#Ernest Sosa

[omegaphilosophia]

The Philosophy of Virtue Epistemology

Virtue epistemology is an approach within the field of epistemology that emphasizes the role of the intellectual virtues in the acquisition and justification of knowledge. This perspective shifts the focus from traditional epistemological concerns about the nature and scope of knowledge to the character and intellectual virtues of the knower. It suggests that possessing certain intellectual virtues—such as open-mindedness, intellectual courage, and intellectual humility—plays a crucial role in forming true beliefs and achieving knowledge.

Key Concepts and Theories in Virtue Epistemology

Intellectual Virtues: Central to virtue epistemology are intellectual virtues, which are traits or qualities that aid individuals in their pursuit of knowledge and truth. Examples include curiosity, diligence, intellectual autonomy, and fair-mindedness. These virtues help guide one's cognitive processes and decision-making in epistemic practices.

Responsibilist Virtue Epistemology: This branch focuses on the agent's responsibility in cultivating intellectual virtues. It holds that individuals are responsible for developing and exercising intellectual virtues to become good knowers. Linda Zagzebski and Lorraine Code are prominent philosophers in this tradition.

Reliabilist Virtue Epistemology: Contrasting with responsibilism, reliabilist virtue epistemology emphasizes the reliability of cognitive processes and abilities in producing true beliefs. Here, intellectual virtues are seen as reliable faculties or competences that lead to the formation of true beliefs. Ernest Sosa is a key figure in this school of thought.

Epistemic Responsibility: Virtue epistemology underscores the importance of epistemic responsibility, which involves being accountable for one's beliefs and ensuring they are well-grounded. This responsibility is closely tied to the cultivation and exercise of intellectual virtues.

Contextualism and Situationism: These theories examine how context and situational factors influence the exercise of intellectual virtues. They explore the interplay between an individual's character and their environment, highlighting the importance of external conditions in the development and application of intellectual virtues.

Moral and Epistemic Virtues: Virtue epistemology often draws parallels between moral virtues and intellectual virtues. Just as moral virtues contribute to ethical behavior, intellectual virtues contribute to epistemic excellence. This analogy helps bridge the gap between ethical and epistemic evaluations of individuals.

Virtue epistemology offers a rich and nuanced framework for understanding knowledge acquisition and justification. By focusing on the intellectual character and virtues of the knower, it provides a comprehensive approach that integrates ethical considerations into epistemic practices. This perspective not only enhances our understanding of what it means to know but also encourages the cultivation of intellectual virtues that contribute to a flourishing epistemic life.

[shoppinghauer]

True knowledge, in contrast with a lucky guess, is actually not that easy to define. Traditional epistemology, aka based on Aristotle's writings, regard knowldge as "justified true belief". The matter on justification was actually difficult because what exactly counts as one? Then a counterargument which was later called the Gettier experiment, showed examples of justified true believes who werent knowledge. The most famous is checking a stopped watch at the exact moment its hands show the real hour. Unbeknownst to the owner, the watch stopped but fortunately for her, she checked the hour just the moment the real time and the time showcased coincided. Intuitively we can say that she doesnt actually knows what time is it, as lucky guesses arent representative of knowledge, just luck. With this in mind, several philosophers have tried to solve the Gettier cases in order to redefine knowledge in a way that excludes lucky guesses. Here is when Ernest Sosa enters. In his influential paper, "The Pyramid and the Raft", he argued for a strenghtened clause for true beliefs to be considered knowledge. This was a virtue clause. Knowledge is true belief that is acquired in virtue of the knower's aptitudes. Only when we can credit her the belief we can say she knows something. The clause states that the knower must have three properties to be credited for it: accuracy, adroitness, and aptness. Her intellectual performance should have all three to be considered knowledge worthy. In the stopped watch case we can easily see how it no longer counts as knowledge. There was either of these properties. The watch isn't accurate because it is broken, it isn't adroit because of the same reason and therefore no longer apt for telling the time. Observant readers might notice that this characterisation actually considers knowledge more of a practice that can be measured than a state of mind. This is not incidental. Knowledge as a practice, as an activity has the advantage of explaining how both agent and community are intertwined. In a lot of cases, the adroitness of an epistemic agent can only be measured by her peers, as knowledge making is a social practice, some of the abilities required for a decent performance must be mediated by others. With this being said: even if what you say or state is true you don't actually KNOW it is unless you have solid reasons + your epistemic performance on how you got it is accurate, adroit and apt. that's why getting the news via sensationalist sites or tweets or blogs isn't a way of obtaining knowledge no matter if afterwards it is suddenly revealed you were right.

[meltorights]

ernest sosa fucks actually ive decided

[nicolae]

SetThings - Propunerile lui Ernest Sosa pentru a elimina "explozia realității"

https://www.setthings.com/ro/propunerile-lui-ernest-sosa-pentru-a-elimina-explozia-realitatii/

Propunerile lui Ernest Sosa pentru a elimina "explozia realității"

Conform unei concepții aristotelice de ansamblu, cea mai mică fluturare a frunzei celei mai mici creează și distruge infinit de multe lucruri, iar realitatea obișnuită suferă un fel de “explozie”. Ernest Sosa propune trei opțiuni pentru a evita o astfel … Read More

[jbgravereaux]

HAMILTON DE HOLANDA - MUNDO DE PIXINGUINHA                                                                                                                                                                  Mundo de Pixinguinha - Hamilton de Holanda - Bandolim 10 cordas ...                                                                                                                                                  (via https://open.spotify.com/album/53TR21fVdR2aEKnjJeu9vV)

[antheminmyheart]

Master List of Black Creators, Owners, & Public Figures

Master List of Black Creators, Owners, & Public Figures

DISCLAIMER: I am fucking whiter than white. I compiled this list to boost black creators and public figures, but if I am overstepping at all PLEASE let me know! 

Also, I tried to research these in a timely manner. If anyone in these lists is problematic or should not be supported, let me know. :)

(Of course, this is only a TINY portion! Feel free to add more names, businesses, and creators!)

