#Do Follow PDF Submission Sites

[emo-eyemakeup-evildude]

The end of Astorvember 2024!

We have officially made it to the last two days of Astorvember, or as they were called last year AU Days:

29. Defier of Prophecy (Alternate Universes) 30. The Future of Hyrule (Post-Calamity)

As always feel free to engage with the themes literally or figuratively; make a piece of art that depicts the prompt or make a post promoting your own AUs, however you want to engage with the prompts.

Sincere and heartfelt thank you to everyone who participated, whether you made posts, interacted, or lurked. I'm consistently amazed with the longevity, depth, and creativity of this fandom for a little cardboard ratman who was onscreen for five seconds and then died. I have so many plans for the next year, as well as ideas for next year's Astorvember.

Moving on to more zine things, I'm officially extending the submission deadline through February 1st. I want to give everyone plenty of time to complete their new submissions and collect older works to be submitted (I may or may not also be scheming, more info to come). Unfortunately for Astor, November is extremely busy for most folks. I want the zine to have a truly astronomical amount of submissions, so keep them coming!

FAQ under the cut, and thanks again to everyone for making the official second Astorvember so much fun.

Q: What is the maximum number of images per submission? A: No limits for now. The full, digital zine will have much looser limitations (I'm fully prepared to be proven wrong on this, but for now no limits) but for the curated, printed version I ask that you submit a shortened version in the same vein as NSFW works having a censored companion piece for the SFW editions (optional, you can also opt to have your piece removed from certain versions, but no piece will be removed from the full version). As always, no changes will be made without author/artist permission, but keep an eye out for follow up emails. Repetitive or superfluous images may be removed in the event that y'all actually find a number of images I'm unable to handle.

Q: Can I submit digital submissions such as videos and gifs? A: Yes, tentatively. The full, free version of the zine will be published as a PDF, and I may be able to embed gifs, videos, or hyperlinks. Digital extras outside of the main zine were always welcome as a category of submission, so go ahead and submit them. If you want these submissions to be included in the physical zine, please include a thumbnail and summary.

Q: Can I submit a craft to the zine? A: Yes, and there are two ways to do so. You can submit pictures of the craft, and feel free to include a short essay on why you made it, how, when, anything else you'd like to include (under 2500 words). Or you can submit a tutorial for how to make your craft.

Q: Is 2500 words a hard limit? A: No, if your work is a little over go ahead and submit it as is and I'll let you know if it needs to be shortened. The word limit was primarily intended to discourage submissions of full novel-length fics. If you want to submit a fic that's longer than 2500 words, choose your favorite chapter and include where readers can find the rest of it such as links to Tumblr, AO3, or other sites.

Q: I don't have anything serious to submit, can I submit memes/jokes? A: Absolutely! Memes and jokes are more than welcome. As a matter of fact, I would like to write an essay on the top Astor fandom shitpost extravaganzas of the past four years. If you have a favorite Astor meme such as the egg thing (2020) or the egg thing (2024) or Astor Thursday or the White Boy Bracket or any other absurdity, submit it. Include a summary of the event from your POV, where you were when it happened, screenshots, or just what event you would like me to write about.

Q: What can I submit? A: TL;DR writing under 2500 words (ficlets, fic excepts, essays, poems, etc), visual art roughly the size of a half a sheet of printer paper or smaller (drawings, photographs, etc), miscellaneous works such as sheet music, craft tutorials, physical merch, and others subject to approval. Full info above (or here). Submissions are now being accepted until 11:59 pm CDT on February 1st.

Q: How do I submit? A: Email propheciesofdoomzine@yahoo.com and include: -The work's title -The name you would like to be credited as (screen name, url, or nickname preferred over legal name) -Is the work potentially NSFW and if so what content warnings apply Again, more info above (or here).

Q: How many submissions are you looking for? A: As many as y'all got! No limit, go wild.

Q: Can I submit more than one piece? A: Submit as many pieces as you want. Seriously, no limit.

Q: Who can submit works? A: Anyone! Submissions are very specifically and intentionally open to anyone and everyone instead of taking applications and selecting artists to create a piece specifically for the zine.

