#Do Follow PDF Submission Sites

[librarycards]

hi friend! i have had a dream of creating a publication of some kind that uplifts artists/writers in my area. i have been so lost at what i want to or should be doing, so i think this might be a good time to strike!! i'm reaching out to the student magazines at local colleges to see if they have any advice, but i wanted to see if you had any advice to offer as someone who might not have had something so significant (like a school) backing you and your litmag! Thank you so much for everything!!

hello anon, and thanks for your patience!! [full disclosure this was completed last week but in my drafts im sorry!!]

the first piece i have is to read: read mags that print a variety of types of work, those that are established and upstarts and everyone in between. this isn't only to get a sense of what the literary landscape is like rn, but also to find patterns: what do these sites have in common? how about their submission guidelines, norms, expectations?

^ in regard to the above, i also *strongly* recommend you submit and go through the publication process in at least a few mags before starting your own. maybe you have already! in any case, think about what kinds of editorial support/communication/practice you've liked and disliked. what kind of editor are you/do you want to be? if you're not sure yet, consider joining the reading team at a magazine, or editing a folio or guest issue! going from no experience to EIC is not a great plan, in no small part because you learn who and what you are as an editor, and who and what you want to edit, as you gain more experience. joining an established publication in some capacity is something i recommend to *everyone* interested in starting a lit mag. that is, i do not recommend attempting to start a publication if you have no experience on a masthead already.

presuming that you do have this experience, you're going to have some new considerations for your new publication in addition to those you're familiar with:

probably-familiar things to consider:

who is my demographic (do I have any restrictions on who submits?)

what are my values? (this is what you put in your about/mission statement/submission guidelines. for example, I don't submit to magazines who do not make their antizionism/pro-palestine stance clear)

who are my coworkers (do I want to run this thing on my own, or get multiple editors on with me? do I want to just make a quick squarespace site or have a designer onboard?)

what genres, lengths, and other specifications do I want for submissions (docx vs pdf vs rtf? how much do you actually have time to read? what do you feel confident in your ability to assess?)

where can people find us? (social media? twitter/x is still a home base for a huge portion of publications, despite everything. ig has a fair few. tumblr hasn't been very successful in lit mag world - but maybe you'll change that? there's a fair but niche showing on bsky and mastodon. facebook, as with everything else, is for boomers with shit politics.)

probably-unfamiliar things to consider:

what's your title? is a domain available for that title? how are you paying for the domain?

how about website hosting? (squarespace, weebly, google sites, wordpress, something else? is your site accessible? do you need to make extra access considerations, e.g. if publishing visual art?)

do you pay? how much? (without institutional backing, the money will either come from your pocket or donations, or both. if you want to pay but are broke, you could set up a fundraiser - but no promises on people following through.)

what submissions platform will you use? (email? manywor(l)ds does this, and we like it. submittable? pricy, but streamlined. moksha/oleda/duotrope? i mean....you do you but i find them weird)

how often will you be open for submissions? will you solicit any, or be all-slush? (I take a 90/10 approach in favor of slush, personally. slushpile 4 lyfe xoxo)

do you charge fees? (hint: DON'T)

where are you listed? (chillsubs, duotrope, the submission grinder, and other sites aggregate lit mag opportunities. you should get yourself here!)

how often do you want to publish? how many pieces per issue? (consider how much time you actually have. this is all unpaid work, too.)

(if you have an editorial staff beyond yourself) how often are you meeting? how are decisions being made? how are you handling conflicts of interest?

there are also things that become relevant as you begin your mag: like, keeping track of published pieces eligible/nominated for prizes, making editorial friends/comrades (CRUCIAL), managing harassment and spam in the submission process, and other issues you'll encounter just in the daily practice of operating a magazine. remember, more than anything, that you're part of a community - or more accurately, an archipelago of communities and subcultures. this is why participation is so important, and imo necessary, as a pre- and continuous co-requisite to 'having' a lit mag. you're there to fill a niche, not pick out and publish All the Good Writing Ever. This will help you let go of great pieces that 'don't quite work' or just 'aren't a fit' (editors are serious when we say we reject a fuckton of amazing pieces every issue) and let go of submissions you yourself receive rejections for.

anyway, i hope this helps give you a few places to start. in short, focus on community, reciprocity, and building slow&steady experience and expertise (as well as your own editorial styles/techniques) vs. launching into developing your own thing right away!

