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evidence-based-activism · 6 months ago

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Hope this isn't a weird question, but do women do well in positions of leadership? The constant statement that women are too emotionally to lead is getting tired.

I feel like that's a really unfair statement anyways considering women were kept out of leadership positions, and now many women refuse to lead. That's okay, not saying women must. However for the ones that do, I'd like to know some female leaders I could look up to.

Not weird at all! In short, literature on this topic suggests that women in leadership positions perform either the same or better than men.

First, there are a few laymen oriented articles that address this topic [1, 2, 3]. These were written by the American Psychological Association [1] and Forbes [2, 3] and are heavily sourced. I'll be referencing some (but not all) of their sources as well, but they should be easy to follow if you want to read more. The articles use links instead of a reference list, however, so if you find a broken link, consider using the WaybackMachine on archive.org to find a copy of the source.

Subjective Perceptions

The Harvard Business Review has gathered a large dataset on subjective ratings of leader performance as evaluated by peers, superiors, and subordinates. From this dataset, they found that women outscored men on 17 of 19 "leadership capabilities", replicating their earlier results and indicating that on-average female leaders have a greater subjective performance than male leaders [4].

The American Psychological Association (APA) conducted a meta-analytic review of "16 nationally representative U.S. public opinion polls ... extending from 1946 to 2018" [5] found that a public opinion shift took place over this time, such that women are now rated as either equally or higher than men for competence, intelligence, and communion (broadly: concern for others). Men have retained a slight advantage in ratings of agency (broadly: self-oriented goal attainment).

Beyond that, the "mere presence" of a female leader led people to anticipate fairer treatment [6].

And a Pew Research Center survey from 2008 found that people ranked women either equal to or higher than men on most leadership traits (e.g., honest, intelligent) and political performance skills. Almost 70% of people indicated women and men make equally good political leaders. However, despite women's clear advantage when asking about specific skills, when directly asked who makes a better leader only 6% of people said women and 21% said men. This suggests that people's answer to this second question may be driven by sexist stereotypes (i.e., despite ranking women's leadership skills as better, people still default to belief in male leadership). [7]

All in all, this suggests that people believe that women are either equally or more qualified than men to lead (even if that doesn't translate to an explicit endorsement of female leaders over male leaders). So ... what about objective measures?

Political

A 2020 review on the impact of female political leaders [8] found strong evidence that more women representatives is related to lower levels of corruption, along with some evidence that more women in politics leads to better implementation of social programs, more legislation on neglected issues, and less conflict/human rights abuses. Women in politics are also more likely to prioritize human rights and access to "care" (e.g., health care, welfare, education, international aid, equal rights, etc.).

Another report [9] linked increased women’s political representation with greater legal equality and economic performance, and suggests that women's political representation leads to these outcomes. (While causation cannot be definitively established, the longitudinal research suggests a causal relationship such that having more female leadership leads to these positive outcomes.)

One way to objectively evaluate differences in men's and women's political leadership, is to examine differences in outcomes from a major global events like the COVID-19 pandemic.

This 2021 review [10], found female leaders (at country and state level) had a quicker response to the pandemic onset, lower fatality rates, and greater humanitarian response than male leaders. Given the comparatively low number of female leaders, some of these results were not statistically significant, but the pattern of results is still strongly suggestive. In any case, female leaders were at least as capable as male leaders in responding to the pandemic.

The above results are confirmed by a 2022 country-level analysis [11], and these results were strongly statistically significant, indicating that female leaders resulted in lower cases and deaths.

In fact, a Brazilian study [12] found that in addition to female leaders outperforming male leaders (in terms of a lower rate of COVID deaths and hospitalizations), local female leaders were able to mitigate the damage done by an irresponsible national leader (Bolsonaro). In short, "when faced with the decision between enforcing health measures against COVID-19 or trying to conquer the votes of local Bolsonaro supporters, our results suggest that female mayors were more likely to prioritize measures that can save lives".

All in all, female political leaders are either equal to or better than male political leaders.

Corporate

To start with, this 2017 review [13] indicates that some literature on financial outcomes suggests "firms run by female CEOs often report better ROA [return on assets], ROE [return on equity], and sales performance". However, they also indicate that research looking at a broader population (i.e., beyond "large firms in the United States"), does not always find this relationship. Even then, however, women's financial performance under a female leader is still equivalent to financial performance under a male leader.

An additional review [14], found similar results, with some finding a positive impact of female leadership on firm performance and others finding no difference between male and female leaders.

Other sources indicating increased profit under female leaders include:

A McKinsey & Company report [15] found greater diversity (i.e., sex and race) was associated with greater profitability. Specifically, the top 25% (top-quartile) most diverse companies worldwide had a 21% likelihood of outperforming their bottom-quartile peers.

A report by S&P Global, found firms with female CEOs and/or CFOs generated $1.8 trillion in excess profits and superior stock price performance [16].

An additional study [17] on 2 million companies across 32 countries in Europe found "a strong positive association between the share of women in senior positions and firms' ROA [return on assets]".

Beyond pure profit indicators, female corporate leaders are associated with:

Greater corporate responsibility [13]

Better internal management [13]

Lower firm risk [14, 20]

Better corporate credit rating [14]

Greater (bank) stability [18]

Fewer environmental violations [21]

Greater innovation [22]

Now, a reasonable criticism of all of this, is that this research is correlational and cannot establish causation. (The omnipresent problem in social research!) To a degree, this is a problem that cannot be fixed (i.e., there is no way to definitively prove causation without a controlled experiment). However, there are techniques that can provide strong support for causation. One such paper provides support against "reverse causation" (i.e., the idea that firms increase female representation when performing well), and found female representation among corporate board leadership predicts positive future performance [19]. This provides support for (but, again, cannot technically prove) a causal relationship between women's leadership and corporate performance.

Again, this indicates that female corporate leaders are either equal to or better than male corporate leaders.

Other

Political and corporate leadership are the two big categories where most of the research has been done. There are a few other relevant studies I'll describe here:

UNICEF (a part of the UN) reports that "women-led schools may perform better than men-led schools" as "learning outcomes ... for both girls and boys in female-led schools are higher" [23]

An experiment investigating team performance found "a positive and significant effect of female leadership on team performance" specifically "driven by the higher performance of team members in female-led teams" [24]

Unfortunately, the above study also found that "in spite of the higher performance of female-led teams, male members tended to evaluate female leaders as less effective, whereas female members have provided more favorable judgments", suggesting that men's interpretations of women's leadership abilities doesn't align with objective outcomes [24]

While not specifically about female leadership, a large study found that the "collective intelligence" of a group (essentially the IQ of a group rather than an individual) increases with the proportion of women in the group [25]

In addition, this review [26] describes a number of female leaders, so you may interested in it for "some female leaders [you] could look up to"

Women and Emotions

Lastly, I wanted to address "the constant statement that women are too emotionally to lead".

In terms of objective (or, as objective as we can get) measurements of emotional variability, there is little evidence that any sex differences exist, and if they do exist they are likely to be so small they would be (practically speaking) negligible [29].

However, an interesting study [27] examined "emotional expression content" by considering "feminine display rules" (suppression of negative emotions + simulation of positive emotions) and "masculine display rules" (suppression of positive emotions + simulation of negative emotions). As expected, women tended to follow feminine display rules, while men followed masculine display rules. However, this paradigm suggests it's not the amount of expressed emotion that varies by sex but the type of expressed emotion. Importantly, they also found that only the feminine display rules were associated with subjective distress.

A different study [28] examined sex differences in emotion regulation, specifically looking at two prosocial mechanisms and five antisocial mechanisms. They found women and men reported similar endorsement of 1 prosocial and 1 antisocial mechanism, women reported greater endorsement of the other prosocial mechanism, and men reported greater endorsement of the other 4 antisocial mechanisms.

One of the first articles I linked [2] discusses how women outperform men on prosocial behaviors/emotions (e.g., self-control, kindness, moral sensitivity) and men "outperform" women on antisocial behaviors/emotions (e.g., narcissism, aggression, etc.). To be clear, this is almost certainly a result of differences in socialization. That is: these differences are not "biological" or predetermined, instead society expects women to be more prosocial and men to be more antisocial, and we (tend to) meet those expectations.

All together, this suggests that men and women are both expected to modify their emotional expression (although the expectation for women is more likely to cause distress), women are more likely to display more prosocial and less antisocial emotions/behaviors, and women are more likely to deal with emotion constructively.

Ironically, based on the literature in the previous sections, society's expectations for women (i.e., empathy, team work, care for other people, etc.) are part of what drives their superior leadership performance over men.

TL;DR:

Women are either equal or better leaders than men based on: subjective evaluations, objective evaluations of political leaders, and objective evaluations of corporate leaders.

Women — in general and in leadership roles — improve the performance of people in their group.

Women and men likely don’t differ in emotional experience, but are both expected to modulate their emotional expression (in different ways).

Socialization and societal expectations induce more prosocial behavior in women and antisocial behavior in men. (Likely contributing to women’s superior leadership.)

