#Dwight Duke Eisenhower

[homocausticus]

O amor na Maginot

As estratégias de guerra sempre tiveram pontos fixos para objetivos militares. Me lembro de uma conversa com o meu amigo AVC onde estava desolado com uma desilusão de fundo romântico onde citei o filme MacArthur onde o grande general americano no Pacífico prometeu que iria retornar as Filipinas. Pensei nisso por causa do jovem de Imperatriz-MA onde relatou um fracasso de foro amoroso e logo citei…

[randomrichards]

SOUNDTRACK TO A COUP D’ÉTAT:

Congo president

Target of western agents

Jazz linked to events

[thepastisalreadywritten]

Queen in USA (1957)

13 April 2014

Jamestown, Williamsburg and Washington D.C., United States of America (USA).

[usafphantom2]

The B-21 Raider: Designed For Low Risk

head-on view of B-21

Images released during the week of the Air and Space Force Association’s Air, Space & Cyber Conference revealed a head-on view that allowed for a reliable estimate of the wingspan.

Credit: Northrop Grumman

The design of Northrop Grumman’s B-21 Raider points to a conservative approach on the part of the U.S. Air Force’s Rapid Capabilities Office. The B-21’s resemblance to the original B-2 bomber design is close, but it is a smaller aircraft, with a wingspan estimated at 132 ft. compared with the B-2’s 172 ft., and is approximately half the empty weight. The planform itself is driven by the need to accommodate complex inlets and exhausts and a large weapon bay within the flying-wing profile while staying within a maximum thickness-to-chord ratio compatible with efficient flight above Mach 0.8.

Planform of two bombers

Credit: Giuseppe Picarella/TheCutawayCompany.com

The B-21 planform, which has not been officially released, was depicted in a video that accompanied a presentation by Gen. Duke Richardson, commander of the U.S. Air Force Materiel Command, on Sept. 11 at the Air and Space Force Association’s (AFA) Air, Space & Cyber Conference at National Harbor, Maryland. A new set of images released that week included an undistorted head-on view that permitted a reliable estimate of the wingspan. Recently recovered unclassified imagery from Pratt & Whitney presentations dating back to the early 2010s proved to be a close match for the B-21’s inlets.

U.S. Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office prioritized use of mature subsystems

Northrop draws on aspects of B-2 bomber and X-47B UCAV

The B-21’s low-risk design in part stems from the program’s origins. Before 2009, the Air Force was working to a requirement known as Next-Generation Bomber (NGB). It has been characterized as complex and ambitious, with a full suite of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) sensors, a self-defense capability and long endurance. This was canceled in April 2009 by then-Defense Secretary Robert Gates.

The following year, the Air Force proposed a different approach to the mission, which Pentagon leadership found acceptable: a Long-Range Strike family of systems including classified uncrewed aircraft systems for ISR and electronic attack (the former becoming the Northrop Grumman RQ-180), a replacement cruise missile (now the Raytheon AGM-181) and the Long-Range Strike-Bomber (LRS-B), for which a contract was awarded to Northrop Grumman in October 2015.

Aside from scrubbed and scaled-back requirements, the LRS-B project differed from NGB in three ways: Unit cost was a key performance parameter; two competing teams were funded through preliminary design review, which normally takes place after contract award; and management was assigned to the Air Force’s Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO). The RCO modeled its approach on the Lockheed F-117, developed using mature subsystems in a new platform so that the program could focus on applying new technology.

B-21 diagram

Click on this image to see an interactive version of a microcutaway of design features likely on the U.S. Air Force's next stealth bomber.

The B-21 emerging today is evidence that these principles have been adhered to. Its configuration and stealth technology have evolved from the “flying saucer” approach used on the B-2, but originally proposed in the late 1950s. Remarkably, Lockheed Martin Skunk Works founder and former chief Clarence “Kelly” Johnson, in a retrospective paper delivered in 1975 and quoting pre-SR-71 Blackbird work, noted that “a shape similar to flying saucers, with a sharp edge and no protuberances, has a very low radar cross-section without any anti-radar treatment.” And at a February 1959 conference with President Dwight Eisenhower, also discussing the future Blackbird, Harvard physicist Edward Purcell remarked that “the best shape would be a flying saucer.”

No documents found so far have explained the exact connection between the flying saucer phenomenon—the original popular term for unidentified aerial phenomena—and early stealth developments. But one part of the explanation may be that the mysterious craft were often believed to evade radar detection and that it would naturally occur to anyone with knowledge of radar that the shape might have something to do with it.

The classic 1950s flying saucer shape—seamless and continuously curved, with a domed center flaring out to a sharp edge—is visible on the B-21. Some details, though, are reminiscent of the X-47B—the uncrewed combat air vehicle (UCAV) designed by Northrop Grumman—such as the longer nose, or “beak.” This feature is a result of the need for continuous sharp leading edges, but with a curved-down nose to improve stall characteristics. As on the B-2, however, the saucer profile in elevation is matched with a straight-edge planform to concentrate residual radar reflections—reduced by deep-section radar-absorbent material (RAM) edges—in the smallest possible number of “spikes.”

The design benefits from advances in computational engineering and simulation. The B-2 was designed with the help of early 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but airflows on a blended wing body shape are highly 3D with effects propagating from the center-body outward, and more recent designs using 3D CFD are more efficient.

Computational electromagnetics allows for better low radar cross-section (RCS) shapes and more efficient use of RAM and eliminates much of the empirical cut-and-try methods used in earlier programs: Northrop Grumman closed its Tejon Ranch, California, outdoor RCS test range in 2011.

The B-21 is also the first known major U.S. military aircraft program to be fully designed on a digital thread, with not only the shape but the physical characteristics of each part built into a digital prototype. This has allowed errors to be caught early and has made it possible, according to program officials, to incorporate all core systems on the first aircraft.

The differences from the B-2 include the new bomber’s planform. In fact, the B-2 planform at contract award in October 1981 was similar to the B-21’s now, but a low-altitude dash capability was added to the requirement late in its evolution. In early 1983, Northrop engineers discovered that the original design had insufficient control power to alleviate gust loads at the same time as controlling the aircraft, and it was necessary to add control area farther aft, close to the centerline, for rigidity. The fix resulted in the B-2’s unique planform, but at a price in time, weight and cost—and the low-altitude capability was never used.

Some of the features carried over from the X-47B include the apparent absence of split brake-rudder surfaces. Instead, the plan-view sketch suggests the presence of “inlay” surfaces above the wing, which would not be used in stealth mode. Instead, lateral and longitudinal control are provided by eight trailing-edge surfaces, augmented by differential thrust as on the B-2.

The center-body section matches images of highly serpentine inlets mated to a medium-bypass engine. Pratt & Whitney discussed such an engine, the PW9000, as a future bomber powerplant in 2010 but has not mentioned it since. The PW9000 used the core of the PW1000G commercial engine family, mated to a direct-drive fan with a 4:1 bypass ratio. On the B-2, the low-bypass GE F118 engine was selected because it was too risky to place a higher-bypass engine, more sensitive to flow distortion, behind the curved and RAM-treated inlet ducts needed to hide the fan face from radar. With the aid of better CFD, that problem can be eliminated: Northrop Grumman proposed a large bomber UAV in 2005, powered by two modified GE CF34 turbofans, and Lockheed Martin flew the Polecat demonstrator in 2006 with two Williams FJ44s.

Further evidence of innovation in the propulsion installation is that it is one of very few specific B-21 problem areas mentioned in public. Rep. Rob Wittman (R-Va), a member of the House Armed Services Committee, mentioned potential inlet and exhaust issues in March 2018. In March 2021, then-RCO Director Randall Walden said that a redesign was completed before the design was frozen, without affecting the schedule.

A higher bypass ratio provides much better specific fuel consumption than the B-2’s fighter-type engine, improving range, and would enable a cooler, lower-velocity exhaust, not only lowering the B-21’s infrared signature but also alleviating thermomechanical stress on the open “aft deck” area of the exhaust, immediately ahead of the trailing edge.

The B-21’s structure benefits from the absence of a low-level flight requirement and improvements in both composite materials and RAM, reducing the use of fillers and tapes. While the RAM itself would perform the same functions as on earlier stealth aircraft, with multiple layers to absorb energy, diffuse surface currents and protect the skin from lightning, it would require less maintenance than the notoriously finicky B-2 surface.

