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signvecpteltd · 2 months ago

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Signvec Fiber Laser Marking & Cutting Machines: Precision, Efficiency, and Versatility

Signvec Technology is a leading provider of innovative solutions for engraving, cutting, and marking. The company has been at the forefront of delivering high-quality fiber laser marking machines and fiber laser cutting machines that meet the diverse needs of industries across Southeast Asia. From precise metal cutting to high-contrast marking on various materials, Signvec’s fiber laser machines are engineered to provide exceptional performance, reliability, and efficiency.

Fiber Laser Cutting Machines: Superior Precision and Speed

Signvec offers a range of fiber laser cutting machines designed to meet the exacting requirements of industries such as aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, and more. These machines are known for their ability to cut a wide variety of metal materials with precision, ensuring clean and accurate results.

LF0640: High-Precision Thin Metal Sheet Cutting

The LF0640 is a high-precision fiber laser cutting machine specifically designed for cutting thin metal sheets. It excels in cutting materials such as stainless steel, galvanized steel, steel plates, and electrolytic plates, making it an ideal choice for industries requiring intricate and detailed cutting. Its advanced laser technology ensures clean, smooth cuts, reducing waste and improving productivity.

LF1312/LF1325: Versatile Metal Cutting for Multiple Applications

The LF1312 and LF1325 fiber laser machines are versatile cutting solutions that can handle a wide range of materials, including stainless steel, carbon steel, brass, copper, nickel titanium alloys, Inconel, and other specialized metals. These machines are designed for high-performance cutting across industries, delivering precise cuts on even the most complex patterns and designs. Their ability to handle a variety of materials with efficiency makes them essential for businesses focused on advanced metal fabrication.

LF3015C: Fast and Efficient Metal Plate and Pipe Cutting

The LF3015C is a high-speed fiber laser cutting machine known for its efficiency in cutting metal plates and pipes. Its flexibility is enhanced by the option to add a pipe-cutting device, allowing it to cut both flat and cylindrical materials. Industries that deal with stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum, brass, and other metals benefit from the LF3015C’s speed, precision, and ability to handle diverse applications. It’s a popular choice for sectors where fast production cycles and reliable performance are key.

LF3015G: Advanced Cutting for Tough Materials

The LF3015G is engineered for cutting through tougher materials like titanium alloys, silicon steel, and aluminum-plating zinc plates. This cutting-edge machine is ideal for industries dealing with rare metals and complex alloys, delivering consistent and accurate cuts even on challenging materials. Its capability to handle galvanized steel, aluminum alloys, and other specialty metals makes it a versatile tool for various high-tech industries.

Fiber Laser Marking Machines: High Precision and Versatility

Signvec’s fiber laser marking machines offer unmatched precision in engraving and marking applications. These machines are widely used in industries such as electronics, automotive, jewelry, and consumer goods, where high-quality, permanent marks are essential for branding, identification, and traceability.

LF10/20/30/50: Efficient and Reliable Fiber Laser Marking

The LF10/20/30/50 models are air-cooled fiber laser marking machines designed for versatility and efficiency. These machines are easy to install and operate, featuring a USB interface that connects seamlessly with any computer. They are capable of handling a variety of marking formats, including text, graphics, barcodes, and serial numbers, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. Industries rely on these machines for marking electronic components, jewelry, automotive parts, and more due to their long lifespan and consistent performance.

LF20P: High-Speed Marking with Precision

The LF20P fiber laser marking machine is designed for industries that require high-speed and precise marking. Equipped with a high-quality fiber laser, this machine can produce detailed and intricate patterns with remarkable accuracy. It is capable of marking a wide range of materials, including aluminum, stainless steel, plastics, and more. The LF20P is ideal for industries such as luxury goods, electronics, and industrial manufacturing, where precise and durable marks are critical.

LF6040: Large-Format Fiber Laser Marking

The LF6040 fiber laser marking machine offers a large working area of 600 x 400 mm, making it suitable for bigger projects that require extensive marking or engraving. It is designed to handle a variety of materials, including stainless steel, anodized aluminum, carbon fiber, and plastics. The LF6040’s large-format capability makes it ideal for industries where larger components need to be marked with precision and clarity.

3D Fiber Laser Marking Machine: Adding Depth to Engraving

The 3D Fiber Laser Marking Machine is a cutting-edge tool that brings a new level of precision to deep engraving and relief work. It is capable of handling complex materials such as brass, aluminum alloys, and mold steel, making it perfect for mold processing, hardware engraving, and even thin metallic artwork. This machine is highly valued in industries where detailed and textured engravings are required, delivering superior results in terms of both depth and accuracy.

Why Choose Signvec Fiber Laser Machines?

Signvec Technology’s fiber laser cutting and marking machines are designed with cutting-edge technology that ensures superior quality, reliability, and flexibility. These machines offer numerous advantages, including:

High Precision: Perfect for industries where accuracy is critical.

Versatility: Able to cut and mark a wide range of metals and materials, from stainless steel to rare alloys.

Efficiency: Fast cutting and marking speeds, ideal for high production environments.

Long Lifespan: Fiber lasers are known for their longevity, often lasting up to 100,000 hours without power attenuation.

Low Maintenance: Minimal consumables and maintenance requirements make these machines cost-effective in the long run.

Conclusion

Signvec Technology’s fiber laser marking and fiber laser cutting machines provide industries with the high-performance tools they need to achieve superior results in metal fabrication, marking, and engraving. With their extensive range of fiber laser machines, Signvec ensures that businesses can meet their production demands efficiently while maintaining the highest standards of precision and quality. Whether cutting thin metal sheets, engraving intricate designs, or marking components for traceability, Signvec’s fiber laser machines deliver exceptional performance every time.

#Fiber Laser Marker #Fiber Laser Marking Machine #Fiber Laser Marking Machine Singapore

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insightslicelive · 2 years ago

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Electrolytic Marking Machine Market Cagr Status, Trends, Analysis And Forecasts To 2032

The Electrolytic Marking Machine Market report is an authentic source of insightful data for business strategists. It provides the industry overview with growth analysis and historical & futuristic cost, revenue, demand, and supply data (as applicable). The research analysts provide an elaborate description of the value chain and distribution network. This industry study provides comprehensive…

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#Benefits of Electrolytic Marking Machine #Electrolytic Marking Machine #Electrolytic Marking Machine industry #Electrolytic Marking Machine industry SWOT analysis #Electrolytic Marking Machine manufacturing companies #Electrolytic Marking Machine Market CAGR value #Electrolytic Marking Machine market Research report #Electrolytic Marking Machine market share

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sciencespies · 4 years ago

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This New Diamond-Based Process Could Help Save The Ocean From Microplastics

https://sciencespies.com/environment/this-new-diamond-based-process-could-help-save-the-ocean-from-microplastics/

This New Diamond-Based Process Could Help Save The Ocean From Microplastics

A new technique using diamonds and titanium has the potential to help remove plastic microfibres before they enter the environment, by decomposing them into naturally occurring molecules.

It’s a secret the fashion industry would prefer to keep under wraps – most of our synthetic clothes are made of plastic, and they’re contributing to a big problem, shedding microplastic fibres into our waste water.

“The release of microplastics into the marine environment is recognised as an important problem related to water pollution. It has been shown that in aquatic environments, these microplastics adsorb toxic substances and can be ingested by aquatic organisms,” researchers from the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) in Canada explain in a new paper.

“Afterwards, they accumulate in the food chain and subsequently reach humans.”

There are many ways plastic can be shed into the environment, from plastic packaging to car tyres, but until recently one of the largest contributors – microfibres from our clothes – has been mostly overlooked.

When clothes made out of fabrics such as polyester, nylon, and acrylic are washed, tiny plastic microfibres get dislodged from the material and enter the wastewater – and, if they’re not removed, our waterways.

The new method for plastic removal – called electrooxidation – doesn’t just catch the fibres, but actively deconstructs them.

“Using electrodes, we generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH) to attack microplastics,” explains one of the researchers, electrotechnology scientist Patrick Drogui.

“This process is environmentally friendly because it breaks them down into CO2 and water molecules, which are non-toxic to the ecosystem.”

When the researchers did experiments using boron-doped diamond and titanium electrodes on water that was artificially contaminated with 26 µm size polystyrene microbeads, they found that at the six-hour mark, 89 percent of the plastic was degraded.

There are still a few kinks to iron out in this process. Using diamond is unsurprisingly expensive – although the team explains that the components can be reused for a number of years.

The researchers will also need to experiment using actual wastewater to determine if the process is as effective when other contaminants are present. So far, the team has only tested polystyrene plastic.

In the future they hope to integrate something like this in commercial laundries, or potentially even your washing machine, but that’s a way off yet.