References under the cut:

Novotney, A. (2023, March 23). Women leaders make work better. Here’s the science behind how to promote them. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/women-girls/female-leaders-make-work-better

Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2021, March 7). If women are better leaders, then why are they not in charge? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomaspremuzic/2021/03/07/if-women-are-better-leaders-then-why-are-they-not-in-charge/

Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2022, March 2). The business case for women in leadership. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomaspremuzic/2022/03/02/the-business-case-for-women-in-leadership/

Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2019, June 25). Research: Women score higher than men in most leadership skills. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/06/research-women-score-higher-than-men-in-most-leadership-skills

Eagly, A. H., Nater, C., Miller, D. I., Kaufmann, M., & Sczesny, S. (2020). Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018. American Psychologist, 75(3), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000494

Joshi, M. P., & Diekman, A. B. (2022). My fair lady? Inferring organizational trust from the mere presence of women in leadership roles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48(8), 1220–1237. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211035957

Men or women: Who’s the better leader? (2008, August 25). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2008/08/25/men-or-women-whos-the-better-leader/

Cowper-Coles, M. (2020). Women Political Leaders: The Impact of Gender on Democracy. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/giwl/assets/women-political-leaders.pdf

Wyman, O., & Weh, D. (2023). Representation matters: Women political leaders. Oliver Wyman Forum. https://www.oliverwymanforum.com/global-consumer-sentiment/2023/sep/representation-matters-women-political-leaders.html

Luoto, S., & Varella, M. A. C. (2021). Pandemic leadership: Sex differences and their evolutionary–developmental origins. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 633862. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633862

Chang, D., Chang, X., He, Y. et al. The determinants of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality across countries. Sci Rep 12, 5888 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09783-9

Bruce, R., Cavgias, A., Meloni, L., & Remígio, M. (2022). Under pressure: Women’s leadership during the COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Development Economics, 154, 102761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102761

Gipson, A. N., Pfaff, D. L., Mendelsohn, D. B., Catenacci, L. T., & Burke, W. W. (2017). Women and leadership: Selection, development, leadership style, and performance. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 53(1), 32–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886316687247

Serena, Z. (2020). Do women leaders improve firm performance? European Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 2, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.29013/EJEMS-20-2-21-26

Dame Vivian Hunt, Lareina Yee , Sara Prince, & Sundiatu Dixon-Fyle. (2018). Delivering through Diversity. McKinsey & Company . https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/delivering-through-diversity

Sandberg, D. J. (2019). When Women Lead, Firms Win. S&P Global. https://www.spglobal.com/content/dam/spglobal/corporate/en/images/general/special-editorial/whenwomenlead_.pdf

Christiansen, L. E., Lin, H., Pereira, J., Topalova, P., & Turk, R. (2016). Gender Diversity in Senior Positions and Firm Performance: Evidence from Europe. IMF Working Papers, 16(50). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513553283.001

Sahay, R., Cihak, M., N’Diaye, P., Barajas, A., Kyobe, A., Mitra, S., Mooi, Y., & Yousefi, R. (2017). Banking on women leaders: A case for more? IMF Working Papers, 17(199). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484318164.001

Qian, M. (2016). Women’s leadership and corporate performance (ADB Economics Working Papers). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/publications/womens-leadership-and-corporate-performance

Perryman, A. A., Fernando, G. D., & Tripathy, A. (2016). Do gender differences persist? An examination of gender diversity on firm performance, risk, and executive compensation. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 579–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.05.013

Liu, C. (2018). Are women greener? Corporate gender diversity and environmental violations. Journal of Corporate Finance, 52, 118–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2018.08.004

Chen, J., Leung, W. S., & Evans, K. P. (2018). Female board representation, corporate innovation and firm performance. Journal of Empirical Finance, 48, 236–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2018.07.003

Brossard, M., & Bergmann, J. (2022, March 8). Can more women in school leadership improve learning outcomes? | Innocenti Global Office of Research and Foresight. UNICEF | for Every Child; UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/stories/can-more-women-school-leadership-improve-learning-outcomes

De Paola, M., Gioia, F., & Scoppa, V. (2022). Female leadership: Effectiveness and perception. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 201, 134–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.07.016

Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N., & Malone, T. W. (2010). Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. Science, 330(6004), 686–688. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193147

Abdul Wahab, Shazanah; Mohamad Rasidi, Nuur Mohamad Firdaus; Wahab, Samsudin. Influences of Women’s Leadership Performance Towards the Corporate, Political and Social Success: A Review and Research Agenda. Asian Journal of Research in Business and Management, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 4, p. 54-68, dec. 2020. Available at: https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ajrbm/article/view/11571.

Simpson, P. A., & Stroh, L. K. (2004). Gender differences: Emotional expression and feelings of personal inauthenticity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.715

Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood: Age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 182–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413515405

Weigard, A., Loviska, A. M., & Beltz, A. M. (2021). Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 20925. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00143-7

#feminism #patriarchal culture

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justinspoliticalcorner · 8 months ago

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Judd Legum at Popular Information:

In 2024, reliable access to high-speed internet is no longer a luxury; it is a basic necessity. From job applications to managing personal finances and completing school work, internet access is an essential part of daily life. Without an internet connection, individuals are effectively cut off from basic societal activities.

But the reality is that many people — particularly those living around the poverty line — can not afford internet access. Without internet access, the difficult task of working your way from the American economy's bottom rung becomes virtually impossible. On November 21, 2021, President Biden signed the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The new law included the Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP), which provided up to $30 per month to individuals or families with income up to 200% of the federal poverty line to help pay for high-speed internet. (For a family of four, the poverty line is currently $31,200.) On Tribal lands, where internet access is generally more expensive, the ACP offers subsidies up to $75 per month. The concept started during the Trump administration. The last budget enacted by Trump included $3.2 billion to help families afford internet access. The FCC made the money available as a subsidy to low-income individuals and families through a program known as the Emergency Broadband Benefit Program. The legislation signed by Biden extended and formalized the program. It has been a smashing success.

Today, the ACP is "helping 23 million households – 1 in 6 households across America." The program has particularly benefited "rural communities, veterans, and older Americans where the lack of affordable, reliable high-speed internet contributes to significant economic, health and other disparities." According to an FCC survey, two-thirds of beneficiaries "reported they had inconsistent internet service or no internet service at all prior to ACP." These households report using their high-speed internet to "schedule or attend healthcare appointments (72%), apply for jobs or complete work (48%), do schoolwork (75% for ACP subscribers 18-24 years old)." Tomorrow, the program will abruptly end. In October 2023, the White House sent a supplemental budget request to Congress, which included $6 billion to extend the program through the end of 2024. There is also a bipartisan bill, the Affordable Connectivity Program Extension Act, which would extend the program with $7 billion in funding. The benefits of the program have shown to be far greater than the costs. An academic study published in February 2024 found that "for every dollar spent on the ACP, the nation’s GDP increases by $3.89." The program will lapse tomorrow because Speaker Mike Johnson (R-LA) refuses to bring either the bill (or the supplemental funding request) to a vote. The Affordable Connectivity Program Extension Act has 225 co-sponsors which means that, if Johnson held a vote, it would pass.

[...]

The Republican attack on affordable internet

Why will Johnson not even allow a vote to extend the ACP? He is not commenting. But there are hints in the federal budget produced by the Republican Study Committee (RSC). The RSC is the "conservative caucus" of the House GOP, and counts 179 of the 217 Republicans in the House as members. Johnson served as the chair of the RSC in 2019 and 2020. He is currently a member of the group's executive committee. The RSC's latest budget says it "stands against" the ACP and labels it a "government handout[] that disincentivize[s] prosperity." The RSC claims the program is unnecessary because "80 percent" of beneficiaries had internet access before the program went into effect. For that statistic, the RSC cites a report from a right-wing think tank, the Economic Policy Innovation Center (EPIC), which opposes the ACP. EPIC, in turn, cites an FCC survey to support its contention that 80% of ACP beneficiaries already had internet access. The survey actually found that "over two-thirds of survey respondents (68%) reported they had inconsistent internet service or no internet service at all prior to ACP."

[...] The RSC also falsely claims that funding for the precursor to the ACP, the Emergency Broadband Benefit Program (EBB), "was signed into law at the end of President Biden’s first year in office." This is false. Former President Trump signed the funding into law in December 2020. The RSC's position is not popular. A December 2023 poll found that 79% of voters support "continuing the ACP, including 62% of Republicans, 78% of Independents, and 96% of Democrats."

In 2024, access to the internet is a necessity and not just a luxury, and the Republicans are set to end the Affordable Connectivity Program if no action is taken. The Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP) provided subsidies to low-income people and families to obtain internet access.

#Internet #Internet Access #Affordable Connectivity Program Extension Act #Affordable Connectivity Program #Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act #IIJA #Emergency Broadband Benefit Program #Republican Study Committee #Economic Policy Innovation Center

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ukrfeminism · 2 years ago

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5 minute read

The number of graduates in full-time paid employment has reached a new high but female salaries have fallen behind their male counterparts, a survey has found.

There were over 60 per cent of graduates in paid employment from the academic year of 2020-21, a four percentage point increase from last year and the most since 2017. However, despite achieving the same level of qualifications, first-class female graduates had a median salary of £25,000, £2,000 lower compared with men.

The figures came from the annual Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) survey where graduates are asked about their employment status roughly 15 months after they have finished their university course. More than 355,000 graduates responded, marking a response rate of 43 per cent.

Kate Nightingale, the director of communications, campaigns and research at Young Women’s Trust, an organisation campaigning for equal pay, said that women were unfairly paid as soon as they entered employment. She said: ��Pay inequality is there right from the start of working life and only grows over time. Women are putting in the effort to study but not getting the payoff at the end.”

She added: “Young women earn significantly less than young men — on average, around a fifth less per year despite tending to be more highly educated. There are a whole range of reasons for this, including young women going into lower paid jobs and sectors and not progressing as quickly. Discriminatory attitudes are still alive and well.”

The results showed that there was a higher proportion of men earning the top graduate salaries. About 10 per cent of male graduates had a salary of £51,000 or above, double compared with female graduates in full-time paid employment.

Alesha De-Freitas, the head of policy at the Fawcett Society, which pushes for women’s rights, says that employers must do a better job attracting female staff and warned of the economical impact of having a gender pay gap.

She said: “Employers must do more to ensure their hiring and pay policies do not disadvantage women and we urgently need to see more employers publishing action plans. We have a stubborn gender pay gap in the UK, which harms women and harms our economy.”

“It is particularly concerning that this data reveals men begin their careers earning more than women, even when having the same level of qualification.”

The HESA data also revealed that 10 per cent of graduates were either in further study or part-time employment, matching the figure in the previous survey.

Graduates who studied medicine and dentistry had the highest salary when they started full-time work. Of those who achieved a first, their median salary was £35,000, closely followed by veterinary science students at £32,000.

Former design, and creative and performing arts students entering full-time employment had a median salary of £22,500, the lowest among all subjects in the survey. Media, journalism and communications graduates earn just £500 more annually which was the second-lowest.

The Department for Education did not comment on the graduate pay gap but said that opportunities for women in the workplace have increased. A spokesman said: “Over the last decade the gender pay gap has fallen from 20 per cent to 15 per cent, with the percentage of women in employment rising from 67 per cent to 72 per cent. We strongly urge all organisations to take steps to address the gender imbalance in pay.