[digitalarijit]

What is SEO in Digital Marketing? Benefits & Types Of SEO

 SEO

 What is SEO in Digital Marketing?

SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization. It is an organic process used to enhance the visibility and ranking of a website or webpage on the search engine results pages (SERPs). SEO aims to drive organic (unpaid) traffic for a particular’s web page/website. 

SEO depends on various important factors like as keyword research, high-quality & relevant content, meta description, title tag, heading tag, URL structure, mobile friendliness etc.

Benefits Of  SEO?

Increased Organic Traffic: SEO is an organic process. So, you can get more organic traffic from search engine result pages.

Better User Experience: SEO involves optimizing various aspects of a website, such as its structure, content, and navigation. This often leads to an improved user experience, making it easier for visitors to find what they're looking for.

Long-Term Results: SEO is a time taking organic process. If you follow the best SEO path and implement it on your website, that time you can get long-term benefits.

Cost-Effectiveness: Organic traffic generated through SEO is essentially free, making it a cost-effective way to attract visitors compared to paid advertising methods.

Targeted Traffic: SEO allows you to target specific keywords and phrases that are relevant to your business, ensuring that the traffic you receive is more likely to convert into customers.

Types Of SEO

On-Page SEO: This involves optimizing the content and HTML source code of individual web pages. It includes elements like keyword optimization, high-quality content creation, proper use of header tags, meta descriptions, and optimizing images.

Off-Page SEO: Off-Page SEO means whatever you can do outside of your website. Off-Page SEO is known as Off Side SEO or Link building. After completing your on-page SEO activities, you will start to create Link building to other high-quality websites for your websites. Like as Infographic submission, social bookmarking, classified submission, PPT/PDF submission etc.

Technical SEO: Technical SEO is a part of On-Page SEO. Because you are optimizing your website to ensure that search engines can crawl, index, and understand your content effectively. It includes tasks like improving site speed, optimizing for mobile devices, fixing broken links, and creating XML sitemaps.

Local SEO: For businesses with a physical presence, local SEO is crucial. It involves optimizing your online presence to appear in local search results, often including tasks like creating and optimizing Google My Business profiles, managing online reviews, and ensuring consistent NAP (Name, Address, Phone Number) information across platforms.

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Content Strategy: Creating valuable, relevant, and high-quality content is a cornerstone of effective SEO. This includes blog posts, articles, videos, infographics, and other content that caters to your target audience's interests and needs.

Keyword Research: Keyword research is an important part of SEO. Keywords are search terms or words that users search in the search bar. Without the right keyword, you never get better visibility on the SERP. Your selected keyword must be according to your business niche and targeted audience.

Analytics and Monitoring: Regularly analysing your website's performance using tools like Google Analytics helps you track the effectiveness of your SEO efforts. Monitoring your rankings, traffic, and user behaviour can guide your ongoing optimization strategies.

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[shaykhpodpics]

Upholding Old Ties -

After the death of the wife of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, Khadija, may Allah be pleased with her, the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, maintained ties with her family and friends. For example, he would often present them food and gifts. This has been mentioned in a Hadith found in Sahih Bukhari, number 3818.

The Companions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, may Allah be pleased with them, were the best group ever created after the Holy Prophets, peace be upon them. The fact they physically observed the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, during his lifetime is definitely one factor. But anyone who knows about their life and their righteous deeds understands that their superiority is due to more than just this unique and great deed.

One of the main reasons for their superiority is shown in a Hadith involving the Companion Abdullah Bin Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, which is found in Sahih Muslim, number 6515. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was once riding on his conveyance in the desert when he came across a Bedouin. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, greeted the Bedouin, placed his turban on the Bedouin’s head and insisted that the Bedouin ride on his conveyance. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was told that the greeting he gave the Bedouin was more than enough as the Bedouin would have been greatly pleased at the fact that the great Companion of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, may Allah be pleased with him, greeted him. Yet, Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, went much further than this and showed the Bedouin great respect. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, replied that he only did this because the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, once advised that one of the best ways a person can honour their parent is by showing love and respect to their parent's relatives and friends. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, added that the Bedouin’s father was a friend of his father the Commander of the Faithful, Umar Bin Khataab, may Allah be pleased with him.