Internally, the B-21 apparently uses many proven systems. At the AFA meeting, Doug Young, Northrop Grumman vice president and general manager for strike systems, noted that where possible, the company has used commercial components and systems on the aircraft, reducing costs and taking advantage of long-lasting commercial supply networks. Early in the program, one Washington consultant with close ties to BAE Systems disclosed that the electronic warfare system of the B-21 is closely related to the Lockheed Martin F-35’s ASQ-239.

The most important feature of the avionics, however, is an open mission systems architecture. Young compares older systems with adding peripherals to a computer in the early PC age, where “you had to go through a whole rigmarole to make it work.” But the B-21 has standard interfaces and a partitioned architecture where changes to the mission systems cannot affect flight-critical functions.

The B-21 program includes a “software factory,” Young said, which is already developing capabilities beyond the service-entry baseline. And under a program called Spirit Realm, a partitioned architecture is being developed for the B-2 fleet.

After Lockheed Martin and Boeing unsuccessfully protested the Air Force’s B-21 contract award to Northrop Grumman, a consultant to both companies wrote that “there’s a real possibility that the B-21 program isn’t executable at the price the winning team bid—which would mean either big cost overruns or program termination.”

Northrop has warned that it faces up to a $1.2 billion charge on the first five years of low-rate initial production for the B-21 due to inflation-related cost increases not anticipated when bids were submitted in 2015.

But a lesson to be drawn from the B-21’s appearance is that the designers of the B-2 did an amazingly good job “inventing to schedule” while existing materials and subsystems were inadequate and produced a basic vehicle architecture that was still considered the best choice almost 40 years later.

[royally-obsessed]

on this day in 1959

Hosting the President at Balmoral

Queen Elizabeth II and her family; Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Anne and Prince Charles, standing with President of the United States, Dwight D Eisenhower in the grounds of Balmoral Castle, Scotland, August 30th 1959.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.10. (before 1960)

19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to leave the province. 680 – The Battle of Karbala marks the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali. 732 – Charles Martel's forces defeat an Umayyad army near Tours, France. 1471 – Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with the help of farmers and miners, repels an attack by King Christian I of Denmark. 1492 – The crew of Christopher Columbus's ship, the Santa Maria, attempt a mutiny. 1575 – Roman Catholic forces under Henry I, Duke of Guise, defeat the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others. 1580 – Over 600 Papal troops land in Ireland to support the Second Desmond Rebellion. 1760 – In a treaty with the Dutch colonial authorities, the Ndyuka people of Suriname – descended from escaped slaves – gain territorial autonomy. 1780 – The Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000–30,000 in the Caribbean. 1814 – War of 1812: The United States Revenue Marine attempts to defend the cutter Eagle from the Royal Navy. 1845 – In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 students. 1846 – Triton, the largest moon of the planet Neptune, is discovered by English astronomer William Lassell. 1868 – The Ten Years' War begins against Spanish rule in Cuba. 1903 – The Women's Social and Political Union is founded in support of the enfranchisement of British women. 1911 – The day after a bomb explodes prematurely, the Wuchang Uprising begins against the Chinese monarchy. 1913 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, completing major construction on the Panama Canal. 1918 – RMS Leinster is torpedoed and sunk by UB-123, killing 564, the largest loss of life on the Irish Sea. 1920 – The Carinthian plebiscite determines that the larger part of the Duchy of Carinthia should remain part of Austria. 1928 – Chiang Kai-shek becomes Chairman of the Republic of China. 1933 – A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed by sabotage, the first such proven case in the history of commercial aviation. 1935 – In Greece, a coup d'état ends the Second Hellenic Republic. 1938 – Abiding by the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia completes its withdrawal from the Sudetenland. 1945 – The Double Tenth Agreement is signed by the Communist Party and the Kuomintang about the future of China. 1954 – The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Sultanate of Muscat, Neil Innes, sends a signal to the Sultanate's forces, accompanied with oil explorers, to penetrate Fahud, marking the beginning of Jebel Akhdar War. 1957 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to Ghanaian finance minister Komla Agbeli Gbedemah after he is refused service in a Delaware restaurant. 1957 – The Windscale fire results in Britain's worst nuclear accident.

[thelastpresidentprincejosephius]

-College is DEMOCRACY

- Aph-letic

-Director & Produce isnt Amature

Fraternity: Pasific

ks104

Merv Griffin/ Dick Clarke / Paul Harvey/ Rod Serling/ Lorne Greene/

Film Companies United States of Americian

-Merchant Ivory

-Lighthouse Film Studio

-20th Century Studios

-Focus Features

-AMC

-Blue Line Cinema

-Castle Rock Entertainment

- The Samuel Goldwyn Company

-SYFY

-Haunted Summer

-James Bond: You Only Live Twice

Pizza Hut

Taco Bell

T.G.I.Friday

Wendy's

-Earth Girls are Easy: Smashing Pumpkins

-Journey to the West

-The Grandmaster

Zach Parise, Sidney Crosby

Kate Moss sister of Brandon Moss

Parker Poseiy sister of Buster Posiey

Daria sister of Jake Lang

Eric Clapton

Michael Bolton

kenny loggins married brenda k starr

William Shakespeare Isaac Bashevis Singer

and wife Lauren Bacall

Some Kind of Wonderful (2 daughters) Bridget Fonda, Lea Thompson

Sister Molley Ringwalnd & Murray Gell-Mann

Christopher Reeves, Robert Palmer, Melissa Benoist

-#1 Were

Wear

Where the Boys are

-#2)A Separate Peace

-#3)Flirt

-#4) Tower Inferno

-#5) Starship Trooper & Super Trooper

-Elvira Mistress of the Night

-Kiss of the Damned

-The Monsters

-House Party series

Mary Shelley,

Queen Margot

Percy Byshe Shelley,

A Royal Affair

Lord Byron,

Barry Lyndon

Alexandre Dumas,

Iron Mask

Voltaire

Cantorbury Ghost

Emelia Brontë married Dwight Eisenhower

family and the president after George Washington (2 Sons) Thomas Jefferson Emelia had son with Paul Andrew (Dad) Zachary Taylor (Son)

Charlotte Brontë,

Sound of Thunder

Jane Austen,

Hammer of God

George Eliot

married

Robert Frost

An Ideal Husband 43

The Browning Version

Jack London

Sea Wolves

Robert A. Heinlein

Franz Kafka Washington brother of George Washington

-Event Horizon Series

-Time and Stars

-Sabeina

-Kiki Delivery Services

-Perfect Blue

-Chinese Christmas Ghost Story

-Seven

-The House of Mirth

-Gosford Park

-Emma

-Mansfield Park

-A Room with a View

-Worlds Collide

-Kafka film

-Fight Club

-Donnie Darko

Stephen King

-Christine 

-Sleepwalker

-The Shining

-A Return to Salem's Lot

-inkheart

-Near Dark

-The Rocketeer

it wasn't Soap it IS Tara Reids family

-Mom Tara Reid of the tv show Chears,

-Dad Bob Uecker,

(4Sons)Daniel Bakula, Tom Everett, Zach Braff, Cary Elwes,

(1 Daughter)Diane Lane

Patty Duke Mother writer of Ted & Grace his mother Grace Allen

Ted Turner Four Sons

Harry Connick Jr.

2 Albums

-That Would Be Me

Chet Baker

Dizzy Gillespie

Hal Hartley

[grandmaster-anne]

17th October 1957 Washington, USA, Queen Elizabeth II, with the Duke of Edinburgh, is welcomed by President Dwight Eisenhower at the airport, while behind are General Twining and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles

[inthemarginalized]

 - Mahalia Jackson  (October 26, 1911– January 27, 1972) 

She was a gospel singer who sang in packed halls in Europe, the Newport Jazz Festival, on the Ed Sullivan show, the Dinah Shore show, Ed Allen variety show, and in front of Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John F Kennedy.  She collaborated with Percy Faith and Duke Ellington.  She became prominent in the Civil Rights Movement, singing hymns before Martin Luther King Jr’s “I Have a Dream” speech in Washington, DC.  She sang at the funerals of both JFK and King.