“To help close the gap even further, we have announced a childcare revolution with 30 hours free childcare for children over the age of nine months, and earlier this year we launched recruitment for our programme to get STEM returners back into the workplace.”

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oaresearchpaper · 1 year ago

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Oyster Nut: Ethnobotanical Insights from Northern Tanzania

Abstract

Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.

Introduction

Local societies are known to have ethnobotany knowledge that is inherited from one generation to another through word of mouth on economic, medical, ecological and cultural benefits (Hamilton, 2003) (Young, 2007) (Tamalene et al., 2016). Ethnobotany assists in explaining utilization and preservation of the plants biodiversity thus maintaining local ecological systems and culture (Reid et al., 2009).

Telfairia pedata (Smiths ex Sim) Hook (Fig. 1), is Cucurbitaceae family from a small genus of flowering plant which is native in Tanzania including Zanzibar Island and other countries of Africa including Uganda and northern Mozambique (I. A. Ajayi et al., 2004)(Aregheore, 2012). It is also well known by its local names in regions of Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Tanga and Ruvuma as "mkweme", "ngoimee" or "ikwemee" and "makunguu", “nhahani” and so forth. It is a woody dioecious climber with coiled tendrils which bears squash like fruits containing nutritious oil seeds and grows well in well drained loamy soils (Van der Vossen & Mkamilo, 2007), Fig. 1. The plant is a facultative perennial which is grown in slightly shaded and mulched areas but not damp soils and also creeps on host trees, live hedges or staked on wooden framework (Ajibade et al., 2006; Grubben, 2008; Paul & Yavitt, 2011). T. pedata nuts are rich in oil content, fat, protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, minerals including magnesium, phosphorous (Akoroda, 1990b; Mwakasege et al., 2021).

In Tanzania, ethnobotanical facets and uses of T. pedata have not yet been adequately documented specially in terms of local people’s livelihoods, how it used, cultivated, marketed, preserved and its conservation measures. Among local plants long used by the Pare, Chagga, Sambaa, and Meru tribes, the T. pedata is one which is harvested from the home gardens and agroforestry systems (trees mixed with annual crops) as a source of food, for cultural rituals and medicine. In these communities, traditional knowledge about T. pedata has been passed down and applied for generations (Ajayi et al., 2004; Odiaka et al., 2008).

Therefore, this study aims at documenting and collating knowledge on the indigenous uses of T. pedata nuts and its cultivation practices in order to support the consumption and utilization of the plant in a sustainable manner, while providing benefits to the local communities through conservation of traditional knowledge. We examined the ethnobotany of T. pedata in northern Tanzania with the expectations that, the socio-demographic characteristic on T. pedata differ across the study sites; there were different ethnobotanical uses of T. pedata across the study area; areas where T. pedata were cultivated differ across study area with gender; perception of abundance of T. pedata differ across the study area and T. pedata nuts were stored in different methods across the sturdy area.

Source : Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania

#Telfairia #Livelihood #Utilization #Indigenous knowledge #Conservation

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jayanthitbrc · 2 months ago

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6. Macro Economic Factors: Assessment of broader economic elements impacting the market.

Mitral Valve Disease Market Overview

Market Drivers - The increasing prevalence of vascular heart diseases is expected to propel the growth of mitral valve disease market going forward. Vascular heart diseases encompass a group of conditions affecting the blood vessels supplying the heart or within the heart itself. A complex interplay of lifestyle choices, demographic changes, medical conditions, environmental factors, and genetic variables drives the increasing cases of vascular heart diseases. Vascular heart diseases, such as ischemic heart disease and hypertension, can indirectly cause mitral valve disease by compromising the heart's structure and function, leading to conditions that affect the mitral valve. For instance, in December 2023, according to data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020-21 National Health Survey conducted by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, an Australia-based government agency, an estimated 571,000 adults aged 18 and over in Australia were living with coronary heart disease (CHD), comprising 2.9% of the adult population. Moreover, the prevalence of CHD rises significantly with age, impacting approximately 11% of adults aged 75 and above. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of vascular heart diseases is driving the mitral valve disease market.

Market Trends - Major companies operating in the mitral valve disease market are developing stented tissue valves to address the growing demand for minimally invasive treatment options. Stented tissue valves are designed to provide durable and reliable performance, offering patients an alternative to traditional surgical interventions. For instance, in September 2021, Abbott Laboratories, a US-based medical devices and healthcare company, received approval from the FDA for Epic Plus and Epic Plus Supra stented tissue valves to treat individuals with aortic or mitral valve disease. These advanced devices are based on Abbott's trusted Epic surgical valve platform and anti-calification technology. Additionally, both valves feature a FlexFit polymer stent that can withstand approximately 8 atm pressure during balloon valvuloplasty procedures, a unique pericardial shield to prevent abrasion risk, and a flexible cuff to mitigate paravalvular leak (PVL) and fit patient anatomy.

The mitral valve disease market covered in this report is segmented –

1) By Treatment Type: Mitral Valve Repair, Mitral Valve Replacement, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, Mitral Valve Therapeutics 2) By Indication: Mitral Valve Stenosis, Mitral Valve Prolapse, Mitral Valve Regurgitation 3) By End-User: Hospitals, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Other End-Users

Get an inside scoop of the mitral valve disease market, Request now for Sample Report @ https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/sample.aspx?id=16480&type=smp

Regional Insights - Europe was the largest region in the mitral valve disease market in 2023. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the mitral valve disease market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

Key Companies - Major companies operating in the mitral valve disease market are Pfizer Inc., Bayer AG, Abbott Laboratories, Novartis AG, Medtronic plc, Boston Scientific Corporation, Edwards Lifesciences, ShockWave Medical Inc., Artivion Inc., TTK Health Care Limited, Braile Biomedica, JenaValve Technology Inc., 4C Medical technologies, Labcor Laboratorios Ltda, CryoLife Inc., Valcare Medical, Affluent Medical, Colibri Heart Valve LLC, Coramaze Technologies, Corcym UK Limited, HighLife Medical, Micro International Devices Inc., Neovasc Inc., Mitralign Inc., Transcatheter Technologies GmbH

Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Mitral Valve Disease Market Report Structure 3. Mitral Valve Disease Market Trends And Strategies 4. Mitral Valve Disease Market – Macro Economic Scenario 5. Mitral Valve Disease Market Size And Growth ….. 27. Mitral Valve Disease Market Competitor Landscape And Company Profiles 28. Key Mergers And Acquisitions 29. Future Outlook and Potential Analysis 30. Appendix

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sunaleisocial · 4 months ago

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Study: EV charging stations boost spending at nearby businesses

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/study-ev-charging-stations-boost-spending-at-nearby-businesses/

Study: EV charging stations boost spending at nearby businesses

Charging stations for electric vehicles are essential for cleaning up the transportation sector. A new study by MIT researchers suggests they’re good for business, too.

The study found that, in California, opening a charging station boosted annual spending at each nearby business by an average of about $1,500 in 2019 and about $400 between January 2021 and June 2023. The spending bump amounts to thousands of extra dollars annually for nearby businesses, with the increase particularly pronounced for businesses in underresourced areas.

The study’s authors hope the research paints a more holistic picture of the benefits of EV charging stations, beyond environmental factors.

“These increases are equal to a significant chunk of the cost of installing an EV charger, and I hope this study sheds light on these economic benefits,” says lead author Yunhan Zheng MCP ’21, SM ’21, PhD ’24, a postdoc at the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART). “The findings could also diversify the income stream for charger providers and site hosts, and lead to more informed business models for EV charging stations.”

Zheng’s co-authors on the paper, which was published today in Nature Communications, are David Keith, a senior lecturer at the MIT Sloan School of Management; Jinhua Zhao, an MIT professor of cities and transportation; and alumni Shenhao Wang MCP ’17, SM ’17, PhD ’20 and Mi Diao MCP ’06, PhD ’10.

Understanding the EV effect

Increasing the number of electric vehicle charging stations is seen as a key prerequisite for the transition to a cleaner, electrified transportation sector. As such, the 2021 U.S. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act committed $7.5 billion to build a national network of public electric vehicle chargers across the U.S.

But a large amount of private investment will also be needed to make charging stations ubiquitous.

“The U.S. is investing a lot in EV chargers and really encouraging EV adoption, but many EV charging providers can’t make enough money at this stage, and getting to profitability is a major challenge,” Zheng says.

EV advocates have long argued that the presence of charging stations brings economic benefits to surrounding communities, but Zheng says previous studies on their impact relied on surveys or were small-scale. Her team of collaborators wanted to make advocates’ claims more empirical.

For their study, the researchers collected data from over 4,000 charging stations in California and 140,000 businesses, relying on anonymized credit and debit card transactions to measure changes in consumer spending. The researchers used data from 2019 through June of 2023, skipping the year 2020 to minimize the impact of the pandemic.

To judge whether charging stations caused customer spending increases, the researchers compared data from businesses within 500 meters of new charging stations before and after their installation. They also analyzed transactions from similar businesses in the same time frame that weren’t near charging stations.

Supercharging nearby businesses

The researchers found that installing a charging station boosted annual spending at nearby establishments by an average of 1.4 percent in 2019 and 0.8 percent from January 2021 to June 2023.

While that might sound like a small amount per business, it amounts to thousands of dollars in overall consumer spending increases. Specifically, those percentages translate to almost $23,000 in cumulative spending increases in 2019 and about $3,400 per year from 2021 through June 2023.

Zheng says the decline in spending increases over the two time periods might be due to a saturation of EV chargers, leading to lower utilization, as well as an overall decrease in spending per business after the Covid-19 pandemic and a reduced number of businesses served by each EV charging station in the second period. Despite this decline, the annual impact of a charging station on all its surrounding businesses would still cover approximately 11.2 percent of the average infrastructure and installation cost of a standard charging station.

Through both time frames, the spending increases were highest for businesses within about a football field’s distance from the new stations. They were also significant for businesses in disadvantaged and low-income areas, as designated by California and the Justice40 Initiative.

“The positive impacts of EV charging stations on businesses are not constrained solely to some high-income neighborhoods,” Wang says. “It highlights the importance for policymakers to develop EV charging stations in marginalized areas, because they not only foster a cleaner environment, but also serve as a catalyst for enhancing economic vitality.”