This incident indicates the superiority of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them. They completely submitted to the teachings of Islam. They not only fulfilled the obligatory duties and avoided all sins but completely fulfilled all acts which were recommended to them to the highest possible degree. Their submission caused them to put aside their own desires and only act to please Allah, the Exalted. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, could have easily ignored the Bedouin as none of the actions he done were obligatory yet, unlike many Muslims who would use this excuse, he completely submitted to the teachings of Islam and acted the way he did.

It is the lack of submission to the teachings of Islam which has weakened the faith of Muslims. Some only fulfil the obligatory duties and turn away from other righteous deeds, such as voluntary charity, which contradict their desires by claiming the actions are not obligatory. All Muslims desire to end up with the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, in the hereafter. But how is this possible if they do not follow their path or way? If a Muslim follows a path other than theirs then how can they end up with them? To end up with them one must follow their path. But this is only possible if one completely submits to the teachings of Islam like they did instead of cherry picking the deeds which suit their desires.

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[sohypothetically]

A Tale of Zombie Tech

Recently, I experienced a service failure of my own making. One that seemed like a technical failure. A product failure. An automation failure. A PEOPLE failure.

So why am I even writing this? We got it resolved, right?

We did. But here’s the thing: if you’re a business – or a non-profit – and you think your customers are going to tell you when things go wrong, they’re not. They’re not going to want to bother you with something like a technical failure. Can’t get to your donation site? If they’re lucky, they’ll mail you a check. Maybe reach out personally to someone and get a working link or QR code.

So what should you do?

Talk to your donors/customers. Nothing replaces this! Ask them specifics about their interactions. Follow it up by looking at where they are coming into your infrastructure and have automations that can help you spot holes or issues. Understand that your donors in particular do not want to “cause problems” or be the squeaky wheel: whether it’s a misspelling, a bad QR code or link, or a newsletter that’s mis-formatted.

Lastly, TAKE DOWN your old infrastructure. End of life it. Upgrade it. Do something with it. Announce changes to customers and discuss timing if you must but don’t leave it up there to wither and die a tragic death. Nothing hurts an organization more than outdated stuff sitting out there and representing the brand. Your product lifecycle doesn’t end at launch.

--------Read on for the specifics of our SPOOKY cautionary tale-------

Nine years ago, Doc and I took over a retail philanthropy fandom fundraising event. (This is where someone donates to a charity, shows a receipt and gets something in return from fandom creators as a reward for the donation. It’s a fun way to support a charity or groups of charity vertical market segment and mobilize a like-minded set of donors.) Because he and I over-engineer everything (and we believe everything has a technical solution), we decided to build a platform to control access and formatting to the submissions of our fandom creatives.

It will be easy, Doc said.

So, we built access control, messaging, a way to track submissions, leave comments and reviews, communicate via blog and auto-post to it, viewing (think e-reader viewing) and downloading capabilities in EPUB, MOBI, and PDF all accessible through a website with a database back-end. I think it took us a month or so to get all the kinks out. (For those of you who are fandom afficionados, think ff.net or archiveofourown.org but with an access gate that is per user per collection, with a Tumbler-esque blog component.)

We ran marketing campaigns and events from 2016 to 2018 successfully with participants in more than 30 countries.

…And then we sort of forgot about it. I left my work gig in 2018 to start a start-up and then found out my mother had Stage 4 cancer. I jetted around the country taking care of her, start-up and non-profit work forgotten. Doc was home taking care of Squid and working to hold the family together. Periodically, we would touch base and discuss stats, look at where connections were coming from, that sort of thing. But even that dwindled. Covid hit. I started consulting after my mom passed away. I wrote original stories and took a fandom hiatus, except for a holiday collection I help run behind the scenes.

Fast forward to this year and a contact from an author who needs us to remove a work from a collection so they may make it into an original. No problem, Doc said. Should be easy, we both said. We have an operational meeting for what’s entailed because of the multiple download formats. We come up with a timeframe. We communicate with the author.

We never check the infrastructure. It’s down. Like deader than a doornail, no access to it nowhere, no how.

Doc has a theory of what he thinks the problem is. He goes to check it on the VM he runs locally as a back-up copy. That crashes. Turns out his VM is out of date. Updates the VM. Still won’t run. He recalls we had a network change, so he modifies network settings. VM comes up but it’s a dog that won’t hunt. Screen resolution settings are jacked. He fixes that. Goes to test PHP, which he thinks is the problem, but he can’t because the OS is out of date. 4 versions out of date.

