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johniac · 10 days ago

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Working with Claude (3.5 Sonnet )

Identifying Woody Forest Debris

JV what is the name given woody materials that naturally fall from trees in a forest

The term for woody materials that naturally fall from trees in a forest is deadfall.

Deadfall typically includes:

Fallen branches Twigs Bark Entire fallen trees This material is an important part of forest ecosystems, providing habitat for various organisms and contributing to nutrient cycling as it decomposes. Would you like me to elaborate on the ecological importance of deadfall or its uses?

how much deadfall would an acre of poplar trees generate

To estimate the amount of deadfall generated by an acre of poplar trees, we need to consider several factors. However, it's important to note that this can vary significantly based on the specific conditions. Here's an approximate calculation:

Tree density: A typical poplar plantation might have about 500-700 trees per acre. Deadfall rate: Poplars, being fast-growing and relatively short-lived trees, produce more deadfall than many other species. On average, they might lose about 1-2% of their biomass annually as deadfall. Tree size: Let's assume mature poplars of about 50 feet tall and 12 inches in diameter. Biomass calculation: Such a tree might have about 1,500-2,000 pounds of above-ground biomass. So, for an acre with 600 trees:

Total biomass: 600 x 1,750 lbs = 1,050,000 lbs Annual deadfall at 1.5%: 1,050,000 x 0.015 = 15,750 lbs or about 7.9 tons per acre per year This is a rough estimate and could vary based on:

Age of the trees Local climate conditions Soil quality Presence of diseases or pests Wind exposure Management practices Would you like me to elaborate on any part of this calculation or discuss factors that might increase or decrease deadfall production?

JV what chmicals are produced from acetone

Acetone is an important industrial solvent and chemical intermediate. It's used to produce various chemicals through different reactions. Here are some key chemicals produced from acetone:

Methyl methacrylate (MMA): A precursor to plexiglass and other acrylic products. Bisphenol A (BPA): Used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Diacetone alcohol: A solvent and chemical intermediate. Mesityl oxide: Used in the production of methyl isobutyl ketone. Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): A solvent used in paints and resins. Isophorone: Used in some paints, resins, and pesticides.* Acetone cyanohydrin: An intermediate in methyl methacrylate production. Diisopropyl ether: A solvent and fuel additive. Cumene: An intermediate in phenol production. Acetone peroxide: Used as an initiator for some polymerization reactions (also known for its use in improvised explosives, though this is not an intended industrial application). This list covers some of the main chemicals, but there are others. Would you like me to elaborate on any specific chemical or process?

JV how is bisphenol A made from phenol and acetone

Bisphenol A (BPA) is synthesized from phenol and acetone through a condensation reaction. Here's a step-by-step explanation of the process:

Reactants: 2 moles of phenol (C6H5OH) 1 mole of acetone (CH3COCH3) Reaction conditions: Acidic catalyst (typically hydrochloric acid or a sulfonated polystyrene resin) Temperature around 50-90°C (122-194°F) Excess phenol is usually used to drive the reaction to completion Reaction steps: a. The acetone molecule is protonated by the acid catalyst, making it more electrophilic. b. One phenol molecule attacks the protonated acetone, forming a bond. c. Water is eliminated, creating a carbocation intermediate. d. A second phenol molecule attacks this carbocation. e. The catalyst is regenerated as the final product forms. Overall reaction: 2 C6H5OH + CH3COCH3 → (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 + H2O Purification: After the reaction, the crude BPA is purified, typically through processes like distillation and recrystallization. The resulting molecule, Bisphenol A, has two phenol groups connected by a central carbon atom from the acetone, with two methyl groups also attached to this central carbon.

This process is efficient and widely used in industry, though there are ongoing efforts to develop alternative methods due to concerns about BPA's potential health effects.

Would you like me to elaborate on any part of this process or discuss the properties and uses of BPA?

JV can biomass be a source of phenol

Yes, biomass can indeed be a source of phenol. This is an area of growing interest in the field of renewable chemicals. Here's an overview of how biomass can be used to produce phenol:

Lignin conversion: Lignin, a major component of woody biomass, is a rich source of aromatic compounds including phenol. Methods include: Pyrolysis (heating in the absence of oxygen) Catalytic depolymerization Oxidative processes Biomass gasification: Biomass is converted to syngas (CO + H2), which can then be used to synthesize phenol. Fermentation: Some microorganisms can produce phenol from renewable resources like glucose. Dehydration of bio-derived cyclohexanol: Cyclohexanol can be produced from biomass and then dehydrogenated to phenol. Conversion of lignin-derived bio-oils: Bio-oils produced from fast pyrolysis of biomass contain phenolic compounds that can be extracted or further processed. Hydrothermal liquefaction: Biomass is treated with hot compressed water, producing a bio-crude that contains phenolic compounds. These methods are at various stages of development, from lab-scale to pilot plants. The main challenges include:

Improving yield and selectivity Developing efficient separation and purification methods Scaling up processes to be economically competitive with petroleum-derived phenol Would you like more details on any of these methods or information about the current state of bio-based phenol production?

JV which of these methods is the most efficient

Determining the most efficient method for producing phenol from biomass is complex, as efficiency can be measured in different ways (e.g., yield, energy consumption, cost-effectiveness, environmental impact). However, based on current research and development, I can provide some insights:

Lignin conversion: This is often considered one of the most promising approaches due to lignin's abundance and high aromatic content. Among lignin conversion methods: Catalytic depolymerization shows high potential for efficiency, with some studies reporting yields of phenolic compounds up to 10-20% by weight of lignin. Fast pyrolysis of lignin can achieve phenol yields of 1-5% by weight, with the advantage of producing other valuable co-products. Biomass gasification: While this method is well-established for other chemicals, it's generally less efficient for phenol specifically due to the multiple conversion steps required. Fermentation: This method is still in early stages for phenol production and currently has relatively low yields compared to other methods. Dehydration of bio-derived cyclohexanol: This can be quite efficient in terms of atom economy, but the overall process efficiency depends on how the cyclohexanol is produced from biomass. Hydrothermal liquefaction: This method can be efficient in terms of energy use, as it doesn't require drying the biomass. However, the yield of phenol specifically (as opposed to a mixture of phenolic compounds) is often lower than some other methods. Currently, lignin conversion methods, particularly catalytic depolymerization, are often cited as having the highest potential for efficiency at scale. However, it's important to note that:

The field is rapidly evolving, with new catalysts and processes being developed. Efficiency can vary greatly depending on the specific type of biomass used. The most efficient method in the lab may not always be the most practical at industrial scale. For the most up-to-date information on efficiencies, you might want to check recent review articles in journals focused on biomass conversion or green chemistry. Would you like me to elaborate on any specific aspect of these methods?

JV?

The health risks posed by free bisphenol A (BPA) in polycarbonates and epoxy polymers are similar in nature, but there are some nuances to consider:

Chemical structure: In both polycarbonates and epoxy polymers, BPA is the starting monomer. The chemical bonding is different, which can affect the rate of BPA release. Release mechanism: Polycarbonates: BPA can leach out due to hydrolysis, especially at higher temperatures or in the presence of acidic or basic conditions. Epoxy polymers: Unreacted BPA monomers or those formed by polymer degradation can migrate out. Exposure levels: Generally, epoxy resins tend to have higher levels of free BPA compared to polycarbonates. This is partly due to differences in the polymerization process and the potential for incomplete curing in epoxies. Use cases: Polycarbonates are often used in food containers and water bottles. Epoxy resins are commonly used as coatings in food cans and as adhesives. The different applications can lead to varying exposure patterns. Environmental factors: Heat, UV light, and certain chemicals can accelerate the breakdown of both materials, potentially increasing BPA release. Regulatory perspective: Many regulatory bodies consider the risk from both sources, but may have stricter controls on epoxy resins used in food contact materials due to potentially higher migration rates. Research focus: More studies have been conducted on BPA leaching from polycarbonates, particularly in the context of reusable water bottles and food containers. In summary, while the fundamental health concerns are similar (e.g., endocrine disruption), the risk profile can differ based on the polymer type, application, and exposure conditions. Epoxy polymers might pose a slightly higher risk due to potentially higher levels of free BPA, but this can vary greatly depending on specific formulations and use cases.

It's worth noting that ongoing research and regulatory scrutiny have led to the development of BPA-free alternatives for both polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Would you like more information on these alternatives or on specific health effects associated with BPA exposure?

**JV provide examples of BPA-free alternatives for both polycarbonates and epoxy resins

Certainly. The concern over potential health effects of BPA has led to the development of various alternatives for both polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Here are some examples:

For Polycarbonates:

Tritan copolyester: Developed by Eastman Chemical Company Used in water bottles, food containers, and medical devices BPA-free and reportedly more durable than polycarbonate Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG): A modified version of PET with improved impact resistance Used in food packaging and medical devices Polypropylene (PP): A common plastic with good chemical resistance Often used for food containers and bottle caps Polylactic acid (PLA): A biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources like corn starch Used in food packaging and disposable tableware Acrylic (PMMA): Clear plastic with good optical properties Used in displays, lenses, and some food containers For Epoxy Resins:

Bisphenol F (BPF) based epoxies: Similar to BPA-based epoxies but with potentially less estrogenic activity Used in coatings, adhesives, and composites Bisphenol S (BPS) based epoxies: Another BPA alternative, though some studies suggest it may have similar health concerns Used in thermal paper and some food contact materials Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO): A bio-based alternative derived from soybean oil Used in coatings and as a plasticizer Novolac epoxies: Derived from phenol and formaldehyde Used in high-performance applications due to their heat and chemical resistance Cycloaliphatic epoxies: Offer good UV resistance and low viscosity Used in outdoor applications and electronics Glycidyl ether of cardanol: Derived from cashew nut shell liquid, a renewable resource Used in coatings and composites Isosorbide-based epoxies: Derived from corn starch Used in coatings and composites It's important to note that while these alternatives are BPA-free, some may have their own potential health or environmental concerns that are still being studied. The suitability of each alternative depends on the specific application requirements, including mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and regulatory compliance.

Would you like more information on any of these alternatives or their specific applications?