[dog-day-morning]

The word of God tells us we shall suffer for the cause of Christ, he who seeks a greater reward must attain a greater faith. Unto whom much is given that much more is required. You wanna eat that whole caramel cake, you crave that sweet tea, you pursue that woman in a nightclub hoping to get her in a compromised position, face down tail up because face it, we're not willing to bow down to the will of God, but we’re so happy, and ready to give in to that round mound of doo doo brown. The 3 Hebrew boys Meshach, Shadrach, and Abednego went into the fiery furnace defying Nebuchadnezzar's declaration to worship him. These men had the inspiration, strength, and courage to say, even if He doesn't deliver us, we know that He can. That kind of faith is called perfected faith. We can be lazy because we refuse to work with what God gave us before the day of calamity comes to devour us. Tribulation is kicking into high gear, and many of God’s people are none the wiser. There are people who were working 3 jobs before, and after this pandemic became a global concern who know what is on the horizon. You don't need an Issachar spirit to discern the times; read the Bible. He also said to the crowds, “When you see a cloud rising in the west, you say at once, ‘A shower is coming.’ And so it happens. And when you see the south wind blowing, you say, ‘There will be scorching heat,’ and it happens. You hypocrites! You know how to interpret the appearance of earth and sky, but why do you not know how to interpret the present time? The gov't has pulled back on unemployment benefits forcing many to find a job. The 2 righteous servants in the parable of the 3 servants increased the wealth of their employer who trusted 3 men with different amounts of talents [money], and the 1 who didn't work diligently for his master inherited weeping, and gnashing of teeth. God invested in us, and He expected a greater return from this major investment. Jesus was the greatest financial venture ever made. The Father placed His faith in His Son who in turn gave Him many more sons that walk amongst us waiting for the Day of Judgment. This investment which supersedes all, but are intertwined will never decrease, and forever increase. The 144,000 isn't a spiritually inspired interpretation based on mine, and Mima getting the Holy Ghost or having an encounter with the Holy Spirit to speak in tongues. Sit down grandma, your Depends are leaking brown stuff that reeks of formaldehyde, and raw chitlins. God is looking for a righteous Nation to worship Him not themselves. These men, and boys who represent the 12 tribes of Israel have never been defiled by women, and hopefully not by men either. You lucky mother You can take the word literally or as a misinterpretation. Those who don't believe in the written word who believe that God's word isn't infallible aren't all to blame for this heresy. Those who originally interpreted the King James Bible added to, and took from are suffering for a misleading interpretation. The prophetic which God didn't let man corrupt altogether has pretty much played out verbatim. We may be dying to a world that is trying to kill our faith that God has no intention of doing until He finds His true worshippers, and He’ll never destroy one's faith in Him. Winter is coming and you and I must be prepared. We must live like today is our last without being caught up in fear. I'm suffering from a form of laziness called jackass. God shall supply all your needs, but faith without works is dead. The ant has the intuition to work throughout the Summer knowing that Winter is coming. A lot of these drones won't live to see the finished product. Ant mounds look like the Pyramids of Giza that secure the Queen, but where is the King? They serve the one who gives life that sustains the colony, she is their goddess, but what happens if the Queen dies? There's more than one Queen serving the colony who can breed an entire colony independent of one other. fulfilling their role while working together in unison with the others who all serve a greater purpose. This

is a major element that drives the Kingdome of heaven. Christ is just like His Father In the Kingdome that includes the Holy Spirit which they will pour upon all flesh again soon. There are no cowards or sinners in the Kingdome. The angels are not as drones, they are blessed warriors.

Revelation 21:8

8 But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death.

1 Corinthians 6:8-10

8 Nay, ye do wrong, and defraud, and that your brethren.

9 Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind,

10 Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God.

Alkebulan we need to wake up and get right. Black American's of the tribes of Judah, Gad, Reuben, and Issachar you need to aim at my forehead, and scatter my scatter brained grey matter all over the pavement. When Joe Biden told a radio podcaster if you don't vote for me you're not Black, he must be color blind. This vaccine that suspiciously looks like the Mark of Whodunnit. They can plant a microchip in your arm that can track your every move, financial transaction, and possibly your dreams while you sleep. Some Walmart stores are refusing to take cash when you check out; they only take debit, and credit cards. These are signs that we’re living in the End Times. The Last Days. I'm looking at this as a sign to get the hell outta this city, and decompose. What in God's name am I afraid of? Jesus took a beat down like a man on a mission.. You're not weak or simping if you gave your life for a people you fed, healed, gave sight to, preached to, taught them a new way to live, pray, love, told them about a Kingdome greater than Jerusalem, and you didn't kill anybody in the process knowing what they were going to do to your physical body in an almost retarded like bid to destroy their salvation. I've done none of that; my bad. Stop looking for men, especially zaddy to deliver us. “If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land.” Some of us foolheartedly called Bill Clinton the first Black president when he's not, never can, or will be to me in any sense, Barack wasn't either. Thomas Jefferson, the third elected president, who served two terms between 1801 and 1809 was described as the “son of a half-breed Indian squaw (Black) and a Virginia mulatto father (Black).” Abraham Lincoln, the nation’s 16th president, served between 1861, and 1865. Lincoln had very dark skin, and coarse hair and his mother allegedly came from an Ethiopian tribe. His heritage fueled so much controversy that Lincoln was nicknamed “Abraham Africanus the First” by his presidential opponents and cartoons were drawn depicting him as a Negro. Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Dwight David Eisenhower, and the scourge of the South Andrew Jackson were all n**gahs. I’ll see you come Hanukkah you self-hating black, Uncle Ruckus’s. I don't celebrate Thanksgiving, why should I be overjoyed about the genocide, and enslavement of God's people? Christmas is what it is. Hopefully you will celebrate this holiday season together fulfilling God's prophetic word. I can't unless you kill me. The Christmas holiday is as pagan as Joel Osteen is at scamming. David Duke, you might wanna go to ancestry.com, and take a DNA test. You might be 30% Swahili. By the looks of those big, gorilla nostrals you had before that rhinoplasty. You, and Bull Connor may be related to Idi Amin. Your biggest shame is your greatest blessing. Personally you can kiss the skid marks in the middle of my skid marks after I take a fresh dump. Conservative, political pundits, and wannabes whose names I won't mention, but one in particular who looks like he smoked 23 blunts in 15min. with no filter. Please keep him in California, and let him drown with his zaddy, and pancaked tail, bowed hipped women. Use your lips as a floatation device dude. These people are ashamed of the God who has blessed many, and plenty. These people suffer, hopefully not always, from the white savior or white zaddy complex. The truth isn't in any of them, that's why they're so adept at lying when making bold-faced statements before the public that opposes their previous opinion like people don’t have YouTube or google. I’ll Bing a factoid or Yahoo that mother to get the truth I may even pay for it, gimme a dollar. My inability to walk amongst men as a man has stagnated my propensity to live That's BS, my Apostle said something this past Sunday that's stuck on my forehead. YOU'RE LAZY!!! I am what I am, a pain in the rear end. This has gone on way too long. Sometimes

I feel as though God wants me to kill myself because the PO PO won’t. I would feel better if my natural family would stab me in the neck, not my back, with a piece of diseased, pork, spare rib from a boar hog, and let me die from a rare form of trichinosis. The people have spoken while I’m playing Jay, and Silent Bob. Father, get me outta here. Elohim, 9/16/2021

[algebraicvarietyshow]