Zheng believes the findings hold a lesson for charging station developers seeking to improve the profitability of their projects.

“The joint gas station and convenience store business model could also be adopted to EV charging stations,” Zheng says. “Traditionally, many gas stations are affiliated with retail store chains, which enables owners to both sell fuel and attract customers to diversify their revenue stream. EV charging providers could consider a similar approach to internalize the positive impact of EV charging stations.”

Zheng also says the findings could support the creation of new funding models for charging stations, such as multiple businesses sharing the costs of construction so they can all benefit from the added spending.

Those changes could accelerate the creation of charging networks, but Zheng cautions that further research is needed to understand how much the study’s findings can be extrapolated to other areas. She encourages other researchers to study the economic effects of charging stations and hopes future research includes states beyond California and even other countries.

“A huge number of studies have focused on retail sales effects from traditional transportation infrastructure, such as rail and subway stations, bus stops, and street configurations,” Zhao says. “This research provides evidence for an important, emerging piece of transportation infrastructure and shows a consistently positive effect on local businesses, paving the way for future research in this area.”

The research was supported, in part, by the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) and the Singapore National Research Foundation. Diao was partially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.

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jcmarchi · 4 months ago

Text

Study: EV charging stations boost spending at nearby businesses

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/study-ev-charging-stations-boost-spending-at-nearby-businesses/

Study: EV charging stations boost spending at nearby businesses

Charging stations for electric vehicles are essential for cleaning up the transportation sector. A new study by MIT researchers suggests they’re good for business, too.

The study’s authors hope the research paints a more holistic picture of the benefits of EV charging stations, beyond environmental factors.

Understanding the EV effect

But a large amount of private investment will also be needed to make charging stations ubiquitous.

Supercharging nearby businesses

The researchers found that installing a charging station boosted annual spending at nearby establishments by an average of 1.4 percent in 2019 and 0.8 percent from January 2021 to June 2023.

Zheng believes the findings hold a lesson for charging station developers seeking to improve the profitability of their projects.

0 notes

spadesurvey · 4 months ago

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Market Research Companies in Ethiopia, Africa

Table of Contents:

Market Research Company in Ethiopia

Top Market Research Companies in Ethiopia

How Spade Survey Works

Summary

Ethiopia, with a population of roughly 117 million in 2021, is Africa’s second most populous country after Nigeria. Despite its amazing 6.3% economic growth in 2020/21, Ethiopia is tackling income-related challenges, with the goal of reaching lower-middle income status by 2025.

Dryland agriculture is critical to Ethiopia’s geography, as the country faces enormous issues in food security, insecurity, and malnutrition. Approximately 20.4 million people currently require food assistance, including 4.5 million displaced persons. Ethiopian farm landscapes are diverse, with widely varying slope gradients and altitudinal ranges.

Market Research Company in Ethiopia:

In Ethiopia’s dynamic business climate, online market research is critical for generating insights that influence strategic decision-making. Understanding market trends, customer behaviour, and industry dynamics is critical for firms trying to flourish in Ethiopia’s rapidly growing economy.

Ethiopia’s market is expanding rapidly, driven by factors such as population growth, urbanisation, and increased consumer expenditure. This expansion creates both possibilities and problems, emphasising the importance of thorough market research in navigating and capitalising on changing market trends.

Ethiopia’s commercial landscape is diversifying across multiple industries, including agriculture, manufacturing, services, and technology. As the country implements economic reforms, businesses seek new opportunities, necessitating a thorough understanding of local market dynamics.

Ethiopia’s economic environment is characterised by rapid expansion, which is driven by investments in infrastructure, agriculture, and manufacturing. Understanding the macroeconomic forces that affect organisations is critical for making educated decisions.

Ethiopia’s main sectors include agriculture, textiles, and manufacturing, with a growing emphasis on technology and services. A detailed assessment of these industries is required for businesses looking to align their strategy with Ethiopia’s economic goals.

Below is a list of all market research companies in Ethiopia.

Top Market Research Companies in Ethiopia

1.QNR Data Ethiopia:

Regardless of how many countries you commission research in, you will have a single point of contact throughout your project, which means that all correspondence and status updates will be routed through one office in Johannesburg. A very experienced Senior Project Manager on the ground, ably supported by self-motivated field teams ready to start.

SURVEY2Go has the essential technologies to deliver fieldwork flawlessly, including interview GPS coordinates, silent recording, severe quality standards, and images of actual respondents and their homes if necessary. They have assembled field teams in the majority of countries where the economy is stable and there are no civil wars.

2.Spade Survey:

Spade survey specialises in data collection, online survey sampling advertising, healthcare research, providing high-quality market insights across a variety of industries. Their experience guarantees that clients receive clear and actionable insights.

Spade Survey focuses on developing solid business ties with its clients. They prioritise quality and cost-effectiveness in their data quality management services. They perform quality assurance prior to data collection and maintain stringent quality control throughout and after data collection.

We bring together a brilliant pool of extremely senior marketing insights and analytics professionals who are hands-on and lead client engagements as trusted partners. It has significant ties with clients in the FMCG, Banking & Finance, Telecom, Real Estate, Retail, and Government sectors, among others.

3.2 Visions:

2 Visions is an award-winning strategy, marketing, and research agency that helps direct-to-consumer (DTC) ecommerce brands expand by building in-house capabilities for long-term success.

2 Visions, founded by Yates Jarvis, who has worked with famous firms such as TGW, Ancient Nutrition, Express, Kay, DIFF Eyewear, Jeep, and Spanx, focusses on high-touch training and collaborative efforts to help brands avoid costly mistakes and develop profitable ecommerce strategies.

Our research enables customers to discover significant data-driven insights and create more effective product, brand, marketing, and customer experience strategies that are personalised to their target consumers.

4.Future Market Insights:

Future Market Insights provides detailed insights into the governing forces that drive market demand. It identifies prospects for market growth in several segments based on source, application, sales channel, and end use over the next ten years.

Future Market Insights (FMI) is a prominent provider of customised and syndicated market research reports in Ethiopia. We also provide end-to-end consulting services and have worked with 80% of Fortune 1000 organisations over the last six years. We are happy to provide research solutions to small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs).

FMI began operations in 2014 and has since evolved to become a trusted market research partner for clients throughout the world. FMI is headquartered in Delaware, USA, and presently operates from three global offices, including a delivery centre in India. The UK and UAE offices serve as points of contact for new business development and client interaction.

FMI employs over 300 market research consultants, each of whom is overseen by a research manager with at least ten years of relevant domain knowledge. This ensures that our clients receive trustworthy and dependable insights from a team that is on the pulse of the markets.

5.Cactus Ethiopia:

Cactus Ethiopia combines brilliant people, production capabilities, media buying, digital marketing, and exceptional creative to provide transformative results for our clients.

With over 20 years of expertise, we are the most firmly rooted advertising agency in the country, with unique knowledge of the Ethiopian media landscape.

Cactus is a well-rounded agency that covers all aspects of advertising, including creative, media, public relations and events, market research, and production. They are a passionate and imaginative advertising firm that provides clients with services such as creative, media, market research, and production.

How Spade Survey Works:

Spade Survey provides complete market research services in Ethiopia to help your business grow. Our tailored assessments offer significant insights into the Ethiopian market scenario. Improve your strategy with our accurate data and forecasts.

We specialise in offering comprehensive market research and strategic insights on a global basis. With a dedication to providing high-quality, actionable intelligence, our team navigates the complexity of varied global marketplaces.

Our bespoke solutions cover a wide range of sectors and geographies, providing unprecedented insight into global market dynamics. From market entry strategies to competitor analysis, our global perspective is critical to our clients’ success in today’s interconnected business environment.

We cover a wide range of industries in Ethiopia, including, but not limited to: agriculture and food, construction and infrastructure, textiles and apparel, FMCG and retail, healthcare and pharmaceuticals, and energy and resources. Our market research experts in Ethiopia combine economic experience with local market knowledge to provide a distinct view on the Ethiopian market.

Spade Survey’s data-driven insights lead your company to success in Ethiopia’s changing economy. We use advanced analytics and cutting-edge approaches to analyse global consumer behaviour, identify emerging trends, and allow businesses to make informed cross-border decisions. Partner with us for a thorough understanding of global market landscapes, allowing your company to survive and succeed in the global marketplace.

Summary:

In conclusion, the key takeaways from Spade survey role as the foremost market research company in Ethiopia are deep. The company’s dedication to accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and technological quality has established the benchmark for market research procedures in Ethiopia. Businesses that collaborate with the Spade survey receive access to a variety of insights that are both relevant to the local situation and connected with global best practices.

To understand the competition landscape and market potential in Ethiopia, extensive market research is required. Ethiopia is a competitive market that includes both domestic and international competitors. Businesses that perform thorough research can detect market gaps, understand consumer preferences, and devise strategies to acquire a competitive advantage.

Customised market research services in Ethiopia, such as those provided by Spade survey, are critical in assisting organisations in the survey obtain a competitive advantage. These services include a variety of fieldwork approaches and are adapted to the specific demands of each customer.

Businesses that invest in rigorous and insightful market research can make more informed decisions, build successful strategies, and remain competitive in Ethiopia’s changing market.

#Market Research Companies in Ethiopia #Africa #Market Research in Ethiopia #Market Research Services in Ethiopia

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jimi-rawlings · 8 months ago

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Industry Worth

In 2012, Forbes reported that $21 trillion was Off-Shored

In 2017 the equivalent of at least 10% of the world’s GDP is in offshore banks, and that number is probably higher due to the opaqueness of the world’s global tax havens, according to a research report release this month by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

The estimated amount of money laundered globally in one year is 2 - 5% of global GDP, or $800 billion - $2 trillion in current US dollars.

Taxes in the US – The federal government collected revenues of $3.5 trillion in 2019—equal to about 16.3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) (figure 2). Over the past 50 years, federal revenue has averaged 17.4 percent of GDP, ranging from 20.0 percent (in 2000) to 14.6 percent (most recently in 2009 and 2010).