——

Activists:

•Naomi Anderson

•Maya Angelou

•James Baldwin

•Lillie Mae Bradford

•Mari Copeny

•Frederick Douglass

•Ruth Ellis

•Erica Garner

•Alicia Garza

•Ernest Green

•Fannie Lou Hamer

•Frances Harper

•Langston Hughes

•Marsha P. Johnson

•Alberta Odell Jones

•Quincy Jones

•Martin Luther King Jr.

•Audre Lorde

•Bree Newsome

•Huey P. Newton

•Rosa Parks

-Bayard Rustin

•Sojourner Truth

•Harriet Tubman

•Madam C.J. Walker

•Ida B. Wells

•Malcolm X

Actors/Actresses & Directors:

•Yahya Abdul-Mateen II

•James Avery

•Angela Bassett

•Halle Berry

•John Boyega

•Levar Burton

•Nick Cannon

•Michael Clarke Duncan

•Zendaya Coleman

•Terry Crews

•Viola Davis

•Idris Elba

•Jamie Foxx

•Morgan Freeman

•Whoopi Goldberg

•Tiffany Haddish

•Skai Jackson

•William Jackson Harper

•Kevin Hart

•Steve Harvey

•Jennifer Hudson

•Ice Cube

•Spike Lee

•Phill Lewis

•Bernie Mac

•Eddie Murphy

•Keke Palmer

•James Pickens Jr.

•Chris Rock

•Will Smith

•Raven Symonè

•Denzel Washington

•Jesse Williams

•Chandra Wilson

•Oprah Winfrey

•John Witherspoon

Authors & Poets:

��Elizabeth Acevedo

•Tomi Adeyemi

•Kwame Alexander

•Maya Angelou

•Rena Barron

•Paula Chase

•Dhonielle Clayton

•Brandy Colbert

•Jay Coles

•Dana Davis

•Tanita S. Davis

•Sharon M. Draper

•Paul Laurence Dunbar

•Akwaeke Emezi

•Sharon G. Flake

•Kristina Forest

•L.R. Giles

•Whitney D. Grandison

•Nikki Grimes

•Justina Ireland

•Tiffany D. Jackson

•Kimberly Jones

•Claire Kann

•Kekla Magoon

•Janice Lynn Mather

•Tony Medina

•Candice Montgomery

•David Barclay Moore

•Britney Morris

•Bethany C. Morrow

•Greg Neri

•Nnedi Okorafor

•Tochi Onyebuchi

•Morgan Parker

•Junauda Petrus

•Ben Philippe

•Jason Reynolds

•Debbie Rigaud

•Ilyasah Shabazz

•Nic Stone

•Liara Tamani

•Mildred D. Taylor

•Angie Thomas

•Brian F. Walker

•Booker T. Washington

•Renée Watson

•Alicia Williams

•August Wilson

•C.E. Wilson

•Ashley Woodfolk

•Jacqueline Woodson

•Nicola Yoon

•Ibi Aanu Zoboi

Black-Owned Bookstores:

•Grassrootz Bookstore (Phoenix, AZ)

•Eso Won Books (Los Angeles, CA)

•Malik Books (Los Angeles, CA)

•Marcus Books (Oakland, CA)

•Shades of Afrika (Long Beach, CA)

•Shop At Matter (Denver, CO)

•Pyramid Books (Boynton Beach, FL)

•For Keeps Books (Atlanta, GA)

•Bunnie Hillard (Decatur, GA)

•Challenges Games & Comics (Decatur, GA)

•Semicolon (Chicago, IL)

•Wild Fig Books (Lexington, KY)

•Frugal Bookstore (Boston, MA)

•Loyalty Books (Silver Springs, MD)

•Loving Me Books (Detroit, MI)

•Source Booksellers (Detroit, MI)

•Mind’s Eye Comics (Burnsville, MN)

•Eye See Me (St. Louis, MO)

•Source of Knowledge (Newark, NJ)

•The Lit Bar (The Bronx, NY)

•Cafe Con Libros (Brooklyn, NY)

•Megabrain Comics (Rhinebeck, NY)

•The Schomburg Shop (Harlem, NY)

•Sister’s Uptown (New York, NY)

•Fulton Street Books (Tulsa, OK)

•Third Eye Bag (Portland, OR)

•Amalgam Comics (Philadelphia, PA)

•Harriett’s Bookshop (Philadelphia, PA)

•Uncle Bobbie’s (Philadelphia, PA)

•Turning Page Bookshop (Goose Creek, SC)

•Black Pearl Books (Austin, TX)

•The Dock (Fort Worth, TX)

•Loyalty Books (Washington DC)

•MahoganyBooks (Washington DC)

Other Black-Owned Businesses:

•228 Grant Street Candle Company (228grantstreet.com)

•Aamir Graphics (jaizthedesigner.mystrikingly.com)

•Ailey Extension (aileyextension.com)

•Aminah Abdul Jillil (aminahabdujillil.com)

•Anya Lust (anyalust.com)

•AphroChic (aphrochic.com)

•Basbaas Foods (basbaassauce.com)

•Beauty Bakerie (beautybakerie.com)

•Beauty Stat Cosmetics (beautystatcosmetics.com)

•BedStuyFly (bedstuyfly.com)

•Bel Lumière (thebellumiereco.com)

•Beneath Your Mask (beneathyourmask.com)

•Black Enterprise (blackenterprise.com)

•Black Girl Sunscreen (blackgirlsunscreen.com)

•Black Girls Run (blackgirlsrun.com)

•The Black Home (theblackhome.com)

•Black Pepper Paperie Company (shopbpco.com)

•Blavity (blavity.com)

•BLK MKT Vintage (blkmktvintage.com)

•Body Space Fitness (bodyspacefitness.com)

•Bold Xchange (boldxchange.com)

•Bolé Road Textiles (boleroadtextiles.com)

•Briogeo (briogeohair.com)

•Brooklyn Circus (thebkcircus.com)

•Brooklyn Tea (brooklyntea.com)