A week later, and we’re sort of back in business. We can finally fulfill the author’s request, which is great, but we’re a week behind schedule and we both have day jobs. Was this stress we needed? No. Should we have planned better? Probably.

[foshanwords]

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[cleanwaterchronicles]

School & Community Habitat Grant

Apply to the 2023 Grant!

The WCCD's 3rd Annual School & Community Habitat Grant - Now Accepting Applications!

Does your school, community organization, or non-profit need expert consultation or plant materials to create a native garden, rain garden, food forest, windbreak, or another native plant project? The WCCD School & Community Habitat Grant is now accepting applications until the June 11th, 2023 deadline!

If you are a consultant who may be interested in partnering to complete these projects, please reach out to summer@washtenawcd.org. We'd love to help promote the great work you do!

Application Deadline:  ​Sunday, June 11, 2023 at 5 p.m.

Applications must be submitted by the deadline with subject line “2023 School and Community Habitat Grant Application” to: WCCD Community Forester, Summer Roberts: Summer@washtenawcd.org (734) 302-8716. Applications are accepted in the form of Word documents (.doc, .docx), PDF (.pdf), or a word document compatible format.

DOWNLOAD APPLICATION HERE

Our Mission: The WCCD is a local government agency with the mission to assist residents with and provide leadership in the conservation, management, and wise use of natural resources in Washtenaw County.

Grant Purpose: Assist schools and community organizations with accessing plants and establishing wildlife habitat.

Grant Award: Grants will be awarded in the form of tree, shrub, native plant material and technical assistance from WCCD and partners. Grant fund availability is dependent on donations made to the WCCD for this purpose and grant selections and awards will be made based on the amount donated. 

Eligibility:

Applicants must represent or be affiliated with a local school, nonprofit organization, or community group.

The proposed site location must be a public or semi-public space in Washtenaw County.

The applicant must be able to demonstrate ownership or permission in perpetuity at the proposed location.

The application must demonstrate a benefit to local communities, natural and human.  

Applicants need not be experts in ecology but demonstrate a willingness to learn! 

Application Submission & Deadlines: All grant applications must be submitted by the deadline and requirements outlined on the application.

Habitat Grant Application Criteria: Please download the "SCHG Overview (PDF)" and read the complete requirements of an application to be considered by the selection committee, including the rubric used in evaluating the projects.

GRANT AWARD: Each grant award will be provided in the form of plant materials, expert design plans, and installation assistance.

The WCCD staff and our partnering contractors, as requested by the project and within the award budget, may provide any combination of the following:

Site visit for assessment & consultation

Site design plan & maintenance plan

Site materials, such as native plants, trees, and/or shrubs and planting aids (tree shelters, etc.)

Site installation assistance through tools and volunteer outreach

Grant Awardee Responsibilities:

Follow the Grant timeline

Pre-installation: prep and coordination

Post-installation: WCCD Habitat sign install and "Completed Project Report"

Ongoing: maintenance, update WCCD on site coordinator changes, and "One Year Follow-Up Report"

Reporting & Documentation

Completed Project Report (Post installation)

One Year Follow-Up Project Report

What is considered Native? We use the Ann Arbor Natural Areas Preservation description of native plants as “plants that were here before Europeans settled in Michigan in the 1700s”.  For more information about what is considered a native species, please visit the Michigan Natural Features Inventory at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/

WCCD Program Contact Please email the application form and all other supporting documents or questions to the WCCD Community Forester, Summer Roberts: summer@washtenawcd.org, (734) 302 -8716.

Applicant Resources:

Native Plants 

PlantWise - Why Native Plants?

Native Plant Garden Kits (PDF)

Learn about Native plants & resources

WCCD guide to Planting Native Plants

WildOnes - Native Plant Gardens Designs

ADAPT - Community Supported Ecology - Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti Resource Directory

​ Rain Garden Resources

Learn about the WCWRC Master Rain Gardener program:

Schoolyard Rain Gardens & Guidebook

PlantWise - Rain Garden Services

WCCD guide to Rain Gardens & Resources

Rain Garden Kit info (PDF)

Pollinator Gardens

Plants for Pollinators (WCWRC)

Learn about creating your own Monarch Waystations

Pollinator Partnership - Garden Resources

WireFence - Pollinator Gardening Resources

Pollinator Garden Glossary

WCCD Information and resources:

2021 WCCD Spring Tree & Shrub and Native Plant store

Tree & Shrub Planting Guide

Tree & Shrub selection chart 2021 - Provides a chart of WCCD Spring sale species including some characteristics. 