The foreign exchange or forex market is the largest financial market in the world – larger even than the stock market, with a daily volume of $6.6 trillion, according to the 2019 Triennial Central Bank Survey of FX and OTC derivatives markets.

In 2019, for example, the sales value of rough diamonds amounted to some 13.9 billion U.S. dollars worldwide. After polishing, the value increased by nearly double to 26.7 billion U.S. dollars. In 2019, the global diamond jewelry market value was approximately 79 billion U.S. dollars.

Global Cut Flowers Market to Reach $41. 1 Billion by 2027.

The global coffee market was valued at USD 102.02 billion in 2020,

Global Vanilla Market Is Expected to be worth Around USD 735 Million By 2026

According to the report published by Allied Market Research, the global cocoa market generated $12.8 billion in 2019, and is projected to reach $15.5 billion by 2027, witnessing a CAGR of 4.3% from 2021 to 2027

The global water and wastewater market was valued at 263.07 billion U.S. dollars in 2020. The market is projected to reach a value almost 500 billion U.S. dollars by 2028 at a CAGR of 7.3 percent in the 2021 to 2028 period.

According to the current analysis of Reports and Data, the Global Industrial Sugar Market is expected to reach USD 45.6 billion by the year 2027, in terms of value at a CAGR of 6.5% from 2020-2027.

The global tobacco market size was estimated at USD 932.11 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach USD 949.82 billion in 2021.

For the year 2020, Worldwide Cotton Market was US$ 38.54 Billion. Global Cotton Market is expected to reach US$ 46.56 Billion by 2027, with a CAGR of 2.74% from 2020 to 2027.

The global waste management market size was valued at $1,612.0 billion in 2020, and is expected to reach $2,483.0 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 3.4% from 2021 to 2030

According to Brandessence Market Research, the Energy Drink market size reached USD 61.23 billion in 2020 and expected to reach USD 99.62 Billion by 2027.

VEDETTE

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kspp · 9 months ago

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The Importance of Early Sexual Education in Indian Schools.

In a country that houses a population of 1.38 billion people, talking about sex is still taboo. Sex education programs in India receive backlash from parents, conservative religious organizations, and cabinet ministers. Pre-marital sex is viewed as immoral and sinful by many. It is considered against our culture; hence there is no need to educate children about sexual health.

According to the United Nations Population Fund, Sexual Education, “aims to advance and strengthen the ability of children and young people to make conscious, satisfying, healthy and respectful choices concerning relationships, sexuality and emotional and physical health”. Studies have shown that sexual education at an early age improves the health of children. The World Economic Forum and other experts assert that Comprehensive Sex Education can prevent rapes. A study conducted at Columbia University shows that sex education in school protects students from sexual assault in college (Santelli et al., 2018).

In India, chapters on reproductive biology are not taught in many schools. Since sex is a private topic, some—primarily teachers—believe it should be taught at home, not in school. Regardless of place, many girls are not told about menstruation before it begins since it must be hidden. Young boys are not taught about menstruation because “it does not concern them” and is still a taboo topic. Children are deprived of understanding the critical changes in their own bodies. Such stigmatization of sexual education results in adolescents facing sexual and reproductive health issues that are, in fact, preventable.

Contree Foundation conducted a survey of 1,008 men and women from 21 villages aged between 14 to 19 to study whether adolescents know about sexual and reproductive health. The sample included both married, and unmarried males and females.

Unsurprisingly, the survey results established that Indian adolescents do not have access to comprehensive sexual education. The study found that a higher number of adolescent boys lacked information on Sexual and Reproductive Health as compared to girls. This could be because some mothers briefly explain what marriage entails to girls before their wedding. As shown in the graph, 74% of married women said that they received some information about methods of contraceptives and pregnancy. 54% of unmarried women and only 36% of married men reported having received some information on the same. The numbers are even worse for unmarried adolescents: 18% of unmarried men reported having such knowledge. Overall, there has not been much improvement in teenage pregnancy, as mentioned in the 2017 National Family Health Survey-4 to the latest National Family Health Survey-5. Under Ayushman Bharat, the Government of India launched the School Health Program in 2018. In early 2020, NCERT released the ‘Health and Wellness Curriculum’ for the program. This program that teaches sexual education to students does not even mention the word ‘sex’; instead, it uses the phrase ‘adolescence education.’

Among the 11 modules, two focus on reproductive health and HIV prevention; safety and security against violence and injuries. Highlighted sections in the school health program are concerned with sexual and reproductive health. This program will choose one male and female teacher from each public school as ‘Health and Wellness Ambassadors’ who will be trained to teach and conduct sessions and activities. While it is considered better than its predecessor, this program lacks some crucial components to make its vision successful.

Recommendations:

Incorporate Comprehensive Sexual Education guidelines put forth by the UNPFA. The four-year-old children should be taught what consent is. Basic knowledge of menstruation should be given to girls before they hit puberty: in primary school instead of middle school. They should also be taught to differentiate between ‘good touch’ and ‘bad touch,’ to help children reach out to parents if they face unwanted touches from others. Since many children face sexual abuse/harassment in India, educating children early will help protect them.

While the modules include some education on gender identities such as mentioning “[G]ender is socially constructed and thus can be changed over time. We are all equal and deserve to be treated equally,” it does not go deep enough to educate them about the gender spectrum and sexual orientations. There is a need for robust inclusion of education on gender identity and sexual orientation to sensitize students about women’s rights and Queer rights.

The curriculum’s focus should range from preventing STIs and pregnancies to where and how people can seek help if they are either infected with an STI or have gotten pregnant accidentally.

The stigmatization of sex and its education is so entrenched in Indian society that the curriculum must focus on the normalizing conversation around these subjects.

At least one session must be conducted for each age group that educates parents about the sexual and reproductive health of the children and how they can support them.

The central and state education ministries were not consulted while drafting this curriculum. They are important stakeholders and should be given the opportunities to contribute. Moreover, this program should be integrated into the new National Education Policy.

The government should train ‘Health and Wellness Ambassadors’ so they can serve as professional sex educators. Some civil society organizations have worked in this domain for years.

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isocertification09 · 1 year ago

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How to Get GDP Certification in Ireland

GDP Certification in Ireland

GDP Certification in Ireland: An Overview GDP is the acronym for Gross Domestic Product. It measures the total cost of a country’s goods and offerings annually. A country’s GDP is one of the most intently watched monetary indicators.

GDP can be divided into four categories:

1. Primary manufacturing: This consists of agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.

2. Manufacturing includes generating goods such as cars, computers, and garb.

3. Construction: Constructing roads, bridges, and colleges.

4. Services include presenting healthcare, education, and banking offerings.

The GDP of a rustic is commonly measured in trillions of dollars. The United States had the best GDP of any country in 2020, at $21.Four trillion. China became second, with a GDP of $15.Five trillion.

A country’s GDP can be decreased by decreasing the products and offerings produced within its borders. This can be accomplished by lowering the variety of hours laboured, the quantity of capital funding, or manufacturing performance.

A user’s GDP can also be reduced by lowering the amount of cash flowing from different nations. This can be carried out through imports, outflows of foreign funding,

The Process of GDP Certification in Ireland

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the fee of a country’s very last goods and services annually. The GDP can be used to determine the scale of a financial system and its boom price.

The expenditure approach measures GDP by adding up all the last items and offerings bought in an economic system. The earnings method measures GDP by adding all the earnings earned in a financial plan.

GDP is usually measured in every area. To be labelled as GDP, the output should be produced within the country’s borders and bought using a person who isn’t a resident of the U.S. GDP no longer encompasses transactions between citizens of the same country.

The Central Statistics Office (CSO) is answerable for Ireland’s GDP calculation. The CSO makes use of the expenditure technique to measure GDP. This technique entails adding all the last items and services the financial system purchases.

These resources encompass:

The National Income and Expenditure Accounts

The National Balance Sheet

The Quarterly National Household Survey

The Annual Business Survey

The CSO makes use of the expenditure method to degree GDP. This approach includes adding all the final items and services the financial system purchases.

The CSO uses data from quite a few assets to the degree of GDP. These resources include:

The National Income and Expenditure Accounts

The National Balance Sheet

The Quarterly National Household Survey

The Annual Business Survey

The CSO uses the expenditure method to measure GDP. This approach entails adding all the last goods and services the economy purchases.

The CSO makes use of records from loads of assets to measure GDP.

The Benefits of GDP Certification in Ireland

GDP Certification in Ireland is a technique that ensures the exceptional quality of a country’s products and services. The government certifies and ensures that the goods and services are appropriate and meet global standards.

The blessings of GDP Certification in Ireland are many and varied. Firstly, it presents a seal of acclaim for services and products exported from us. Secondly, GDP Certification in Ireland assures clients trying to buy items and offerings from the government. They can be assured that their products and services are delightful and meet international standards.

Thirdly, GDP Certification in Ireland can help to attract overseas funding into the United States of America. Businesses and investors could be reassured that the u. S .’s products and services are excessively first-class and meet worldwide standards. It can help to create jobs and boost the economic system.

Fourthly, GDP Certification in Ireland can assist in enhancing the first-rate services and products inside the USA because agencies might be compelled to satisfy the excessive standards required for certification. It can lead to innovation and enhancements in quality.

Overall, GDP Certification in Ireland offers many benefits for the United States. It enhances the achievement of y, creates created entices entices investment. It additionally helps to improve the quality of products and services.

The Costs of GDP Certification in Ireland

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the market cost of a rustic’s final items and offerings annually. The GDP may measure the scale of a rustic’s financial system and growth rate.

The GDP may be measured in nominal and natural ways. Nominal GDP is the value of all final items and services produced in a rustic in a given year, measured in modern expenses. Real GDP is the fee of the last goods and offerings produced in a country in a given year, calculated in steady costs.

GDP is usually measured on an annual basis. However, it may additionally be calculated each quarter. GDP is often called the “length of the economy.”

The GDP, in step with capita, measures the average profits of a person in a country. GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a country’s GDP by its populace.

The expenses of GDP certification in Ireland can be divided into compliance costs and certification prices.

Compliance charges are the prices incurred by groups to comply with the necessities of the GDP certification method. These fees can consist of the charges of accounting and auditing and the costs of making ready and submitting the required documentation.