**JV can formaldehyde be economcally produced from biomass

Yes, formaldehyde can be economically produced from biomass. This approach aligns with the growing interest in renewable chemical feedstocks. Here's an overview of the process and its economic viability:

Main production routes: a) Methanol route: Biomass is first converted to syngas (CO + H2) Syngas is then converted to methanol Methanol is oxidized to formaldehyde b) Direct conversion: Some processes aim to produce formaldehyde directly from biomass pyrolysis or gasification Biomass sources: Wood waste Agricultural residues Energy crops Municipal solid waste Economic factors: a) Feedstock availability and cost: Biomass can be cheaper than fossil fuels in some regions Transportation costs can significantly impact overall economics b) Process efficiency: Improvements in catalysts and process integration are making bio-based routes more competitive c) Scale: Larger plants generally have better economics, but biomass supply chains may favor smaller, distributed production d) Co-products: Valorization of by-products can improve overall economics e) Policy incentives: Carbon pricing, renewable chemical credits, and other policies can make bio-based formaldehyde more competitive Current status: Several pilot and demonstration plants exist Some commercial-scale plants are operating, particularly in regions with abundant biomass Challenges: Ensuring consistent biomass quality Competing with well-established fossil-based production Optimizing the multi-step process for biomass-to-formaldehyde Future prospects: Ongoing research into more efficient catalysts and process designs Integration with biorefineries producing multiple products can improve overall economics While biomass-derived formaldehyde is not yet dominant in the market, it is becoming increasingly viable. The economic competitiveness varies by region and is influenced by factors like local biomass availability, energy costs, and policy environments.

Would you like more details on any specific aspect of biomass-to-formaldehyde production or its economic considerations?

JV elaborate on the processes that produce formaldehyde directly from biomass

Certainly. The direct production of formaldehyde from biomass, without going through methanol as an intermediate, is an area of ongoing research and development. These processes aim to simplify production and potentially improve overall efficiency. Here are the main approaches being explored:

Fast Pyrolysis: Process: Rapid heating of biomass (400-600°C) in the absence of oxygen. Outcome: Produces bio-oil containing formaldehyde and other compounds. Challenges: a) Separating formaldehyde from the complex bio-oil mixture. b) Dealing with tar formation and reactor fouling. Advantages: Can process a wide variety of biomass feedstocks. Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis: Process: Similar to fast pyrolysis but uses catalysts to guide product formation. Catalysts: Zeolites, metal oxides, or supported metal catalysts. Goal: Increase selectivity towards formaldehyde and other valuable chemicals. Current status: Still mainly at the research stage, with ongoing work to improve catalyst performance and longevity. Gasification followed by Partial Oxidation: Process: a) Biomass is first gasified to produce syngas. b) The syngas then undergoes partial oxidation to form formaldehyde. Catalysts: Silver or copper-based catalysts are often used for the partial oxidation step. Advantage: Can potentially integrate with existing gasification infrastructure. Hydrothermal Processing: Process: Biomass is treated in hot, pressurized water (200-400°C, 20-200 bar). Outcome: Produces a range of chemicals including formaldehyde. Advantage: Can process wet biomass without drying. Challenge: Controlling selectivity towards formaldehyde. Plasma-assisted Conversion: Process: Uses plasma technology to break down biomass at lower temperatures. Current status: Mostly experimental, with potential for energy efficiency. Challenge: Scaling up the technology and controlling product distribution. Microwave-assisted Pyrolysis: Process: Uses microwave heating for rapid, volumetric heating of biomass. Potential advantages: Faster reaction times and potentially better control over product formation. Current status: Mainly at laboratory scale, with ongoing research into scalability. Key Challenges Across These Processes:

Selectivity: Improving formaldehyde yield while minimizing unwanted by-products. Separation: Developing efficient methods to isolate formaldehyde from complex product mixtures. Scalability: Moving from lab-scale to industrial-scale production while maintaining efficiency. Feedstock variability: Designing processes that can handle the inherent variability in biomass composition. These direct conversion methods are still primarily in the research and development phase. Their economic viability compared to the established methanol route depends on further technological advancements and process optimizations. Researchers are particularly focused on improving catalysts and reactor designs to enhance formaldehyde selectivity and yield.

Would you like more information on any specific aspect of these processes or the challenges involved in their development?

JV are producers of novolac polymers vertically integrated with captive phenol and formaldehyde production

The vertical integration of novolac polymer producers with captive phenol and formaldehyde production varies across the industry, but there is a trend towards integration, especially among larger companies. Here's an overview of the situation:

Degree of integration: Fully integrated: Some large chemical companies produce phenol, formaldehyde, and novolac resins. Partially integrated: Others may produce one of the raw materials (usually formaldehyde) and purchase the other. Non-integrated: Smaller specialty resin producers often purchase both phenol and formaldehyde. Reasons for integration: Supply security: Ensures stable supply of critical raw materials. Cost control: Can potentially reduce costs through economies of scale. Quality control: Better oversight of raw material quality. Flexibility: Ability to adjust production based on market demands. Examples of integrated producers: Some major chemical companies have operations spanning phenol, formaldehyde, and various phenolic resins including novolacs. However, I should avoid naming specific companies without verifying current information. Formaldehyde integration: More common than phenol integration due to: a) Simpler production process b) Lower capital requirements c) Formaldehyde's limited storage/transport options due to its reactive nature Phenol integration: Less common due to: a) Complex production process (cumene process) b) High capital costs c) Large scale required for economic viability Regional variations: Integration levels can vary by region based on local market dynamics and raw material availability. Market trends: Increasing consolidation in the industry has led to more vertically integrated operations. However, specialty producers focusing on high-performance or niche novolac resins often remain non-integrated. Challenges of integration: High initial capital investment Need for expertise across multiple chemical processes Potential overcapacity in some product lines Future outlook: Continued trend towards integration among larger players Potential for increased bio-based raw material integration (e.g., bio-based phenol or formaldehyde) It's worth noting that the degree of integration can change over time as companies adjust their strategies in response to market conditions, technological advancements, and regulatory environments.

Would you like more information on any specific aspect of the novolac resin industry or its raw material supply chain?

JV estimate the costs asociated with phenol and formaldehyde production from biomass

and by current technology

To estimate the costs associated with phenol and formaldehyde production from biomass and current (primarily fossil-based) technology, we need to consider several factors. Please note that these are rough estimates and can vary significantly based on location, scale, and specific technologies used.

Let's break this down for each chemical:

Phenol Production A. Current Technology (Cumene Process):

Estimated cost: $1,000 - $1,300 per metric ton Major cost factors: Benzene (main feedstock): ~60-70% of cost Energy: ~15-20% of cost Capital and operating expenses: ~10-15% of cost B. Biomass-based Production:

Estimated cost: $1,500 - $2,500 per metric ton Major cost factors: Biomass feedstock: ~40-50% of cost Processing (including pretreatment and catalysis): ~30-40% of cost Energy: ~10-15% of cost Capital expenses: ~15-20% of cost Formaldehyde Production A. Current Technology (Methanol Oxidation):

Estimated cost: $300 - $500 per metric ton Major cost factors: Methanol (feedstock): ~60-70% of cost Energy: ~10-15% of cost Capital and operating expenses: ~15-20% of cost B. Biomass-based Production:

Estimated cost: $400 - $700 per metric ton Major cost factors: Biomass feedstock: ~30-40% of cost Processing (gasification, synthesis): ~35-45% of cost Energy: ~10-15% of cost Capital expenses: ~15-20% of cost Key Observations:

Biomass-based production is generally more expensive due to: Higher processing costs (more complex conversion steps) Lower economies of scale (typically smaller plants) Variability in biomass quality and composition The cost gap is smaller for formaldehyde than for phenol, partly because: Formaldehyde production from biomass is more established The conventional process for phenol is highly optimized and integrated Factors that could change these economics: Carbon pricing or other environmental regulations Technological improvements in biomass conversion Changes in fossil fuel prices Government incentives for bio-based chemicals Regional variations can be significant based on: Availability and cost of biomass Energy costs Labor costs Scale of production The biomass route may become more competitive as technology improves and if fossil fuel prices increase. These estimates are based on general industry trends and may not reflect the most recent technological developments or specific company data. Would you like me to elaborate on any specific aspect of these cost estimates or the factors influencing them?

Claude can make mistakes. Please double-check responses.

=End=

#AI #Claude #Renewables #CircularEconomy

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mdcmould · 4 months ago

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Is Compression Molding Expensive?

Compression molding is a widely used manufacturing process in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, and consumer goods. It involves placing a material, usually a thermosetting polymer, into a heated mold cavity, where it is compressed and cured to take the shape of the mold. This technique is known for producing high-strength and durable parts, but is it expensive? To answer this question comprehensively, we must consider various factors that influence the cost of compression molding.

Factors Influencing the Cost of Compression Molding

1. Material Costs

The choice of material is a primary factor in determining the cost of compression molding. Thermosetting polymers like phenolic, epoxy, and polyester are commonly used. These materials vary in price based on their properties, such as thermal resistance, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance. Advanced materials like carbon fiber-reinforced composites are significantly more expensive than standard polymers, but they offer superior performance for high-end applications.

2. Tooling Costs

Tooling, or mold creation, is a substantial upfront investment in compression molding. The cost of designing and manufacturing a mold depends on its complexity, size, and the material used. High-precision molds made from durable metals like steel are more expensive but essential for producing high-quality parts with tight tolerances. For lower production volumes, using less expensive materials like aluminum for molds can reduce costs, but they may not last as long.

3. Production Volume

4. Cycle Time

Cycle time refers to the time required to complete one molding cycle, including loading the material, heating, compressing, curing, and cooling. Shorter cycle times can increase production rates and reduce labor costs. However, achieving shorter cycle times may require advanced equipment and optimized process parameters, which can increase initial costs.

5. Labor Costs

The complexity of the compression molding process and the level of automation involved can affect labor costs. Manual operations increase labor costs and the likelihood of human error. Investing in automated systems can reduce labor costs and improve consistency and quality but requires higher initial capital.

6. Post-Molding Operations

Additional processes, such as trimming, machining, painting, or assembly, add to the overall cost of compression-molded parts. The need for these operations depends on the part design and end-use requirements. Simplifying part design and minimizing post-molding operations can help reduce costs.

Cost Comparison with Other Molding Techniques

Injection Molding

Injection molding, another popular molding technique, often competes with compression molding. Injection molding is typically more cost-effective for high-volume production due to faster cycle times and lower labor costs. However, for large, thick-walled parts or those requiring high mechanical strength, compression molding may be more suitable despite potentially higher costs.