“When this commercial laundry water arrives at the wastewater treatment plant, it is mixed with large quantities of water, the pollutants are diluted and therefore more difficult to degrade,” Drogui said.

“Conversely, by acting at the source, i.e., at the laundry, the concentration of microplastics is higher (per litre of water), thus more accessible for electrolytic degradation.”

Currently 80 percent of the world’s wastewater isn’t treated at all before heading back into the environment, so there’s a lot of work yet to do in this area.

It’s also important to note that this isn’t the only way of removing plastic from our wastewater. Many wastewater treatment plants already use a process that catches 99 percent of particles bigger than 20 micrometres in size, but this still means you have to do something with the plastic once it’s been caught – a problem the electrooxidation process solves as well.

Plus, with textile fabrics making up most of the microplastics in the ocean, we’re not doing close to enough to remove them.

Obviously one of the easiest ways to stop our clothes shedding plastic is to stop using plastic to produce clothes. This would require huge changes in the ways we produce, consume and regulate clothing manufacturing.

But for all the plastic already within our consumer system, it’s good to know there could soon be more ways to remove the microfibres before they have a chance to do potential damage.

The research has been published in Environmental Pollution.

#Environment

#01-2021 Science News #2020 Science News #Earth Environment #earth science #Environment and Nature #Nature Science #News Science Spies #Our Nature #outrageous acts of science #planetary science #Science #Science Channel #science documentary #Science News #Science Spies #Science Spies News #Space Physics & Nature #Space Science #Environment

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supremelasercuttingmachine · 5 years ago

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Earn Money And Save Time With Fiber Laser Cutting Machine For Metal Industries.

FIBER LASER CUTTING MACHINE

Supreme Technology is working on high scale quality machines for industrial solutions. We sell industrial machines like fiber laser cutting machine for metal, CNC press brake, economical laser marking machine, pipe bending machine, hydraulic shearing machine, NC hydraulic press brake, laser consumables, turret punch press, and CNC V grooving machine, etc. you can purchase at low price in India. contact us now.

FIBER LASER CUTTING MACHINE FOR METAL

Buy high power 6000w to 12000w Sheet Metal HSG fiber laser cutting machine for carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, electrolytic zinc-coated steel sheet, silicon steel, and aluminum, etc. At Low Cost, Supreme Technology is in Top 10 suppliers to sell machines at the best price in India.

In metal industries, every machine has different types of duties.HSG Sheet metal laser cutting is a high measurable machine in the industrial field. The laser machine gives the high-quality cutting surface of a metal. this technology is improving the quality of a product. Today laser cutting is used in every metal cutting and design industry. The first laser cutting machine makes by drill holes in 1965.

The laser cutting can be known in three types, First is A CO2 laser is used for boring and engraving. Second is the neodymium (Nd) and the third is neodymium (Nd: YAG) lasers are identical in style and differ only in the application. ND is also used for boring and where high energy required and low repetition use for Sheet metal.

#laser cutting machine #fiber laser cutting machine #hsg laser cutting machine #sheet metal laser cutting machine #laser marking machine #laser welding machine #press brake machine

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cleverwordsandotherstuffilike · 6 years ago

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Inventions

Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.

Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.

Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.

Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.

Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.

Anatomy, human: (De fabrica corporis humani, an illustrated systematic study of the human body) Andreas Vesalius, Belgium, 1543; (comparative: parts of an organism are correlated to the functioning whole) Georges Cuvier, France, 1799–1805.

Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

Antibiotics: (first demonstration of antibiotic effect) Louis Pasteur, Jules-François Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin, first modern antibiotic) Alexander Fleming, England, 1928; (penicillin’s infection-fighting properties) Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, England, 1940.

Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.

Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.

Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.

Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.

Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Automobile: (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rpm) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical high-speed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) René Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S., 1892.

Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.

Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.

Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):

(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.

Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.

Big Bang theory: (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled “Big Bang”) George A. Gamow, U.S., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered, confirms theory) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S., 1965.

Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.

Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.

Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.

Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.

Calculating machine: (logarithms: made multiplying easier and thus calculators practical) John Napier, Scotland, 1614; (slide rule) William Oughtred, England, 1632; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (important 19th-century contributors to modern machine) Frank S. Baldwin, Jay R. Monroe, Dorr E. Felt, W. T. Ohdner, William Burroughs, all U.S.; (“analytical engine” design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.

Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.

Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.

“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.

Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.

Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”

Cells: (word used to describe microscopic examination of cork) Robert Hooke, England, 1665; (theory: cells are common structural and functional unit of all living organisms) Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, 1838–1839.

Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.

Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.

Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.

Classification of plants: (first modern, based on comparative study of forms) Andrea Cesalpino, Italy, 1583; (classification of plants and animals by genera and species) Carolus Linnaeus, Sweden, 1737–1753.

Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.

Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.

Computers: (first design of analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) 1945; (dedicated at University of Pennsylvania) 1946; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer, handled both numeric and alphabetic data) 1951.

Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.

Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.

Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.

Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.

Continental drift theory: (geographer who pieced together continents into a single landmass on maps) Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, France, 1858; (first proposed in lecture) Frank Taylor, U.S.; (first comprehensive detailed theory) Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912.

Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.

Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.

Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.

Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.

Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.

Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.

Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.

Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.

Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.

DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.

Electric generator (dynamo): (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Electric lamp: (arc lamp) Sir Humphrey Davy, England, 1801; (fluorescent lamp) A.E. Becquerel, France, 1867; (incandescent lamp) Sir Joseph Swann, England, Thomas A. Edison, U.S., contemporaneously, 1870s; (carbon arc street lamp) Charles F. Brush, U.S., 1879; (first widely marketed incandescent lamp) Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1879; (mercury vapor lamp) Peter Cooper Hewitt, U.S., 1903; (neon lamp) Georges Claude, France, 1911; (tungsten filament) Irving Langmuir, U.S., 1915.

Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.

Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.

Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.

Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.

E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Engine, internal combustion: No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wankel, Germany, 1956.

Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.

Expanding universe theory: (first proposed) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (discovered first direct evidence that the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929; (Hubble constant: a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding) Edwin P. Hubble, U.S., 1929.

Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.

Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.

Fibers, man-made: (nitrocellulose fibers treated to change flammable nitrocellulose to harmless cellulose, precursor of rayon) Sir Joseph Swann, England, 1883; (rayon) Count Hilaire de Chardonnet, France, 1889; (Celanese) Henry and Camille Dreyfuss, U.S., England, 1921; (research on polyesters and polyamides, basis for modern man-made fibers) U.S., England, Germany, 1930s; (nylon) Wallace H. Carothers, U.S., 1935.

Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.

Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.

Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder: China, c.700.

Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.

Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.

Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.

Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.

Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.

Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.

Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.

Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.

Insulin: (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.

Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.

Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.

Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.

Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.

Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.

Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.

LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.

Leyden jar: (prototype electrical condenser) Canon E. G. von Kleist of Kamin, Pomerania, 1745; independently evolved by Cunaeus and P. van Musschenbroek, University of Leyden, Holland, 1746, from where name originated.

Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.

Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.

Locomotive: (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific’s “Big Boy,” U.S., 1941.

Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.

Loom: (horizontal, two-beamed) Egypt, c. 4400 B.C.; (Jacquard drawloom, pattern controlled by punch cards) Jacques de Vaucanson, France, 1745, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801; (flying shuttle) John Kay, England, 1733; (power-driven loom) Edmund Cartwright, England, 1785.

Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.

Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.

Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.

Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.

Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.

Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.

Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.

Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.

Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.

Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.

Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.

Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.

Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.

Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.

Paper China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.

Photography: (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, France, 1816–1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate, the daguerreotype) Louis Daguerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848–1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S., 1935.

Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.

Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.

Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

Plastics: (first material, nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922.

Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.

Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.

Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.

Polio, vaccine: (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S., 1954; (available in the U.S.) 1960.

Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.

Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.

Printing: (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400; Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450 (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S., 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S., 1884.

Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.

Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.

Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.

Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.

Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.

Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radar: (limited to one-mile range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S., 1925; (first practical radar—radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934–1935.

Radio: (electromagnetism, theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Marconi, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (triode amplifying tube) Lee de Forest, U.S., 1906; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1912; (frequency modulation—FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S., 1933.

Radioactivity: (X-rays) Wilhelm K. Roentgen, Germany, 1895; (radioactivity of uranium) Henri Becquerel, France, 1896; (radioactive elements, radium and polonium in uranium ore) Marie Sklodowska-Curie, Pierre Curie, France, 1898; (classification of alpha and beta particle radiation) Pierre Curie, France, 1900; (gamma radiation) Paul-Ulrich Villard, France, 1900.

Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.

Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.

Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.

Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.

Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.

Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.

Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.

Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.

Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.

Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.

Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.

Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.

Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.

Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.

Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.

Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.

Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.

Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.

Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.

Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.

Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.

Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.

Solar system, universe: (Sun-centered universe) Nicolaus Copernicus, Warsaw, 1543; (establishment of planetary orbits as elliptical) Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609; (infinity of universe) Giordano Bruno, Italian monk, 1584.

Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.

Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.

Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Spinning: (spinning wheel) India, introduced to Europe in Middle Ages; (Saxony wheel, continuous spinning of wool or cotton yarn) England, c.1500–1600; (spinning jenny) James Hargreaves, England, 1764; (spinning frame) Sir Richard Arkwright, England, 1769; (spinning mule, completed mechanization of spinning, permitting production of yarn to keep up with demands of modern looms) Samuel Crompton, England, 1779.

Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.

Steam engine: (first commercial version based on principles of French physicist Denis Papin) Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782.

Steamship: Claude de Jouffroy d’Abbans, France, 1783; James Rumsey, U.S., 1787; John Fitch, U.S., 1790. All preceded Robert Fulton, U.S., 1807, credited with launching first commercially successful steamship.

Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.

Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.

Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.

Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.

Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.

Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.

Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.

Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Television: (Iconoscope–T.V. camera table), Vladimir Zworkin, U.S., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube), 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demonstrated by J.K. Baird, England, C.F. Jenkins, U.S., 1926; (first all-electric television image), 1927, Philo T. Farnsworth, U.S; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S., National Television Systems Committee, 1953.

Thermodynamics: (first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another) Julius von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law: the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernst, Germany, 1918.

Thermometer: (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.

Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.

Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.

Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.

Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.

Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.

Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.

Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.

Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.

Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.

Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.

Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Vitamins: (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S., 1912–1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S., 1915–1916; (thiamin, B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.

Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.

Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.

Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.

Windmill: Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.

Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.

Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.

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tribologicalcoating · 3 years ago

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How does silver plating work?

Silver is one of the most respected and widely used materials for metal finishing in the manufacturing industry. What makes silver plating so special is its exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity. Today in this post we will discuss, what is silver plating, how does silver plating process work and what are advantages of silver plating.

Silver Plating

Silver plating is a process of depositing a layer of silver on the surface a metal substrate to protect it from corrosion. In this process, silver is electroplated on the metal part to improve its surfaces features. Usually,PVD Coater Suppliers it forms a coating which is matte-white in appearance. However, semi-bright and bright finishing can be deposited as well.

How does silver plating work?

Like any other electroplating process, first of all, a metal substrate is cleaned thoroughly. After cleaning, a metal part undergoes through pretreatment which involves making part’s surface free of tensile stress, cracks, pits, tool marks, metal inclusion, and hydrogen embrittlement. Pretreatment involves several mechanical and thermal operations including heat treatments, bending, machining, soldering, and welding.

After cleaning and pretreatment, a metal substrate is immersed into an electrolytic bath containing silver ions and other agents. Silver is attached to an anode, and metal part to be plated attached to a cathode. A DC current is passed through the solution which releases silver ions that get deposited on the surface of a metal substrate.

Electroplating silver to the metal substrate is a bit difficult than other metals. Most common problems associated with silver plating are voids in coating coverage and poor adhesion. Therefore, it is necessary to leave a job in the hands of professional and experienced silver plating services for high quality and uniform metal finishing.

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cnc-machine2021 · 3 years ago

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Desktop Fiber Laser Marking Machine-All in one type

Overview 1. The fiber laser generator is high integrated, has superior laser beam and uniform power density. Output laser power is stable. This design highly increase the machine’s anti-reflection ability with optical isolator, be able to mark on most high reflective materials such as aluminum, copper, gold and silver without the shadow and virtual open phenomenon. 2. Adopts advanced digital high speed scanning galvanometer, quick speed without deviation, small volume, good stability, and performance reached the international advanced level. 3. Adopt the embedded operating system, which the performance is leading domestic peers, good touch interface and powerful control system, can meet the demand of most industry application process in market. 4. High efficiency for photoelectric conversion, simple operation, Compact in structure, support harsh working environment, no consumables. 5. All -in-one design type for electric cabinet and working table, air-cooled inside, small occupation, easy to install. With high verticality degree between lifting section and working table, especially used for accuracy marking on small workpieces.

Applications Precision instruments, computer keyboards, auto parts, plumbing parts, communications equipment, medical equipment , bathroom equipment, hardware tools, luggage decoration, electronic components, home appliances, watches, molds, gaskets and Seals, data matrix, jewelry, cell phone keyboard, buckle, kitchenware, knives, cooker, stainless steel products, aerospace equipment, integrated circuit chips, computer accessories, signs molds, elevator equipment, wire and cable , Industrial bearings, building materials, hotel kitchen, military, pipelines. Tobacco industry, bio-pharmaceutical industry, liquor industry, food packaging, beverage, health care products, plastic buttons, bathing supplies, business cards, Clothing accessories, cosmetics packaging, car decoration, wood, logos, characters, serial number, bar code, PET, ABS, pipeline, advertising,logo. Materials Engrave&Cut 1. All metals: gold, silver, titanium, copper, alloy, aluminum, steel, manganese steel, magnesium, zinc, stainless steel, carbon steel / mild steel, all kinds of alloy steel, electrolytic plate, brass plate, galvanized sheet , Aluminum, all kinds of alloy plates, all kinds of sheet metal, rare metals, coated metal, anodized aluminum and other special surface treatment, electroplating the surface of the aluminum-magnesium alloy surface oxygen decomposition 2. Non-metallic: non-metallic coating materials, industrial plastics, hard plastics, rubber, ceramics, resins, cartons, leather, clothes , wood, paper, plexiglass, epoxy resin, acrylic resin, unsaturated polyester resin material

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123567-9qaaq9 · 2 months ago

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Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market, Drivers, Future Outlook | BIS Research

Battery Manufacturing Equipment refers to the machinery, tools, and systems used in the production of batteries, typically for industrial, automotive, or consumer applications. This equipment encompasses the full range of processes involved in battery production, including material handling, electrode preparation, cell assembly, electrolyte filling, formation, aging, testing, and packaging.

According to BIS Research,the global battery manufacturing equipment market is projected to reach $88,093.50 million by 2031 from $9,439.22 million in 2021, growing at a CAGR of 27.12% during the forecast period 2022-2031.

Battery Manufacturing Equipment Overview

Battery manufacturing equipment plays a critical role in the production of various types of batteries, including lithium-ion, lead-acid, and solid-state batteries, among others. As demand for batteries rises due to the growth of electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy storage, and portable electronics, the need for advanced, reliable, and efficient manufacturing equipment becomes increasingly important.

Key Stages of Battery Manufacturing

Material Handling and Preparation

Electrode Manufacturing

Cell Assembly

Electrolyte Filling and Sealing

Formation and Aging

Advancements in Battery Equipement

Automated Assembly Lines

AI and Machine Learning Integration

Environmentally Friendly Manufacturing

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Market Segmentation

1 By Application

2 Equipment By Process

3 By Battery Type

4 By Region

Demand – Drivers and Limitations

The following are the demand drivers for the global battery manufacturing equipment market:

• Rising Demand for Electric Vehicles (EVs) • Government Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints and e-Waste

The market is expected to face some limitations too due to the following challenge:

• Rising Cost and Competitive Pressure for Battery Equipment Manufacturers • Logistics and Supply Chain Risks

Request a sample of this report on the Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market

Recent Developments in the Global Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market

• In May 2022, by aiding customers in the U.S. with battery manufacture, Xiamen Tmax Equipments maintained a favorable connection with them. It offered them the pouch cell pilot line, which comprises 52 machines ranging from mixing to testing. In accordance with the real requirements of the customer, Xiamen Tmax Equipments supplied complete solutions for the production of coin cells, cylinder cells, pouch cells, prismatic cells, and battery packs on a lab, pilot, and large-scale.

•In June 2022, Wuxi Lead Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd. signed a contract with Volkswagen to deliver 20GWh lithium battery manufacturing equipment. The company would strengthen its presence in the European market and mark a new era of its global operation.

Battery Manufacturing Equipment Future Outlook

Several key trends and advancements are expected to shape the future of this industry

Increased Automation and Digitalization

Scalability and Flexibility

Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Regionalization and Decentralization of Manufacturing

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Conclusion

Battery manufacturing equipment is at the forefront of the global energy transformation, playing a crucial role in producing the batteries that power electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and portable devices.

The evolution of battery technology, such as the shift towards solid-state batteries and the use of innovative materials, is reshaping the design and function of manufacturing equipment. Automation, digitalization, AI integration, and sustainable practices are expected to dominate the future of battery production, improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing quality.

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igoldenlaser · 3 years ago

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5000W metal fiber laser cutting machine price

igoldencnc fiber laser cutting machine 5000W metal fiber laser cutting metal laser price，CNC laser cutting machine, also called fiber laser cutting machine, fiber laser cutter, laser cutter, metal laser cutter, metal laser cutting machine, designed for high precision metal plate cutting processing ot applications is cutting for stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum, copper, galvanized sheet and other metal plate.