The National Garden should be composed of statues, including statues of Ansel Adams, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Muhammad Ali, Luis Walter Alvarez, Susan B. Anthony, Hannah Arendt, Louis Armstrong, Neil Armstrong, Crispus Attucks, John James Audubon, Lauren Bacall, Clara Barton, Todd Beamer, Alexander Graham Bell, Roy Benavidez, Ingrid Bergman, Irving Berlin, Humphrey Bogart, Daniel Boone, Norman Borlaug, William Bradford, Herb Brooks, Kobe Bryant, William F. Buckley, Jr., Sitting Bull, Frank Capra, Andrew Carnegie, Charles Carroll, John Carroll, George Washington Carver, Johnny Cash, Joshua Chamberlain, Whittaker Chambers, Johnny “Appleseed” Chapman, Ray Charles, Julia Child, Gordon Chung-Hoon, William Clark, Henry Clay, Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Roberto Clemente, Grover Cleveland, Red Cloud, William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody, Nat King Cole, Samuel Colt, Christopher Columbus, Calvin Coolidge, James Fenimore Cooper, Davy Crockett, Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., Miles Davis, Dorothy Day, Joseph H. De Castro, Emily Dickinson, Walt Disney, William “Wild Bill” Donovan, Jimmy Doolittle, Desmond Doss, Frederick Douglass, Herbert Henry Dow, Katharine Drexel, Peter Drucker, Amelia Earhart, Thomas Edison, Jonathan Edwards, Albert Einstein, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Duke Ellington, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Medgar Evers, David Farragut, the Marquis de La Fayette, Mary Fields, Henry Ford, George Fox, Aretha Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, Milton Friedman, Robert Frost, Gabby Gabreski, Bernardo de Gálvez, Lou Gehrig, Theodor Seuss Geisel, Cass Gilbert, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, John Glenn, Barry Goldwater, Samuel Gompers, Alexander Goode, Carl Gorman, Billy Graham, Ulysses S. Grant, Nellie Gray, Nathanael Greene, Woody Guthrie, Nathan Hale, William Frederick “Bull” Halsey, Jr., Alexander Hamilton, Ira Hayes, Hans Christian Heg, Ernest Hemingway, Patrick Henry, Charlton Heston, Alfred Hitchcock, Billie Holiday, Bob Hope, Johns Hopkins, Grace Hopper, Sam Houston, Whitney Houston, Julia Ward Howe, Edwin Hubble, Daniel Inouye, Andrew Jackson, Robert H. Jackson, Mary Jackson, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Steve Jobs, Katherine Johnson, Barbara Jordan, Chief Joseph, Elia Kazan, Helen Keller, John F. Kennedy, Francis Scott Key, Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King, Jr., Russell Kirk, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Henry Knox, Tadeusz Kościuszko, Harper Lee, Pierre Charles L’Enfant, Meriwether Lewis, Abraham Lincoln, Vince Lombardi, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Clare Boothe Luce, Douglas MacArthur, Dolley Madison, James Madison, George Marshall, Thurgood Marshall, William Mayo, Christa McAuliffe, William McKinley, Louise McManus, Herman Melville, Thomas Merton, George P. Mitchell, Maria Mitchell, William “Billy” Mitchell, Samuel Morse, Lucretia Mott, John Muir, Audie Murphy, Edward Murrow, John Neumann, Annie Oakley, Jesse Owens, Rosa Parks, George S. Patton, Jr., Charles Willson Peale, William Penn, Oliver Hazard Perry, John J. Pershing, Edgar Allan Poe, Clark Poling, John Russell Pope, Elvis Presley, Jeannette Rankin, Ronald Reagan, Walter Reed, William Rehnquist, Paul Revere, Henry Hobson Richardson, Hyman Rickover, Sally Ride, Matthew Ridgway, Jackie Robinson, Norman Rockwell, Caesar Rodney, Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Betsy Ross, Babe Ruth, Sacagawea, Jonas Salk, John Singer Sargent, Antonin Scalia, Norman Schwarzkopf, Junípero Serra, Elizabeth Ann Seton, Robert Gould Shaw, Fulton Sheen, Alan Shepard, Frank Sinatra, Margaret Chase Smith, Bessie Smith, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Jimmy Stewart, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Gilbert Stuart, Anne Sullivan, William Howard Taft, Maria Tallchief, Maxwell Taylor, Tecumseh, Kateri Tekakwitha, Shirley Temple, Nikola Tesla, Jefferson Thomas, Henry David Thoreau, Jim Thorpe, Augustus Tolton, Alex Trebek, Harry S. Truman, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, Dorothy Vaughan, C. T. Vivian, John von Neumann, Thomas Ustick Walter, Sam Walton, Booker T. Washington, George Washington, John Washington, John Wayne, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Phillis Wheatley, Walt Whitman, Laura Ingalls Wilder, Roger Williams, John Winthrop, Frank Lloyd Wright, Orville Wright, Wilbur Wright, Alvin C. York, Cy Young, and Lorenzo de Zavala.”

donald trump ki kicsodája az amerikai történelemben

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

November 23, 2020

Heather Cox Richardson

At about 6:00 tonight, Emily Murphy, the Trump appointee at the head of General Services Administration who has been holding up the transition to a Biden administration, notified President-Elect Joe Biden that she recognizes his status and will release the money set aside for the transition. This should launch the formal transition process between administrations, as Biden’s people meet with Trump’s people to learn about the issues over which they will be assuming control on January 20, 2021.

Murphy’s decision appears to have been prompted by Michigan’s certification of its election results. Biden won the state by 150,000 votes, fourteen times Trump’s margin there in 2016, and now can officially claim the state’s 16 electoral votes. This makes it almost impossible for Trump somehow to eke out a win. The Trump campaign vowed to fight on.

Murphy went out of her way to say that she was not pressured by the White House, but Trump promptly contradicted her, saying that the call had been his. For all his bluster, the Trump campaign has bowed to reality, and this might indicate a new era in politics.

Trump is unique, but he is also the product of a distinctive era of Republican history. Beginning in 1968, the party began to win power through the Southern Strategy, picking up racist southern Democrats who opposed the Democratic Party’s embrace of Black rights. After Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, those voters supported Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater for president thanks to his insistence that federal protection of racial equality was unconstitutional. The 1965 Voting Rights Act, signed by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson, put their loyalty up for grabs. Richard Nixon claimed it by promising he would not use the federal government to enforce racial justice.

This strategy worked, but it changed the trajectory of the post-WWII Republican Party. It had been Republican Supreme Court justices nominated by President Dwight Eisenhower who advanced civil rights by insisting that states were bound by the Constitution’s Bill of Rights, but the Republican Party now needed to court voters motivated by white supremacy. That ideology promoted an image of white men as the hardworking producers in the country, taking care of their wives and children, while people of color and independent women who wanted equal rights were demanding government program that sucked tax dollars.

That formula became the driving narrative of the modern party, embraced by business leaders who needed to marshal voters behind policies that increasingly benefited not ordinary Americans but those at the very top of the economic ladder. Over time, this new breed of Republicans bled out of the party traditional Republicans who objected to the extremist turn the party was taking. And extremist it was: aided by talk radio and the Fox News Channel, party leaders increasingly demonized their opponents, until by 2016, the leader of the party opened his presidential campaign by alleging that immigrants were criminals, boasting of sexual assault, and welcoming the support of white supremacists.

And yet, despite a clear pattern of voter suppression, a majority of voters rejected Trump in 2020, suggesting that demographics and reality have finally caught up with the Southern Strategy.

In the wake of the election, Trump’s followers have embraced his distrust of our electoral system and are flocking to the conspiracy theories put forward by QAnon. They are flocking to Parler, a social media website that permits conspiracy theories to spread unchecked, although, interestingly, their leaders remain on more mainstream platforms like Twitter.

While defeated incumbents tend to lose power in their party, Trump has tried to assert his continued control. He has attacked loyal Republicans like Georgia Governor Brian Kemp and Ohio Governor Mike DeWine who have refused to support his attempt to steal the election; is hoping to keep his handpicked Republican National Committee chair, Ronna McDaniel, in office; has packed state level party positions with loyalists; and is trying to keep control over the voter data he has compiled over the past four years. Trump is primed to control the direction of the party for 2024. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) and House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) have signaled their support for this plan by endorsing McDaniel for another term in office.

But while followers marinate in fantasies about secret servers and hidden ballots, and congressional leaders endorse Trump, other Republican Party leaders recognize that his refusal to accept the results of the election is unprecedented and dangerous.

On Sunday, leaders began to pressure Trump to concede. Trump’s former National Security Advisers John Bolton and H. R. McMaster agreed that Trump’s disdain for the election was eroding democracy, which plays into the hands of our adversaries. The Republican former governor of New Jersey, Thomas H. Kean, and a former Democratic lawmaker from New Jersey, Tim Roemer, both of whom were on the 9/11 Commission, were more explicit. They warned that the transition delay from Bill Clinton to George W. Bush contributed to the 9/11 terrorist attack.

At about 6:00 last night, the Trump campaign abruptly jettisoned the attorney who has been making even more crazy claims than Trump’s longtime lawyer Rudy Giuliani. A statement from the Trump campaign, signed by Giuliani and Jenna Ellis, a senior legal adviser to the Trump team, said “Sidney Powell is practicing law on her own. She is not a member of the Trump Legal Team. She is also not a lawyer for the President in his personal capacity.” Powell, who is openly a QAnon believer, has been out in front of the Trump recount effort, making simply outrageous claims. It seems her craziness finally went too far.