•Brother Vellies (brothervellies.com)

•Camille Rose (camillerose.com)

•Carlis Design Studio LLC (carlisdesignstudio.net)

•Castamira (castamira.com)

•CBAAF (comebackasaflower.com)

•Celsious (celsious.com)

•Cherry Blossom Intimates (cherryblossomintimates.com)

•Clare (clare.com)

•Cool and Casual Studios (coolandcasualstudios.com)

•CurlBox (curlbox.com)

•CurlMix (curlmix.com)

•Curls (curls.biz)

•Cushnie (cushnie.com)

•Custom Collaborative (customcollaborative.org)

•Diop (weardiop.com)

•Divine Nature Cosmetics (divinenaturecosmetics.com)

•Drift Taxi (thedrifttaxi.com)

•Edas (edas.store)

•Effortless Composition (effortlesscomposition.com)

•Essence (essence.com)

•Esusu (esusurent.com)

•Fix My Resume Services (fixmyresume.net)

•Flat Fifteen (flatfifteen.co.uk)

•Flaunt It Beauty Supply (flauntitbeautysupply.com)

•The Folklore (shopthefolklore.com)

•FUBU (fubu.com)

•Golde (golde.co)

•Golden Krust (goldekrust.com)

•Goodee (goodeeworld.com)

•Grillz and Granola (grillzandgranola.com)

•Hanahana Beauty (hanahanabeauty.com)

•Haus Urban (hausurban.com)

•HealHaus (healhaus.com)

•House of Aama (houseofaama.com)

•Iconoclast Fitness (iconoclastfitness.com)

•Ilé Ilà (ile-ila.com)

•International Smoke (internationalsmoke.com)

•Johanna Howard Home (johannahoward.com)

•Jones Bar-B-Q (jonesbbqkc.com)

•Jungalow (jungalow.com)

•Justice of the Pies (justiceofthepies.com)

•Kahmune (kahmune.com)

•KAI (kaicollective.com)

•KNC Beauty (kncbeauty.com)

•Kutula by Africana (shopkutula.com)

•Label by Three (labelbythree.com)

•LaQuan Smith (laquansmith.com)

•Lauren Napier Beauty (laurennapier.com)

•The Lip Bar (thelipbar.com)

•Lit Bklyn (litbklyn.co)

•Local European (localeuropean.com)

•Love Notes Fragrances (lovenotesfragrances.com)

•LUXE Honeymoons (luxe-honeymoons.com)

•Maison Noir Wines (maisonnoirwines.com)

•Maki Oh (makioh.com)

•Malene B (malenebarnett.com)

•Manual (manualphoto.com)

•Marché Rue Dix (marcheruedix.com)

•Marie Burgos Collection (marieburgosdesignthestore.com)

•Market*TING (market-ting.com)

•Mateo New York (mateonewyork.com)

•McBride Sisters Collection (mcbridesisters.com)

•Melanin Haircare (melaninhaircare.com)

•Mented Cosmetics (mentedcosmetics.com)

•MyaVana (myavana.com)

•Nandi Naya (nandinayanyc.com)

•Natty Garden (nattygarden.com)

•Neighborhood Fiber Co. (neighborhoodfiberco.com)

•Nerdz World (nerdzworld.com)

•NightLight Pediatric (nightlightpediatrics.com)

•Nude Barre (nudebarre.com)

•Octave Jewelry (octavejewelry.com)

•Oma the Label (omathelabel.com)

•Orange Culture (orangeculture.com.ng)

•OUI The People (ouithepeople.com)

•Partake Foods (partakefoods.com)

•Pat McGrath Labs (patmcgrath.com)

•Peace & Riot (peaceandriot.com)

•Peju Obasa (pejuobasa.com)

•People of Color Beauty (peopleofcolorbeauty.com)

•Pipcorn (pipsnacks.com)

•Post-Imperial (post-imperial.com)

•Pottery by Osa (potterybyosa.com)

•Rebecca Allen (rebecca-allen.com)

•Red Bay Coffee (redbaycoffee.com)

•Reparations Club (rep.club)

•Riot Swim (riotswim.com)

•Rochelle Porter (rochelleporter.com)

•See Line Ceramics (seelineceramics.com)

•Sheila Bridges (sheilabridges.com)

•Sincerely, Tommy (sincerelytommy.com)

•The Sip (thesipsociety.com)

•The Sixes (thesixes.com)

•Slashed by Tia (slashedbytia.net)

•Sol Cacao (solcacao.com)

•Sol Sips (solsipsnyc.com)

•Something Unique Accessories (shopsomethingunique.com)

•T.A. (shop-ta.com)

•Tackussanu Senegal (tackussanusenegal.com)

•Tactile Matter (tactilematter.com)

•T&C Management Tax & Financial Services (https://xu625-feb5c6.pages.infusionsoft.net )

•Telfar (telfar.net)

•TLZ L’FEMME (tlzlf.com)

•Total Resistance (thetotalresistance.com)

•Tree Fairfax (treefairfax.com)

•UniBuyz (unibuyz.com)

•Unlimited Treasures Chest (utchest.com)

•Unsun (unsuncosmetics.com)

•Unwrp (unwrp.com)

•Uoma Beauty (uomabeauty.com)

•Urban One Inc. (urban1.com)

•Victor Glemaud (glemaud.com)

•Wales Bonner (walesbonner.com)

•Whetstone Magazine (whetstonemagazine.com)

•The Wrap Life (thewrap.life)

•Yam (yamnyc.com)

•xN Studio (osxnasozi.com)

•Yowie (shopyowie.com)

•Zafa Wines (zafawines.com)

•Zou Xou Shoes (zouxou.com)

Book Reviewers:

•Black & Bookish

•Black Books Matter

•Bookaddict4real

•Brazen Babe Reviews

•Doddy About Books

•Fine Point Scribbles

•Kaybee’s Bookshelf, A Literary Blog

•Literally Black

•Ms. Shabria Gxo

•Sometimes Leelynn Reads

Models:

•Adwoa Aboah

•Adesuwa Aighewi

•J. Alexander

•Karen Alexander

•Leomie Anderson

•Alanna Arrington

•Yasmine Arrington

•Tyra Banks

•Corey Baptiste

•Tyson Beckford

•Yasmin Benoit

•Akech Bior

•Minah Ogbenyealu Bird

•Maria Borges

•Adonis Bosso

•Cindy Bruna

•Naomi Campbell

•Dorothea Church

•Yaya DaCosta

•Agbani Darego

•Bruce Darnell

•Khoudia Diop

•Nadège du Bospertus

•Jourdan Dunn

•Selita Ebanks

•Paloma Elsesser

•Cora Emmanuel

•Staniel Ferreira

•Malaika Firth

•Diandra Forrest

•Imaan Hammam

•Winnie Harlow

•Beverley Heath-Hoyland

•Marsha A. Hunt

•Broderick Hunter

•Chanel Iman

•Beverly Johnson

•Toccara Jones

•Grace Jones

•Liya Kebede

•Jayne Kennedy

•Janet Langhart

•Shakara Ledard

•Precious Lee

•Noémie Lenoir

•Damaris Lewis

•Sessilee Lopez

•Donyale Luna

•Anais Mali

•Eva Marcille

•Denny Mèndez

•Jillian Mercado

•Ariel Meredith

•Lineisy Montero

•Muna

•Katoucha Niane

•Mayowa Nicholas

•Emanuela de Paula

•Lais Ribeiro

•Valentine Rontez

•Shaun Ross

•Kimora Lee Simmons

•Naomi Sims

•Joan Smalls

•B. Smith

•Arlenis Sosa

•Sal Stowers

•Duckie Thot

•Jasmine Tookes

•Eugena Washington

•Veronica Webb

•Alek Wek

•Jessica White

•Slick Woods

•Kara Young

Musicians:

•Aaliyah

•Akon

•Louis Armstrong

•Pearl Bailey

•Harry Belafonte

•Chuck Berry

•Beyoncé

•The Black Eyed Peas

•Blackstreet

•B.o.B.

•The Bobettes

•Soulja Boy

•50 Cent

•Chance the Rapper

•Ray Charles

•Chubby Checker

•The Chords

•Ciara

•The Clovers

•The Coasters

•Nat ‘King’ Cole

•Zendaya Coleman

•The Contours

•Sam Cooke

•Taio Cruz

•Andra Day

•Bobby Day

•The Del-Vikings

•Jason Derulo

•Destiny’s Child

•The Diamonds

•Bo Diddley

•Daveed Diggs

•DMX

•Fats Domino

•Dr. Dre

•The Drifters

•Earth, Wind, & Fire

•Missy Elliott

•Flo Rida

•The Four Tops

•Aretha Franklin

•Bobby Freeman

•Marvin Gaye

•Gloria Gaynor

•CeeLo Green

•Billie Holiday

•Whitney Houston

•Ice-T

•Sharaya J

•Janet Jackson

•Michael Jackson/The Jackson 5

•Kamille

•Alicia Keys

•Khalid

•Sean Kingston

•Eartha Kitt

•Lenny Kravitz

•Patti LaBelle

•John Legend

•Leona Lewis

•Lizzo

•The Marcels

•The Masqueraders

•M.I.A.

•Mickey & Sylvia

•MKTO

•The Monotones

•Nelly

•Ne-Yo

•The Penguins

•Leigh-Anne Pinnock (of the girl group Little Mix)

•The Platters

•Prince

•Otis Redding

•Little Richard

•Rihanna

•The Ronettes

•Diana Ross

•Darius Rucker

•Run-DMC

•Travis Scott

•Shaggy

•Tupac Shakur

•Nina Simone

•Shirley & Lee

•The Silhouettes

•Snoop Dogg

•Jimmy Soul

•Jordin Sparks

•The Supremes

•The Temptations

•TLC

•T-Pain

•Ty Dolla Sign

•Usher

•Bill Withers

YouTubers:

Jackie Aina

Alissa Ashley

Yasmin Benoit

Berleezy

Raye Boyce

Patricia Bright

Marques Brownlee

Alyssa Forever

GlamTwinz

GloZell

Bri Hall

Todrick Hall

Aysha Harun

Alonzo Lerone

Oneika the Traveller

Shanna Malcolm

Shameless Maya

MakeupShayla

Chris Smoove

Nyma Tang

TheAjayII

AdrianXpression

[mrs-elijah-wood]

First and Last Words of Zombies, Run! Characters

This should go without saying, but SPOILER ALERT (up to S8)

Characters are listed chronologically from last appearance alive.

HUGE thanks to @zrtranscripts​!!!

Lem

“Help! I’m trapped in here!” (S1M8)

“This world may seem grim right now, but you’ve got so much to live for. Try to see the best in people, Nadia, and in yourself. You’re such a good person. Such a big heart. Don’t let my death change that. It’s the one thing I couldn’t bear. Be brave, honey. I’ll be watching you. Lem out.” (S2M10)

Chris McShell

“Hello.” (S1M17)

“Veronica… If you find her… tell her… her… her daddy loves her very much.” (S1M19)

Maggie Doane

“Hey, Runner Five, good to see you! I don’t know if you knew at the time it was me, but I was the runner whose life you saved a couple of weeks ago.” (5K Trainer - Week 6, Workout 3)

“Oh no, not the kids! I hate the kids, they’re just so - ah! Get off me! Get off, get off!” (S1M22)

Archie Jensen

“I’m here, I’m here! You don’t have to shout, you know. I requested this mission to the Keeley Center, I’m hardly going to be late for a run to investigate my own old offices.” (New Canton 5K Race Mission: Big Cheese)

“They have a plan.” (S2M18)

Francesca

“Hey there! We have not spoken before, I think, although I know we have seen each other. I’m Francesca. I’m – what do you say? - the quartermaster?” (5K Trainer - Week 3, Workout 1)

“No, no, you can’t take me! You won’t do that to my mind! You can’t!” (S2M21)