Pond Construction

Wind Breaks

Wildlife

Source & More information HERE

[wpaannouncements]

Apply: 2023 IWCA Dissertation Grant

The deadline for the submission of an application for the 2023 IWCA Dissertation Grant is a month away. The International Writing Centers Association (IWCA) serves to strengthen the writing center community through all of its activities. The organization offers The IWCA Dissertation Research Grant to support doctoral students as they work on writing center-related dissertations. The grant is intended to fund expenses incurred by doctoral students who are working toward completion of a dissertation and a doctoral degree. The funds may be used for living expenses; supplies, materials, and software; travel to research sites, to present research, or to attend conferences or institutes relevant to the profession; and other purposes not covered here but supportive of a dissertating graduate student. Doctoral students who have an approved prospectus and are at any stage of research/writing beyond the prospectus are encouraged to apply. Grant recipients will receive a $5000 check from IWCA upon selection as the award winner. Complete application packets will contain the following items in one pdf file. Cover letter addressed to current chair, (Lawrence Cleary, lawrence.cleary@ul.ie) IWCA Grants Committee. The cover letter sells the IWCA Board on the mutual benefits that will result from their financial support. Anything that applicants do to link this project to their specific career goals and to the needs of the writing center community is welcome. It should include the following: Request IWCA’s consideration of the application Introduce the applicant and the project Outline plans for completion of the project Curriculum Vitae Approved prospectus Two letters of reference: One from the dissertation director and one from a second member of the dissertation committee For full consideration, your project MUST have all required approvals, including but not limited to institutional IRB approval.  Grant recipients will agree to the following: Acknowledge IWCA support in any presentation or publication of the resulting research findings Forward to IWCA, in care of the Grants Committee Chair, copies of resulting publications or presentations File a progress report with the IWCA, in care of the Grants Committee Chair, due within twelve months of receipt of grant monies. Upon completion of the project, submit a final project report and a PDF of the completed dissertation to the IWCA Board, in care of the Grants Committee Chair Strongly consider submitting a manuscript based on the supported research to one of the IWCA affiliated publications: The Writing Center Journal or The Peer Review. Be willing to work with the editor(s) and reviewer(s) to revise the manuscript for possible publication NOTE: The cover letter sells the IWCA Board on the mutual benefits that will result from their financial support. Anything that applicants do to link this project to their specific career goals and to the needs of the writing center community is welcome. Open from February 1, 2023 to April 15, 2023 Consider submitting your application.   Kind regards, Lawrence   Lawrence Cleary Director Regional Writing Centre C1065 Main Building University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland lawrence.cleary@ul.ie writingcentre@ul.ie   via Email March 13, 2023 at 07:52PM

[akash019]

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[xeluxe]

Documents Required for Façade DCD Approvals

Documents Required for Façade DCD Approvals

A façade DCD approval is a document that is required to construct or alter the façade of a building. This document must be obtained from the Department of City Planning before any work can begin.

The purpose of the façade DCD approval is to ensure that the proposed changes to the façade will not adversely affect the appearance of the building or its surroundings. The department will consider the size, height, and location of the proposed changes when making its decision.

What are the drawing submission requirements?

Façade, Cladding, curtain wall & roofing proposals and drawings shall be in accordance with the following:

➢ Authorized Applicant - Submissions of Façade, Cladding, Curtain Wall, and Roofing to Civil Defence may only be made through a House of Expertise approved by Civil Defence OR the Main Consultant OR the Façade Consultant with certified employees.

Understanding the requirements of the UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice, material test requirements, Civil Defence registration of contractors and suppliers, and the report submission format is the responsibility of the House of Expertise or Main Consultant OR Façade Consultant.