Q: Can I submit works I've already posted? A: Yes, this zine is intended to be a collection and celebration of the last four years of the fandom. All works are welcome, no matter how old they are or how many people have seen them. This also very much includes pieces from this or last year's Astorvember.

Q: Can I post the piece I submitted? A: Yes, if you want. You can post it, say it was submitted to the zine, post it and don't say it was submitted, or keep the whole thing secret. You can change your mind and post it after submissions close, before the zine is released, whatever you want.

Q: Are original characters/self ships welcome? A: Yes, so many fan works about Astor are full of original characters and the zine would not be complete without them. All original characters are welcome, very specifically including self insert and self ship characters. They are so welcome that we're making a yearbook page dedicated to original characters.

Q: How do I submit an original character to the zine yearbook page? A: Submit a simple school picture style portrait (feel free to make it silly) of your oc with: -Their name -Their relation to Astor (mentor, family, friend, significant other, weird dogs, etc) -The name you would like to be credited as and/or what fic or au they're from if applicable -A senior quote/superlative (if you want) And again, just to be clear, self insert and self ship characters are very much included in this!

Q: Mr. President there's been a second yearbook page. A: So many people have joked about Astor being a mass original character due to his lack of background and character development that if enough people submit the above for their fanon version of Astor we'll do an Oops! All Astors version of the yearbook page.

Q: Will there be physical merch? A: Possibly, still working out logistics. Proposals for physical merch are one of the categories of submissions, email propheciesofdoomzine@yahoo.com with ideas for things like pins, stickers, keychains, etc. Handmade items are welcome and encouraged if you have the time!

Q: Is NSFW content allowed? A: Yes, both art and writing. All submissions that include violence, gore, nudity, sex, etc will be marked as such. In the event that a physical zine is made there will be curated versions including a safe for work version. When you submit your works please include any potential content warnings. We'll be in contact if any works might need additional warnings. That said, no works will be censored. As mentioned above they will be clearly marked in the full version and omitted from the safe for work version. If you would like to submit a censored version of your work for the safe for work version, you may.

Q: I still have a question. A: Send me an ask, a message, email the submissions email, send a flock of birds to follow me around, reach me in my dreams, whatever. If you need something clarified or reiterated, go ahead and ask. If you're unsure about your submission, go ahead and ask. If there's a secret third thing, go ahead and ask.

[librarycards]

hi friend! i have had a dream of creating a publication of some kind that uplifts artists/writers in my area. i have been so lost at what i want to or should be doing, so i think this might be a good time to strike!! i'm reaching out to the student magazines at local colleges to see if they have any advice, but i wanted to see if you had any advice to offer as someone who might not have had something so significant (like a school) backing you and your litmag! Thank you so much for everything!!

hello anon, and thanks for your patience!! [full disclosure this was completed last week but in my drafts im sorry!!]

the first piece i have is to read: read mags that print a variety of types of work, those that are established and upstarts and everyone in between. this isn't only to get a sense of what the literary landscape is like rn, but also to find patterns: what do these sites have in common? how about their submission guidelines, norms, expectations?

^ in regard to the above, i also *strongly* recommend you submit and go through the publication process in at least a few mags before starting your own. maybe you have already! in any case, think about what kinds of editorial support/communication/practice you've liked and disliked. what kind of editor are you/do you want to be? if you're not sure yet, consider joining the reading team at a magazine, or editing a folio or guest issue! going from no experience to EIC is not a great plan, in no small part because you learn who and what you are as an editor, and who and what you want to edit, as you gain more experience. joining an established publication in some capacity is something i recommend to *everyone* interested in starting a lit mag. that is, i do not recommend attempting to start a publication if you have no experience on a masthead already.

presuming that you do have this experience, you're going to have some new considerations for your new publication in addition to those you're familiar with:

probably-familiar things to consider:

who is my demographic (do I have any restrictions on who submits?)

what are my values? (this is what you put in your about/mission statement/submission guidelines. for example, I don't submit to magazines who do not make their antizionism/pro-palestine stance clear)

who are my coworkers (do I want to run this thing on my own, or get multiple editors on with me? do I want to just make a quick squarespace site or have a designer onboard?)

what genres, lengths, and other specifications do I want for submissions (docx vs pdf vs rtf? how much do you actually have time to read? what do you feel confident in your ability to assess?)