Transfer Molding

Transfer molding is similar to compression molding but involves transferring the material from a chamber into the mold. It offers better control over material flow and is ideal for intricate parts with complex geometries. While transfer molding can be more expensive due to additional equipment and process steps, it provides higher precision and reduced material wastage.

Blow Molding

Strategies to Reduce Compression Molding Costs

Material Selection

Choosing cost-effective materials that meet performance requirements is crucial. Collaborating with material suppliers to identify suitable alternatives can lead to significant cost savings without compromising quality.

Tooling Optimization

Investing in high-quality, durable molds can reduce long-term costs by minimizing maintenance and replacement expenses. Additionally, designing molds for ease of manufacturing and maintenance can improve efficiency.

Process Optimization

Implementing advanced process control systems and optimizing cycle times can enhance productivity and reduce labor costs. Continuous monitoring and adjustment of process parameters ensure consistent quality and minimize material wastage.

Design for Manufacturability (DFM)

Designing parts with manufacturability in mind can simplify the molding process, reduce cycle times, and minimize post-molding operations. Collaboration between design engineers and manufacturing experts during the early stages of product development is essential for achieving cost-effective designs.

Conclusion

Is compression molding expensive? The answer depends on various factors, including material costs, tooling expenses, production volume, cycle time, labor costs, and post-molding operations. While compression molding may have higher upfront costs compared to some other molding techniques, it offers unique advantages for producing high-strength, durable parts with complex geometries. By carefully considering these factors and implementing cost-saving strategies, manufacturers can optimize the cost-effectiveness of compression molding for their specific applications.

In summary, the perceived expense of compression molding must be weighed against its benefits and suitability for the intended application. When done correctly, compression molding can be a cost-effective solution that delivers high-quality parts with excellent performance characteristics.

#compression mold #compression tooling #compression molding #compression mould

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jedyfwf · 6 months ago

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Global Cumene Market Analysis: Assessing Growth Opportunities

Cumene, a vital chemical compound with diverse industrial applications, holds a significant position in the global petrochemical sector. This blog delves into the dynamics of the global cumene market, analyzing key drivers, applications across industries, emerging trends, and future growth opportunities.

Understanding the Cumene Market:

Cumene (isopropylbenzene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon derived from benzene and propylene through the cumene process. It serves primarily as a key intermediate in the production of acetone and phenol, which find extensive use in various downstream industries.

Market Dynamics:

Acetone and Phenol Production: The primary application of cumene lies in the production of acetone and phenol, which are essential chemicals utilized in manufacturing plastics, resins, pharmaceuticals, and solvents.

Polycarbonate and Epoxy Resins: Cumene-derived phenol is a crucial raw material for producing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, which are widely used in automotive, construction, electronics, and aerospace industries.

Solvent Applications: Cumene finds use as a solvent in various applications such as paint thinners, cleaning agents, adhesives, and coatings, owing to its solubility properties and low toxicity.

Fuel Additives and Lubricants: Certain derivatives of cumene are utilized as fuel additives and lubricant components, contributing to enhanced performance and efficiency in automotive and industrial applications.

Applications Across Industries:

Chemical Manufacturing: Acetone, phenol, polycarbonates, epoxy resins.

Solvents and Cleaners: Paint thinners, adhesives, coatings, cleaning agents.

Automotive and Aerospace: Polycarbonate plastics, fuel additives, lubricants.

Pharmaceuticals: Drug intermediates, pharmaceutical solvents.

Market Trends:

Shift towards Phenol Derivatives: Growing demand for phenol derivatives such as bisphenol-A (BPA) for polycarbonates and epoxy resins drives cumene market growth, particularly in the plastics and coatings sectors.

Technological Advancements: Innovations in cumene production processes, catalyst technologies, and sustainability initiatives lead to enhanced efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and cost optimization.

Focus on Sustainable Practices: Industry players are investing in bio-based cumene production methods, recycling initiatives, and eco-friendly processes to align with sustainability goals and regulatory requirements.

Future Prospects:

The global cumene market is poised for steady growth, driven by robust demand for acetone, phenol, and their derivatives across diverse industries. Innovations in production technologies, green initiatives, and strategic collaborations will shape the market's evolution and competitiveness.

Conclusion:

Cumene plays a vital role as a key intermediate in the production of acetone, phenol, and downstream chemicals crucial to various industries. Navigating the cumene market requires awareness of market trends, technological advancements, and regulatory landscapes. With a focus on innovation, sustainability, and meeting evolving industry demands, the cumene market presents promising opportunities for growth and strategic partnerships in the global petrochemical sector.

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chemanalystdata · 6 months ago

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Cumene Prices Trend, Price, Monitor, News, Analytics and Forecast | ChemAnalyst

Cumene Prices: For the Quarter Ending March 2024

Cumene prices are a crucial indicator within the petrochemical industry, influencing various sectors and impacting global economic trends. Derived from benzene and propylene through the alkylation process, cumene serves as a fundamental building block for the production of phenol and acetone, which are extensively utilized in the manufacturing of plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals. Understanding the dynamics behind cumene pricing requires a nuanced grasp of market forces, supply chain intricacies, and geopolitical factors.

The pricing of cumene is intricately linked to the fluctuations in feedstock costs, particularly benzene and propylene. Benzene, primarily sourced from crude oil refining or steam cracking of naphtha, represents a significant portion of cumene production expenses. Therefore, any shifts in crude oil prices, influenced by geopolitical tensions, production quotas, or demand-supply imbalances, can ripple through to cumene pricing. Similarly, propylene, obtained predominantly from steam cracking of hydrocarbons or as a byproduct of ethylene production, plays a pivotal role in determining cumene prices. Any disruptions in propylene supply, such as plant outages or changes in demand from downstream sectors like polypropylene manufacturing, can exert considerable pressure on cumene prices.

Get Real Time Prices of Cumene: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/cumene-1091

Moreover, the demand for phenol and acetone, the primary derivatives of cumene, profoundly impacts its pricing dynamics. Phenol, utilized in the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonates, and pharmaceuticals, witnesses varying demand patterns across industries. For instance, the construction sector's growth drives the demand for epoxy resins, whereas the pharmaceutical industry relies on phenol for manufacturing drugs like aspirin. Similarly, acetone finds extensive application as a solvent in nail polish removers, paints, and coatings, with its demand closely tied to consumer spending patterns and industrial activity.

Furthermore, regional dynamics and trade relationships play a pivotal role in cumene pricing. The emergence of new production hubs, such as the Middle East, has altered the traditional supply-demand dynamics, introducing new competitive pressures. Additionally, trade policies, tariffs, and agreements can influence the flow of cumene and its derivatives across borders, impacting regional prices and market dynamics.

Environmental regulations and sustainability concerns also exert influence on cumene pricing. As industries face mounting pressure to reduce emissions and adopt cleaner production processes, investments in eco-friendly technologies and renewable feedstocks may impact the cost structure of cumene production. Furthermore, the shift towards circular economy models, emphasizing recycling and resource efficiency, could reshape the demand for virgin cumene and its derivatives in the long run.

In the realm of speculation and investment, cumene prices serve as a barometer for assessing market sentiment and predicting future trends. Traders and analysts closely monitor factors such as inventory levels, production capacities, and macroeconomic indicators to gauge the trajectory of cumene prices. Additionally, derivatives markets offer avenues for hedging against price volatility, providing stability for stakeholders across the supply chain.

In conclusion, cumene prices are influenced by a myriad of factors, ranging from feedstock costs and demand dynamics to geopolitical tensions and environmental considerations. Understanding these intricacies is essential for stakeholders across industries, enabling them to navigate market fluctuations, optimize supply chain strategies, and make informed decisions in an increasingly complex global landscape.

Get Real Time Prices of Cumene: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/cumene-1091

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#Cumene Prices #Cumene

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chemicalresearchupdates · 2 years ago

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Pipe Coatings Market Growth Statistics 2023 | Competitive Landscape and Restraining Factors

The pipe coatings market is a segment of the global coatings industry that deals with the application of coatings on pipes used in various industries such as oil and gas, water and wastewater, chemicals, and others. Pipe coatings are used to protect pipes from corrosion, abrasion, and other damages, and to improve their performance and lifespan. The global pipe coatings market was valued at USD 8.5 billion in 2020 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% from 2021 to 2028.

Types of Pipe Coatings

Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings (FBE) FBE coatings are one of the most commonly used types of pipe coatings. They are applied by heating the pipe to a high temperature and then applying an epoxy powder to it. The powder melts and forms a coating that adheres strongly to the pipe.

Polyethylene Coatings (PE) PE coatings are thermoplastic coatings that are applied by extruding molten polyethylene onto the surface of the pipe. They are resistant to abrasion and have excellent impact resistance, making them suitable for use in harsh environments.

Polyurethane Coatings (PU) PU coatings are applied by spraying or brushing onto the surface of the pipe. They provide excellent resistance to abrasion, chemicals, and weathering, making them ideal for use in marine and offshore environments.

Coal Tar Enamel (CTE) Coatings CTE coatings are made by heating coal tar to a high temperature and then applying it to the pipe. They are highly resistant to water and chemicals and have a long lifespan.

Others Other types of pipe coatings include epoxy novolac coatings, epoxy phenolic coatings, and acrylic coatings.

Applications of Pipe Coatings

Oil and Gas Pipe coatings are used extensively in the oil and gas industry to protect pipelines from corrosion and abrasion. They are also used to improve the flow of oil and gas through the pipeline.

Water and Wastewater Pipe coatings are used in the water and wastewater industry to protect pipes from corrosion and to improve their durability. They are also used to prevent contamination of the water supply.

Chemicals Pipe coatings are used in the chemicals industry to protect pipes from corrosive chemicals and to improve their lifespan. They are also used to prevent leaks and spills.

Others Pipe coatings are used in various other industries such as food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and pulp and paper, to protect pipes from corrosion and to improve their performance.

Regional Markets

North America North America is the largest market for pipe coatings, driven by the oil and gas industry, which accounts for a significant share of the market.

Europe Europe is another significant market for pipe coatings, driven by the increasing demand from the water and wastewater and oil and gas industries.

Asia Pacific The Asia Pacific market is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period, driven by the increasing demand from the oil and gas and water and wastewater industries in the region.

Key Players in the Market

AkzoNobel N.V.

BASF SE

PPG Industries, Inc.

The Sherwin-Williams Company

Axalta Coating Systems LLC

Hempel A/S

Jotun A/S

Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.