➢ Format of the Report - Reports must generally adhere to the following structure.

a. PDF files are required for all reports.

b. It is the duty of the applicants to produce soft copies of the required formats and also follow the submission format.

c. It is the obligation of the applicants to present error-free pdf files so that the Civil Defence "watermark" can be seamlessly placed into the pdf files.

d. A cover page, one page long, in accordance with required Cover page format and example.

e. Stamped undertaking declarations from each party engaged, one page in length as per given Table. It is then followed by their civil defence valid certificate and a maximum of five pages, as indicated in the sample. The maximum length for an engineering review and assessment is three pages, as per the given format and table. Non-compliance must be made apparent in the evaluation.

g. Sectional schematics must be of 3 pages in the required format. Schematics must show the precise design and site circumstances. It must include labels that clearly identify the parts, measurements, and materials.

h. A report on the inspection can be of a maximum of 3 pages, as per the given format and table.

➢ Un Acceptable Format

Reports that don't adhere to the required format and table won't be reviewed and won't be accepted.

Reports from sources other than the houses of expertise designated by Civil Defense are not accepted.

Product catalogs and brochures ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE.

A generalized technical explanation of how and why fire spreads are NOT appropriate.

DON'T provide Test standardized methods and information.

Must Not submit without the appropriate stamps and signatures as given in the format.

AVOID including pointless and needless attachments.

Reports for projects where suppliers are not registered with Civil Defence should not be submitted. Getting suppliers to contact Civil Defence for their registration is mostly the duty of consultants and contractors.

Effective reports that do not point out non-compliances are not acceptable.

Reports justifying non-compliant roofing & cladding must not be submitted.

➢ Declarations Of Stamped Undertaking - Each party involved in the project must provide the following undertaking statements.

Format and example of an undertaking letter (1 page) from a house of expertise, main consultant, or façade consultant.

Main consultant undertaking letter format and sample (1 page).

Main Contractor Undertaking Letter Format and Sample.

Sample and format of an undertaking letter from an ACP/MCM/SOLID METAL/PEWFS/GRC panel supplier.

EIFS/ETICS Supplier Undertaking Letter Format and Sample (1 page)

Format and example of an undertaking letter from a natural stone supplier (1 page).

Firestopping system Supplier undertaking letter type and sample (1 page).

Insulation material supplier undertaking letter type and sample (1 page).

Format and example of an undertaking letter from a roofing panel supplier (1 page).

Format and example of an undertaking letter from a roofing panel (glazing) supplier (1 page).

Tips for getting your façade DCD approval quickly

Make sure you have all the required documents: Before you start the approval process, make sure you have gathered all the required documents, including plans, drawings, and any other supporting materials.

Know the requirements: Familiarize yourself with the requirements for façade dcd approval so that you can be prepared to submit everything that is needed.

Submit everything in a timely manner: Be sure to submit all required documentation in a timely manner so that your application can be processed as quickly as possible.

Follow-up: Once you have submitted your application, follow up with the appropriate office to ensure that everything is moving forward and that there are no delays.

The process of getting façade DCD approval can be a bit daunting, but don’t worry – we, the Xeluxe Fire Safety Consultants, are here to help. It is doable if you have all the required documents. Make sure to submit all the necessary paperwork and don't forget to include any relevant supporting documentation. Once you have everything in order, the approval process should go smoothly. Xeluxe has been involved in many projects & the General Directorate of Civil Defense in Dubai has certified and given permission to function as a "House of Expertise" (Fire Safety Consultant) through our sister firm Agura Consultants.

[feedleo7773-blog]

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[koreaunderground]

(2021/04/09) New Revelations on Germ Warfare: It’s Time for a Reckoning with Our History from the Korean War

[counterpunch.org][1]

  [1]: <https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/04/09/new-revelations-on-germ-warfare-its-time-for-a-reckoning-with-our-history-from-the-korean-war/>

# New Revelations on Germ Warfare: It’s Time for a Reckoning with Our History from the Korean War - CounterPunch.org

by Jeffrey Kaye

9-11 minutes

* * *

_The New York Times, which for years has maintained that U.S. airmen’s statements about use of biological weapons during the Korean War were “false confessions” obtained by Chinese and North Korean torture, never acknowledged the following submission sent to its opinion section in November 2020. I am publishing the article instead at CounterPunch, which is not afraid of uncomfortable truths._

![A picture containing textDescription automatically generated][2]

  [2]: https://uziiw38pmyg1ai60732c4011-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/dropzone/2021/04/a-picture-containing-text-description-automatical.png

Screenshot from CIA pamphlet, “Baptism by Fire: CIA Analysis of the Korean War”.