Certification fees are the prices groups incur to have their GDP certified. These expenses can include the prices of hiring an authorized public accountant (CPA) to review the corporation’s monetary statements and the actual certification method itself.

The expenses of GDP certification can be giant, specifically for small agencies. However, the benefits of GDP certification, including elevated credibility and visibility, can outweigh the charges.

The Process of Applying for GDP Certification in Ireland

Using GDP certification in Ireland is simple and may be finished online. A few necessities ought to be met to be eligible for certification; however, the utility procedure is straightforward once those are met.

The first step is to create an account with the Irish Medicines Board (IMB). Once you have done this, you should provide primary statistics about your company, including your corporation registration number and get in touch with information. You should also upload a duplicate of your employer’s Certificate of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).

Once your account has been created, you can log in and begin the software procedure. The first step is to complete a web questionnaire about your organization’s manufacturing method and fine control approaches. Once you’ve completed the questionnaire, you must upload a copy of your employer’s exceptional manual.

The subsequent step is to post your software for an overview. The IMB will then investigate your utility and determine whether or not to supply you with GDP certification. If your utility is a hit, you will be issued a certificate, which you must show at your premises.

The manner of applying for GDP certification in Ireland is straightforward. Once certified, you may show your customers you meet excellent protection standards.

The Criteria for GDP Certification in Ireland

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the number one degree of a rustic’s financial activity. It is the total price of all final goods and offerings produced inside a nation in a given duration.

The GDP can be measured in two ways: on an expenditure or manufacturing basis. The expenditure approach calculates GDP by adding all the last charges within the financial system, along with intake, funding, government spending, and internet exports. The production technique calculates GDP by adding up the value introduced by all industries inside the economy.

To be certified as a GDP country through the European Commission, a rustic needs to meet numerous standards. The first criterion is that the U.S.’s GDP must be identical to zero—five of the E.U.’s GDP. The second criterion is that the government must have a populace greater than or equal to zero 2% of the E.U.’s public. The 1/3 measure is that the U.S. has to be a member of the United Nations, and a country should have a GDP of more than or identical to €eleven.2 billion. United States of America should have a population greater than or equal to 4.8 million. United States of America have to be a member of the United Nations.

As a consequence, Ireland meets all three criteria and is certified as a GDP country via the European Commission. Ireland’s GDP turned into €269.9 billion in 2016, 2.1% of the E.U.’s GDP. Ireland’s population became four. Eight million in 2016, 0.Nine of the E.U.’s populace.

The Renewal Process for GDP Certification in Ireland

The GDP Certification in Ireland is a procedure that is required for specific organizations to ensure that their products or services meet the specified standards. This technique can be conducted with an external frame or the business enterprise.

The first step within the procedure of GDP certification in Ireland is to use the relevant authority. This utility must consist of all required documentation, which varies depending on the services or products being licensed.

Once the software has been received, the authority will examine it to decide whether or not the employer is eligible for certification. If the organization is qualified, they may be issued with certificates. These certificates should be renewed regularly, generally every three years.

The GDP Certification in Ireland system is designed to shield purchasers and ensure that the most effective products or services of the best quality are available on the market. By confirming that your company complies with the specified standards, you can give your clients the peace that they’re getting what they expect.

Why Factocert for GDP Certification in Ireland

We provide the best GDP consultants in Ireland, Who are very knowledgeable and provide the best solution. And to know how to get GDP certification in Ireland . Kindly reach us at mailto:[email protected]. GDP Certification consultants work according to GDP standards and help organizations implement GDP certification in Ireland with proper documentation. For More Information Visit: GDP Certification in Ireland

Related link:

• ISO 9001 certification in Ireland

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divyabhat · 1 year ago

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Financial Education for Women

Unfortunately, only 27% of its people are financially literate, according to Annual Report 2020-21 of the National Centre for Financial Education. This number is around 21% for women. It is time for women to become financially literate and actively participate in household financial planning. Financial literacy for women is an important aspect of their independence, financial and otherwise. Being financially illiterate can lead to a number of problems. You could be more likely to accumulate debt burdens, have poor spending habits, or lack long-term preparation. Financial literacy is an important aspect that can help women gain greater control over their own lives, boost their self-esteem, and provide them with equal standing in the family and community decision-making. Financial literacy can help individuals reach their goals: By better understanding how to budget and save money, individuals can create plans that set expectations, hold them accountable to their finances, and set a course for achieving seemingly unachievable goals. Both women and men need to be sufficiently financially literate to effectively participate in economic activities and to take appropriate financial decisions for themselves and their families, but women often have less financial knowledge and lower access to formal financial products than men. Women therefore have specific and additional financial literacy needs. Managing money in the midst of life’s other priorities is no easy task. Women of all ages and backgrounds struggle with the pressure to earn enough, access education, care for a family and plan retirement. Financial literacy is the foundation of your relationship with money, and it is a lifelong journey of learning. The earlier you start, the better off you will be because education and its application are the keys to success when it comes to money. Both women and men should acquire financial knowledge to participate in money-related issues of their families effectively. But it has been observed that women in India have limited financial knowledge. This could be on account of women traditionally being ‘home-makers’ and not being concerned with where the finances are coming from and where they should go. However, with the changing economic scenario and the higher participation of women in the workforce, financial literacy for women should be given topmost priority. Financial literacy for women is an important aspect of their independence, financial and otherwise. Being financially illiterate can lead to a number of problems. You could be more likely to accumulate debt burdens, have poor spending habits, or lack long-term preparation. Financial literacy empowers people, especially women, to make independent decisions. During emergencies or unforeseen circumstances, an individual can take correct steps if she is financially literate. A survey revealed that only a small percentage of women are able to build on and grow their existing wealth. Among those, only about 33 per cent, have the confidence to invest their money as they see fit. Given that women’s roles in the domestic and public sphere are on the rise, these low figures show that financial literacy for women is still not part of mainstream discourse.

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minipandemicchihuahua · 1 year ago

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How this all began: Min (Mini-Molly) arrived in my life late August 2020, so as a pandemic puppy (1). Pandemic puppies describe pet dogs acquired during COVID lockdowns, when people purchased or adopted dogs because they could (all the extra time not going to work or school). In the US alone, 9 million dogs were welcomed into households in 2020 according to one Guardian article (https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2022/jan/21/pets-ownership-pandemic-dogs-cats).

Plus the emphasis of minimizing COVID spread meant people were also directed to stay away from other people (remember social distancing?) But let's face it - people were lonely. And a dog was more than a distraction - they offered comfort. I personally didn't get Min for those reasons, but in the months preceding I'd had to send 3 senior dogs over the rainbow bridge. I was grieving, and I needed a distraction. What better distraction than a puppy? But because of the lockdowns and uncertainty about COVID transmission, I had to delay getting Min into my household until she was almost 9 months old. The lockdowns and social distancing protocols meant Min’s exposures to life were sub-optimal. Generally, puppies between 7 to 16 weeks of life are recommended to be exposed to social phenomena. The social phenomena included interacting with different humans, different dogs, and tactile experiences. Which was suggested for setting her up for behaviour problems such as aggression and excessive fear of new things in her environment (2, 3). As a researcher and professional dog trainer, I recognized I needed to intervene and offset the predisposing factors she had been exposed to. I didn't want her to experience negative health outcomes nor did I want other people to. Given Min's breed, anecdotal evidence and past experience as a veterinary professional suggested she could be a bite risk (as in more likely to bite than other breeds). Because of all the risk factors (5-8), and being a scientist, I became determined to make Min a statistically significant exception to the stereotypes. As in p < 0.05. Sources cited 1) Brand, C. L., O’neill, D. G., Belshaw, Z., Pegram, C. L., Stevens, K. B., & Packer, R. M. (2022). Pandemic puppies: demographic characteristics, health and early life experiences of puppies acquired during the 2020 phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Animals, 12(5), 629. 2) Flint, H. E., Coe, J. B., Serpell, J. A., Pearl, D. L., & Niel, L. (2018). Identification of fear behaviors shown by puppies in response to nonsocial stimuli. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 28, 17-24. 3) Flint, H. E., Coe, J. B., Serpell, J. A., Pearl, D. L., & Niel, L. (2017). Risk factors associated with stranger-directed aggression in domestic dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 197, 45-54.

4) Nieforth, L. O., & O'Haire, M. E. (2020). The role of pets in managing uncertainty from COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S245–S246. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000678 5) Westgarth, C., Brooke, M., & Christley, R. M. (2018). How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community. J Epidemiol Community Health, 72(4), 331-336. 6) Ozanne-Smith, J., Ashby, K., & Stathakis, V. Z. (2001). Dog bite and injury prevention—analysis, critical review, and research agenda. Injury prevention, 7(4), 321-326. 7) Woodward, L., Milliken, J., & Humy, S. (2012). Give a dog a bad name and hang him: Evaluating big, black dog syndrome. Society & Animals, 20(3), 236-253. 8) Baxter, I. L. (2006). A Dwarf Hound Skeleton from a Romano-British Grave at York Road, Leicester, England, UK, with a discussion of other Roman small dog types and speculation regarding their respective aetiologies. Dogs and People in Social, Working, Economic or Symbolic Interaction, 12-23.

#pandemicpuppy #chihuahua #fearfreepets #smalldogsyndrome #covid19 #public health #animal welfare

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newstfionline · 2 years ago

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Sunday, May 21, 2023

World watches in disbelief and horror as U.S. nears possible default (Washington Post) Gathered last weekend at the Toki Messe convention center and Hotel Okura in Niigata, Japan, the world’s top economic officials were scheduled to discuss some of the biggest emergencies facing the global economy, such as the war in Ukraine and climate change. But the finance ministers for the Group of 7 nations had another question for Treasury Secretary Janet L. Yellen: What is going on with the U.S. debt ceiling? All of Yellen’s counterparts were aware of the potential global ramifications if the United States were to default on its debt—so aware, in fact, that many asked her privately for updates on the status of negotiations between the White House and House Republicans. Yellen told U.S. allies that she agreed that a default would be devastating and that resolving the debt ceiling was a top priority for the administration. Around the world, experts are watching in disbelief as the U.S. flirts with its first default, fearful of the potential international economic ramifications—and astonished by the global superpower’s brush with self-sabotage. Rich and poor nations alike fear a possible U.S. default, which would torpedo the financial markets and deal a massive blow to the dollar. Analysts say the impasse jeopardizes America’s standing abroad. And foreign economists and policymakers are bewildered over why the United States has imposed a specific limit on its debt and then turned it into a political football.