Nippon Paint Holdings Co., Ltd.

Teknos Group Oy

Conclusion

The pipe coatings market is a growing segment of the global coatings industry, driven by the increasing demand for protective coatings in various industries. The market is expected to grow at a significant pace in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand from the oil and

#Pipe Coatings Market #Pipe Coatings Market Growth #Pipe Coatings Market Trends

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mohitjoshi041 · 2 years ago

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Detailed explanation of the para-tert-butyl-phenol functionalization

Para Tertiary Butylphenol is a chemical with molecular formula C10H14O, and it is also known as p-tert Butylphenol, 4-tert-Butylphenol. It has a molecular weight of 150.2 g/mol, and you can buy this chemical in the form of molten PTBP, white flakes, or crystals. With a CAS number of 88-18-6, this chemical is insoluble in water and has a disinfectant-like odor.

From an olefin composition containing a minor amount of n-butane and isobutylene codimers and a major amount of isobutylene, high-purity para-tertiary butyl-phenol is formed. Read more to get a detailed explanation of the functionality of para-tertiary butyl-phenol:

Manufacturing of para-tert-butyl-phenol

The manufacturing process of para-tert-butyl-phenol involves the reaction of phenol with isobutylene in the presence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The reaction takes place under high pressure and temperature, resulting in the formation of the para-tert-butyl-phenol compound.

The process begins with the preparation of the reaction mixture. Phenol and isobutylene are loaded into a reactor vessel and stirred continuously. The catalyst is then added slowly, and the temperature and pressure are increased to promote the reaction.

Once the reaction has occurred, the mixture is cooled and neutralized to remove the acidic catalyst. Any unreacted starting materials and impurities are removed through a distillation process. The final product, para-tert-butyl-phenol, is then packaged and shipped for use in various applications.

Functionalization of para-tert-butyl-phenol

Para-tert-butyl-phenol is a common phenolic compound widely used in various applications. The functionalization of para-tert-butyl-phenol involves modifying its chemical structure to enhance its properties and expand its applications.

One of the most common methods of fictionalization is esterification, where butylphenol is reacted with carboxylic acids to form esters. The resulting esters exhibit improved solubility, stability, and properties such as antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Amino functionalization is another widely used method involving the reaction of para-tert-butyl-phenol with various amines to produce amine derivatives. These derivatives are used in various applications, such as in the development of medicines, lubricants, and surfactants.

Other functionalization methods include alkylation, acylation, and sulfonation, which yield compounds with different properties and applications. The functionalization of para-tert-butyl-phenol is a versatile process that allows for the development of a wide range of products with enhanced properties to meet various industrial needs.

Uses of para-tert-butyl-phenol

Phenolic resigns account for nearly 60-70% of the PTBT used across the world. They are used in many applications like paints, coating resigns, rubber-based adhesives, and printing inks. It is also used in the chain termination of polycarbonates and manufacturing industrial varnishes.

This chemical’s glycidyl ether is used as epoxy resigns hardener. The next major use of the four tert butyl-phenol is for making aromatic compounds and perfume chemicals. 4-tertiary butyl phenol made from hydrogenation is used in detergents and soaps.

In addition to its use in manufacturing UV stabilizers, insecticides, and oil additives, this chemical is used in producing leather chemicals.

Final thoughts

Vinati Organics is one of the leading manufacturers of PTBP and ortho tertiary butyl phenol chemicals and their organic intermediaries. They have built a strong reputation in more than 35 countries with their capability to research and develop eco-friendly chemicals with higher purity. Without any delay approach, Vinati Organic for PTBP chemical needs.

#para-tert-butyl-phenol

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my-123 · 2 years ago

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Epoxy Paints Market Outlook, Current and Future Industry Landscape Analysis by 2032

The global epoxy paints market is projected to register a stable CAGR of 5% during the forecast years (2022-2032). Versatility plays a key role in promoting sales of epoxy paints.

Epoxy resins that are available in the market are known as epoxy paints and are used for painting and coating building walls or floors. Being one of the most versatile compounds, Epoxy resins are widely used in the Orth phthalic and polyester family. These are also known as polyepoxides, which belong to the category of reactive prepolymers and polymers that contain the epoxide group.

Epoxy resins react with themselves or with other co-reactants which include phenols, acids, alcohols, polyfunctional amines, and thiols among others. Petroleum is the raw material required to industrially manufacture epoxy resins. Some of the plant-derived sources are gaining traction in manufacturing epoxy resins. Epoxy resins are polymeric or semi-polymeric materials and thus, rarely exist in their pure state.

Key Players

Momentive Performance Materials

Kukdo Chemical

Huntsman Corporation

The Dow Chemical Company

Cytec Industries Incorporation

Aditya Birla Chemicals Ltd.

NAMA Chemicals

LEUNA-Harze GmbH

Spolchemie A.S.

Download Sample Copy of Report @ https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/rep-gb-168

Key Segments

By Source

Petroleum based

Plant based

By Physical form

Solid

liquid

Solution

By Application

Building & Construction

Aerospace

Wind Power

Marine

Consumer Goods

Others

More Insights into Epoxy Paints Market

Asia Pacific market is considered the largest manufacturer of epoxy resins owing to the presence of large manufacturers in China. The presence of many manufacturers coupled with their huge production capacities is expected to boost the overall growth of the epoxy paint market.

Europe is yet another emerging market in the global sphere accounting for major consumers in the market. The demand for epoxy resins is gradually growing in North America due to the increase in demand for epoxy paint as the flooring material in living spaces.

The environmentally friendly features of epoxy resins are further expected to augment the overall demand in the market. Therefore, the growing consumer awareness of environment-friendly products coupled with the presence of stringent environmental regulations is expected to further boost the overall growth of the market.

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custom-printed-folding-cartons · 2 years ago

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How is Resin Derived?

Resin is a solid and highly viscous substance that can be naturally sourced from plants or derived from synthetic materials whose natural origin were convertible to polymers.

Plants secrete resins as their protective adaptation to injuries or against harmful insects and pathogens. Wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens are confounded with resin. Volatile phenolic compounds attract benefactors such as parasitoids or predators of the herbivores that attack plants.

Plant resins are valued for the production of varnishes, adhesives, and food glazing agents. They are also prized as raw materials for the synthesis of other organic compounds and provide constituents of incense and perfume.

The hard transparent resins like copals, dammars, mastic, and sandarac are principally used for varnishes and adhesives. The softer odoriferous oleo-resins like the frankincense, elemi, turpentine, copaiba and the gum-resins containing oils like the ammoniacum, asafoetida, gamboge, myrrh, and scammony are more used for therapeutic purposes, food and incense.

Use of resin by humans dates back to late Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa where it was used as an adhesive for hafting stone tools. During Ancient Rome times. Resin was a highly prized substance during Ancient Rome used in making frankincense and myrrh. From French resine, Larin resina, and Greek rhetine, the word ‘resin’ has been applied in the modern world to nearly any component of a liquir that will set into a hard lacquer or enamel-like finish like the nail polish, casting resins, epoxy resins, and many other synthetic resins.

Synthetic resins are produced in many ways. Epoxy glue is derived from the bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and hardening compounds. Silicones are often prepared from silicone resins via room temperature vulcanization. Alkyd resins are hardened or cured by exposure to oxygen for use in paints and varnishes.

Resin decals are just one of the many products made of synthetic resins. They are called decals coming from the word- ‘decalcomania’ which is a technique for transferring images onto plain and smooth surfaces like glass or porcelain using heat or water. The term- ‘resin decal’ has been referred to in vernacular as ‘decorative sticker’. Decals are similar to stickers, but they don't use a sticky substance for adhering to the new surface.

A decal consists of a picture, image, pattern, or design that's printed on a special paper, plastic, or cloth. By holding a hot iron on the back of the decal, or dabbing a small amount of water on it, the image can be moved onto a new surface.

Resin stickers Brisbane are made from polyurethane. Many companies and personalities use resin stickers Brisbane for their branding and campaign. Resin decals can be customized depending on the particular theme, brand, or purpose. They come as resin stickers with attractive designs. They are often used as labels on IT equipment parts, industrial equipment and appliances, electrical goods, bottle taps, food packaging, and the like. Resin stickers Bribane are also used to enhance appearance like in garage doors, car parts and accessories, and parts of all sorts of machine parts. They come in key tags, badges, and giftware.

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nhpainting · 2 years ago

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Epoxy Finish Anticorrosion Paint for Professional Work

NH Painting offers professional protective anticorrosion paint for bridge engineering anticorrosion, ship anti-corrosion, offshore platform equipment anti-corrosion, and construction machinery anticorrosion. DQN9-92 Epoxy Finish Paint is such type of anticorrosion Paint that protects your products. It is a White Waterborne Alkali Resistant Primer with powerful permeability and high alkali resistance. For more details Call us at +86 021-54880584

#Epoxy Finish Paint #Epoxy Phenolic Paint #Epoxy Glass Flakes Paint #Epoxy Zinc Rich Primer Paint

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pranaliahuja12 · 2 years ago

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A complete description of the para-tert-butyl-phenol functionalization

Para Tertiary Butyl Phenol, or PTBP, has the molecular formula C10H14O. It is usually a clear, colorless liquid. However, sometimes it can have a pale-yellow. This is when it becomes similar to the original compound OTB from which it is manufactured. But PTBP has a strong smell like a disinfectant. Here are some of the essential features of PTBP.

Appearance and specifications of PTBP

When understanding the nature of a chemical compound, you must first analyze the appearance of the compound and its specifications. As mentioned earlier, PTBP is a phenol extract, and ortho tertiary butyl phenol CAS 88-18-6 can be of 88% purity. This is usually used in the perfume industry. The appearance and specifications of PTBP are as follows:

The appearance of the compound: White crystals

Boiling Point of the compound: 224 degrees Celsius

Density of the compound: 0.982

Understanding the appearance and specifications of the compound is necessary if you are trying to use it in the aromatic industry or add it to perfumes or similar items. This makes OTB the perfect compound in this regard. There is ongoing research on PTBP that can be used, like OTB. The primary issue is that PTBP smells like disinfectant, making it difficult to use in perfumes.

Understanding the properties of PTBP

Once you have understood the appearance and specifications of PTBP, you need to evaluate its properties. This is essential to understand its applications. The properties of PTBP are as follows:

CAS No: 88-18-6

Chemical Name: Para Tertiary Butyl Phenol

Molecular Formula: C10H14O

Formula weight: 150.22

Melting point: −7 °C

Boiling point: 224 °C

Thus, when you have understood the properties of PTBP, you will find it easier to understand its applications.