Esteban Sosa

“Runner Five, you’re with me today. But how rude I am. I am Esteban; Esteban Sosa. I am Director of Logistics and Infrastructure of the New Canton Permanent Advisory Council. Your Sam has lent you to me today. He wasn’t happy… overprotective, I think. But no need for concern.” (S2M10)

“It is very – [coughs] I’m so sorry. Um, it is, uh –” (S2M40)

Major de Santa

“Runner Five, it’s Major De Santa. I’m back. You can stop running now.” (S1M23)

“Don’t - !” (S2M41)

Sara Smith

“Sorry about that. Hey, there! I’m Runner Eight, Sara Smith. How are you doing? Ready to go out and misdirect some zombies?” (S1M2)

“I don’t know what to expect. But I might see my boys again, I think I might. I’ve done what was right. That’s what life’s about, when it comes down to it. Not sitting around, knowing that you’ve used yourself to the full. So I’m square. And you’d better send Van Ark right along after me, Five. I’ll be waiting for him.” (S2M43)

Ernest Van Ark

“If you want to talk, then stop chasing me! I tell you, I’ll use this pistol, I tell you!” (Abel Township 10k Race Mission: Visiting Van Ark)

“What the hell do you think you’re –“ (S2M44)

Moonchild

“Over here, over here! Climb up onto the ledge. I’ve got a way out, but it’ll take three people. Please be quick!” (S3M8)

“Now your aura’s all gold, do you know that, Five? Gold like the sun. We’re both heading in the same direction, man. But I bet I’ll get there first. Race you!” (S3M60)

Simon Lauchlan (sort of)

“Whew… Runner Three, Simon, here.” (S1M21)

“This is going to sting!” (S3M60)

Owen Landis

“At your service. I’m Owen. I guess I’m the new Runner Six, hi! Feels weird saying that, like I’ve just got a brand new tattoo. You know, somewhere personal.” (S2M25)

“Ian, come on. We were almost, well, kind of mates once. Can’t we just settle this like mates? Crack a few tinnies, you know? Come on. Come on, what do you say?” (S5M18)

Evan Deaubl

“Runners, this is an emergency. The gates have stuck in the open position; we’re open to all attacks. The following runners to report to the main gates immediately for lure and distract: Runner Two, Runner Three, Runner Five, Runner Eight. Go, go, go!” (S1M2)

“Thank you. You’re worthy of it. Now go. I don’t want any of you to see this. Get that cup and books out of the country. Steal a plane! Go back to England. The world is depending on you. Make me proud. Run!” (S5M36)

Ian Golightly

“Hello, am I late? Ian Golightly, reporting for duty! Get it?” (S2SM4)

“I want you to shoot me. Please? Yes. Please. I didn’t… I don’t think I…” (S5M40)

Sigrid Hakkinen

“In fact, those were not my orders, Builder. You have overstepped your bounds again.” (S4M2)

“I’m leaving now, and when I come back, it will be with my own private army. ANNIE will protect me. As long as I have her, I have everything. Oh, and by the way, as I know you’re listening, Mr. Yao, you do know I had your sister, don’t you? Well, you’ll never find her now.” (S6M40)

Veronica McShell (technically)

“It has been sixteen months and nine days since the outbreak. In all that time, only one animal has ever been recorded as turning gray. The researchers here and throughout Europe via Rofflenet believed it to be the key to understanding immunity, that it might hold the missing link to a cure. You, however, have just killed it. On behalf of all remaining humans, congratulations.” (S3M14)

“No, I know. But I want to. It’s… beautiful. The closer I get to her, the more I can see...everything.” (S6M40)

Colonel Sage

“Sage here, of Banktown. I, for one, am interested in hearing what the Abel representative has to say.” (S7M2)

“They’re searching the cave for me. They can smell the blood. This is my time. It’s good to… to put this thing right. I believe the best parts of my work will live on.” (S7M39)

Ellie Maxted

“Help! Help, I’m stuck in here! Please help me!” (S3M59)

“What? Where are they – [gasps] Five?” (S8M1)

Lachlan Jones

“I don’t give a crap about Fort Canton. I’m here for de Luca.” (S7M8)

“You don’t know what you’ve done. You’ve destroyed everything. There’ll be no stopping them now.” (S8M15)

Tom de Luca

“Hello. I know who you are. You’re Janine’s people. I’ve got Janine. I’ve got her headset, and I’ve got a message for you: this isn’t you anymore. Not your fight, not your battle, not your war! Who owns the war? Who owns the broken bodies of the soldiers? Not her, not any of them. Not the grasses or the traitors or the snitches or the thieves. Not Janine! Let fate take its course. Nothing could have stopped this. If you leave me be, no one will get hurt. Except Janine, and she’s got it coming!” (S3M43)

“Five, Five, get up here now! Five! My God, she’s fast. She’s strong! Five, code red! Warn the others! Tell Janie - !” (S8M26)

[duplapresszo]

Ernest Sosa: Epistemology

[protoslacker]

Two metaphors: the raft and the pyramid. For the foundationalist every piece of knowledge stands at the apex of a pyramid that rests on stable and secure foundations whose stability and security does not derive from the upper stories or sections. For the coherentist a body of knowledge is a free-floating raft every plank of which helps directly or indirectly to keep all the others in place, and no plank of which would retain  its status with no help from the others.

Ernest Sosa PDF, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 5 (1):3-26 (1980). The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge

[omegaphilosophia]

The Philosophy of Knowledge Theory

The philosophy of knowledge theory, also known as epistemology, is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature, origin, scope, and limits of human knowledge. It seeks to answer fundamental questions about what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and how we can differentiate between true knowledge and mere belief or opinion.

Epistemology is concerned with several core issues, including:

Definition of Knowledge: One of the central debates in epistemology is the definition of knowledge. The traditional definition, dating back to Plato, is that knowledge is "justified true belief." However, this definition has been challenged and refined over the centuries, particularly with the introduction of the Gettier problems, which illustrate situations where justified true belief might still fail to constitute knowledge.