Today more than 100 former national security officials from the Republican Party issued a statement saying that Trump’s refusal to concede “constitutes a serious threat to America’s democratic process and to our national security.” They called “on Republican leaders—especially those in Congress—to publicly demand that President Trump cease his anti-democratic assault on the integrity of the presidential election…. By encouraging President Trump’s delaying tactics or remaining silent, Republican leaders put American democracy and national security at risk.”

Tonight, Emily Murphy finally admitted that Joe Biden won the 2020 election.

It’s hard to imagine this admission will bring the extremist Trump supporters back into the fold. At the same time it’s hard to see how establishment Republicans horrified by the excesses of Trump’s regime will be willing to move toward the extremists. If this is indeed a split, establishment Republicans will have to move back toward the center to pick up the voters the party has lost at the fringes. Its extremist adherents will regroup outside the mainstream, and the power of the Southern Strategy to win elections will be broken.

We’ll see.

While Republican leaders have struggled, Biden has stayed above the Trumpian fray, emphasizing the need for coordination to distribute the coronavirus vaccine but focusing on jump-starting his administration rather than challenging Trump in the public forum. Last night, word began to leak of the president-elect’s Cabinet picks. They are a very clear sign of his determination to rebuild the nation by putting experts back into power.

Biden’s nominees are people who have spent long careers inside the government, making them good candidates to rebuild what Trump gutted, beginning with the State Department, which manages our foreign policy. Biden began by naming a secretary of state, a sign to the world that America is back and wants again to be a reliable partner. His pick is Antony Blinken, who served as Deputy Secretary of State and Deputy National Security Advisor under President Barack Obama. Blinken also worked with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee when Biden chaired it, and served as Biden’s National Security advisor when he was vice president. He will be an informed, strong voice at State.

The rest of Biden’s candidates show similar credentials, but they also reflect the longstanding Democratic principle that the government should reflect the American people. Biden is proposing Cuban-born Alejandro Mayorkas, a former deputy secretary, to head the Department of Homeland Security. He proposes Avril Haines, former deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency, for Director of National Intelligence, and Linda Thomas-Greenfield, a 35-year veteran of the foreign service, who is Black, for ambassador the United Nations.    

Thomas-Greenfield went to college with David Duke, who would go on to become the grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan and who endorsed Trump for president in both 2016 and 2020. It is a new era in politics in at least some very important ways.

—-

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

HEATHER COX RICHARDSON

[heavyarethecrowns]

People that have married in to Royal Families since 1800

Greece

Frederica of Hanover born 18 April 1917 and died 6 February 1981

Born Her Royal Highness Princess Frederica of Hanover, of Great Britain and Ireland, and of Brunswick-Lüneburg on 18 April 1917 in Blankenburg am Harz, in the German Duchy of Brunswick, she was the only daughter of Ernest Augustus, then reigning Duke of Brunswick, and his wife Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, herself the only daughter of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Both her father and maternal grandfather would abdicate their crowns in November 1918 following Germany's defeat in World War I, and her paternal grandfather would be stripped of his British royal dukedom the following year. 

As a descendant of Queen Victoria, she was, at birth, 34th in the line of succession to the British throne. In 1934, Adolf Hitler, in his ambition to link the British and German royal houses, asked for Frederica's parents to arrange for the marriage of their seventeen-year-old daughter to the Prince of Wales. In her memoirs, Frederica's mother described that she and her husband were "shattered" and such a possibility "had never entered our minds". Victoria Louise herself had once been considered as a potential bride for the very same person prior to her marriage. Moreover, the age difference was too great (the Prince of Wales was twenty-two years Frederica's senior), and her parents were unwilling to "put any such pressure" on their daughter.

Prince Paul of Greece, her mother's paternal first cousin, proposed to her during the summer of 1936, while he was in Berlin attending the 1936 Summer Olympics. Paul was a son of King Constantine I and Frederica's grand-aunt Sophia. Their engagement was announced officially on 28 September 1937, and Britain's King George VI gave his consent pursuant to the Royal Marriages Act 1772 on 26 December 1937. They married in Athens on 9 January 1938. Frederica became Hereditary Princess of Greece, her husband being heir presumptive to his childless elder brother, King George II. During the early part of their marriage, they resided at a Villa in Psychiko in the suburbs of Athens. Ten months after their marriage, their first child, the future Queen Sofia of Spain, was born on 2 November 1938. On 2 June 1940, Frederica gave birth to the future King Constantine II.

At the peak of World War II, in April 1941, the Greek Royal Family was evacuated to Crete in a Sunderland flying boat. Shortly afterwards, the German forces attacked Crete. Frederica and her family were evacuated again, setting up a government-in-exile office in London. In exile, King George II and the rest of the Greek Royal Family settled in South Africa. Here Frederica's last child, Princess Irene, was born on 11 May 1942. The South African leader, General Jan Smuts, served as her godfather. The family eventually settled in Egypt in February 1944. On 1 September 1946, after the war, the Greek people decided by referendum to restore King George to the throne. The Hereditary Prince and Princess returned to their villa in Psychiko.

On 1 April 1947, George II died and Frederica's husband ascended the throne as Paul I, with Frederica as queen consort. Communist political instability in Northern Greece led to the Greek Civil War. The King and Queen toured Northern Greece under severe security to try to appeal for loyalty in the summer of 1947. Queen Frederica was constantly attacked for her German ancestry. Left-wing politicians in Greece repeatedly used the fact that the Kaiser was her grandfather, and that she had brothers who were members of the SS, as propaganda against her. She was also criticized variously as "very Prussian" and "was a Nazi". When she was in London representing her sick husband at the wedding of his first cousin Prince Philip to King George VI's elder daughter Princess Elizabeth in November 1947, Winston Churchill remarked on the Kaiser being her grandfather. Queen Frederica had replied acknowledging the fact, but reminding him that she was also descended from Queen Victoria, and that her father would be the British king if the country had operated under Salic Law (allowing only males to inherit the crown).

During the civil war, Queen Frederica set the Queen's Camps or Child Cities (translation of: Παιδο(υ)πόλεις / Paidopoleis or Paidupoleis) a network of 53 camps around Greece where she would gather mostly orphans and children of poor families. These camps provided much needed shelter, food, and education to these children who were aged 3 years old to adolescence.[The role of these Queen's Camps is disputed as a means of propaganda by the monarchy through the educational program. The Queen's Camps were a way to care for the children who were victims of the civil war. There were allegations, generally by opposition or communist sources, which held that children were illegally adopted by American families while they were in the Queen's Camps.

The Greek Civil War ended in August 1949. The Sovereigns took this opportunity to strengthen the monarchy, they paid official visits to Marshal Josip Broz Tito in Belgrade, Presidents Luigi Einaudi of Italy in Rome, Theodor Heuss of West Germany, and Bechara El Khoury of Lebanon, Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari of India, King George VI of the United Kingdom, and the United States as guest of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. 

However, at home in Greece and abroad in the United Kingdom, Queen Frederica was targeted by the opposition, because as a girl she had belonged to the Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls), a branch of the Hitler Youth group for young women; her supporters argued that evading membership in the group would be difficult under the existing political climate in Nazi Germany at the time. Her 16 November 1953 appearance in Life as America's guest was taken on one of the many state visits she paid around the world. Also that year she appeared on the cover of Time. 

On 14 May 1962 her eldest daughter Sofia married Prince Juan Carlos of Spain, (later King Juan Carlos I of Spain) in Athens. 

Frederika has been described as "inherently undemocratic" She was notorious for her numerous arbitrary and unconstitutional interventions in Greek politics and clashes with democratically elected governments. She actively politicked against the election of Alexander Papagos.At home in Greece and abroad in the United Kingdom, she was targeted by the opposition. In 1963 while visiting London, rioting by Greek leftists demonstrating against the situation with the political prisoners of the Greek civil war, forced her to temporarily seek refuge in a stranger's house. Her interference in politics was harshly criticized and possibly was a significant factor in the strengthening of republican sentiments

On 6 March 1964, King Paul died of cancer. When her son, the new King, married Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark later that year on 18 September, Queen Frederica stepped back from the majority of her public duties in favor of her daughter-in-law. She remained a figure of controversy and was accused in the press of being the éminence grise behind the throne. She retired to the countryside where she lived an almost reclusive life. However, she continued to attend Royal events that were family-oriented, such as the baptisms of her grandchildren in both Spain and Greece.