FLATBED FIBER LASER CUTTING MACHINE iGR-F Series is economical laser cutting machine with cheap price and high quality. With the movement of the relative position between the beam and the workpiece, the cheap fiber laser cutting machine makes the material form a cutting seam, so as to achieve the purpose of cutting. Laser cutting is designed to replace the traditional mechanical knife with invisible light beam. It has the characteristics of high precision, fast cutting, not limited to the limitation of cutting pattern, automatic typesetting, saving materials, smooth incision and low processing cost. It will gradually improve or replace the traditional metal cutting process equipment. The mechanical part of the laser cutter head has no contact with the workpiece, so it will not scratch the surface of the workpiece. The cheap price laser cutting machine is professional for cutting 1~1omm aluminum, 0.5~25mm carbon steel plate, 1~12mm stainless steel plate, 1~10mm brass, copper, galvanized sheet, electrolytic sheet and silicon steel and other metal materials.

Jinan iGolden CNC Equipment Co., Ltd. has been engaged in laser machine manufacturing for over ten years. All machines are certified by CE and FDA authority, and each of machine undergoes rigorous production assembly and quality inspection process. We are devoted in laser machine manufacturing, which including fiber laser cutting, fiber laser marking, fiber cleaning and fiber laser welding. With advantage technology and research, IGOLDENCNC is becoming more and more popular among various of different counties.

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Smaller focus spot:

Finer cutting line, smooth incision, beautiful appearance, no deformation, higher work efficiency and better processing quality.

Using branded fiber laser source:

Compact structure, small volume, using fixed optical path, low energy consumption, stable cutting quality.

The optical path is not constrained:

The optical fiber transmission loss is small, and the processing range can be enlarged.

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Realize the timely processing of all kinds of graphics and text, which is simple and convenient to use.

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Low operation cost, meet the needs of 24-hour industrial production.

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swanandcmiprs · 4 years ago

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U.S., EUROPE AND ASIA INDUSTRIAL HYDROGEN MARKET ANALYSIS (2019-2027)

U.S., Europe and Asia Industrial Hydrogen Market- 2017-2027

Hydrogen is a chemical compound with atomic number 1 and is widely used in the production of carbon steels, semiconductors, and special metals. It is used as a reducing agent and carrier gas in the electronic industry. Nowadays it is also used across various industrial applications such as it are used as reducing agent in the metallurgical industry and as a basic building block in the production of ammonia for fertilizers and methanol for the production of polymers. Moreover, in refineries hydrogen is used in the processing of intermediate oil products.

The U.S., Europe and Asia industrial hydrogen market is projected to reach US$ 22.8 billion by the end of 2027, in terms of revenue, growing at CAGR of 5.0% during the forecast period (2019 to 2027).

Drivers

Growing demand for fertilizers owing to the rising need for quality yield due to rising population is expected to augment the market growth of industrial hydrogen. Industrial hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia and ammonia is widely used in the production of fertilizers. Moreover, hydrogen is also used in the electronic, metal fabrication, and pharmaceutical industry and microeconomic growth of these industries is expected to foster the market growth industrial hydrogen in U.S., Europe and Asia.

Increasing application hydrogen across the LED and semiconductor industry where it is used to control the atmosphere in the production of LED and semiconductor is expected to augment the market growth. Growing demand for LED as it is highly efficient and have long operational life compared to incandescent is projected to fuel the demand for hydrogen, which in turn propelling the market growth of hydrogen over the forecast period. Furthermore, the booming electronic industry is also projected to propel the market growth of hydrogen.

Geographically, U.S. dominated the U.S., Europe and Asia industrial hydrogen market in 2018, reporting 56.4% market share in terms of revenue, followed by Asia-pacific and Europe, respectively.

Figure 1. U.S., Europe and Asia Industrial Hydrogen Market, Revenue Share (%), By Region, 2018

Market Restraints

The production cost of hydrogen is high, as it is mainly produced from natural gas, coal and various hydrocarbons and only a small fraction of hydrogen, in the range of 3-4%, is produced during electrolysis of water because it is relatively more energy-intensive. Moreover, overall production of hydrogen is expensive than conventional production. Therefore, the high cost of the hydrogen is estimated to restrict the market growth of hydrogen over the forecast period.

Use of hydrogen that is produced by electrolysis is limited to energy sectors where renewable energy such as solar or wind is used for producing electricity for electrolyzers. Therefore, the limited application of hydrogen that is produced by the electrolysis process is projected to hinder the market growth of hydrogen.

Market Opportunities

Higher emphasis on enhancing overall process economics owing to the high production costs of electrolytic hydrogen. Many manufacturers are focusing on increasing overall efficiency of the process such as advancements in membrane and catalyst are projected to cut down the overall production cost significantly in the near future. Moreover, rising focus on a technical scale of production i.e. development of high-pressure electrolyzers and overvoltage reduction of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in electrolyzers is further projected to offer significant growth opportunities to the market of hydrogen.

Increasing usage of hydrogen as a fuel in rockets since it is highly flammable and efficient is projected to propel the market growth. Hydrogen is enough to offer power to powerful machines such as spaceships and also it is environmentally friendly and much safer choice as compared to other fuel sources which are further propelling the market growth of hydrogen. Moreover, rising demand for hydrogen as a fuel is also attributed to the fact that it is three times as powerful as gasoline and other fossil fuels which is also predicted to foster market growth.

Figure 2. U.S., Europe and Asia Industrial Hydrogen Market – Opportunity Analysis

Market Trends

An increasing partnership among major players to build a new hydrogen plant in order to meet the rising demand is expected to propel the market growth over the forecast period. For instance, in September 2019, Hyundai and Hydrospider enter into a partnership to build an industrial hydrogen ecosystem. This partnership focused on the promotion of clean transportation in Switzerland and European countries in the near future. Therefore, increasing the expansion of the hydrogen production plant is expected to augment the market growth of hydrogen over the forecast period.

Increasing investment in the production of green hydrogen is expected to augment the market growth of hydrogen over the forecast timeframe. For instance, in October 2019, the Ministry of Education and Research announced the investment of US$ 333 million more into research on green hydrogen and has promised that Germany will become the world’s largest market in hydrogen technologies by 2023. Hence, rising such investment on the promotion of green hydrogen will favor market growth.

Figure 3. U.S., Europe and Asia Industrial Hydrogen Market, Revenue Share (%), By End Use, in 2018

On the basis of end use, in 2018, electronics accounted the largest market share of 22.2% in terms of revenue, followed by glass and metal production, respectively.

Competitive Section:

Key players active in the U.S., Europe, and Asia Industrial Hydrogen market are Air Liquide, Air Products & Chemicals Inc., Praxair Inc., Linde Plc., and Messer Group GmbH

Few Recent Developments

Air Liquide

In November 2015, Air Liquide signed an agreement to acquire Airgas, one of the leading suppliers of medical, industrial and specialty gases in the U.S.

In 2015, the company deployed its newly developed Cryocap technology for capturing CO2 released during the production of hydrogen through a natural gas reforming process.

Air Products and Chemicals Inc.

In July 2016, the company set up a new world-scale hydrogen production facility in Ft. Saskatchewan, Canada

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cleverwordsandotherstuffilike · 7 years ago

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What Year Was This Invented?

Adrenaline: (isolation of) John Jacob Abel, U.S., 1897.

Aerosol can: Erik Rotheim, Norway, 1926.

Air brake: George Westinghouse, U.S., 1868.

Air conditioning: Willis Carrier, U.S., 1911.

Airship: (non-rigid) Henri Giffard, France, 1852; (rigid) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.

ALS: NE1 Gene link to ALS - Landers and Jan Veldink of University Medical Center Utrecht led the study involving 11 countries, 2016

Aluminum manufacture: (by electrolytic action) Charles M. Hall, U.S., 1866.

Anesthetic: (first use of anesthetic—ether—on humans) Crawford W. Long, U.S., 1842.

Antiseptic: (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.

Antitoxin, diphtheria: Emil von Behring, Germany, 1890.

Appliances, electric: (fan) Schuyler Wheeler, U.S., 1882; (flatiron) Henry W. Seely, U.S., 1882; (stove) Hadaway, U.S., 1896; (washing machine) Alva Fisher, U.S., 1906.

Aqualung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan, France, 1943.

Aspirin: Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.

Astronomical calculator: The Antikythera device, first century B.C., Greece. Found off island of Antikythera in 1900.

Atom: (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.

Atomic theory: (ancient) Leucippus, Democritus, Greece, c. 500 B.C.; Lucretius, Rome c.100 B.C.; (modern) John Dalton, England, 1808.