Sources of Knowledge: Epistemologists investigate various sources of knowledge, such as perception, reason, memory, and testimony. Each source has its strengths and weaknesses, and understanding how they contribute to knowledge is crucial for a comprehensive epistemological framework.

Justification: This involves exploring the criteria and methods by which beliefs are justified. Theories of justification include foundationalism, which posits that certain basic beliefs provide the foundation for all other beliefs, and coherentism, which suggests that beliefs are justified by their coherence with other beliefs.

Skepticism: Epistemology also addresses skepticism, the view that certain or all knowledge is impossible. Philosophers debate various forms of skepticism and attempt to refute or accommodate them within their theories of knowledge.

Epistemic Virtues and Vices: This area examines the intellectual character traits that promote or hinder the acquisition of knowledge, such as open-mindedness, intellectual courage, and intellectual humility. Theories like virtue epistemology focus on these traits as central to understanding how knowledge is gained and maintained.

The Role of Context: Contextualism is the view that the truth-value of knowledge claims can depend on the context in which they are made. This approach addresses how varying standards of evidence and justification might apply in different situations.

Key Theories in Knowledge Theory

Empiricism: The theory that knowledge primarily comes from sensory experience. Prominent empiricists include John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

Rationalism: The theory that reason and intellectual processes are the primary sources of knowledge. Key rationalists include René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Constructivism: The theory that knowledge is constructed by individuals through their interactions with the world. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are notable figures in constructivist thought.

Pragmatism: The theory that knowledge is validated by its practical consequences and utility. Key pragmatists include Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey.

Reliabilism: The theory that beliefs are justified if they are produced by processes that reliably yield true beliefs. This approach focuses on the reliability of the cognitive processes involved in belief formation.

Virtue Epistemology: This theory emphasizes the role of intellectual virtues—character traits that contribute to the acquisition and retention of knowledge. Figures like Linda Zagzebski and Ernest Sosa have contributed significantly to this field.

The philosophy of knowledge theory is a dynamic and complex field that continues to evolve as new challenges and perspectives emerge. It plays a critical role in our understanding of how we come to know what we know and in addressing fundamental questions about the nature and limits of human cognition.

[annhallow87]

Ernest Solvay (Rebecq-Rognon, provincia del Brabante Valón, Bélgica, 16 de abril de 1838; Ixelles, Región de Bruselas-Capital, ibíd., 26 de mayo de 1922) fue un químico industrial, filántropo y políUna enfermedad le impidió ir a la universidad, por lo que comenzó a trabajar en la industria química en la fábrica de su tío a la edad de 21 años. Ideó varios métodos de purificación de gases, pero se le conoce principalmente por el desarrollo del proceso Solvay, un método para la producción de carbonato sódico que mejoraba el existente método Leblanc, y por la invención de la torre Solvay de carbonatado (en la cual una solución de sal de amoníaco podía mezclarse con dióxido de carbono). Adquirió su primera patente para la producción de sosa en 1861. En 1863, construyó su primera fábrica en Couillet, donde terminó de perfeccionar su método en 1872. En 1890, ya había fundado empresas en diversos países, y en 1900, el 95% de la crecida producción mundial de sosa provenía del proceso Solvay. Hoy en día, siguen operativas cerca de 70 fábricas que lo emplean. La sosa es un componente esencial en numerosas aplicaciones industriales como, por ejemplo, la fabricación del vidrio, la metalurgia y la fabricación de detergentes. Este éxito le reportó a Solvay una riqueza considerable, la cual usó para diversos propósitos filantrópicos, incluida la fundación de varios institutos internacionales de investigación científica en fisiología (1893), sociología (Universidad de Bruselas, 1902), física (1912) y química (1913). Las conferencias sobre física de Solvay eran particularmente reconocidas por su papel en el desarrollo de las teorías de la mecánica cuántica y la estructura atómica. Al mismo tiempo, tomó iniciativas sociales, pues fue precursor del reconocimiento de los derechos laborales en sus industrias, donde inició un sistema de seguridad social inexistente en la época: una pensión para los trabajadores, desde 1899, limitaciones al horario de trabajo y jornada de 8 horas desde 1908, la instauración de vacaciones pagadas desde 1913 y una especie de reciclaje profesional. #Cultivate👩‍🏫 #MenteSana🧠 #EstarBienconAnnHw #ImpulsateAEmprender https://www.instagram.com/p/CNvNfgjhAPd/?igshid=13ecove2k9o0c

[michellemabelle08]

El maravilloso cielo nocturno: ¿ Un sueño o una realidad?

El cielo nocturno a través del surrealismo como motivo pictórico

Jimena Michelle Galarza Sosa

La inspiración para llevar a cabo este proyecto comenzó por mi interés hacia el cielo nocturno cuando vi una plática impartida por alumnos de la UNAM que tiene por nombre “Universo Inspirador: Arte en la astronomía”, en ella se hablaba acerca de la relación de los astros con el arte y como algunos artistas a lo largo de la historia lo han representado, me cuestioné algunas veces todo el conjunto de astros que complementan el cielo nocturno, como la luna y las estrellas. Es así como nació mi motivación para crear arte sobre este tema. Además de que también he tomado como referencia a algunos artistas surrealistas, ya que su trabajo va de la mano con lo que yo aspiro a crear, para que otras personas se interesen por el cielo nocturno.

El cielo nocturno se refiere a la aparición que sucede cuando el sol se oculta y da paso a que los objetos celestiales nocturnos aparezcan como las estrellas, los planetas y la luna, las cuales pueden podemos observarlas desde el planeta tierra.

“El cielo nocturno tiene aspecto de bóveda o copa invertida; sensación producida porque, a simple vista, los astros luminosos ubicados sobre la cabeza de un observador, parecen más brillantes que los que se hallan cerca del horizonte. Por ello, el cielo también se denomina bóveda o esfera celeste. En realidad un observador sólo aprecia una "semiesfera": la que se halla por encima de su horizonte.” (Feinstein, A., 1987).