Foreign Spy Database Misused (1440) Heavily redacted court documents unsealed Friday revealed the FBI improperly used a digital surveillance tool more than 278,000 times to search for information on individuals, including in connection to racial justice protests in 2020 and the Jan. 6, 2021, storming of the US Capitol. At issue is Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, which allows spy agencies to collect information from a trove of electronic communications on foreign nationals outside of the US. Section 702, first added in 2008 and renewed for six years in 2018, expires at the end of the year unless Congress renews it again. The Biden administration has pushed for its renewal, while critics have urged for change due to how data belonging to Americans have inadvertently been a part of some searches.

New York City is sinking, study says (USA Today) The pressure from New York City’s massive buildings and skyscrapers is making the city more vulnerable to sink lower into the ocean, according to new research. Three University of Rhode Island oceanologists and a researcher from the U.S. Geological Survey found that New York City, home to more than 8 million people, is sinking at a rate of 1 to 2 millimeters a year while sea level rises. With more than 1 million buildings amassing nearly 1.7 trillion pounds, some areas in the metropolis were found to be subsiding much faster when scientists modeled the subsidence caused by the pressure that these structures exert on the Earth. Parts of lower Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens and Long Island all showed signs of subsidence, the study said. On the U.S. coastline, sea levels are projected to rise 10-12 inches, on average, by 2050, according to a 2022 report released by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

In a Sharp Reversal, Biden Opens a Path for Ukraine to Get Fighter Jets (NYT) President Biden told U.S. allies on Friday that he would allow Ukrainian pilots to be trained on American-made F-16 fighter jets, moving toward letting other countries give the planes to Ukraine—a major upgrade of the Ukrainian military and a sharp reversal. Since Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine 15 months ago, officials in Kyiv have pleaded for advanced warplanes to overcome Russian air superiority. But Mr. Biden had resisted, concerned that the jets could be used to hit targets deep inside Russia, and prompt the Kremlin to escalate the conflict. Pentagon officials have said that other weapons, especially air defenses, were needed more urgently, and the high cost of the F-16s could squeeze out other matériel. But several European countries that belong to the NATO alliance and have F-16s in their arsenals have called for an international effort to provide the training and transfer of their jets to Ukraine. Doing so would require American permission. Mr. Biden told other leaders of the Group of 7 nations, the world’s wealthiest democracies, of his decision on pilot training, opening a path to supplying Ukraine with fighter jets, at their summit meeting in Hiroshima, Japan.

UK report finds Britons’ lack of faith knowledge deeply disturbing (Religion News Service) To outsiders watching the leader of Britain’s established church crown its new monarch, King Charles III, in a deeply religious ceremony, it might seem faith still looms large in the country. But a newly published report, commissioned four years ago by then-Prime Minister Boris Johnson, cites a profound need for improving Britons’ knowledge of religion in general and for protecting faith in an increasingly secularized landscape. The title of the independent review, “Does government do God?,” harks back to a notorious episode at the start of the premiership of the Labour Party’s Tony Blair. His top spin doctor at the time advised that converting to his wife’s Catholicism would cause a media circus, saying the British government “doesn’t do God.” (Blair converted soon after leaving office in 2007.) The report recommended faith literacy training for all public sector staff; holding regular roundtables with national faith leaders; adopting working definitions of “religion,” “belief” and “faith”; and reinforcing distinctions between extremist Islamism and Islam, and between Islamist extremists and ordinary Muslims.

Ukrainian president meets with world leaders at G7 as Russia claims a key victory in the war (AP) Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy huddled with some of his biggest backers in Hiroshima on Sunday, building momentum for his country’s war effort even as Russia claimed a symbolic victory on the battlefield. Hanging over Sunday’s talks was the claim by Russia’s Defense Ministry that forces of the Wagner private army, backed by Russian troops, had seized the Ukrainian city of Bakhmut. The eight-month battle for the eastern city—seen by both sides as a major symbolic prize—has been the longest and likely the bloodiest of the war.

G7 stance on China complicated by huge stakes in economic ties, cooperation on global issues (AP) Leaders of the Group of Seven advanced economies are generally united in voicing concern about China. The question is how to translate that worry into action. Over the past two years, President Joe Biden’s administration has sought to reframe the relationship with Beijing and build support among like-minded nations for a strong response to what officials in Washington and some other Western democracies say is “economic coercion.” But the G7 also needs to cooperate with China on broader global issues such as climate change, North Korea, the war in Ukraine and the debt problems of a growing number of developing economies. And all the G-7 countries have a big stake in strong ties with the world’s second-largest economy. The U.S. imported nearly $537 billion worth of goods last year from China and ran a $383 billion goods deficit, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That creates a codependence—with Chinese companies reliant on U.S. customers and America in need of products from China. U.S. businesses have a cumulative investment in China of nearly $120 billion. European nations—especially Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands and France—have put more than $140 billion into China businesses over the past 20 years, according to EU figures.

Lebanon deporting refugees to Syria to face an uncertain fate (Washington Post) Abu Hussein’s stomach churned with worry when the Lebanese army knocked on his door at 5 a.m. last month. He chose to believe the soldiers when they said they were picking him up to fix his paperwork. He chose to believe them when they said they were there on behalf of the United Nations. But when he saw the familiar road to Syria, his country of origin, he felt the fear in his stomach rise to the back of his throat. “I asked an officer, ‘Excuse me, but where are we going? Where are you taking us?’ He told me, ‘We got the order to deport you. We’re handing you over to the Syrian army.’” Once across the border, some of the men have disappeared into Syrian custody—detained by authorities for past political activity or evasion of army conscription, according to human rights groups, who are calling for a halt to what they say are unlawful deportations. Amnesty International has so far documented at least four men who were detained upon deportation. The timing of the returns coincides with a move by Arab states to normalize relations with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

Fleeing Sudan, U.S. Diplomats Shredded Passports and Stranded Locals (NYT) In the frantic days before American diplomats evacuated their Khartoum embassy under darkness by helicopter last month, one crucial task remained. Armed with shredders, sledgehammers and gasoline, American officials, following government protocols, destroyed classified documents and sensitive equipment, officials and eyewitnesses said. By the time Chinook helicopters carrying commandos landed beside the embassy just after midnight on April 23, sacks of shredded paper lined the embassy’s four floors. But the piles also contained paperwork precious to Sudanese citizens—their passports. Many had left them at the embassy days earlier, to apply for American visas. Some belonged to local staff members. As the embassy evacuated, officials who feared the passports, along with other important papers, might fall into the wrong hands reduced them to confetti. A month later, many of those Sudanese are stranded in the war zone, unable to get out. It wasn’t only the Americans: Many other countries also stranded Sudanese visa applicants when their diplomats evacuated, a source of furious recriminations from Sudanese on social media. But most of those countries did not destroy the passports, instead leaving them locked inside shuttered embassies—inaccessible, but not gone forever.

Ambassador of sanity (NYT) Yulia the endangered seal did not seem fazed by the rockets from Gaza, let alone the missiles heading in the opposite direction. About six feet long and two decades old, Yulia heaved herself last Friday onto a sandy beach in Jaffa, an ancient city immediately south of Tel Aviv. It was the fourth of five days of fighting between the Israeli military and Palestinian militants in Gaza. She promptly fell fast asleep. Yulia was the definition of an incongruous sight. Two days earlier, air-raid sirens on the same shoreline had sent swimmers and sunbathers rushing to municipal bomb shelters. Now, an endangered Mediterranean monk seal—one of an estimated 700 in the world—had landed on an Israeli shore for the first known time since 2010. Yulia stayed on the beach for days, sleeping obliviously through the announcement of a cease-fire. She did not react when crowds began to gather over the weekend to watch her as she snoozed. She appeared unbothered when a local boy christened her Yulia, and the name began to make headlines across the Israeli news media. She focused instead on molting, her fur gradually changing hue from brown to gray. Occasionally, she rolled around on the sand. But mainly, she slumbered. As her fame spread, Israel’s nature authority cordoned off the beach to prevent onlookers from disturbing her. Kan, the national broadcaster, trained a camera on her sleeping spot, providing a livestream online. She inspired memes on social media, with users joking that she might defeat the embattled prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, in an election.

#headlines #news

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aseaninstituteonline · 2 years ago

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US-China Competition and ASEAN’s Quest for Strategic Autonomy

by ASEAN Institute

Caught between two superpowers, ASEAN nations strive to maintain strategic autonomy in the face of the escalating rivalry between the United States and China. With the region being of significant geopolitical and economic importance, navigating these complexities is paramount for the future stability and prosperity of ASEAN countries. This article will explore the various strategies adopted by ASEAN in pursuit of strategic autonomy and the challenges they face in the evolving global landscape.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has traditionally adopted a policy of non-alignment and regional integration, in an effort to prevent external powers from exerting undue influence over its member states (Acharya, 2017). Nonetheless, the intensifying US-China competition has placed considerable pressure on ASEAN’s ability to maintain a balanced approach.

One of the key challenges for ASEAN countries is striking a balance between economic dependence on China and security partnerships with the United States. While ASEAN member states have benefitted significantly from China’s economic growth, the United States remains a vital security partner for many nations in the region (Narine, 2019). Consequently, ASEAN countries are developing diverse strategies to ensure their economic and security interests are met, without sacrificing their strategic autonomy (Leong & Pitsuwan, 2021).

ASEAN has also sought to enhance its institutional capacity and intra-regional cooperation, in order to minimize the risk of being divided by external powers. The ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) is one such example, providing a framework for regional cooperation that is more inclusive and less confrontational than the US-led Indo-Pacific strategy (Egreteau, 2020). This approach reflects ASEAN’s commitment to maintaining its centrality in the regional architecture, while avoiding overt alignment with either superpower (Chachavalpongpun, 2021).