where can people find us? (social media? twitter/x is still a home base for a huge portion of publications, despite everything. ig has a fair few. tumblr hasn't been very successful in lit mag world - but maybe you'll change that? there's a fair but niche showing on bsky and mastodon. facebook, as with everything else, is for boomers with shit politics.)

probably-unfamiliar things to consider:

what's your title? is a domain available for that title? how are you paying for the domain?

how about website hosting? (squarespace, weebly, google sites, wordpress, something else? is your site accessible? do you need to make extra access considerations, e.g. if publishing visual art?)

do you pay? how much? (without institutional backing, the money will either come from your pocket or donations, or both. if you want to pay but are broke, you could set up a fundraiser - but no promises on people following through.)

what submissions platform will you use? (email? manywor(l)ds does this, and we like it. submittable? pricy, but streamlined. moksha/oleda/duotrope? i mean....you do you but i find them weird)

how often will you be open for submissions? will you solicit any, or be all-slush? (I take a 90/10 approach in favor of slush, personally. slushpile 4 lyfe xoxo)

do you charge fees? (hint: DON'T)

where are you listed? (chillsubs, duotrope, the submission grinder, and other sites aggregate lit mag opportunities. you should get yourself here!)

how often do you want to publish? how many pieces per issue? (consider how much time you actually have. this is all unpaid work, too.)

(if you have an editorial staff beyond yourself) how often are you meeting? how are decisions being made? how are you handling conflicts of interest?

there are also things that become relevant as you begin your mag: like, keeping track of published pieces eligible/nominated for prizes, making editorial friends/comrades (CRUCIAL), managing harassment and spam in the submission process, and other issues you'll encounter just in the daily practice of operating a magazine. remember, more than anything, that you're part of a community - or more accurately, an archipelago of communities and subcultures. this is why participation is so important, and imo necessary, as a pre- and continuous co-requisite to 'having' a lit mag. you're there to fill a niche, not pick out and publish All the Good Writing Ever. This will help you let go of great pieces that 'don't quite work' or just 'aren't a fit' (editors are serious when we say we reject a fuckton of amazing pieces every issue) and let go of submissions you yourself receive rejections for.

anyway, i hope this helps give you a few places to start. in short, focus on community, reciprocity, and building slow&steady experience and expertise (as well as your own editorial styles/techniques) vs. launching into developing your own thing right away!

[digitalarijit]

What is SEO in Digital Marketing? Benefits & Types Of SEO

 SEO

 What is SEO in Digital Marketing?

SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization. It is an organic process used to enhance the visibility and ranking of a website or webpage on the search engine results pages (SERPs). SEO aims to drive organic (unpaid) traffic for a particular’s web page/website. 

SEO depends on various important factors like as keyword research, high-quality & relevant content, meta description, title tag, heading tag, URL structure, mobile friendliness etc.

Benefits Of  SEO?

Increased Organic Traffic: SEO is an organic process. So, you can get more organic traffic from search engine result pages.

Better User Experience: SEO involves optimizing various aspects of a website, such as its structure, content, and navigation. This often leads to an improved user experience, making it easier for visitors to find what they're looking for.

Long-Term Results: SEO is a time taking organic process. If you follow the best SEO path and implement it on your website, that time you can get long-term benefits.

Cost-Effectiveness: Organic traffic generated through SEO is essentially free, making it a cost-effective way to attract visitors compared to paid advertising methods.

Targeted Traffic: SEO allows you to target specific keywords and phrases that are relevant to your business, ensuring that the traffic you receive is more likely to convert into customers.

Types Of SEO

On-Page SEO: This involves optimizing the content and HTML source code of individual web pages. It includes elements like keyword optimization, high-quality content creation, proper use of header tags, meta descriptions, and optimizing images.

Off-Page SEO: Off-Page SEO means whatever you can do outside of your website. Off-Page SEO is known as Off Side SEO or Link building. After completing your on-page SEO activities, you will start to create Link building to other high-quality websites for your websites. Like as Infographic submission, social bookmarking, classified submission, PPT/PDF submission etc.

Technical SEO: Technical SEO is a part of On-Page SEO. Because you are optimizing your website to ensure that search engines can crawl, index, and understand your content effectively. It includes tasks like improving site speed, optimizing for mobile devices, fixing broken links, and creating XML sitemaps.