Breton(1924) explica que “El Surrealismo es un puro automatismo psíquico por el cual se intenta expresar, verbalmente o de cualquier otra manera, el funcionamiento real del pensamiento en ausencia de cualquier control ejercido por la razón al margen de toda preocupación estética o moral. (p. 44). El surrealismo es una corriente artística, que en primaria instancia se trataba de un asunto de la literatura y tiempo después en 1925 aparece igual en la pintura de la mano de grandes artistas como Arp, Max Ernest, Miró, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí y René Magritte.

“El movimiento tiene como base teórica la interpretación de los sueños de Freud, que supone un rechazo de la cultura tradicional basada en el poder de la razón; defiende la revolución y se compromete con movimientos activistas y de izquierdas.” (Más de arte, 2020) Puedo decir entonces que se trata de una serie de investigaciones de artistas individuales, cada uno con un estilo propio que se enfoca principalmente en representar la realidad de modo distinto, como si fuera llevada a un nivel en donde no se toman en cuenta las reglas y cualquier cosa puede pasar.

La relación de la obra con mi titulo es que quiero representar los interesante del cielo nocturno para que las personas queden maravilladas con el tema, en esta ocasión elegí para reinterpretar un retrato de la artista originaria de nueva Zelanda: Herrieta Harris su trabajo se basa en que utiliza la acuarela como material principal y retrata personas sin rostro.

“Las primeras obras de Harris se ejecutaron en papel y tendían a interrumpir el punto de acceso habitual a la emoción, el rostro. Hizo dibujos a lápiz de personas con rostros desprovistos de rasgos pero rodeados de ondas líricas de cabello, lo que requería que los espectadores encontraran diferentes formas de leer el temperamento o que proyectaran sus propias actitudes. Utilizando la acuarela, jugaba con las caras de otras formas, multiplicándolas o estirándolas como un caramelo, de modo que resultaban enigmáticas o expresivas de manera diferente.” (Robert Fontain Gallery, 2020)

Además de que Harris también experimenta con óleo “comenzó a experimentar con modos más tradicionales de retratar, creando pinturas impecablemente renderizadas en las que las marcas de pincel fueron casi eliminadas” (Robert Fontain Gallery, 2020).

El retrato que consideré para reinterpretarlo forma parte de su serie “Fixed It” se trata de un retrato de una persona sin rostro, la artista no pinta el rostro y en vez de eso hay un pincelada de pintura color morado, yo decidí poner en su lugar un cielo nocturno, porque siento que la artista deja a la interpretación de cada persona el aspecto o los objetos que podría contener el retrato, los colores utilizados son el morado, el azul y el negro, porque en muchas fotografías podemos notar que estos colores son los que conforman al cielo de noche, agregue algunos puntos de color blanco para generar el aspecto de estrellas. Y en cuánto a la ropa decidí dejar el blanco que la pintura original porque quedaba muy bien por ser tenue con los demás elementos.

En esta ocasión decidí optar por utilizar un fondo azul por el contraste que crea al poder representar un momento antes de la caída del cielo nocturno. La luna es un elemento muy importante, así que tome como inspiración al surrealista Rene Magritte, ya que este artista hace uso de este tipo de elementos, “muy interesado en la ambigüedad de las imágenes, de las palabras y en investigar la extraña relación entre un lo pintado y lo real, él explora lo que hay de mágico en lo cotidiano. “(Miguel Calvo Santos, 2016”. Por último Van Gogh fue uno de los primeros pintores que conocí, quedé cautivada por su vida y obra. Fue uno de los mayores representantes del impresionismo y postimpresionismo, pintó desde autorretratos hasta paisajes llenos de girasoles, y aunque ha habido especulaciones respecto a su salud mental puesto que pintó la noche estrellada en un asilo mental, yo siento que como otros tantos artistas trato de encontrar consuelo en el cielo nocturno.

En el primer parcial abordé un tema totalmente diferente al que actualmente estoy investigando. En el segundo parcial desarrollé está investigación acerca del cielo nocturno, espero poder continuar con mi proyecto e incursionar en otro elementos que lo conforman o incluso en el universo, sé que es un tema ya antes han utilizado como motivo pictórico, pero me gustaría sumar mis trabajos y contribuir por lo menos un poco.

Fuentes de consulta

Breton, A. . (1924). Primer manifiesto. En Manifiestos del surrealismo(p. 19). París, Francia: Argonauta .

Calvo, M. . (2016). René Magritte. septiembre 2020, de HA! Sitio web: https://historia-arte.com/artistas/rene-magritt

Feinstein A. . (1987). Astronomía elemental. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Kapelsz.

Robert Fontain Gallery. (2020). Henrietta Harris. octubre 30, 2020, de Robert Fontain Gallery Sitio web: https://www.robertfontainegallery.com/henrietta-harris

Mas de Arte . (2020). El surrealismo. Octubre, 2020, de Mas de Arte Sitio web: https://masdearte.com/movimientos/surrealismo/

01/Noviembre/2020

[nicolae]

SetThings - Ernest Sosa, Relativitatea existențială - Obiecții

https://www.setthings.com/ro/ernest-sosa-relativitatea-existentiala-obiectii/

Ernest Sosa, Relativitatea existențială - Obiecții

Ce anume ne permite să distingem clasele distincte ale entităților favorizate ca fiind realmente obiective? Ernest Sosa respinge eliminativismul pe de o parte și pune la îndoială „explozia realității” pe de altă parte, căutând restricții atractive și bine motivate asupra … Read More

[topfivequestion5]

Vale Sosa: “La cuarentena, y todo lo que pasa alrededor, obliga a los artistas a ser creativos”

Vale Sosa es una artista emergente de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires que, a través de sus composiciones, manifiesta experiencias propias y externas. Las líricas de Ernest Hemingway, Shakespeare, Julio Cortazar, Virginia Woolf y Gioconda Belli, entre otras, resultan fundamentales para alimentar su faceta poética. Vale Sosa es la nueva protagonista del Top Five Question5, la sección de Musicalizando Pelotas.