Is OTB and PTBP different

You must be aware that the primary use of OTB is in the perfume industry, and being transparent and colorless, it does not change the color of the primary ingredients used in making the perfume. The two compounds are also quite different. OTB is usually available in the liquid form while PTBP is usually purchased in its crystalline form.

Applications of PTBP

The maximum application of Para Tertiary Butylphenol is used in manufacturing rubber-based adhesives, paints, coating resins, and printing inks. The ptbp chemical acts as a stabilizing agent and can help improve the quality of industrial varnishes. PTBP is used as a chain stopper or end capper. As a polycarbonate chain stopper, it helps stabilize the industrial varnish.

It is also used in the epoxy resin industry as a compound to harden the resins. The glycidyl ether of this chemical is used as a hardener in epoxy resins.

Finally, like OTB, PTBP is also used in the aromatic industry during the hydrogenation process. In addition, it is an essential ingredient in producing aromatic soaps and detergents.

Thus, PTBP has several uses, and you will find its maximum use in the paint industry. When manufacturing varnishes, you need several stabilizing agents to produce the best results, and PTBP is one compound that can ensure it.

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informationandcommunication · 2 years ago

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Synthetic Resin Market – Forecast (2022-2027)

The Synthetic Resin Market size is projected to reach a value of US$521.6 billion by the end of 2027 after growing at a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period 2022-2027. A synthetic resin is a chemical substance that is synthesized to closely resemble the properties of its natural counterpart. Synthetic resins based on polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, formaldehyde, aliphatic, and glycidyl amine occur in a wide range of products, such as plastics, paints, and varnishes. Products that are manufactured with synthetic resins provide better long-term corrosion protection of metal substrates because of their increased durability, owing to which its market demand is being spurred. The growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants from the bolstering building and construction industry across various regions globally. However, the increasing adoption of bio-based resins as an eco-friendly alternative over the coming years is anticipated to impede the global synthetic resins market growth over the forecast period.

Synthetic Resin Market COVID-19 Impact

The COVID-19 epidemic negatively impacted the synthetic resin demand in a variety of end-use industries, including automotive, aerospace, construction, and more. Due to the closure of non-essential businesses, the outbreak had a significant impact on the aerospace, automotive, and construction industries. As demand for automobiles and aircraft dwindled, production was abruptly halted. For instance, according to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, global automotive production will fall by 16 percent in 2020. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Toyota Motor Corporation's global vehicle manufacturing in 2020 was flat at 12.6 percent year over year. Furthermore, during the pandemic, construction output was drastically decreased. According to the Office for National Statistics, the construction industry in the United Kingdom was 11.6 percent lower in July 2020 than it was in February 2020. In August 2020, the level of project construction in the United Kingdom was 10.8% lower than in February 2020. Due to this the demand for paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants significantly reduced, which impacted the Synthetic Resin Market revenue in 2020.

Report Coverage

The report: “Synthetic Resin Market Report – Forecast (2022-2027)” by IndustryARC, covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Synthetic Resin Market.

By Form: Solid, Liquid, Emulsion, and Dispersion.

By Type: Thermosetting Resins (Polyester, Vinyl Ester, Epoxy, Phenolic, Urethane, and Others), and Thermoplastic Resins (Polycarbonate, Acrylic, Nylon, Polyethylene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Polypropylene, Polybutylene Terephthalate, Vinyl, and Others).

By Application: Packaging, Printing Inks, Pipes & Hoses, Walls & Floors, Wood Finishes, Sheets & Films, Medical Devices, Paint & Coatings, Adhesives & Sealants, Electronic Fabrications, Transportation Components, and Others.

By End-use Industry: Transportation (Automotive, Aerospace, Locomotive, and Marine), Food & Beverage (Fruits & Vegetables, Dairy, Bakery, Confectionery, Poultry, Drinking Water, Soft Drinks, and Others), Personal Care & Cosmetic (Body Care, Face Care, Eye Care, Nail Care, Fragrances, and Others), Building & Construction (Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Infrastructural), Oil & Gas (On-shore, and Off-shore), Energy Generation (Wind Energy, Solar Energy, and Others), Electrical & Electronics (Generators, Transformers, Circuit Breakers, and Others), Military & Defense (Helmets, Bulletproof Jackets, and Others), Medical & Healthcare (Connectors, Surgical Equipment, Blood Reservoirs, and Others), and Others.

By Geography: North America (USA, Canada, and Mexico), Europe (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Russia, Belgium, and Rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand, Indonesia, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Rest of APAC), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Rest of South America), Rest of the World (the Middle East, and Africa).

Key Takeaways

Asia-Pacific dominates the Synthetic Resin Market, owing to the increasing transportation and construction industry in the region. The increasing per capita income and evolving lifestyle of individuals coupled with the rising population are the major factors expanding the transportation and construction industry in APAC.

Excellent properties such as toughness, resistance to several environmental factors, stability, and flame resistance, are making synthetic resin more popular in the electrical and electronics industries for manufacturing components such as printed circuit boards, electrical encapsulation circuits, components, and assembly materials.

Synthetic resins are being used in the oil & gas industry as they are an ideal match for the challenges of withstanding high-pressure, high-temperature environments. Thermoset resins have excellent thermal stability in high-pressure and high-temperature environments, allowing for more modular and robust product offerings with longer service existences.

However, increasing the adoption of bio-based resins over synthetic resins on account of their eco-friendly nature is acting as a major challenge for the global synthetic resins market during the forecast period.

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Synthetic Resin Market Segment Analysis – by Type

The thermoplastic resins segment held the largest share in the Synthetic Resin Market in 2021 and is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 4.9% during the forecast period 2022-2027. Reheating, remolding, and cooling thermoplastics without causing chemical changes is possible. The primary benefit of thermoplastics is their broad range of uses. Thermoplastics are materials with high strength, low weight, and low processing costs. Furthermore, thermoplastic materials are relatively simple to manufacture in large quantities and with high precision. Thus, all these advantages associated with thermoplastic resins are majorly contributing to its segment growth. However, the main disadvantage of using thermoplastics instead of metals is that they have a lower melting point. When low-quality thermoplastics are exposed to the sun for long periods, they can melt. This factor is restricting the thermoplastic resin segment growth over the forecast period.

Synthetic Resin Market Segment Analysis – by End-use Industry

The transportation segment held a significant share in the Synthetic Resin Market in 2021 and is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period 2022-2027, owing to the increasing usage of synthetic resins in the transportation component. The transportation industry demand high-reliability synthetic resins. Synthetic resins are known to provide excellent mechanical strength, structural support, and durability. The synthetic resin manufactured components withstand the initial impact force of installation, as well as the repeated stress of inspections and repairs. They also have high shear, compressive, flexural, and tensile strength to withstand the stresses of takeoff, flight, and landing. Synthetic resins even exhibit high strength at elevated operating temperatures and also provide insulation from heat when used to separate two components due to which they are extensively used in the transportation sector. Moreover, synthetic resins offer excellent electrical insulation properties and low toxicity/burn characteristics which minimize the damage and risk in the case of fire or explosion. Due to all these extensive characteristics of synthetic resins, it is being widely used in the transportation sector, which is anticipated to drive the Synthetic Resin Market during the forecast period.

Synthetic Resin Market Segment Analysis – by Geography

Asia-Pacific region held the largest share in the Synthetic Resin Market in 2021 up to 41% and is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period 2022-2027, owing to the increasing transportation industry in APAC countries. For instance, according to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), automotive production and Vietnam grew by 1.2 percent and 5.5 percent from the previous year to 5,71,632 and 2,50,000 units, respectively, in 2019. In November 2020, Boeing forecasted that China's airlines would spend US$1.4 trillion on 8,600 new planes and US$1.7 trillion on commercial aircraft services over the next 20 years. According to India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), India’s domestic automobile production increased at a 2.36 percent CAGR from FY16 to FY20, with 26.36 million vehicles produced in FY20. Between FY16 and FY20, domestic automobile sales increased at a 1.29 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), with 21.55 million vehicles sold in FY20. According to the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA), automobile production in Japan increased in November from 6,67,462 units in October to 6,90,311 units. Thus, the growth of the global Synthetic Resin Market in the region is being aided by the increasing transportation sector in APAC, thereby dominating the market in the Asia-Pacific region.

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Synthetic Resin Market Drivers

Government Initiatives Bolstering the Growth of the Building & Construction Sector

Synthetic resin-based paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants are often employed in residential buildings in applications such as windows, walls, doors, floors, and more. The governments are taking initiatives to increase building & construction activities. For instance, Kansai International Airport in Japan will spend about 100 billion yen ($911 million) by 2025 to upgrade the larger terminal, to increase space for international flights at the country's No. 2 hub. The Indian Union Budget of February 2020 aims to build 100 new airports by 2024 as part of the Centre's Udan scheme to help with growing air traffic. The health facility revitalization component of the national health insurance indirect grant in South Africa has been allocated R4.6 billion over the medium term (2020-2021). A fraction of this budget will go toward the planning and construction of the Limpopo Central Hospital in Polokwane, which is set to open in 2025/26. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (MoHUA) has been given Rs 50,000 crore (US$6.8 billion), and a fund of Rs 25,300 crore (US$3.5 billion) has been set up to help complete stalled housing projects. The Indian government has launched a project called the “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) program”, which aims to provide affordable housing to all urban poor people by 2022 through financial assistance. Such government initiatives are set to increase the demand for paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants in the residential construction sector, and further drive the Synthetic Resin Market growth during the forecast period.

Bolstering Growth of Personal Care & Cosmetics and Food & Beverages Sector

Synthetic resins are often used to manufacture packaging materials for various end-use industries such as food, cosmetics, pharma, and more. Due to rising consumer demand and increasing per-capita income of individuals, the personal care & cosmetics and food & beverage industry is booming in various regions. According to the India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), the beauty, cosmetics, and grooming market in India in 2025 will have grown from US$6.5 billion to US$20 billion. According to the International Trade Administration, Thailand's beauty and personal care goods market was valued at around US$6.2 billion in 2018 and is projected to grow to US$8.0 billion by 2022. Thailand's beauty and personal care sector is projected to grow at a rate of 7.3 percent per year from 2019 to 2022. According to the China Chain Store & Franchise Association, the food and beverage (F&B) sector in China reached $595 billion in 2019, up 7.8% from 2018. In 2019, Canadian poultry farmers manufactured a record 1 493.5 million kilograms of chicken, turkey, and stewing hens, according to Statistics Canada, up 1.7 percent from 2018. Since the personal care & cosmetics and food & beverage sector industries are booming, the demand for packaging is also significantly increasing. Thus, the increasing personal care & cosmetics and food & beverage sector act as a driver for the synthetic resins market during the forecast period.