Local SEO: For businesses with a physical presence, local SEO is crucial. It involves optimizing your online presence to appear in local search results, often including tasks like creating and optimizing Google My Business profiles, managing online reviews, and ensuring consistent NAP (Name, Address, Phone Number) information across platforms.

If you want to promote your business online, contact Digital Arijit, the best SEO expert in Kolkata. Get excellent SEO services at an affordable price. Visit Our Site: - https://digitalarijit.in/seo-expert-in-kolkata/

Content Strategy: Creating valuable, relevant, and high-quality content is a cornerstone of effective SEO. This includes blog posts, articles, videos, infographics, and other content that caters to your target audience's interests and needs.

Keyword Research: Keyword research is an important part of SEO. Keywords are search terms or words that users search in the search bar. Without the right keyword, you never get better visibility on the SERP. Your selected keyword must be according to your business niche and targeted audience.

Analytics and Monitoring: Regularly analysing your website's performance using tools like Google Analytics helps you track the effectiveness of your SEO efforts. Monitoring your rankings, traffic, and user behaviour can guide your ongoing optimization strategies.

Conclusion

In summary, SEO is a multifaceted approach that combines various techniques to improve a website's visibility, credibility, and organic traffic from search engines. It involves on-page and off-page optimization, technical improvements, content creation, keyword research, and continuous monitoring to achieve its benefits.

[linguistlist-blog]

Calls: The 34th Colloquium on Generative Grammar

Authors are asked to submit their anonymous abstracts as a PDF file to the following site: https://easyabs.linguistlist.org/conference/CGG34/ If you do not have an account, please follow the instructions provided by the platform and create one. Submission guidelines: - Abstracts should be written in English and not exceed two pages of text (A4), in 12-point font, single line spacing and 2.5cm margins, with examples and/or figures interspersed, and including references. - Abstracts should http://dlvr.it/THMJBD

[shaykhpodpics]

Upholding Old Ties -

After the death of the wife of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, Khadija, may Allah be pleased with her, the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, maintained ties with her family and friends. For example, he would often present them food and gifts. This has been mentioned in a Hadith found in Sahih Bukhari, number 3818.

The Companions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, may Allah be pleased with them, were the best group ever created after the Holy Prophets, peace be upon them. The fact they physically observed the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, during his lifetime is definitely one factor. But anyone who knows about their life and their righteous deeds understands that their superiority is due to more than just this unique and great deed.

One of the main reasons for their superiority is shown in a Hadith involving the Companion Abdullah Bin Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, which is found in Sahih Muslim, number 6515. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was once riding on his conveyance in the desert when he came across a Bedouin. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, greeted the Bedouin, placed his turban on the Bedouin’s head and insisted that the Bedouin ride on his conveyance. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, was told that the greeting he gave the Bedouin was more than enough as the Bedouin would have been greatly pleased at the fact that the great Companion of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, may Allah be pleased with him, greeted him. Yet, Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, went much further than this and showed the Bedouin great respect. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, replied that he only did this because the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, once advised that one of the best ways a person can honour their parent is by showing love and respect to their parent's relatives and friends. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, added that the Bedouin’s father was a friend of his father the Commander of the Faithful, Umar Bin Khataab, may Allah be pleased with him.

This incident indicates the superiority of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them. They completely submitted to the teachings of Islam. They not only fulfilled the obligatory duties and avoided all sins but completely fulfilled all acts which were recommended to them to the highest possible degree. Their submission caused them to put aside their own desires and only act to please Allah, the Exalted. Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, could have easily ignored the Bedouin as none of the actions he done were obligatory yet, unlike many Muslims who would use this excuse, he completely submitted to the teachings of Islam and acted the way he did.

It is the lack of submission to the teachings of Islam which has weakened the faith of Muslims. Some only fulfil the obligatory duties and turn away from other righteous deeds, such as voluntary charity, which contradict their desires by claiming the actions are not obligatory. All Muslims desire to end up with the Holy Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, in the hereafter. But how is this possible if they do not follow their path or way? If a Muslim follows a path other than theirs then how can they end up with them? To end up with them one must follow their path. But this is only possible if one completely submits to the teachings of Islam like they did instead of cherry picking the deeds which suit their desires.