(1) ¿De dónde y en qué momento nació la inspiración de para este set de nuevas canciones en formato #LiveSession?

Pensé en realizar un live session en la medida que íbamos trabajando en las canciones de mi disco y quería adelantar material grabado desde el estudio, en vivo. Decidí elegir tres canciones que identificaran mi trabajo y personalidad como artista, y lo que pongo en cada composición. (2) ¿Qué buscaste transmitir?

Lo que busco transmitir es el amor que tengo por la música y por lo que hago. La búsqueda constante de ese componente que me activa y que a veces puedo plasmarlo en una letra o una canción. Otras veces no sé qué es, pero cuando logro detectarlo, inmediatamente lo hago mío. La emoción y el poder conectar con lxs que escuchan, son las cosas que me motivan.

(3) ¿Cómo las estás presentando en medio de la cuarentena? La cuarentena, y todo lo que pasa alrededor, obliga a los artistas a ser creativos al momento de compartir contenido. Los live vía streaming están siendo una gran opción para shows, entrevistas y dar a conocer tu arte.

(4) ¿Qué opinión te merecen los shows vía streaming sin público, pero con entrada de por medio? Me parece justo. Hay que reinstalarse en el presente, como dijo Cortázar. Que un artista se vea obligado a compartir vía streaming, no significa que no haya puesto esfuerzo o tiempo en su arte. En una situación normal, asistimos a un show pagando una entrada/ticket. En este caso, también es una forma de contribuir a la crisis a la que están expuestos lxs artistas con la cuarentena. (5) ¿Cuáles son tus expectativas/proyecciones para lo que resta del año?

Mis expectativas están puestas en mi próximo disco, en el cual estoy trabajando, y en seguir compartiendo mi arte. Seguir abriendo ese portal. A veces el mundo puede ser un lugar muy hostil y la música siempre me ayudó a no perder la fe. Ojalá pronto podamos volver a los escenarios, a llenar esos espacios en los que dejamos todo para ser quienes realmente somos y transmitirlo. Rearmar esa comunidad.

Por: N.H.

[ambassademag]

Chronique Musique : Patisserie Musik de Mano Qatsi (2020)

Bonjour à toustes !

Merci à vous de lire Ambassade et bienvenue dans cette première chronique d’album !

Dans cette chronique on parlera d’albums, de mixtapes, d’ep ou autres pas forcément dont l’actualité. C’est purement une chronique pour parler musique qu’on aime (ou pas peut-être).

Aujourd’hui, je vous parle de Patisserie Musik, 18ème projet de Mano Qatsi, dont une interview est disponible ici, réalisée par mes soins.

Pâtisserie Musik aura sût se faire attendre ! En effet, presque 6 mois sans musique de la part de Mano Qatsi est quelque chose de plutôt rare et c’est vous dire quel était mon niveau d’attente sur le projet.

En plus avec une cover vraiment stylisée et surtout un remix de punkstar freestyle avec Adamn Killa, l’attente était vraiment haute.

Et ça a payé !

Le projet fait 10 tracks. Cela peut sembler court mais on ne reste pas sur sa faim. Ici Mano dévoila avec justesse toute sa palette musicale. L’ouverture à l’ambiance pesante genre trap house nocturne qu’offre LOUIS ERNEST LADUREE plonge directement dans le projet. Toujours très bien servi par une super prod de Cobra Sound (qui ne fait que s’améliorer avec le temps d’ailleurs en terme de production) et des ad libs parfaitement timées, on est clairement pas déçu de l’attente.

Mano livre aussi quelques morceaux plus posés, voire très mélancoliques, notamment PENSEES NOCTURNES FREESTYLE. Le clip du morceau est un vrai plus d’ailleurs, tant il permet de saisir l’entièreté du morceau et de son ambiance.

Des saillies autotunées et ultra mélodiques dignes de Chief Keef période Almighty So traversent le projet. Dans cet exercice risqué Mano est passé Maître. Les morceaux (MACARON A LA PISTACHE et GATEAU AU CASSIS) sont délicieux, notamment pour toustes celleux, comme moi, qui se butent encore régulièrement au classique Go to jail de Sosa.

Les featurings/ collaborations sur le projet sont aussi très reussis. Le morceau avec Rudeclub est une super plongée dans l’univers plus 80’s de Mano. C’en est même une de ces meilleures occurrences. Le remix de punkstar freestyle marche très bien lui aussi, Adamn Killa passe à merveille sur le morceau. Néanmoins ma track en feat favorite est bien FLEX SANS CASH 2. Suite d’une classique de Dieu de la neige, le couplet de Mitch m’a vraiment renversé. Je ne me souviens pas avoir entendu de ses morceaux avant donc je n’avais aucune attente ce qui a accentué ma surprise face à la qualité de ce dernier.

Mais la patisserie la plus savoureuse de ce projet c’est bien sûr le morceau PAUL WALKER. Mano semble survoler le morceau, tout les astres sont alignés pour donner un morceau qui donne envie de taper des drifts dans des centres villes. Cobra Sound délivre ici une de ses meilleures compositions, participant grandement à la réussite du morceau.

Certes, la chronique peut vous sembler lourde avec son côté review track par track mais c’est que je n’ai pas trouvé de meilleur moyen de parler du disque. En effet, à la fois ultra cohérent en lui même mais aussi dans l’univers de Mano, il n’en est pas moins 10 tracks totalement uniques qui s’autosuffisent. C’est cela la réelle force du projet, et plus largement de l’univers musical de Mano.

En bref, un excellent projet aussi bien pour celleux qui connaissent et aiment déjà Mano Qatsi que pour celleux qui ne le connaîteraient pas.

Le projet est dispo sur toutes les plateformes de streaming, soundcloud et en téléchargement gratuit sur datpiff.

[topbooksinhealth]

No More Kidney Stones - John S. Rodman, MD, R. Ernest Sosa, MD, Cynthia Seidman, MS, RD & Rory Jones http://dlvr.it/RGcSMm http://dlvr.it/RGcSMm