Synthetic Resin Market Challenge

Shift Towards Bio-based Resins

Many resin manufacturers have shifted away from synthetic resins to bio-based resins due to the globalization of the economy, increased awareness of carbon footprints, increased emphasis on sustainable systems, and the evolution of product lifecycle analysis. Bio-resins have a lot of potential. They reduce reliance on petrochemicals and allow manufacturers who use them to promote greener products due to price volatility. Furthermore, they have a better entire life cycle than petrochemical-based resins, with a lower carbon footprint, lower manufacturing toxicity, and less reliance on fossil fuels. Businesses are constantly launching bio-resins in the market as a result of this shift. SABIC, for example, launched a new portfolio of bio-based ULTEMTM resins in November 2021 in Saudi Arabia, which offers sustainability benefits while delivering the same high performance and processability as incumbent ULTEM materials. These ground-breaking polyetherimide (PEI) materials are the industry's first certified renewable high-performance, amorphous polymers. Thus, such advantages of bio-based resins over synthetic counterparts and constant product launches of bio-based resins are anticipated to restrict the Synthetic Resin Market growth.

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Synthetic Resin Industry Outlook

Technology launches, acquisitions, and R&D activities are key strategies adopted by players in the Synthetic Resin Market. Synthetic Resin Market's top 10 companies are:

Huntsman International LLC

MCC Chemicals Inc.

UPC Technology Corporation

Bayer AG

DSM

Sinopec Corporation

Formosa Plastics Group

Purolite

The Dow Chemical Company

BASF SE

Recent Developments

In May 2021, Adani Group, an Indian conglomerate, announced plans to build a 2 million tonne/year coal-to-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plant in Mundra, Gujarat, for Rs 292 billion ($4 billion). PVC grades such as suspension PVC (resin), chlorinated PVC (C-PVC), and emulsion PVC are produced in the proposed project (paste).

In June 2020, in the Asia Pacific, Dow developed and launched a newly formulated post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic resin for collation shrink film applications. The new resin contains 40 percent PCR, resulting in a film that performs similarly to those made with virgin resins. XUS 60921.01 is a product made with recycled plastics collected domestically in China by Dow's strategic recycling partners and manufactured at Dow's external manufacturing site in Nanjing, China.

In February 2019, in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Arkema opened a new polyester resin manufacturing facility. A dedicated laboratory was included in this new facility to offer both application development and technical support. The facility will enable Arkema to better serve customers in India's fast-growing powder coating market, as well as the Gulf Region and neighboring countries.

Relevant Reports

Resins Market

Report Code: CMR 1053

Coating Resins Market

Report Code: CMR 0141

For more Chemicals and Materials Market reports, please click here

#Synthetic Resin Market #Synthetic Resin Market Size #Synthetic Resin Market Share

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thearistocratsblog · 5 years ago