Atomic structure: (formulated nuclear model of atom, Rutherford model) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; (proposed current concept of atomic structure, the Bohr model) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM): Long Island Branch of Chemical Bank

Autopilot: (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

Avogadro’s law: (equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules) Amedeo Avogadro, Italy, 1811.

Bacteria: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Balloon, hot-air: Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.

Barbed wire: (most popular) Joseph E. Glidden, U.S., 1873.

Bar codes: (computer-scanned binary signal code):

(retail trade use) Monarch Marking, U.S. 1970; (industrial use) Plessey Telecommunications, England, 1970.

Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.

Bicycle: Karl D. von Sauerbronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.

Blackberry, 2002

Blood, circulation of: William Harvey, England, 1628.

Boyle’s law: (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.

Braille: Louis Braille, France, 1829.

Bridges: (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S., 1820.

Bullet: (conical) Claude Minié, France, 1849.

Calculus: Isaac Newton, England, 1669; (differential calculus) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1684.

Camera: (hand-held) George Eastman, U.S., 1888; (Polaroid Land) Edwin Land, U.S., 1948.

“Canals” of Mars:Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italy, 1877.

Carpet sweeper: Melville R. Bissell, U.S., 1876.

Car radio: William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S., 1929, manufactured by Galvin Manufacturing Co., “Motorola.”

Cement, Portland: Joseph Aspdin, England, 1824.

Chewing gum: (spruce-based) John Curtis, U.S., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S., 1870.

Cholera bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.

Circuit, integrated: (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; (phase-shift oscillator) Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S., 1959.

Clock, pendulum: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.

Coca-Cola: John Pemberton, U.S., 1886.

Combustion: (nature of) Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.

Compact disk: RCA, U.S., 1972.

Computer mouse: Doug Engelbart, 1962

Concrete: (reinforced) Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

Condensed milk: Gail Borden, U.S., 1853.

Conditioned reflex: Ivan Pavlov, Russia, c.1910.

Conservation of electric charge: (the total electric charge of the universe or any closed system is constant) Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1751–1754.

Contagion theory: (infectious diseases caused by living agent transmitted from person to person) Girolamo Fracastoro, Italy, 1546.

Contraceptive, oral: Gregory Pincus, Min Chuch Chang, John Rock, Carl Djerassi, U.S., 1951.

Converter, Bessemer: William Kelly, U.S., 1851.

Cordless Tools, 1961

Cosmetics: Egypt, c. 4000 B.C.

Cosamic string theory: (first postulated) Thomas Kibble, 1976.

Cotton gin: Eli Whitney, U.S., 1793.

Crossbow: China, c. 300 B.C.

Cyclotron: Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S., 1931.

Deuterium: (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S., 1931.

Disease: (chemicals in treatment of) crusaded by Philippus Paracelsus, 1527–1541; (germ theory) Louis Pasteur, France, 1862–1877.

DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) Rosalind Elsie Franklin, F. H. Crick, England, James D. Watson, U.S., 1953.

Dye: (aniline, start of synthetic dye industry) William H. Perkin, England, 1856.

Dynamite: Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

Ebola Vaccine: Canadian Government, 2016

Electric cooking utensil: (first) patented by St. George Lane-Fox, England, 1874.

Electrocardiography: Demonstrated by Augustus Waller, 1887; (first practical device for recording activity of heart) Willem Einthoven, 1903, Dutch physiologist.

Electromagnet: William Sturgeon, England, 1823.

Electron: Sir Joseph J. Thompson, England, 1897.

Elevator, passenger: (safety device permitting use by passengers) Elisha G. Otis, U.S., 1852; (elevator utilizing safety device) 1857.

E = mc2: (equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.

Evolution: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

Exclusion principle: (no two electrons in an atom can occupy the same energy level) Wolfgang Pauli, Germany, 1925.

Falling bodies, law of: Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1590.

Fermentation: (microorganisms as cause of) Louis Pasteur, France, c.1860.

Fiber optics: Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.

Frozen food: Clarence Birdseye, U.S., 1924.

Gene transfer: (human) Steven Rosenberg, R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, U.S., 1989.

Geometry, elements of: Euclid, Alexandria, Egypt, c. 300 B.C.; (analytic) René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1637.

Gravitation, law of: Sir Isaac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).

Gunpowder: China, c.700.

Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry, U.S., 1905.

Gyroscope: Léon Foucault, France, 1852.

Halley’s Comet: Edmund Halley, England, 1705.

Heart implanted in human, permanent artificial:Dr. Robert Jarvik, U.S., 1982.

Heart, temporary artificial: Willem Kolft, 1957.

Helicopter: (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Sikorsky, U.S., 1939.

Helium first observed on sun: Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.

Heredity, laws of: Gregor Mendel, Austria, 1865.

Holograph: Dennis Gabor, England, 1947.

Home videotape systems (VCR): (Betamax) Sony, Japan, 1975; (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

Ice age theory: Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.

Induction, electric: Joseph Henry, U.S., 1828.

Intelligence testing: Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon, France, 1905.

Interferon: Alick Isaacs, Jean Lindemann, England, Switzerland, 1957.

iPhone, 2007

iPod, 2001

Isotopes: (concept of) Frederick Soddy, England, 1912; (stable isotopes) J. J. Thompson, England, 1913; (existence demonstrated by mass spectrography) Francis W. Ashton, 1919.

Jet propulsion: (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

Kinetic theory of gases: (molecules of a gas are in a state of rapid motion) Daniel Bernoulli, Switzerland, 1738.

Laser: (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S., N. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S., 1960.

Lawn mower: Edwin Budding, John Ferrabee, England, 1830–1831.

LCD (liquid crystal display): Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.

Lens, bifocal: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., c.1760.

Light, nature of: (wave theory) Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1678; (electromagnetic theory) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873.

Light, speed of: (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.

Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin, U.S., 1752.

Lock, cylinder: Linus Yale, U.S., 1851.

Machine gun: (hand-cranked multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S., 1862; (practical single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.

Magnet, Earth is: William Gilbert, England, 1600.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Inventor not established, 1973

Match: (phosphorus) François Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.

Measles vaccine: John F. Enders, Thomas Peebles, U.S., 1953.

Metric system: revolutionary government of France, 1790–1801.

Microphone: Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.

Microscope: (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S., Canada, Germany, 1932–1939.

Microwave oven: Percy Spencer, U.S., 1947.

Motion, laws of: Isaac Newton, England, 1687.

Motion pictures: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1893.

Motion pictures, sound: Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score: Don Juan, 1926; with spoken dialogue: The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

Motor, electric: Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S., 1892.

Motorcycle: (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.

Moving assembly line: Henry Ford, U.S., 1913.

Multiple Sclerosis genetic link: University of British Columbia, 2016

Music synthesizer: Robert Moog, 1964

Neptune: (discovery of) Johann Galle, Germany, 1846.

Neptunium: (first transuranic element, synthesis of) Edward M. McMillan, Philip H. Abelson, U.S., 1940.

Neutron: James Chadwick, England, 1932.

Neutron-induced radiation: Enrico Fermi et al., Italy, 1934.

Nitroglycerin: Ascanio Sobrero, Italy, 1846.

Nuclear fission: Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.

Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.

Ohm’s law: (relationship between strength of electric current, electromotive force, and circuit resistance) Georg S. Ohm, Germany, 1827.

Oil well: Edwin L. Drake, U.S., 1859.

Oxygen: (isolation of) Joseph Priestley, 1774; Carl Scheele, 1773.

Ozone: Christian Schönbein, Germany, 1839.

Pacemaker: (internal) Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S., 1957.

Paper China, c.100 A.D.

Parachute: Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.

Pen: (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S., 1884; (ball-point, for marking on rough surfaces) John H. Loud, U.S., 1888; (ball-point, for handwriting) Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.

Periodic law: (that properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Periodic table: (arrangement of chemical elements based on periodic law) Dmitri Mendeleev, Russia, 1869.

Phonograph: Thomas A. Edison, U.S., 1877.

Photovoltaic effect: (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.

Piano: (Hammerklavier) Bartolommeo Cristofori, Italy, 1709; (pianoforte with sustaining and damper pedals) John Broadwood, England, 1873.

Planetary motion, laws of: Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.

Plant respiration and photosynthesis: Jan Ingenhousz, Holland, 1779.

Plate tectonics: Alfred Wegener, Germany, 1912–1915.

Plow, forked: Mesopotamia, before 3000 B.C.

Plutonium, synthesis of: Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, U.S., 1941.

Positron: Carl D. Anderson, U.S., 1932.

Pressure cooker: (early version) Denis Papin, France, 1679.

Probability theory: René Descartes, France; and Pierre de Fermat, Switzerland, 1654.

Proton: Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.

Prozac: (antidepressant fluoxetine) Bryan B. Malloy, Scotland, and Klaus K. Schmiegel, U.S., 1972; (released for use in U.S.) Eli Lilly & Company, 1987.

Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud, Austria, c.1904.

Pulsars: Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

Quantum theory: (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Germany, 1925.

Quarks: Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor, U.S., 1967.

Quasars: Marten Schmidt, U.S., 1963.

Rabies immunization: Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.

Radiocarbon dating, carbon-14 method: (discovered) 1947, Willard F. Libby, U.S.; (first demonstrated) U.S., 1950.

Radio signals, extraterrestrial: first known radio noise signals were received by U.S. engineer, Karl Jansky, originating from the Galactic Center, 1931.

Radio waves: (cosmic sources, led to radio astronomy) Karl Jansky, U.S., 1932.

Razor: (safety, successfully marketed) King Gillette, U.S., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S., 1928, 1931.

Reaper: Cyrus McCormick, U.S., 1834.

Refrigerator: Alexander Twining, U.S., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor device) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S., 1913.

Refrigerator ship: (first) the Frigorifique, cooling unit designed by Charles Teller, France, 1877.

Relativity: (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, Germany, U.S., 1905–1953.

Revolver: Samuel Colt, U.S., 1835.

Richter scale: Charles F. Richter, U.S., 1935.

Rifle: (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S., 1918.

Rocket: (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S., 1926.

Roller bearing: (wooden for cartwheel) Germany or France, c.100 B.C.

Rotation of Earth: Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.

Royal Observatory, Greenwich: established in 1675 by Charles II of England; John Flamsteed first Astronomer Royal.

Rubber: (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S., 1839.

Saccharin: Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S., 1879.

Safety pin: Walter Hunt, U.S., 1849.

Saturn, ring around: Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.

“Scotch” tape:Richard Drew, U.S., 1929.

Screw propeller: Sir Francis P. Smith, England, 1836; John Ericsson, England, worked independently of and simultaneously with Smith, 1837.

Seismograph: (first accurate) John Milne, England, 1880.

Sewing machine: Elias Howe, U.S., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S., 1851.

Smoke detector: Randolph Smith and Kenneth House, 1969

Solar energy: First realistic application of solar energy using parabolic solar reflector to drive caloric engine on steam boiler, John Ericsson, U.S., 1860s.

Spectrum: (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665–1666.

Spectrum analysis: Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen, Germany, 1859.

Spermatozoa: Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.

Star catalog: (first modern) Tycho Brahe, Denmark, 1572.

Stethoscope: René Laënnec, France, 1819.

Sulfa drugs: (parent compound, para-aminobenzenesulfanomide) Paul Gelmo, Austria, 1908; (antibacterial activity) Gerhard Domagk, Germany, 1935.

Superconductivity: (theory) Bardeen, Cooper, Scheiffer, U.S., 1957.

Symbolic logic: George Boule, 1854; (modern) Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, England, 1910–1913.

Tank, military: Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.

Tape recorder: (magnetic steel tape) Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.

Teflon: DuPont, U.S., 1943.

Telegraph: Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S., 1837.

Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell, U.S., 1876.

Telescope: Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.

Three point seat belt: Nils Bohlin, 1957

Tire, pneumatic: Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.

Toilet, flush: Product of Minoan civilization, Crete, c. 2000 B.C. Alleged invention by “Thomas Crapper” is untrue.

Tractor: Benjamin Holt, U.S., 1900.

Transformer, electric: William Stanley, U.S., 1885.

Transistor: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S., 1947.

Tuberculosis bacterium: Robert Koch, Germany, 1882.

Typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S., 1867.

Uncertainty principle: (that position and velocity of an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time) Werner Heisenberg, Germany, 1927.

Uranus: (first planet discovered in recorded history) William Herschel, England, 1781.

Vaccination: Edward Jenner, England, 1796.

Vacuum cleaner: (manually operated) Ives W. McGaffey, 1869; (electric) Hubert C. Booth, England, 1901; (upright) J. Murray Spangler, U.S., 1907.

Van Allen (radiation) Belt: (around Earth) James Van Allen, U.S., 1958.

Video disk: Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.

Voltaic pile: (forerunner of modern battery, first source of continuous electric current) Alessandro Volta, Italy, 1800.

Wallpaper: Europe, 16th and 17th century.

Wassermann test: (for syphilis) August von Wassermann, Germany, 1906.

Wheel: (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800–3600 B.C.

Windmill: Persia, c.600.

World Wide Web: (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S., 1993.

Xerography: Chester Carlson, U.S., 1938.

Zero: India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.

Zipper: W. L. Judson, U.S., 1891.

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signvecpteltd · 5 years ago

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Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine

Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine LF0640 Professional for cutting various thin metal sheet, stell plate, stainless stell plate, cutting galvanized sheet, electrolytic plates and other metal materials. Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Widely used in glasses,electronics,appliances and other precision machinery,hardware,microelectronics industry. The Fiber Laser Cutting Machine comes in two models, LF1325 and LF1530.

It uses IPG laser source, Yaskawa servo motor system, industrial chiller, automatic partitioned exhaust system and has a position speed of 20m per minute. It can be used to cut metal materials such as stainless steel, carbon steel, alloy steel, copper, brass, silicon steel, galvanized steel, nickel titanium alloy, nickel chromium alloy, and titanium alloy. The LF1530 model has a larger working area, larger in size and is heavier than the LF1325 model.

It supports any file formats that are Drawing eXchange Format (DXF),AutoCAD plot (PLT), or Adobe Illustrator Artwork (AI).It is able to cut 11m of carbon steel that is 1mm thick per minute or 1.2m per minute for a thickness of 4mm. It is able to cut 10m of stainless steel that is 1mm thick per minute or 1.8m per minute for a thickness of 2mm. It is able to cut 5m of galvanized sheet that is 0.8mm thick per minute or 1.8m per minute for a thickness of 1.5mm.

Fiber Marking machines is Air cooled cooling system, easy and quickly installation, USB contacted with any computer and install software easily Use interfaces types: text, graphics, serial number, a d bar code, 2d barcode, successive signet, etc. It's Suitable for anodized sculpture, hand tools deep carved, aluminum a deep carved, stainless steel surface carved black, IC table sculpture, etc.

In Order To Find Out More Details On Fiber Laser Marking Machine Please Be Touch With Us Today Onwards..!

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cnc-machine2021 · 3 years ago

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Separated Portable type Fiber Laser Marking Machine

Overview 1. The fiber laser generator is high integrated, has superior laser beam and uniform power density. Output laser power is stable. This design highly increase the machine’s anti-reflection ability with optical isolator, be able to mark on most high reflective materials such as aluminum, copper, gold and silver without the shadow and virtual open phenomenon. 2. Adopts advanced digital high speed scanning galvanometer, quick speed without deviation, small volume, good stability, and performance reached the international advanced level. 3. Adopt the embedded operating system, which the performance is leading domestic peers, good touch interface and powerful control system, can meet the demand of most industry application process in market. 4. High efficiency for photoelectric conversion, simple operation, Compact in structure, support harsh working environment, no consumables. 5. Modular design, separate laser generator and lifter, more flexible, can mark on bigger area and complicated surface. Air-cooled inside, small occupation, easy to install.

https://www.winwin-cnc.com/Laser-Marking-Machine/Separated-Portable-type-Fiber-Laser-Mark.html

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nightowlelectric-blog · 8 years ago

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Grounding and Bonding

GENERAL: Circuits Required and not permitted to be grounded, Conductor to be grounded on grounded systems, Types and sizes of grounding conductors and electrodes, Methods of grounding and bounding, Conditions where isolation, guards, and insulation may be used in grounding applications or substitutions. Bonding Jumper ( Supply side ) - Installed on supply side of service or within the service enclosure or for separately derived systems that ensures that the required electrical conductivity between electrical parts are electrically connected. General Requirements for bonding and grounding:

Grounded Systems: -one- electrical system grounding - Unnecessary loops and bends are to be avoided. -two- grounding of electrical equipment. - Limits the voltage to ground by connecting it to grounding electrode. -three- bonding of electrical equipment - provides effective ground fault current path -four- bonding of electrically conductive materials and other equipment - establish effective ground fault current path -five- effective ground fault current path ( low impedance ) UnGrounded Systems: -one- Grounding electrical equipment -two- bonding electrical equipment - Objectionable Current - lightning surges, a) Prevention Thereof b) Alterations to stop objectionable currents: Temporary Currents not considered to be objectionable, Objectionable DC ( ISOLATION THEREOF )