King Constantine II's clashes with the democratically elected Prime Minister George Papandreou Sr. were blamed by critics for causing the destabilisation that led to a military coup on 21 April 1967 and the rise of the regime of the colonels. Faced with a difficult situation, King Constantine initially collaborated with the military dictatorship, swearing in their government under a royalist prime minister. Later that year he attempted a counter-coup in an attempt to restore democracy, whose failure forced him into exile. Following this, the junta appointed a Regent to carry out the tasks of the exiled Monarch. In 1971, she published an autobiography, A Measure of Understanding. On 1 June 1973 the junta abolished the Greek Monarchy without the consent of the Greek people and then attempted to legitimize its actions through a 1973 plebiscite that was widely suspected of being rigged. The new head-of-state became President of Greece George Papadopoulos. The dictatorship ended on 24 July 1974 and the pre-junta constitutional monarchy was never restored. A plebiscite was held on 8 December 1974 in which Constantine (who was able to campaign only from outside the country) freely admitted his past errors, promised to support democracy, and in particular, promised to keep his mother Frederica away from Greece and out of Greek politics. However, 69% of Greeks voted to make Greece a democratic republic.

Frederica died on 6 February 1981 in exile in Madrid during ophthalmic surgery. In its obituary of the former Queen, The New York Times reported that she died during "eyelid surgery," which led to frequent but unsubstantiated rumours that she died while undergoing cosmetic surgery Other sources state that her cause of death was a heart attack while undergoing the removal of cataracts. She was interred at Tatoi (the Royal family's palace and burial ground in Greece). Her son and his family were allowed to attend the service but had to leave immediately afterwards.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.17

45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eighteen, following the death of his father, Marcus Aurelius. 455 – Petronius Maximus becomes, with support of the Roman Senate, emperor of the Western Roman Empire; he forces Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of his predecessor, Valentinian III, to marry him. 1337 – Edward, the Black Prince is made Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England. 1400 – Turko-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1776 – American Revolution: The British Army evacuates Boston, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city. 1805 – The Italian Republic, with Napoleon as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King of Italy. 1824 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty is signed in London, dividing the Malay archipelago. As a result, the Malay Peninsula is dominated by the British, while Sumatra and Java and surrounding areas are dominated by the Dutch. 1842 – The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo is formally organized with Emma Smith as president. 1860 – The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand Wars. 1861 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed. 1862 – The first railway line of Finland between cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, called Päärata, is officially opened. 1891 – SS Utopia collides with HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar and sinks, killing 562 of the 880 passengers on board. 1901–present 1921 – The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution. 1942 – Holocaust: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto are gassed at the Belzec death camp in what is today eastern Poland. 1945 – The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, ten days after its capture. 1948 – Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty establishing NATO. 1950 – Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name "californium". 1957 – A plane crash in Cebu, Philippines kills Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others. 1958 – The United States launches the first solar-powered satellite, which is also the first satellite to achieve a long-term orbit.[ 1960 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs Invasion. 1960 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710 crashes in Tobin Township, Perry County, Indiana, killing 63. 1963 – Mount Agung erupts on Bali killing more than 1,100 people. 1966 – Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the DSV Alvin submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb. 1968 – As a result of nerve gas testing by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps in Skull Valley, Utah, over 6,000 sheep are found dead. 1969 – Golda Meir becomes the first female Prime Minister of Israel. 1973 – The Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of Joy is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. 1979 – The Penmanshiel Tunnel collapses during engineering works, killing two workers. 1985 – Serial killer Richard Ramirez, aka the "Night Stalker", commits the first two murders in his Los Angeles murder spree. 1988 – A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into a mountainside near the Venezuelan border killing 143. 1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet. 1992 – Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires: Car bomb attack kills 29 and injures 242. 1992 – A referendum to end apartheid in South Africa is passed 68.7% to 31.2%.

[dipulb3]

Highways that destroyed Black neighborhoods are crumbling. Some want to undo that legacy

New Post has been published on https://appradab.com/highways-that-destroyed-black-neighborhoods-are-crumbling-some-want-to-undo-that-legacy/

Highways that destroyed Black neighborhoods are crumbling. Some want to undo that legacy

Camara says her parents moved when she was a baby to another Shreveport neighborhood, Allendale, where she still lives. But now her current home is at risk of being bulldozed so that a second highway, Interstate 49, can connect directly through the city.

The Shreveport leaders who want to trade Camara’s home for a highway are embracing a Dwight Eisenhower-era belief in the almighty good of the Interstate Highway System. The sentiment lingers even decades after the underbelly of urban highways became clear: pollution, noise, racism, displacement and congestion. For critics, Eisenhower’s highways were a stake driven through the heart of healthy cities.

Now many of these urban highways are crumbling, and a groundswell has emerged in cities nationwide to tear them down. There are 30 local, citizen-led campaigns to convince officials to remove highways, according to Ben Crowther, who leads the “highways to boulevards” program at the Congress for New Urbanism, a think tank devoted to walkable urban environments. A Senate bill introduced last year called for $10 billion to be spent on urban highway removals. Even Detroit, perhaps the most car-dominated US city, is considering removing a stretch of highway.

“Now more than ever, in the age of Covid, people are rethinking how streets and the infrastructure around them serves the people who live in cities,” Crowther told Appradab Business.

Activists see highway removal projects as playing a role in racial justice, and making some sort of amends for families displaced decades ago, like Camara’s.

US Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg is among those who have spoken out on the history of Black neighborhoods being disproportionately divided by highway projects, and has called for righting those wrongs.

But experts say replacing urban highways with boulevards offer no guarantee of racial justice, and risks making things worse. Rising land values can trigger gentrification, damaging communities of color that already suffered when the highways were first built.

“We need to think about not just ‘let’s get to a boulevard,’ but some moment of restorative justice for the folks that suffered, as well as some preservation and prevention for the folks who are still there,” said Calvin Gladney, CEO of Smart Growth America, a community development organization.

The neighborhood that was

Detroit resident Kenneth Cox, 87, can remember hearing a young Aretha Franklin singing at her father’s New Bethel Baptist Church located in the neighborhood of Black Bottom. He recalled to Appradab Business how he’d frequent the neighborhood’s indoor skating rink, and loved the vanilla ice cream at Barthwell’s, a chain of drug stores.

“It was a black business mecca,” recalls Cox of Black Bottom, whose Gotham Hotel, a ritzy destination, attracted stars like Louie Armstrong and Duke Ellington.

But as the Interstate Highway System was mapped out, Black Bottom was in its crosshairs.

There were no Black people on the Detroit city council at the time, according to Jamon Jordan, a Detroit historian. The city’s five-member housing commission had a single Black member, who soon resigned in protest, according to Jordan.

Black Bottom was bulldozed in the 1960s to make way for Interstate 375.

Fast forward to today, and Detroit and the state of Michigan are planning to tear down Interstate 375 and convert it to a boulevard. But for many Detroiters, the project has nothing to do with making amends for the past.

PG Watkins, who leads Black Bottom Archives, which chronicles Detroit’s history, says some residents welcome the removal to get the neighborhood thriving again, and others feel the project isn’t being done for Black Detroit, but white residents who may move in.

“A lot of folks are like ‘We just need to be honest about why this is actually happening,’ ” Watkins said.

Mary Sheffield, the Detroit council member who represents neighborhoods near I-375, described the project to Appradab Business as an effort by planners “to attract a different segment of society who in recent history have not been residents of the city.”

Stephanie Chang, a Michigan state senator who surveyed residents in largely Black neighborhoods near I-375, found that most do not want the highway removed.

A spokesman for the Michigan Department of Transportation, which is leading the project, told Appradab Business that the project isn’t about gentrification, but mobility.

“It’s taking a 60-year old freeway with outdated interchanges, deteriorated bridges and pavement, and finding an appropriate solution which considers safety, operations and improved connectivity for all users,” said spokesman Rob Morosi.

The department is working with the Detroit city government, he added, which has programs and policies to address rising property values.

A spokesman for Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan, asked about any steps to make sure the I-375 project benefits nearby Black residents who may be at risk of gentrification, suggested that the project is not such a case.

“The proposed 375 project doesn’t involve the displacement of any people — it involves potential displacement of a commuter freeway by a surface road,” the mayor’s spokesman, John Roach, said in an email. “I’m not aware of potential commuter inconvenience being a recognized form of gentrification.”