It’s been 70 years since the beginning of the Korean War. For young adults in their twenties today, that’s ancient history. It is as distant to them as the 1905 Russo-Japanese War was to me when I was 20 years old! But in both China and North Korea, the memory of the Korean War and charges of war crimes against America from that war remain a vivid part of the national consciousness, stoked at various times by the regimes in charge.

The North Korean and Chinese allegations of American use of biological weapons during the Korean War made headlines at the time, and the controversy over U.S. Air Force officers admitting under enemy interrogation details of germ warfare attacks rocked the U.S. defense establishment. In 1998, scholars connected to the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) at the Wilson Center published documents that they claimed showed the germ warfare charges were a hoax, “a grand piece of political theater,” as Milton Leitenberg, Senior Research Fellow at the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland, [notably put it][3].

  [3]: <https://diplomacy21-adelphi.wilsoncenter.org/publication/chinas-false-allegations-the-use-biological-weapons-the-united-states-during-the-korean>

![Text Description automatically generated with low confidence][4]

  [4]: https://uziiw38pmyg1ai60732c4011-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/dropzone/2021/04/text-description-automatically-generated-with-low.png

_From CIA document release, “Baptism by Fire,” File #_[ _1952-03-06a.pdf_][5]

  [5]: <http://web.archive.org/web/20170127160812/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/1952-03-06a.pdf>

But in 2010, the CIA declassified hundreds of communications intelligence, or COMINT, daily reports from the Korean War. U.S. historians have mostly ignored this release. Over the past few years, I have undertaken an examination of these documents and found more than two dozen that were pertinent to the biological warfare charges. As I demonstrated in a [September 2020 essay][6] on the topic at Medium.com, these [documents][7] vividly portray the reactions and responses of North Korean and Chinese military units responding to biological weapons attack.

  [6]: <https://jeff-kaye.medium.com/a-real-flood-of-bacteria-and-germs-communications-intelligence-and-charges-of-u-s-4decafdc762>   [7]: <https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/7207516-BW-COMINT-Baptism-Files.html>

What follows are some samples from the entire batch of reports. The grammar and syntax can seem off at times, as the U.S. military and CIA lacked experienced linguists during this period.

Relying on information from the codebreakers at the Armed Forces Security Agency, the predecessor of today’s National Security Agency, a top-secret March 6 CIA report read, “An unidentified Chinese Communist unit on 26 February reported that ‘yesterday it was discovered that in our bivouac area there was a real flood of bacteria and germs from a plane by the enemy. Please supply us immediately with an issue of DDT that we may combat this menace, stop the spread of this plague, and eliminate all bacteria.’”

Another CIA report stated that on 3 March a “North Korean coastal security unit in eastern Korea reported… that UN bacteriological warfare agents in the surrounding area had prevented the movement of transportation since 21 February. Later in the day the unit reported to Pyongyang that ‘Pupyong (just southwest of Hamhung)… is the contaminated area. According to the correct news, no one can pass through it. If you do not act quickly, the 12th and 13th guard stations will have fallen into starvation conditions.’” [Parenthesis in original]

Then we have the following from a 6 March report: “Two coastal security stations in northeastern Korea reported on 11 March that ‘the bacteria bomb classified as mosquito, fly, and flea were dispersed,’ and ‘an enemy plane dropped ants, fleas, mosquitos, flies and crickets.’” The emphasis on insects reminds us that the Communists alleged at the time that the U.S. was working secretly with the former scientists of Japan’s Unit 731, who experimented extensively with the use of insect vectors in germ warfare. During this period and for years afterward, the [U.S. falsely denied][8] that Japan’s scientists had committed war crimes and attacked China with biological weapons during World War II.

  [8]: <https://www.laguardia.edu/maus/files/ethics-ch-16.pdf>

According to a 21 March CIA COMINT report, “a North Korean message, probably from the 23rd Brigade in western Korea, reports the alleged dropping of bacteria in the area occupied by the ‘18th Regiment, 4th Division.’”

A 9 May report: ‘They dropped spiders and ants over Songjin city… today,’ a North Korean coastal security station in northeastern Korea reported…. The message continues that the alleged drop area has been isolated and is being investigated by ‘the plague prevention work committee.’”