Grounded Systems - System Bonding Jumper - un-spliced system jumper derived from a first and separately derived system to the source to the first disconnecting means or overcurrent device or or be derived from a source circuit that has neither a disconnecting means or overcurrent device. Entire thing is enclosed in the same enclosure. - Supply side Bonding jumper - Each side has its own separate enclosure, separately derived system and the first disconnecting means are in different enclosures - Grounded conductor - Grounding Electrode - Single, multi-derived systems - Grounding Electrode - Multiple, multi-derived systems BUILDING or STRUCTURE - Supplied by Feeder or Branch Circuits Grounding Electrode - Requires its own grounding electrode ( eg - jose & keeks garage )

Grounded Systems - Supplied by feeder or Branch Circuits. - Run with the supply conductor's disconnecting means and to run to the grounding electrode - Equipment grounding conductors shall be used for bonding and grounding equipment - Supplied by separately derived system ( a. With overcurrent protection, b. Without ) Ungrounded systems: - Grounding Electrode and grounding electrode conductor installed ( supplied by feeder or branch cirucit ) - Supplied by Separately derived system ( 1. With overcurrent protection, 2. Without ) - Disconnecting means inside separate building on premises. - Grounding electrode conductor Connection of bonding and grounding equipment: listed pressure connectors, terminal bars, pressure connectors listed as grounding and bonding equipment, Exothermic welding process, Machine screw-type fasteners that engage not less then two threads, Thread forming machine screws that engage not less then two threads in the enclosure, Connections that are part of a listed assembly, other listed means. ...ABSOLUTELY NO SOLDERING > Electrical Grounding conductor and electrode > Main Bonding conductor - as a wire or a bus bar. > Load side grounding connections - The grounded ( white ) wire shall not be connected to metal parts > Main Bonding Jumper - Connects equipment grounds to the service disconnection box > Grounding Electrode conductor - Ungrounded AC systems shall have one In Main panels the ground and the white wires are fastened together. On a Sub Panel they are not. Main bonding jumper and system bonding: material ( copper ), Screw ( green ), Main bonding jumper and system bonding: material ( copper ), Screw ( green ), Protection of ground clamps and fittings, CLEAN surfaces, Sizing of a single raceway, Parallel Conductors in two race ways. The grounded ( white ) conductor shall run parallel in each raceway. Marking and Identification of bonded and grounding conductors. SYSTEM Grounding: AC systems to be grounded: 50 volts to 1000 volts, Impedance grounded Neutral systems, High Impedance systems - HIGH IMPEDANCE NEUTRAL SYSTEMS ( three phase ) AC systems ( 50volts - 1000volts ) not required to be grounded: Industrial Furnaces, rectifiers that drive adjustable speed industrial drives, separately derived electrical systems derived from a transformer and meets the following requirements - used exclusively for control circuits - only qualified persons involved - continuity of control power required. - electric cranes operate over combustible - Health Care, electrolytic cells, lighting Ground Detector:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Single and Multiple Phases: DELTA circuits - grounded conductor will have the same ampacity as the two other hot wires do. Ground and Hot Legs share the same Ampacities. Grounding Electrode conductor - Ungrounded AC systems shall have one, Grounding Electrode conductor - Ungrounded AC systems shall have one, 1. Single Phase, 2 wire - one grounding conductor 2. Single Phase, 3 wire - The neutral conductor 3. MultiPhase, One common wire is the neutral conductor GROUNDING SEPARATELY DERIVED AC SYSTEMS - Alternate AC power sources like generators are not separately derived if its ground is tied into the main grounding conductor to the grounding electrode cause its continuously connected despite the generator being off. Portable and Vehicle mounted Generators, Permanently installed generators ( Separately derived system, non-separately derived ) GROUNDING ELECTRODES - Water pipes, Metal frame of building, concrete encased electrode, ground ring, rod & pipe types, plate electrodes, ...NOT ALLOWED TO BE used - gas mains, Grounding Electrode System Installation: a. Rod, pipe and plate electrodes. b. Below permanent moisture level c. Supplemental Electrode required - and bonded too... at least 6 feet apart... d. Wire must be 6awg copper or 4awg aluminum E. Ground Ring, Rod & Pipe electrodes, plate electrodes > Auxiliary Grounding electrode, Common Grounding Electrode, > Strike Termination Device - Copper clad alumin ( connection not less then 18 inches above earth ) > Secured and protected from damage, continuous ( no joints or splices ), Buildings with multiple disconnecting means - Disconnecting means in separate enclosures. - Common Grounding electrode and taps - One shall be installed in each . - Individual Grounding Electrode connected between the grounding electrode and the following: a. grounded conductor in each service equipment disconnect means enclosure... b. EQUIPMENT grounding conductor installed in the feeder line ( cable ). c. Supply side bonding jumper. - Common Location - Raceways and Enclosures that protect Grounding Electrode conductors 1. GENERAL - Ferrous Metal raceways and enclosures are electrically continuous. bonded each end to the grounding conductor or the grounding electrode conduct. 2. Bonding Methods, Size, wiring methods... 3. Installation of the Electrode(s): Size of AC Grounding Electrode Conductor - Rod, Pipe, Plate ( largest size permit able copper 6awg, Aluminum 4awg ) - Concrete encased electrodes ( No larger then 4awg copper wire ) - Ground Rings ( Conductor same gauge as ground ring )

<------ Connections to grounding electrodes: A. Accessibility →B. Effective Grounding Path, → C. Grounding Electrode Connections

METHODS OF BONDING & GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CONNECTIONS TO THEE ELECTRODE - Listed exothermic weilding, listed lugs, listed pressure connectors, listed clamps or other listed means. NO SOLDERING, Grounding clamps shall be listed for the material of the grounding rod in use & electrode grounding conductor, and where used on pipe, rod and other burial means shall be listed for burial or concrete encasement. SERVICE RACEWAYS & ENCLOSURES - Underground SERVICE raceway or Cable: a Underground service cable b. Underground service raceway carrying cable. Other conductor ENCLOSURES and RACEWAYS - BONDING - Shall be provided where necessary to ensure electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any fault current likely to be imposed. Bonding EQUIPMENT for SERVICES: ( a all raceways, cable trays, cable bus frameworks, etc... b. All enclosures containing such ) Methods of BONDING at the SERVICE: 1. Bonding Equipment to the grounded service conductor in a manner provided... 2. Utilizing threaded couplings or threaded hubs on enclosures if made up wrench tight 3. Thread less Couplings & connectors if made up tight for metal raceways & metal-clad cables. 4. Other listed devices such as bonding type locknuts, bushings, or bushings with bending jumpers

Bonding for other systems: An intersystem bonding termination for connecting intersystem bonding requires for other systems shall be provided external to enclosures at the service equipment or metering equipment enclosure and at the disconnecting means for any additional building or structures. The intere-system bonding termination shall comply with the following: ( Accessible for connection and inspection, Set of terminals with correct ampacity, not interfere with openings, everything securely mounted etc ) >>>>>>>>>>>>> BONDING OTHER ENCLOSURES <<<<<<<<<<< BONDING OTHER ENCLOSURES - metal raceways, cable trays, cable amour cable sheath, enclosures, frames, fittings and other metal non-current-carrying part, etc.. shall be continuously bonded to maintain continuity. 01. Isolated grounding circuits - INSTALLED FOR REDUCTION of electrical NOISE 02. Bonding over 250 volts ( Except for thread less couplings and connectors for cables with metal sheaths, Two locknuts on rmc or imc- One inside and one outside the box or case, fittings with shoulders that secure it to the metal box or enclosure and four- listed fittings ) 03. Bonding Loosely Jointed Fittings and raceways - 04. bonding of hazardous locations. >>>>>>>>>>>>>BONDING CONDUCTORS and JUMPERS <<<<<<<<<<< 01. Copper wire, bus, screw or similar suitable conductor. 02. Attachment 03. Sizing of a supply side bonding jumper ( Table 250 ) Size for supply conductor in a single raceway or cable ( Table 250 ) 04. Sizing parallel conductor installations in two or more raceways.( Table 250 ) 05. Equipment Bonding jumper on the load side of an overcurrent device. 06. Installation - bonding jumpers, conductors and equipment bonding jumpers can be installed inside or outside an raceway or enclosures. 07. Outside and raceway or enclosure bonding jumpers shall not exceed six feet and shall be routed along with the raceway or enclosure. 08. Protection >>>>>>>> BONDING TO PIPES AND METAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS <<<<<< 01. Bonded to the service equipment enclosure, The grounded conductor at the service, The grounding electrode conductor 02. Buildings of Multi-Occupancy - In such buildings where metal piping is separated from other metal piping for other occupants by means of plastic piping, the metal piping shall be used by the equipment grounding terminals on the switch gear, switch board or panel board not SE equipment. 03. Structural metal and / or metal buildings - 04. Separately Derived Systems - Structural Metal, metal piping, Common Grounding Electrode Conductor, Equipment Grounding and Equipment grounding conductors. LIGHTNING PROTECTION - An entirely different kind of specialty, metal electrical components needs isolation from lighting protection equipment. EQUIPMENT fastened into fixed place and connected by permanent wiring methods: 1. Switch Gear and switch board frames and structures �� 2. Pipe organs 3. Motor Frames, Enclosures for motor controllers 4. Elevators and Cranes. 5. Garages, Theaters, Motion Picture Studios 6. Electric Signs 7. Motion Picture Projection Equipment 8. Remote-Control, Signaling, Fire Alarm Circuits 9. Luminaries 10. SKID mounted equipment, Water Pumps, Metal Well Casings, >>>>>>>> EQUIPMENT CONNECTED by PLUG and CORD <<<<<<<< 1. Refrigeration, Fridges, Freezers, AC equipment. 2. Laundry, Dishwasher, Ranges, Kitchen Waste Disposal, 3. IT equipment ( computers ) 4. Sump Pumps, Electrical Aquarium Equipment 5. Hand Held and Fixed Power Tools and Machine Tools 6. Motor Operated Appliances - 7. Hand Lamps, Electric Lawn Equipment 8. Tools and electric equipment that operates under wet and damp conditions ( pressure washers for example ) NON-ELECTRICAL ( GANTRY frames and tracks, non-electric elevators with conductors attached, shifting cables & ropes in electric elev

