. 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation. 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power. 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launched a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government. 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union. 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. 1997 – NeXT merges with Apple Computer, starting the path to Mac OS X. 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein. 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history. 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military. 2013 – The U.S. state of Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995. 2014 – Scientists announce that the Happisburgh footprints in Norfolk, England, date back to more than 800,000 years ago, making them the oldest known hominid footprints outside Africa.[7] 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space violating multiple UN treaties and prompting condemnation from around the world.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.7

457 – Leo I the Thracian becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. 1074 – Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed battling the invading Normans at the Battle of Montesarchio. 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales. 1497 – The Bonfire of the Vanities occurs, during which supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books in Florence, Italy. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar. 1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day. 1812 – The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri. 1813 – In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand. 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar. 1842 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien. 1854 – A law is approved to found the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Lectures started October 16, 1855. 1863 – HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189. 1894 – The Cripple Creek miner's strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners, begins in Cripple Creek, Colorado. 1898 – Dreyfus affair: Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'accuse. 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops fail in their third attempt to lift the Siege of Ladysmith. 1904 – A fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. 1907 – The Mud March is the first large procession organized by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). 1940 – The second full-length animated Walt Disney film, Pinocchio, premieres. 1943 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, ending Japanese attempts to retake the island from Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign. 1944 – World War II: In Anzio, Italy, German forces launch a counteroffensive during the Allied Operation Shingle. 1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are massacred by South Korean forces. 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports. 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered. 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation. 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power. 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launched a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government. 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union. 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. 1997 – NeXT merges with Apple Computer, starting the path to Mac OS X. 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein. 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history. 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military. 2013 – The U.S. state of Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995. 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space violating multiple UN treaties and prompting condemnation from around the world.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.7

457 – Leo I the Thracian becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 – Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed battling the invading Normans at the Battle of Montesarchio. 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales. 1497 – The Bonfire of the Vanities occurs, during which supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burn cosmetics, art, and books in Florence, Italy. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: French and Spanish forces lift the Great Siege of Gibraltar. 1795 – The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon finds Bennigsen's Russian forces taking a stand at Eylau. After bitter fighting, the French take the town, but the Russians resume the battle the next day. 1812 – The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri. 1813 – In the action of 7 February 1813 near the Îles de Los, the frigates Aréthuse and Amelia batter each other, but neither can gain the upper hand. 1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore after just taking it over, leaving it in the hands of William Farquhar. 1842 – Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien. 1854 – A law is approved to found the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Lectures started October 16, 1855. 1863 – HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189. 1894 – The Cripple Creek miner's strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners, begins in Cripple Creek, Colorado. 1898 – Dreyfus affair: Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'accuse. 1900 – Second Boer War: British troops fail in their third attempt to lift the Siege of Ladysmith. 1904 – A fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. 1907 – The Mud March is the first large procession organized by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). 1940 – The second full-length animated Walt Disney film, Pinocchio, premieres. 1943 – World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, ending Japanese attempts to retake the island from Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign. 1944 – World War II: In Anzio, Italy, German forces launch a counteroffensive during the Allied Operation Shingle. 1951 – Korean War: More than 700 suspected communist sympathizers are butchered by South Korean forces. 1962 – The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports. 1974 – Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 – Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was discovered. 1984 – Space Shuttle program: STS-41-B Mission: Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU). 1986 – Twenty-eight years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation. 1990 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly on power. 1991 – Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. 1991 – The Troubles: The Provisional IRA launched a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street in London, the headquarters of the British government. 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union. 1995 – Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. 1997 – NeXT merges with Apple Computer, starting the path to Mac OS X. 1999 – Crown Prince Abdullah becomes the King of Jordan on the death of his father, King Hussein. 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history. 2012 – President Mohamed Nasheed of the Republic of Maldives resigns, after 23 days of anti-governmental protests calling for the release of Chief Judge unlawfully arrested by the military. 2013 – Mississippi officially certifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995. 2016 – North Korea launches Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4 into outer space.