Another avenue for ASEAN to maintain strategic autonomy is through economic diversification, by engaging with a broader range of trade partners beyond China and the US. The signing of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2020 was a significant step towards this goal, as it fosters economic integration among ASEAN countries and other major economies in the Asia-Pacific region (Petri & Plummer, 2021).

Despite these efforts, the US-China competition poses significant challenges for ASEAN’s quest for strategic autonomy. As the rivalry deepens, there is a risk that ASEAN countries may be forced to choose sides, which could undermine regional unity and stability (Storey, 2020). Furthermore, the potential for proxy conflicts or incidents involving US and Chinese military assets in the South China Sea remains a significant concern for the region (Kuik, 2021).

In conclusion, ASEAN’s pursuit of strategic autonomy is increasingly challenged by the intensifying US-China competition. However, through a combination of institutional strengthening, economic diversification, and careful balancing, ASEAN countries are seeking to navigate this complex environment and maintain their independence in the face of great power rivalries.

References:

Acharya, A. (2017). East of India, South of China: Sino-Indian Encounters in Southeast Asia. International Affairs, 93(1), 1–19.

Chachavalpongpun, P. (2021). Navigating the Geopolitical Storm: ASEAN’s Role in the US-China Competition. The Pacific Review, 34(2), 231–246.

Egreteau, R. (2020). The ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific: Rationales, Objectives, and Limits. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 7(1), 3–21.

Kuik, C.-C. (2021). US-China Strategic Competition in Southeast Asia: How ASEAN Balances the Great Powers. Asian Survey, 61(1), 122–145.

Leong, R., & Pitsuwan, S. (2021). ASEAN Centrality and US-China Rivalry: From the South China Sea to the Mekong Basin. The Pacific Review, 34(3), 360–378.

Narine, S. (2019). ASEAN, China, and the United States: The Dilemmas of Hedging and Balancing. Asian Politics & Policy, 11(2), 312–329.

Petri, P. A., & Plummer, M. G. (2021). ASEAN’s Role in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 38(2), 151–168.

Storey, I. (2020). The Impact of US-China Rivalry on ASEAN. East Asia Policy, 12(3), 3–13.

Read the entire article and more at the ASEAN Institute website.

Check out the ASEAN Institute on Youtube!

#ASEAN Institute #ASEAN Institute strategic autonomy

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guesthypebusinessfinance · 2 years ago

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The week forward will present traders extra knowledge on how a number of the greatest gamers in company America began the yr, with tech giants together with Amazon (AMZN), Microsoft (MSFT), Alphabet (GOOGL), and Meta Platforms (META) all set to report quarterly outcomes.Traders may even carefully watch Thursday's launch of the primary estimate of first quarter GDP, which is predicted to indicate the US financial system grew at an annualized price of two% within the yr's first three months.The main averages closed final week's buying and selling barely decrease with earnings reactions proving blended throughout the week. Not one of the main indexes logged a weekly transfer bigger than the Nasdaq's 0.42% decline.Traders count on this earnings season to carry a second straight quarter of decline in earnings earned by US corporates.Knowledge from FactSet revealed Friday confirmed that by April 21, earnings for the S&P 500 are anticipated to say no 6.2% within the first quarter when combining outcomes already reported with these anticipated by analysts. Every week in the past, expectations have been for S&P 500 earnings to drop 6.7% throughout the quarter.Ought to earnings decline 6.2% throughout the quarter, this is able to mark the biggest earnings decline for the reason that 31.6% drop in earnings reported within the second quarter of 2020.By means of final week, corporations are reporting earnings which can be 5.8% above estimates, under the 5-year common of an 8.4% beat and under the 10-year common of 6.4%."We're getting plenty of blended indications kind the assorted corporations reporting, even ones inside the similar business," Thomas Martin, portfolio supervisor at GLOBALT Investments instructed Yahoo Finance Reside on Friday."I am afraid we'll have to attend for an additional quarter or two earlier than we actually get definitive data in some way."Outcomes from Amazon, Microsoft, Alphabet, and Meta will spotlight the approaching week with traders in search of updates on these corporations' artificial intelligence efforts in addition to ongoing price cuts.Story continuesA person takes a photograph at Meta (previously Fb) company headquarters in Menlo Park, California on November 9, 2022. (Photograph by JOSH EDELSON/AFP through Getty Photographs)"Expectations are low," Tom Forte, an analyst at D.A. Davidson, instructed Yahoo Finance Reside on Friday.Forte highlighted constant layoffs throughout the sector throughout the quarter as an indication issues are solely weakening within the tech sector."If they're shedding people, particularly late within the quarter, that means that the macroeconomic challenges are getting tougher," Forte stated. "I believe whenever you couple within the mini monetary disaster in banking and Roku and Pinterest layoffs, that means that digital promoting might have taken a step backwards within the march quarter."A report from Bloomberg final week stated managers at Meta have been instructed to organize for added layoffs throughout its Fb, Whatsapp, and Instagram models.On the financial knowledge facet, many economists imagine the primary quarter would be the yr's excessive water mark for financial progress.Thursday's GDP report comes amid conflicting knowledge on whether or not the financial system is rising or contracting. And although Thursday's report will probably present the financial system grew within the yr's first quarter, almost all of that progress got here in January, in line with Oxford Economics."The blended survey proof for April launched to date factors to an additional slowdown initially of Q2," Oxford Economics lead US economist Michael Pearce wrote in a observe final week. "In the meantime, early indicators are that tighter financial institution lending requirements are starting to chew, however the full hit to exercise will not be evident till later this yr."Traders have been initially disenchanted with outcomes from Goldman Sachs (GS) and Netflix (NFLX), as shares of each names traded off earlier than recovering to the tip week.

Reviews from various regional banks out final week confirmed that whereas a number of the market's deepest fears for the sector haven't but been realized, billions of dollars of deposits have left these establishments and the price of retaining deposits has skyrocketed.Traders weren't as lenient with Tesla (TSLA), nonetheless, as shares of the electrical automobile maker fell greater than 10.5% on the week as analysts worry the automaker might have to hold decreasing costs to spur demand."They're backed right into a nook," Ronald Jewsikow, an analyst at Guggenheim instructed Yahoo Finance Reside after Wednesday's report. "They put plenty of provide in place that should discover a residence. And the one device they actually have is chopping costs."Financial CalendarMonday: Chicago Fed Nationwide Exercise Index, March (-0.19 beforehand); Dallas Fed Manufacturing Survey, March (-12 anticipated, -15.7 beforehand)Tuesday: FHFA Housing Pricing Index, February (-0.2% anticipated, -0.2% beforehand); S&P Case-Shiller residence costs, month-over-month, February (-0.35% anticipated, -0.3% beforehand); S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller residence costs, year-over-year, February (-0.10% anticipated, +2.55% throughout prior month); S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller U.S. Nationwide Dwelling Value Index (3.79% throughout prior month); Convention Board Client Confidence, April (104.1 anticipated, 104.2 beforehand); Richmond Fed Manufacturing Index, April (-8 anticipated, -5 beforehand); New Dwelling Gross sales, month-over-month, March (-1.6% anticipated, 1.1% beforehand)Wednesday: MBA Mortgage Functions, week ended April. 21 (-8.8% beforehand); Advance Items Commerce Stability, March (-$90.0 billion anticipated, -$91.6 beforehand); Wholesale Inventories, month-over-month, March (+0.2% anticipated, +0.1% beforehand)Thursday: First quarter GDP, first estimate (+2% anticipated, +2.6% beforehand); Sturdy items orders, March (+0.9% anticipated, -1% beforehand); Private consumption, first quarter (+4% anticipated, +1% beforehand); First quarter Core PCE, quarter-over-quarter, (+4.7% anticipated, +4.4% prior); Preliminary jobless claims (250,000 anticipated, 245,000 throughout prior week); Pending Dwelling Gross sales, month-over-month, March (+1% anticipated, +0.8% beforehand)Friday: Employment Price Index, first quarter (+1.1% anticipated, +1% beforehand); Private earnings, month-over-month, March (+0.2% anticipated, +0.3% beforehand); Private spending, month-over-month, March (-0.1% anticipated, +0.2% beforehand); PCE Deflator, month-over-month, March (+0.1% anticipated, +0.3% beforehand); College of Michigan shopper sentiment, April (63.5 anticipated, 63.5 beforehand)Earnings CalendarMonday: Credit score Suisse (CS), Cleveland Cliffs (CLF), Coca-Cola (KO), First Republic Financial institution (FRC), Philips (PHG), Whirlpool (WHR)Tuesday: Alphabet (GOOGL), Chipotle Mexican Grill (CMG), Normal Electrical (GE), Normal Motors (GM), Juniper Networks (JNPR), McDonald's (MCD), Microsoft (MSFT), PepsiCo (PEP), Raytheon Applied sciences (RTX), Spotify (SPOT), Texas Devices (TXN), UPS (UPS), Verizon (VZ), Visa (V), 3M Firm (MMM)Wednesday: Align Know-how (ALGN), Automated Knowledge Processing (ADP), Boeing (BA), Boston Scientific (BSX), Cenovus Power (CVE), Normal Dynamics (GD), Hess Company (HES), Hilton Worldwide (HLT), Meta Platforms (META), Pioneer Pure Sources (PXD), Roku (ROKU), ServiceNow (NOW), Teladoc (TDOC)Thursday: Amazon (AMZN), American Airways (AAL), Amgen (AMGN), Caterpillar (CAT), Crocs (CROX), Eli Lilly (LLY), Gilead Sciences (GILD), Intel (INTC), Mastercard (MA), Merck (MRK), Pinterest (PINS), Snap (SNAP), Southwest Airways (LUV), Valero Power (VLO), United States Metal (X)Friday: Aon (AON), Exxon Mobil (XOM), Cameco (CCJ), Constitution Communications (CHTR), Chevron (CVX), Colgate-Palmolive (CL), Gentex (GNTX), New York Neighborhood Bancorp (NCYB)Josh is a reporter for Yahoo Finance.Click on right here for the most recent inventory market information

and in-depth evaluation, together with occasions that transfer sharesLearn the most recent monetary and business news from Yahoo Finance https://guesthype.co.uk/?p=3787&feed_id=7769&cld=644529d39c882

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