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1)GOODS: Agar-agar; nitrogen; actinium; alginates for the food industry; alginates for industrial purposes; crotonic aldehyde; ammonium aldehyde; aldehydes; americium; amyl acetate; anhydrous ammonia; acetic anhydride; anhydrides; anti-knock substances for internal combustion engines; antifreeze; argon; lead arsenate; astatine; aluminium acetate; lime acetate; lead acetate; acetate of cellulose, unprocessed; acetates [chemicals]; acetylene; acetone; oenological bactericides [chemical preparations used in wine making]; balm of gurjun [gurjon, gurjan] for making varnish; barium; barytes; albumin [animal and vegetable, raw material]; animal albumen [raw material]; iodised albumen; malt albumen; bentonite; berkelium; bicarbonate of soda for chemical purposes; potassium dioxalate; bichromate of potassium; bichromate of soda; bauxite; bromine for chemical purposes; albuminized paper; baryta paper; diazo paper; blueprint paper; litmus paper; self-toning paper [photography]; nitrate paper; photometric paper; borax; agglutinants for concrete; gas purifying preparations; preservatives for pharmaceutical preparations; substances for preventing runs in stockings; water-softening preparations; limestone hardening substances; artificial sweeteners [chemical preparations]; concrete-aeration chemicals; leather-dressing chemicals; chemical preparations for the manufacture of paints; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; starch-liquifying chemicals [ungluing agents]; viscose; bismuth; bismuth nitrite for chemical purposes; witherite; distilled water; sea water for industrial purposes; acidulated water for recharging accumulators; heavy water; hydrogen; seaweeds [fertilizers]; gadolinium; protective gases for welding; solidified gases for industrial purposes; gas propellents for aerosols; basic gallate of bismuth; gallium; gambier; helium; electrophoresis gels, other than for medical and veterinary purposes; genes of seeds for agricultural production; aluminium hydrate; hyposulphites; ceramic glazings; glycol; expanded-clay for hydroponic plant growing [substrate]; china slip; alumina; glycerides; glycerine for industrial purposes; glucose for the food industry; glucose for industrial purposes; glucosides; gluten for the food industry; gluten for industrial purposes; holmium; hormones for hastening the ripening of fruit; peat pots for horticulture;guano; humus; detergents for use in manufacturing processes; defoliants; hydrazine; manganese dioxide; titanium dioxide for industrial purposes; zirconia; oil dispersants; petroleum dispersants; dysprosium; bichloride of tin; detergent additives to petrol [gasoline]; additives, chemical, to drilling muds; additives, chemical, to insecticides; additives, chemical, to motor fuel; additives, chemical, to fungicides; dolomite for industrial purposes; europium; fluids for hydraulic circuits; power steering fluid; brake fluid; transmission fluid; grafting wax for trees; tree cavity fillers [forestry]; glaziers' putty; rare earths, metal earths; and earth metals namely molybdenum, rhenium, selenium, tellurium, gallium, germanium, scandium, tin, indium, stibium; diatomaceous earth; fuller's earth for use in textile industry; lime chloride; ytterbium; yttrium; iodine for industrial purposes; iodine for chemical purposes; aluminium iodide; casein for the food industry; kainite; sorrel salt; californium; camphor, for industrial purposes; calcium carbide; magnesium carbonate; cassiopium [lutetium]; catechu; alum; ammonia alum; aluminium alum; chrome alum; ketones; cinematographic film, sensitized but not exposed; oxygen; nitric acid; benzoic acid; boric acid for industrial purposes; tartaric acid; tungstic acid; gallic acid for the manufacture of ink; gallotannic acid; tannic acid; iodic acid; phenol for industrial purposes; citric acid for industrial purposes; lactic acid; formic acid; persulphuric acid; oleic acid; picric acid; pyrogallic acid; salicylic acid; sebacic acid; sulphuric acid; sulphurous acid; hydrochloric acid; stearic acid; carbonic acid; spirits of vinegar [dilute acetic acid]; phosphoric acid; hydrofluoric acid; cholic acid; chromic acid; oxalic acid; arsenious acid; adhesives for billposting; leather glues; adhesives for wall tiles; adhesives for paperhanging; birdlime; compost; beer preserving agents; mangrove bark for industrial purposes; silicon;; krypton; xenon; curium; lactose for the food industry; lactose for industrial purposes; lanthanum; dry ice [carbon dioxide]; lecithin for the food industry; lithium; magnesite; manganate; oils for tanning leather; oils for currying leather; oils for preparing leather in the course of manufacture; paper pulp; wood pulp; grafting mastic for trees; mastic for leather; automobile body fillers; copper sulphate; metalloids, namely stibium, arsenic; alkaline-earth metals; alkaline metals; methane; methyl benzene; methyl benzol; flour for industrial purposes; tapioca flour for industrial purposes; potato flour for industrial purposes; industrial soap; arsenic; bate for dressing skins; sodium; hypochlorite of soda; naphthalene; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; neodymium; neon; neptunium; nitrate of uranium; nitric monoxide; baryta; uranium oxide; oxalates; lithia [lithium oxide]; lead oxide; antimony oxide; chromium oxide; cobalt oxide for industrial purposes; mercuric oxide; olivine [chemical preparations]; gallnuts; wine finings; textile-brightening chemicals; beer-clarifying and preserving agents; reducing agents for use in photography; pectin for the food industry; pectin for industrial purposes; perborate of soda; percarbonates; dioxide of hydrogen; persulphates; perchlorates; foundry sand; plastisols; sensitized plates for offset printing; ferrotype plates [photography]; plasticizers; plastics unprocessed; x-ray films, sensitized but not exposed; plutonium; polonium; potash; potash water; praseodymium; rubber preservatives; masonry preservatives, except paints and oils; brickwork preservatives, except paints and oils; cement preservatives, except paints and oils; preservatives for tiles, except paints and oils; bacteriological preparations for acetification; currying preparations for skins; tempering and soldering preparations; metal hardening preparations; opacifiers for glass; opacifiers for enamel; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; metal annealing preparations; cement-waterproofing preparations, except paints; plant growth regulating preparations; wallpaper removing preparations; anti-boil preparations for engine coolants; fulling preparations for use in textile industry; scale removing preparations, other than for household purposes; galvanizing preparations; finishing preparations for use in the manufacture of steel; meat tenderizers for industrial purposes; enzyme preparations for the food industry; vine disease preventing chemicals; chemical preparations to prevent mildew; chemical preparations for protection against wheat blight [smut]; chemical preparations for smoking meat; chemical preparations for decarbonising engines; damp proofing preparations, except paints, for masonry; anti-sprouting preparations for vegetables; brazing preparations; by-products of the processing of cereals for industrial purposes; promethium; protactinium; mordants for metals; radium for scientific purposes; radon; anti-frothing solutions for accumulators; drilling muds; solutions for cyanotyping; baths for galvanizing; silver salt solutions for silvering; rhenium; mercury; rubidium; samarium; saccharin; selenium; salpetre; sulphur; silver nitrate; carbon sulphide; silicates namely dust from processed copper; aluminium silicate; scandium; acrylic resins, unprocessed; artificial resins, unprocessed; synthetic resins, unprocessed; epoxy resins, unprocessed; soda ash; calcined soda; caustic soda for industrial purposes; barium compounds; fluorspar compounds; salts [chemical preparations], namely calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, ferrous sulphate, nickel chloride, copper sulphate, nickel sulphate; ammoniacal salts; ammonium salts; salts of precious metals for industrial purposes; salts for galvanic batteries; salts for coloring metal; salts for industrial purposes namely, blue vitriol and nickel vitriol; iron salts; gold salts; iodised salts; calcium salts; sodium salts [chemical preparations]; salt, raw namely, calcium carbonate; salts from rare earth metals; mercury salts; chrome salts; chromic salts; salts of alkaline metals; rock salt; fire extinguishing compositions; compositions for the manufacture of phonograph records; compositions for the manufacture of technical ceramics; compositions for repairing inner tubes of tires; tire repairing compositions; fire extinguishing compositions; adhesive preparations for surgical bandages; fireproofing preparations; amyl alcohol; ethyl alcohol; concrete preservatives, except paints and oils; strontium; barium sulphate; sulphates; antimony sulphide; sulphides; benzoic sulphinide; sulphonic acids; sumac for use in tanning; antimony; thallium; cream of tartar for the food industry; tellurium; terbium; tetrachlorides; carbon tetrachloride; acetylene tetrachloride; technetium; thiocarbanilide; titanite; sensitized cloth for photography; blueprint cloth; toluene; toluol; fuel for atomic piles; thorium; peat [fertiliser]; thulium; carbonic hydrates; carbon; blood charcoal; fertilizing preparations; nitrogenous fertilisers; fertilizers; fish meal fertilizers; pyroligneous acid [wood vinegar]; uranium; chemical intensifiers for paper; chemical intensifiers for rubber; enzymes for the food industry; fermium; ferrocyanides; soldering fluxes; brazing fluxes; formic aldehyde for chemical purposes; phosphates [fertilisers]; phosphorus; photographic paper; photosensitive plates; sensitized photographic plates; sensitized films, unexposed; photographic developers; photographic sensitizers; chemical preparations for use in photography; photographic emulsions; francium; fluorine; chemicals for forestry, except fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and parasiticides; glass-frosting chemicals; glass-staining chemicals; enamel-staining chemicals; water purifying chemicals; oil-purifying chemicals; soldering chemicals; stain-preventing chemicals for use on fabrics; anti-tarnishing chemicals for windows; leather-waterproofing chemicals; textile-waterproofing chemicals; chemical preparations, except pigments, for the manufacture of enamel; radiator flushing chemicals; leather-impregnating chemicals; textile-impregnating chemicals; horticulture chemicals, except fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and parasiticides; agricultural chemicals, except fungicides, weedkillers, herbicides, insecticides and parasiticides; soil conditioning preparations; chimney cleaners, chemical; industrial chemicals namely, blue vitriol, nickel vitriol, calcium hydrate, calcium sulphate, ferrous sulphate; agricultural, horticultural and forestry chemicals; coolants for vehicle engines; chlorine; chlorates; hydrochlorates; aluminium chloride; magnesium chloride; chlorides; palladious chlorides; chromates; caesium; cellulose; cerium; cyanides [prussiates]; calcium cyanamide [fertilizer]; cymene; loam; spinel [chemical preparations]; alkalies; caustic alkali; erbium; ethane; methyl ether; sulphuric ether; ethyl ether; glycol ether; ethers; esters; cellulose ethers for industrial purposes; cellulose esters for industrial purposes;(2) Aluminium; fittings of metal for compressed air ducts; vats of metal; joists of metal; bottles [metal containers] for compressed gas and liquid air; beryllium [glucinium]; arbours [structures of metal]; ingots of common metal; anchors; bolts of metal; eye bolts; casks of metal; mooring buoys of metal; barrels of metal; identification bracelets of metal, for hospitals; bronze; bells for animals; silos of metal; busts of common metal; bird baths [structures of metal]; vice benches of metal; screws of metal; aviaries of metal [structures]; tungsten; ferrules of metal for handles; signboards of metal; diving boards of metal; loading gauge rods, of metal, for railway wagons; nuts of metal galena; nuts of metal; galena ore; nails; brads; horseshoe nails; germanium; vice claws of metal; doors of metal; chimney pots of metal; memorial plaques, of metal; chimney shafts of metal; troughs of metal for mixing mortar; containers of metal for storing acids; jalousies of metal; iron, unwrought and semi-wrought; roof gutters of metal; street gutters of metal; tinplate; door bolts of metal; window fasteners of metal; binding screws of metal for cables; cramps of metal [crampons]; wheel clamps [boots]; rivets of metal; padlocks; box fasteners of metal; locks of metal for bags; locks of metal for vehicles; spring locks; closures of metal for containers; latches of metal; signs, non-luminous and non-mechanical, of metal, for roads; number plates, of metal; signs, non-luminous and non-mechanical, of metal; fences of metal; indium; cabanas of metal; telephone booths of metal; cadmium; telpher cables; ropes of metal; greenhouse frames of metal; cornices of metal; cermets; water-pipe valves of metal; drain traps [valves] of metal; metal cages for wild animals; keys; mooring bollards of metal; cobalt, raw; chill-molds [foundry]; elbows of metal for pipes; bed casters of metal; furniture casters of metal; door bells of metal, non-electric; pillars of metal for buildings; casings of metal for oilwells; chimney cowls of metal; sealing caps of metal for bottles; tent pegs of metal; pegs of metal; rings of common metal for keys; door fittings, of metal; fittings of metal for windows; guard rails of metal; door frames of metal; tool boxes of metal, empty; stringers [parts of staircases] of metal; taps for casks, of metal; screw tops of metal for bottles; manhole covers of metal; pitons of metal [mountaineering equipment]; pot hooks of metal; hooks for slate [metal hardware]; hooks of metal for clothes rails; clothes hooks of metal; chicken-houses, of metal; brass, unwrought and semi-wrought; scaffolding of metal; staircases of metal; ladders of metal; limonite; steel sheets; cast steel; traps for wild animals; magnesium; manganese; reinforcing materials, of metal, for concrete; reinforcing materials of metal for machine belts; reinforcing materials of metal for pipes; reinforcing materials of metal for building; brazing alloys; masts of metal; steel masts; copper, unwrought and semi-wrought; sheets and plates of metal; materials of metal for railway tracks; non-electric cables and wires of common metal; common metals, unwrought and semi-wrought; moldings of metal for cornices; molybdenum; door knockers of metal; pipe muffs of metal; tombs of metal; flashing of metal, for building; roof flashing of metal; anvils; anvils [portable]; beak-irons [bick-irons]; ferrules of metal for walking sticks; rope thimbles of metal; handcuffs; duckboards of metal; nickel-silver; nickel; niobium; grease nipples; house numbers of metal, non-luminous; braces of metal for handling loads; barrel hoops of metal; common metals and their alloys; palings of metal; crash barriers of metal for roads; tin; shuttering of metal for concrete; poles of metal, for electric lines; branching pipes of metal; monuments of metal; monuments of metal for tombs; wainscotting of metal; building panels of metal; lintels of metal; casement windows of metal; strap-hinges of metal; shims; rocket launching platforms of metal; transport pallets of metal; floor tiles, of metal; armour plate; grave slabs of metal; tile floorings of metal; iron slabs; loading pallets, of metal; armour plating; paving blocks of metal; roof coverings of metal; door panels of metal; floors of metal; gold solder; silver solder; door closers, non-electric; door openers, non-electric; collars of metal for fastening pipes; winding spools of metal, non-mechanical, for flexible hoses; floating docks of metal for mooring boats; aluminium wire; iron wire; wire of common metal; wire of common metal alloys, except fuse wire; barbed wire; copper wire, not insulated; soldering wire of metal; steel wire; rods of metal for welding; rods of metal for brazing and welding; rods of metal for brazing; window frames of metal; containers of metal for liquid fuel; containers of metal for compressed gas and liquid air; rails of metal; furnace fireguards; runners of metal for sliding doors; sash pulleys; ores; iron ores; ores of metal; chrome ores; tool handles of metal; door handles of metal; scythe handles of metal; broom handles of metal; knife handles of metal; pigsties of metal; lead, unwrought and semi-wrought; safes [strong boxes]; insect screens of metal; cable joints of metal, non-electric; junctions of metal for pipes; silver plated tin alloy; alloys of common metal; bottle closures of metal; outdoor blinds of metal; steel alloys; steel, unwrought and semi-wrought; tinfoil; statues of common metal; figurines [statuettes] of common metal; cask stands of metal; tombstone stelae of metal; bars for metal railings; stables of metal; advertisement columns of metal; telegraph posts of metal; tombstone plaques of metal; tantalum [metal]; greenhouses of metal, transportable; titanium; wire cloth; tombac; mobile boarding stairs of metal for passengers; wire rope; pipework of metal; penstock pipes of metal; water-pipes of metal; gutter pipes of metal; ducts of metal for ventilating and air conditioning installations; drain pipes of metal; chimneys of metal; pipes of metal; ducts of metal, for central heating installations; steel tubes; turnstiles of metal; angle irons; door stops of metal; sash fasteners of metal for windows; bicycle parking installations of metal; towel dispensers, fixed, of metal; tungsten iron; molybdenum iron; silicon iron; ferrotitanium; chrome iron; flanges of metal [collars]; weather and wind vanes of metal; aluminium foil; foils of metal for wrapping and packaging; ice moulds of metal; foundry molds [moulds] of metal; fittings of metal for coffins; fittings of metal for beds; fittings of metal for furniture; furniture fittings of nickel-silver; clips of metal for cables and pipes; chromium; cattle chains; zinc; zirconium; cast iron, unwrought and semi-wrought; balls of steel; hinges of metal; crampons [climbing irons]; cashboxes of metal; safety cashboxes; railroad ties of metal; window casement bolts; cotter pins of metal; spurs; roller blinds of steel; latch bars of metal; furnace fire screens; badges of metal for vehicles; lock bolts; tool chests of metal, empty; letter boxes of metal;(3) Agates; diamonds; amulets [jewellery]; precious metals and their alloys and bracelets [jewellery]; straps for wristwatches; charms [jewellery]; key rings; brooches [jewellery]; alarm clocks; ornamental pins; tie pins; beads for making jewelry; pearls made of ambroid [pressed amber]; busts of precious metal; jet, unwrought and semi-wrought; pearls [jewellery]; tie clips; cuff links; badges of precious metal; gold, unwrought and beaten; ivory [jewellery]; cloisonne jewellery; jewellery ; jewellery of yellow amber; iridium; precious stones; semi-precious stones; spun silver [silver wire]; necklaces [jewellery]; rings [jewellery]; watch cases; clock cases; medals; medallions [jewellery]; precious metals, unwrought and semi-wrought; movements for clocks and watches; clockworks; coins; gold thread [jewellery]; threads of precious metal [jewellery]; silver thread; olivine [gems]; osmium; palladium; platinum [metal]; watch springs; rhodium; ruthenium; stopwatches; silver, unwrought and beaten; earrings; ingots of precious metals; alloys of precious metal; statues of precious metal; figurines [statuettes] of precious metal; watch crystals; paste jewellery; clock hands [clock and watch making]; shoe ornaments of precious metal; hat ornaments of precious metal; ornaments of jet; cases for clock- and watchmaking; chronographs [watches]; chronometers; chronoscopes; watch chains; atomic clocks; watches; sundials; clocks and watches, electric; control clocks [master clocks]; clocks; wristwatches; jewellery cases [caskets]; spinel [precious stones];(4) Alabaster; window frames, not of metal; asbestos cement; asphalt; asphalt, pitch and bitumen; balustrading; arbours [structures not of metal]; concrete; bitumen; joists, not of metal; telephone booths, not of metal; busts of stone, concrete and marble; bird baths [structures, not of metal]; binding agents for making briquettes namely, calcium sulphate, calcium hydrate, magnesium sulphate; stained-glass windows; aviaries, not of metal [structures]; diving boards, not of metal; geotextiles; gypsum; plaster; pottery clay; clay for use as building materials; gravel; aquarium gravel; granite; folding doors, not of metal; coal tar; chimney pots, not of metal; prefabricated houses [kits], not of metal; parquet floor boards; memorial plaques, not of metal; roofing shingles; veneer wood; chimney shafts, not of metal; jalousies, not of metal; roof gutters, not of metal; street gutters, not of metal; signs, non-luminous and non-mechanical, not of metal, for roads; non-luminous and non-mechanical signs, not of metal; calcareous stone; lime carbonate; cabanas not of metal; artificial stone; building stone; paint spraying booths, not of metal; gravestones; greenhouse frames, not of metal; cornices, not of metal; asphalted cardboard for building; wood pulp board, for building; quartz; caissons for construction work under water; bricks; drain traps [valves], not of metal or plastic; cask wood; mooring bollards, not of metal; cement posts; chimney cowls, not of metal; door frames, not of metal; stringers [parts of staircases], not of metal; silica stone; quartz; manhole covers, not of metal; chicken-houses, not of metal; building timber; sawn timber; wood, semi-worked; staircases, not of metal; tar; road coating materials namely, crushed building stone, granulated smelter slag stone and cast smelter slag stone; fireclay; pitch; building materials, not of metal namely, crushed building stone and sand; raw chalk; calcareous marl; mosaics for building; marble; slate powder; porches, not of metal, for building; tombs, not of metal; flashing, not of metal, for building; roof flashing, not of metal; duckboards, not of metal; moldings, not of metal, for cornices; laths, not of metal; wood panelling; palings, not of metal; crash barriers, not of metal, for roads; windows, not of metal; olivine for building; poles, not of metal, for electric power lines; wainscotting, not of metal; parquet flooring; lintels, not of metal; casement windows, not of metal; aquarium sand; silver sand; sand, except foundry sand; sandstone for building; planks [wood for building]; rocket launching platforms, not of metal; tile floorings, not of metal; paving slabs, not of metal; cement slabs; tombstone stelae, not of metal; scaffolding, not of metal; asphalt paving; wood paving; paving blocks, not of metal; macadam; fireproof cement coatings; bituminous coatings for roofing; wooden floor boards; mantlepieces; door panels, not of metal; porphyry [stone]; floating docks, not of metal, for mooring boats; mortar for building; asbestos mortar; scantlings [carpentry]; furrings of wood; vinyl siding; pigsties, not of metal; insect screens not of metal; statues of stone, concrete and marble; statuettes of stone, concrete and marble; alabaster glass; glass granules for road marking; insulating glass [building]; window glass, for building; window glass, except glass for vehicle windows; building glass; plate glass [windows], for building; tombstone stelae, not of metal; stables, not of metal; advertisement columns, not of metal; posts, not of metal; telegraph posts, not of metal; tombstone plaques, not of metal; greenhouses, transportable, not of metal; penstock pipes, not of metal; water-pipes, not of metal; gutter pipes, not of metal; ducts, not of metal, for ventilating and airconditioning installations; drain pipes, not of metal; chimneys, not of metal; sandstone tubes; turnstiles, not of metal; tufa; angle irons, not of metal; bicycle parking installations, not of metal; plywood; foundry molds [moulds], not of metal; cement for blast furnaces; cement for furnaces; magnesia cement; pantiles; slate; roofing slates; slag stone [building material]; clinker stone; railroad ties, not of metal; wood veneers; clinker ballast.