TYPES of EQUIP Grounding conductors: ( copper, solid or stranded, insulated or bare, wire or busbar ) ( Rigid Metal Conduit, IMC, EMT, Flexible plastic conduits ) Listed Flexible plastic conduits: - terminated with listed fittings - protected by over current devices rated over 20 amps. - doesn't exceed six feet ( Listed liquid tight metal conduit meeting all of the following: ) - terminated with listed fittings, rated at 20 amps or less, ( flexible metallic tubing, Type MC, Cable trays, cable bus framework, etc... ) Identification of equipment grounding conductors ( green, green with yellow stripes, bare ), 4awg Copper or larger Multi-Conductor Cable. striping running down entire wire, green insulation, green tape or green adhesive labels. Flexible Cord - green or green with yellow stripes… AN EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR SHALL NOT BE USED AS A GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTOR 01. Size, Increase in size, Multiple Circuits, Motor Circuits, 02. Instantaneous Tripping Breaker and Motor short-circuit protector 03. Flexible Cord and Fixture Wire - If smaller then 10awg then wire shall not be smaller then 18awg copper ( EWWWW ) 04. Conductors in Parallel - Single equipment grounding conductor shall be used. 05. Feeder Taps - EQUIPMENT Grounding Conductor Continuity ( General, Increased in size, multiple circuits, motor circuits, flexible chord & fixture wire ) ( Conductors in parallel, Feeder Taps, Continuity, Switches, etc... ) Motor Circuits: - Instantaneous-Trip breaker AND motor short circuit protector Identification of wiring device terminals ( Green Screw, green terminal nut, green pressure wire connector,

>>>>>>>>>> METHODS OF EQUIPMENT GROUNDING <<<<<<<<<<<< 01. Equipment grounding conductor connections - grounded systems: bond the equipment bonding conductor to the grounded service conductor and the grounding electrode conductor... - for ungrounded systems: connections shall be made by bonding the equipment grounding conductor to the grounding electrode conductor... - No Grounding socket replacement or branch circuit extension: 02. Short & isolated sections of raceway shall be grounded via the equipment grounding conductor 03. Equipment considered grounded, Secured to grounded metal supports, metal car frames, cord & plug connected items, frames of appliances such as ranges and laundry equipment, using separate flexible / wire strap, 04. Use of grounded circuit conductor for grounding equipment: - Supply side of Equipment, Load side of equipment, 05. Multiple Circuit Connections 06. Connecting Receptacle grounding terminal to box, Surface mounted boxes, Contact devices or yokes, floor boxes, Isolated ground sockets 07. Continuity and attachment of equipment grounding conductors to boxes ( Connections & splices, Continuity, metal boxes, non-metallic box, absolutely no soldering >>>>>>>>>> DIRECT CURRENT DC <<<<<<<<<<<< 08. DC circuits and systems to be grounded. ( a, two wire, b. Three wire - neutral conductor shall be grounded ) 09. Point of Connection for DC systems: - off premises source - - on-premises source - at source, first over current protection or disconnection means, other means. 10. Sizing of DC grounding electrode grounding conductor ( no larger then 3/0 conductor ) 11. Not smaller then neutral conductor, not smaller then largest conductor ( 8 awg ) , Connected to rod, pipe or plate electrodes, ( 8 ) Concrete Encased Electrode ( no larger then 4awg ), Ground Ring ( no larger then the wire gage attached to the ring ) 12. Direct Current GFCI - Marking it. 13. DC Bonding Jumper - continuous, not spliced, 14. Ungrounded DC separately derived systems - >>>>>>>>>>>>>> INSTRUMENTS, METERS, RELAYS <<<<<<<<<<<<< 01. Instrument Transformer Circuits: - Secondary circuits of current and potential instrument transformers shall be grounded where the primary windings are connected to 300 volts and more and were installed on or ins switched gear and on switch boards shall be grounded irrespective of voltage. 02. Instrument transformer cases: - Cases or frames of transformers shall be connected to the equipment grounding conductor 03. Cases of instruments, meters, and relays operating under 1000volts: - not on switch gear or switch boards - Placed on switchgear or dead-front switchboards - On live front switchboards - 04. Cases of instruments, meters and relays operating over 1000volts: Shall be isolated from general public by elevation, etc… Instrument equipment grounding conductor - no smaller then 12 awg copper, cases connected to grounded means shall be considered grounded... >>>> GROUNDING OF SYSTEMS AND CIRCUITS WELL OVER 10000 VOLTS <<< 01. Derived Neutral systems 02. Solidly grounded neutral systems -Neutral conductor ( min insulation level is 600v ) - load not greater then 33% of the ampacity 03. Single point grounded neutral systems: - supplied by separately derived system or multi-grounded neutral system - grounding electrode shall be provided for the system - electrode grounding conductor shall be tied into the neutral conductor ( main panels only ) - bonding jumper shall connect equipment grounding conductor to the grounding electrode conduct - equipment bonding conductor provided to each structure, building, equipment enclosure - Neutral conductor only needed where phase to neutral loads are supplied - Neutral conductor shall be insulated and isolated from earth except in one location - An equipment grounding conductor shall be run with a 3phase and shall comply with… 1. not carry continuous load 2. May be bare or insulated 3. shall have enough ampacity for fault current duty 04. Multi-Grounded Neutral systems: Neutral conductor of a solidly grounded neutral system permitted to be grounded at multiple points - transformers providing conductors to a building or other structure - ungrounded circuit where the neutral conductor is exposed - Over head circuits installed out doors. - shall be grounded at each transformer and at the other locations by connecting to a grounding electrode. - One grounding electrode shall be installed & connected to neutral conductors every 1300ft - Max distance between electrodes shall be no longer then 1300 feet. GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT CONDUCTOR BROUGHT TO SERVICE EQUIPMENT 06. Systems with a grounded conductor at the service point: Where and AC system operating at greater then 1000 volts Grounded at any point, Provided with a grounding conductor at service point Shall be installed and routed with the ungrounded conductors to each service ...disconnecting means, grounded conductors terminal or bus ...1- Sizing for a single raceway or overhead conductor ...2. - Parallel Conductors in two raceways or overhead conductors ...3. Delta three phase, 4. Impedance grounded neutral systems 07. Systems without a grounded conductor at the service point: Sizing of Single raceway or over head cable… Parallel conductors in two or more raceways or overhead conductors. Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems >>>>>>>> IMPEDANCE GROUNDED NEUTRAL SYSTEM <<<<<<<<< 01. Impedance grounded neutral systems in which grounding impedance ( usually a resistor ) limits the ground-fault current shall be permitted where all of the following conditions are meant: ( only qualified people have access, grounding detectors installed, no line2neutral loads served. )

02. Locations ( inserted in the grounding electrode conductor between the grounding electrode of the supply system and the neutral point of supply transformer or generator ) 03. Identified and insulated - 04. System neutral conductor connection, Equipment grounding conductors, GROUNDING OF SYSTEMS SUPPLYING PORTABLE AND MOBILE EQUIPMENT 05. Portable or mobile equipment ( exposed non-current carrying metal parts, ground fault currents, detection and relaying, isolation, etc... ) GROUNDING OF EQUIPMENT Non current carrying metal parts fixed, portable and mobile equipment and associated fences, housings, enclosures and supporting structures shall be grounded,. - Grounding Electrode Conductor shall not be any smaller then 6awg, - Equipment Grounding Conductor, Shielded Cables, Sizing, SURGE ARRESTORS ( over 1000volts )

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