But Michigan’s Transportation Department has said that property values and rents may increase in residential areas adjacent to I-375, indicating the project may trigger gentrification. The spokesman did not respond to requests for comment on the department’s findings.

Gentrification seems to be on Buttigieg’s radar, but how he will address it is unclear.

“There has been a legacy of misguided investments and missed opportunities in federal transportation policies that reinforce racial and economic inequality,” Buttigieg said in a statement to Appradab Business. “We must take care that these mistakes are not repeated in projects now underway.”

Buttigieg declined to detail specific steps that he recommended be taken to prevent further damage to communities already negatively impacted by highways.

He also wouldn’t say if he would intervene and halt the I-49 project in Shreveport, which awaits the federal government’s approval. But he said that projects in the pipeline are being evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine if the department can intervene to address communities’ concerns.

Jordan, the Detroit historian, finds that when he gives tours or lectures, few people know the history of Black Bottom and Detroit’s Black businesses and institutions. He’s used to hearing from people who’ve heard that “Black people messed up the city,” he said — a belief that the city was great when Henry Ford was in Detroit, and that things were great until Blacks took over the city.

He has called for the government to reach out to Black businesses damaged when the neighborhood was destroyed more than 60 years ago, so they can be among the beneficiaries of the redevelopment. And Jordan added that a historical marker and a community center should be built in the new neighborhood to educate people about Black Bottom.

“There has to be some kind of recognition of what happened,” Jordan said. “There has to be some coming to grips with this story.”

[balkantimes]

Četiri veka borbe za ravnopravnost Afroamerikanaca u SAD

Oni koji osporavaju slobodu drugima, ne zaslužuju je ni za sebe,” kazao je predsednik Sjedinjenih Država Abraham Linkoln (Lincoln) koji je ukinuo ropstvo 1865. godine.

Dragan Štavljanin 

 Međutim, iako su posle dva i po veka od dolaska na američko tlo kao robovi Afroamerikanci formalno oslobođeni sužanjstva, njihova borba za suštinsku ravnopravnost i dalje traje, što potvrđuju i protesti zbog ubistva Džordža Flojda (George Floyd).

1619: DOLAZAK PRVIH ROBOVA

U Virdžiniju stiže “20-tak” preživelih Angolaca – sa holandskog broda na kome je bilo 350 robova – koje su kidnapovali Portugalci, a kupili engleski kolonisti.

Iako se ovaj datum navodi kao simbolični početak ropstva u SAD, zarobljeni Afrikanci su dovođeni na američki kontinent još početkom 15-og i 16-og veka, navodi vebsajt history.com.

Da bi zadovoljli potrebe za radnom snagom u rastućim severnoameričkim kolonijama, evropski doseljenici su se početkom 17 veka okrenuli od angažovanja uglavnom siromašnih sugrađana sa starog kontinenta, ka mnogo jeftinijoj radnoj snazi – porobljenim Afrikancima.

Samo u 18 veku dovedeno je u “Novi svet” (južni i severni deo američkog kontinenta) između sedam i osam miliona robova, procenjuju istoričari.

1776: PROGLAŠENJE NEZAVISNOSTI SAD

Iako su lideri američke borbe za nezavisnost poput Džordža Vašingtona (George Washington) i Tomas Džeferson (Thomas Jefferson) – i sami vlasnici robova – preduzeli oprezne korake ka ograničenju ropstva u novoj državi, njenim Ustavom iz 1787. je prećutno priznata institucija ropstva, garantujući pravo na povraćaj poseda na bilo koju “osobu za službu ili rad” (što je očiti eufemizam za ropstvo).

Mnoge severne države su ukinule ropstvo krajem 18 veka, ali je ova institucija bila ključna za južnjačke države, gde su Afroamerikanci činili znatan deo populacije i ekonomija je počivala na proizvodnji duvana i pamuka.

Kongres je zabranio 1808. uvoz robova, ali je broj porobljenog stanovništva u SAD utrostručen u narednih 50 godina i oko 1860. je dostigao četiri miliona, od čega je više od polovine živelo u južnjačkim državama.

1863: PROKLAMACIJA O EMANCIPACIJI

Predsednik Abraham Linkoln (Lincoln) je izdao jedan od najvažnijih dokumenata u američkoj istoriji kojim je proglašena sloboda za sve robove u secesionističkim saveznim državama koje su se tokom građanskog rata (1861- 1865) borile protiv Unije. Time je proširena svrha ovog rata koji se u početku vodio za očuvanje Unije.

Oko 186 hiljada Afroamerikanaca se pridružilo vojsci Unije, od toga je 38 hiljada njih poginulo u ratu.

1865: ROPSTVO ZVANIČNO UKINUTO

Donošenjem 13-og amandmana ukinuto je ropstvo, ali su pristalice Konfederacije u južnim državama postepeno povratile uticaj usvojivši mnoštvo zakona (black codes) kojima su ograničili slobodne aktivnosti Afroamerikanaca i osigurali njihovu raspoloživost kao radne snage.

1870: USVOJEN 15-TI AMANDMAN

Ovaj amandman predviđa da građanima ne može biti uskraćeno biračko pravo po osnovu rase.

Međutim, ubrzo nastaju ekstremističke organizacije belaca – poput Ku Klux Klana – koje su zastrašivanjem i nasiljem nastojale da onemoguće Afroamerikance da koriste svoja Ustavom garantovana prava.

Do 1885. godine u većini južnjačkih država usvojeni su zakoni kojima se predviđa razdvajanje afromaeričkih i belih đaka.

Mere segregacije su 1900-te proširene i na železničke vagone, hotele, restorane, pozorišta, frizerske radnje i druge objekte.

1909: FORMIRAN “NIJAGARA POKRET”

Cilj pokreta bilo je ukidanje svih vrsta segregacije prema Afroamerikancima jer su tih godina bili izloženi dodatnim napadima i neprijateljstvu zato što je rast urbane populacije doveo do velike nezaposlenosti.

1920-TE: RENESANSA HARLEMA

Početkom te decenije dolazi do velike migracije Afroamerikanaca iz ruralnog juga na urbani sever zemlje što je dovelo do kulturnog preporoda nazvanog po njujorškoj četvrti Harlem.

Pažnju ključnih izdavača i kritičara po prvi put su skrenuli afroamerički umetnici poput legendarnog džez muzičara Luja (Louis) Armstronga, bluz pevačice Besi Smit (Bessie Smith), kompozitora Djuka Elingtona (Duke Ellington) i mnogih drugih.

1941-1945: DRUGI SVETSKI RAT – BORBA NA DVA FRONTA

Tokom Drugog svetskog rata više od tri miliona Afroamerikanaca se registrovalo da služi u američkoj armiji, od čega je oko pola miliona bilo angažovana u operacijama u inostranstvu.

Međutim, vojnici bele i crne kože bili su regrutovani u odvojenim jedinicama. Frustrirani afroamerički vojnici morali su da se bore za dva cilja (“Double V”) – pobedu protiv neprijatelja i rasizma.

Po naredbi predsednika Harija Trumana iz 1948. američka vojska je integrisana tako da se osigura “jednakost tretmana i mogućnosti za sve pripadnike”.

1947: PRVI AFROAMERIČKI SPORTISTI U BEJZBOL LIGI

Džeki (Jackie) Robinson prvi je Afroamerikanac koji je zaigrao u profesionalnoj bejzbol ligi, iako otpori nisu prestajali. Od 1950. godine taj trend je nastavljane i u košarci i drugim sportovima.

1954: RASNA SEGREGACIJA U ŠKOLAMA

Vrhovni sud SAD je 1954. godine presudio u slučaju Braun protiv školskog odbora (Brown v. Board of Education) da rasna segregacija u javnim školama narušava 14. ustavni amandman. Međutim, ovu odluku je bilo teško primeniti zbog protivljenja kongresmena iz južnjačkih država.

1955: NEKAŽNJENO UBISTVO 14-GODIŠNJEG AFROAMERIKANCA

Ubistvo 14-godišnjeg Afroamerikanca Emeta Tila (Emmett Till) je ustalasalo. Dečak koji je došao da poseti rođake u mestu Mani u Misisipiju, navodno je dobacivao prodavačici belkinji.

Muž i njegov brat su izvukli Tila iz ujakove kuće, mučili, ubili i bacilli u reku. Međutim, na suđenju koje je trajalo jedva sat vremena porota, u kojoj su bili belci, oslobodila je optužene. To je izazvalo revolt širom zemlje, ali i u svetu.