2)SERVICES: Travel guides and travel information services; sale of sightseeing tours and travel agencies, namely information, organization, marketing, and booking of trips, and of all other travel services, namely excursions, tickets to performances, hotel accommodations, rental of hotel rooms, bungalows, and villas, rental of vehicles for transport and tourism purposes; organization, booking, and provision of planned trips, namely sightseeing tours, organized trips to all-inclusive resorts, lodging with hosted activities, sporting activities, cultural activities, cooking workshops and entertainment, restaurant and bar services, thematic trips, and cruises; organization of lotteries; booking of seats for performances; entertainment, namely quiz games, game shows, radio game shows, production and broadcasting of television and radio programs; sporting activities, namely organization of competitions and sports training in the fields of golf, football, volleyball, tennis, basketball, water sports, sailing, judo, yoga, horseback riding, applied arts, bridge, fitness, archery, skating, trapeze arts, surfing, windsurfing, wakeboarding, water skiing, kitesurfing, diving, swimming, ping pong, badminton, sliding sports, in-line skating, roller skating, scooters, roller skates, skiing; vacation club services, namely temporary accommodation with restaurant services, hosted activities, entertainment, namely sporting activities, cultural activities, cooking workshops, the plastic arts, movies, the circus, dances, parties, the Internet, games, reading, music, photography, radio, the theatre, live entertainment, fireworks, parades, fashion shows, beauty pageants; health club services, namely fitness; education and training, namely organization and conduct of conventions, colloquia, conferences, symposia in the fields of travel, tourism, foreign languages, journalism, philosophy, psychology, metaphysics, occult sciences, logic, epistemology, morals, ethics, dogmatic theology, moral theology, pastoral theology, history of religions and cults, social sciences, statistics, demography, sociology, politics, economics, law, legislation, public administration, governments, military affairs, consumption and consumers, education, teaching, ethnology, customs, folklore, hard and natural sciences, environmental conservation, mathematics, astronomy, geography, physics, chemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, geology, oceanography, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, paleontology, biology, ecology, genetics, botany, zoology, applied sciences, technology, medicine, pharmacy, engineering, agriculture, animal husbandry, home economics, cooking, the chemical industries, computers, the construction industries, arts, entertainment, land-use planning, urban planning, architecture, the plastic arts, music, games, sports, the performing arts, linguistics, philology, literature, archeology, geography, biography, history; classes in the fields of travel, recreation, sports, and entertainment, namely the plastic arts, film, the circus, dance, parties, the Internet, gaming, reading, music, photography, radio, the theatre, live entertainment, fireworks, parades, fashion shows, sporting activities, cooking workshops, beauty pageants, animation, culture; sports training camps, namely internships in the fields of golf, football, volleyball, tennis, basketball, water sports, sailing, judo, yoga, horseback riding, applied arts, bridge, fitness, archery, skating, the trapeze arts, surfing, windsurfing, wakeboarding, water skiing, kite surfing, diving, swimming, ping pong, badminton, sliding sports, in-line skating, roller skating, scooters, roller skates, skiing; organization of exhibitions for cultural or educational purposes in the field of travel, tourism, foreign languages, journalism, philosophy, psychology, metaphysics, occult sciences, logic, epistemology, morals, ethics, dogmatic theology, moral theology, pastoral theology, history of religions and cults, social sciences, statistics, demographics, sociology, politics, economics, law, legislation, public administration, governments, military affairs, consumption and consumers, education, teaching, ethnology, customs, folklore, hard and natural sciences, environmental conservation, mathematics, astronomy, geodesy, physics, chemistry, minerology, crystallography, geology, oceanography, meteorology, climatology, hydrology, paleontology, biology, ecology, genetics, botany, zoology, applied sciences, technology, medicine, pharmacy, engineering, agriculture, animal husbandry, home economics, cooking, the chemical industries, computers, the construction industries, arts, entertainment, land-use planning, urban planning, architecture, the plastic arts, music, games, sports, the performing arts, linguistics, philology, literature, archeology, geography, biography, history; consulting and information in the fields of education, training, and recreation, namely the plastic arts, film, the circus, dance, parties, the Internet, gaming, reading, music, photography, radio, the theatre, live entertainment, fireworks, parades, fashion shows, sporting activities, cooking workshops, beauty pageants, animation, culture, including those provided online; cultural activities, namely organization of exhibitions, festivals, plays and movie screenings; promotion for others regarding the sale of flights, trips, and all travel services by means of a communications network, namely the Internet, as well as through the distribution of printed matter, brochures, photographs, drawings, visual and audiovisual advertising material for the purpose of disseminating information on goods and services related to the tourism and travel industry; transport of passengers and goods by air, road, sea, and rail; chartering of seats on various flights, and booking, sale, and issuance of tickets for travel by air, sea, rail, road, and of tickets for trips, sightseeing tours, and holidays, namely stays in hotels, vacation clubs (hotels), rental of accommodations, by travel agencies and through the global communications network, namely the Internet; handling of passengers and goods in airports; organization, booking, and provision of cruises, operation of travel agencies, airport services, namely handling and representation services, in airports, for freight, goods, and luggage; in-flight food and drink services, namely distribution of meals, snacks, and beverages in identified boxes, distribution of goods related to restaurant services, namely condiments, napkins, and cocktail napkins.

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