Not all the reports verified the use of bacterial weapons. In a 25 March intercept from a North Korean battalion in the Hamhung area, a North Korean military sanitation officer, sent to affirm a supposed biological warfare attack “reported that the policeman’s report was false and that the flies ‘were not caused from bacterial weapon but from the fertilizers on the place.’” In other words, not only were the attacks not a hoax, but Communist officials examined such reports from the field on the spot and noted cases where the accusations were mistaken, or found in some cases that no insects carried infectious material.

As Milton Leitenberg stated in a [2016 essay][9], which otherwise maintained the germ war allegations were untrue, the charges themselves remain 70 years after the fact “an issue of great importance to those concerned with arms control and allegations of the use of Weapons of Mass Destruction.” He was right. This alleged war crime is of high importance, and achieving peace with nuclear-armed China and North Korea depends, in part, on being honest about past transgressions of the United States against those countries.

  [9]: <https://cissm.umd.edu/research-impact/publications/chinas-false-allegations-use-biological-weapons-united-states-during>

Both the alleged Soviet documents presented back in 1998 by Mr. Leitenberg and scholar Kathryn Weathersby, and also a later purported memoir by Chinese doctor Wu Zhili, which also [alleged falsification][10] of the BW evidence, cannot withstand the failure of those documents, whose provenance has always been obscure, to withstand independent corroboration by external sources of information, not least, from the CIA COMINT documents themselves.

  [10]: <https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3957054041/a-chinese-admission-of-false-korean-war-allegations>

The Leitenberg/Weathersby documents allege that Communist in-fighting over the BW “hoax” led to a cessation of Communist charges of germ warfare by early 1953. But that’s not true. The charges continued throughout 1953 (as this [_New York Times_][11]article described) and for long afterward. Even more telling, the CWIHP documents failed to tell a coherent story, moving around the date of the alleged falsification of BW attack sites from _before_ to then _after_ an international team of investigators arrived to examine the charges. The date is crucial because the time to organize a large-scale deception — one that would involve hundreds of eyewitness reports given to investigators, the collection of bomb fragments, the testing materials and samples from alleged bacterial attack, etc. — would take some time, if it could be successfully done at all.

  [11]: <https://www.nytimes.com/1953/09/08/archives/germ-war-confessions.html>

There were other problems with the CWIHP documents, which only document from two to four sites of simulated biowarfare attack. But two investigation commissions documented dozens of sites of infection following U.S. air drops of contaminated insects, feathers, and other materials. Neither Mr. Leitenberg nor Ms. Weathersby has ever explained that issue, except to surmise that there may be documents that have yet to surface. In any case, the old fraud accusations seem moot now that we have evidence of Communist military units during the Korean War responding privately to each other regarding the vicissitudes of biological weapons attack.

Wherever the long denials of U.S. use of biological weapons during the Korean War may have originated, and no matter what the authority behind them, the denials fade away in the face of new unassailable documentation from U.S. government records of germ warfare attacks against North Korean and Chinese military units. The question now is how will U.S. historians, political scientists, the press, and the public respond to this turnabout regarding the old germ war charges.

![A picture containing text, outdoor, signDescription automatically generated][12]

  [12]: https://uziiw38pmyg1ai60732c4011-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/dropzone/2021/04/a-picture-containing-text-outdoor-sign-descript.png

Screenshot from CIA pamphlet, “Baptism by Fire: CIA Analysis of the Korean War”.

The U.S. record regarding the acknowledgment of atrocities during the Korean War is poor. In January 2001, President Clinton did issue a statement expressing “regret” for American killings in July 1950 of hundreds of unarmed South Korean civilians at No Gun Ri. As the _New York Times_ [noted at the time][13], Clinton’s “statement fell short of the apology many Koreans have demanded.”

  [13]: <https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/world/army-admits-giacutes-in-korea-killed-civilians.html>

It is time for a reckoning with our past. If we expect change in China and North Korea, then there must be change in the United States. Author Nicolson Baker has recently called for the declassification of all records from the Korean War. Perhaps a President Joe Biden administration will consider revising a policy that has not worked for decades, and as part of a general peace offensive in the region, finally admit American responsibility for its actions, including use of biological weapons. With such an admission, the U.S. could then call for a turning of the page and a new day of openness and peaceful coexistence in East Asia.

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