Braća Roj Brajant (Roy Bryant) i J.V. Milam su kasnije u intervjuu za jedan magazin priznali ubistvo, opisujući detalje, ali nikada nisu odgovarali.

1955: UKIDANJE RASNE SEGREGACIJE U PREVOZU

Afroamerikanka Roza Parks je bila uhapšena jer je odbila da ustupi belcu mesto u autobusu u Montgomeriju, u državi Alabama. Prema gradskoj uredbi, afroamerički putnici su morali da sede u zadnjem delu autobusa, a morali su da ustupe mesto belcima ako je prednji deo bio pun.

Aktivisti koje je predvodio mladi pastor Martin Luter (Luther) King pozvali su na bojkot javnog prevoza. S obzirom da su Afroamerikanci činili 70 odsto putnika, autobuska kompanija se suočila sa gubicima.

Oko 90 demonstranata, uključujući Kinga, bili su osuđeni zbog opstrukcije poslovanja ovog preduzeća, na šta je uložena žalba. Vrhovni sud je potvrdio odluku nižeg suda da je politika segregacije koju je vodila autobuska kompanije bila neustavna.

King je opozvao jednogodišnji bojkot, a krojačica Roza Parks, poznata kao “majka pokreta za ljudska prava”, bila je među prvim putnicima u autobusima bez segregacije.

1957: AJZENHAUER ŠALJE VOJSKU DA ZAŠTITI AFROAMERIČKE ĐAKE

Jedanaest južnih država su usvojile zakonske akte koji su onemogućavali primenu odluku Vrhovnog suda protiv segregacije u javnim školama.

Guverner Arkanzasa Orval Fabus (Faubus) je pozvao Nacionalnu gardu da spreči ulazak devet afroameričkih đaka u školu u Litl Roku (Little Rock) koju je pod pritiskom javnosti povukao, ali je pretila opasnost od sukoba između afroameričkih đaka, koji su mirno protestovali, i gnevnih belih ekstremista koji su se okupljali.

Predsednik SAD Dvajt Ajzenhauer (Dwight Eisenhower) je poslao hiljadu vojnika da spreče sukobe i uvedu afroameričke đake u školu. Međutim, guverner Fabus je sledeće godine ukinuo školu umesto da omogući njenu integraciju.

1963: ‘IMAM SAN’

Više od 250 hiljada ljudi – belci i Afroamerikanci – učestvovalo je 28. avgusta 1963. u maršu na Vašington zahtevajući posao i slobode, što su bile do tada najveće demonstracije u istoriji američke prestonice.

Martin Luter King održao je ispred Memorijalnog centra Abraham Linkoln čuveni govor “Imam san” (I have a dream) u kome je izrazio uverenje da će jednog dana belci i Afroamerikanci biti jednaki, te da će postojati harmonija među rasama.

“Imam san da će moje četvoro dece jednoga dana živeti u društvu u kome ih niko neće vrednovati po boji njihove kože, nego da će se prema njima ophoditi onako kako to oni svojim karakterom zasluže,” poručio je King.

Jedan od najupečatljivijih govora u američkoj istoriji imao je odlučujući uticaj na pokret za ljudska prava.

Uprkos Kingovom inspirativnom govoru, nasilje nad Afroamerikancima u južnjačkim državama je ukazivalo na otpor belog stanovništva prema idealima pravde i rasne harmonije.

To potvrđuje i eksplozija bombe u baptističkoj crkvi u Bigmingemu u državi Alabama u kojoj su poginule četiri mlade Afroamerikanke.

1964: ZAKON O GRAĐANSKIM PRAVIMA

Donet je Zakon o građanskim pravima kojim je ukinuta diskriminacija protiv rasnih i drugih manjina i segragacija u školama, na poslu i javnim ustanovama.

Usvajanje ovog zakona bila je jedna od tačaka u kampanji za predsedničke izbore Džona Kenedija (John Kennedy) 1960. godine, koji je dobio 70 odsto glasova Afroamerikanaca. Kongres je razmatrao ovaj predlog u vreme kada je Kenedi ubijen 1963.

1966: CRNI PANTERI

Izostanak primene zakonskih odredbi o jednakosti u praksi, izazvala je veliku frustraciju među Afroamerikancima što je dovelo do uspona pokreta za ostvarenje njihova prava (the Black Power movement) koji se zalagao za samoodbranu.

Naime, uvidevši da nenasilje za koje se zalagao Martin Luter King nije donelo rezultate, ovaj pokret je radikalizovao taktiku smatrajući da Afroamerikanci – umesto da traže prava od institucija bele Amerike koje su smatrali inherentno rasističkim – treba da sami uzmu to što im pripada.

Te godine je osnovana i Partija crnih pantera, čiji je cilj bilo slanje patrola u naselja u kojima žive Afroamerikanci kako bi ih zaštitili od brutalnosti belaca.

1968: UBISTVO MARTINA LUTERA KINGA

Ubistvo Martina Lutera Kinga, dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za mir, izazvalo je šok u SAD i svetu. Pogođen je na balkonu motela u Memfisu u Tenesiju.

Optuženi Džejms Erl Rej (James Ears Ray) je uhvaćen i odmah osuđen na 99 godina zatvora. Najpre je priznao ubistvo, a potom opovrgao. Mnogi smatraju da je brzina kojom je osuđen trebalo da prikrije širu zaveru u cilju Kingovog ubistva.

Likvidacija lidera afroameričkog pokreta za ljudska prava izazvala je nemire u više od sto gradova i produbila rasni jaz u zemlji.

1992: NEMIRI U LOS ANĐELESU

Četiri policajca su pretukla Afroamerikanca Rodnija (Rodney) Kinga nakon što ga je zaustavila zbog prebrze vožnje 1991. godine.

Sledeće godine policajci su oslobođeni optužbi za nasilje što je izazvalo revolt afroameričke zajednice koja je masovno izašla na ulice i sukobila se sa policijom.

U tim okršajima je poginulo oko 50 ljudi, 2.300 ranjeno, a zapaljeno je oko hiljadu zgrada. Predsednik SAD Džordž Buš stariji je poslao vojsku da pomogne u suzbijanju nereda.

Rodni je zbog povreda tužio grad i dobio skoro četiri miliona dolara odštete, dok su dvojica policajaca na ponovljenom procesu osuđeni na zatvorske kazne.

1995: MILIONSKI MARŠ U VAŠINGTONU

Cilj je bio podsticanje duhovne obnove među Afroamerikancima, zatim osećanja solidarnosti i lične odgovornosti kako bi se poboljšao njihov položaj. Organizatori su smatrali da će na taj način otkloniti i neke od stereotipa o ovoj zajednici.

U to vreme tokom kampanje američkih vlasti u “ratu protiv droge” neproprocionalni veliki broj Afroamerikanaca je osuđen. Prema navodima sajta “History” do 2000. godine više Afroamerikanaca je bilo u zatvorima nego na koledžima.

2008: BARAK (BARACK) OBAMA KAO PRVI AFROAMERIKANAC IZABRAN ZA PREDSEDNIKA SAD2013: ‘CRNI ŽIVOTI SU BITNI’

Izraz “crni životi su bitni” (Black Lives Matter) prvi put je upotrebila Alicija Garza (Alicia) kao odgovor na oslobađajuću presudu Džordžu Cimermanu (George Zimmerman), belcu sa Floride koji je prethodne godine ubio nenaoružanog Trejvona (Trayvon) Martina (17). Njegova smrt izazvala je proteste širom zemlje.

Garza je sa grupom aktivista pokrenula mrežu “Crni životi su bitni” sa ciljem “iskorenjivanja supremacije belaca i stvaranja lokalnih struktura koje bi intervenisale u slučajevima nasilja nad afroameričkih zajednicama od strane države ili samoorganizovanih grupa”.

Međutim, nastavljena su ubistva Afroamerikanaca od strane policije, što izaziva talas nezadovoljstva i proteste. Među njima su Erik (Eric) Garner u Njujorku, Majkl Braun (Michael Brown) u Fergusonu, Misuri, Tamir Rajs (Rice) u Klivlednu Ohajo, Fredi Grej (Freddie Gray) u Baltimoru i poslednji slučajevi Džordža Flojda (George Floyd) u Mineapolisu i Rejšarda Bruksa (Rayshard Brooks) u Atlanti.

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