Life of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Complete Free eBook & Backup Link:

Over 400 Free eBooks: https://shaykhpod.com/books/ Backup Sites for eBooks: https://shaykhpodbooks.wordpress.com/books/

PDFs of All English Books & Backup Links/ تمام کتابیں / সব বই / جميع الكتب/ Semua Buku / Todos Los Libros:

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[cleanwaterchronicles]

School & Community Habitat Grant

Apply to the 2023 Grant!

The WCCD's 3rd Annual School & Community Habitat Grant - Now Accepting Applications!

Does your school, community organization, or non-profit need expert consultation or plant materials to create a native garden, rain garden, food forest, windbreak, or another native plant project? The WCCD School & Community Habitat Grant is now accepting applications until the June 11th, 2023 deadline!

If you are a consultant who may be interested in partnering to complete these projects, please reach out to summer@washtenawcd.org. We'd love to help promote the great work you do!

Application Deadline:  ​Sunday, June 11, 2023 at 5 p.m.

Applications must be submitted by the deadline with subject line “2023 School and Community Habitat Grant Application” to: WCCD Community Forester, Summer Roberts: Summer@washtenawcd.org (734) 302-8716. Applications are accepted in the form of Word documents (.doc, .docx), PDF (.pdf), or a word document compatible format.

DOWNLOAD APPLICATION HERE

Our Mission: The WCCD is a local government agency with the mission to assist residents with and provide leadership in the conservation, management, and wise use of natural resources in Washtenaw County.

Grant Purpose: Assist schools and community organizations with accessing plants and establishing wildlife habitat.

Grant Award: Grants will be awarded in the form of tree, shrub, native plant material and technical assistance from WCCD and partners. Grant fund availability is dependent on donations made to the WCCD for this purpose and grant selections and awards will be made based on the amount donated. 

Eligibility:

Applicants must represent or be affiliated with a local school, nonprofit organization, or community group.

The proposed site location must be a public or semi-public space in Washtenaw County.

The applicant must be able to demonstrate ownership or permission in perpetuity at the proposed location.

The application must demonstrate a benefit to local communities, natural and human.  

Applicants need not be experts in ecology but demonstrate a willingness to learn! 

Application Submission & Deadlines: All grant applications must be submitted by the deadline and requirements outlined on the application.

Habitat Grant Application Criteria: Please download the "SCHG Overview (PDF)" and read the complete requirements of an application to be considered by the selection committee, including the rubric used in evaluating the projects.

GRANT AWARD: Each grant award will be provided in the form of plant materials, expert design plans, and installation assistance.

The WCCD staff and our partnering contractors, as requested by the project and within the award budget, may provide any combination of the following:

Site visit for assessment & consultation

Site design plan & maintenance plan

Site materials, such as native plants, trees, and/or shrubs and planting aids (tree shelters, etc.)

Site installation assistance through tools and volunteer outreach

Grant Awardee Responsibilities:

Follow the Grant timeline

Pre-installation: prep and coordination

Post-installation: WCCD Habitat sign install and "Completed Project Report"

Ongoing: maintenance, update WCCD on site coordinator changes, and "One Year Follow-Up Report"

Reporting & Documentation

Completed Project Report (Post installation)

One Year Follow-Up Project Report

What is considered Native? We use the Ann Arbor Natural Areas Preservation description of native plants as “plants that were here before Europeans settled in Michigan in the 1700s”.  For more information about what is considered a native species, please visit the Michigan Natural Features Inventory at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/

WCCD Program Contact Please email the application form and all other supporting documents or questions to the WCCD Community Forester, Summer Roberts: summer@washtenawcd.org, (734) 302 -8716.

Applicant Resources:

Native Plants 

PlantWise - Why Native Plants?

Native Plant Garden Kits (PDF)

Learn about Native plants & resources

WCCD guide to Planting Native Plants

WildOnes - Native Plant Gardens Designs

ADAPT - Community Supported Ecology - Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti Resource Directory

​ Rain Garden Resources

Learn about the WCWRC Master Rain Gardener program:

Schoolyard Rain Gardens & Guidebook

PlantWise - Rain Garden Services

WCCD guide to Rain Gardens & Resources

Rain Garden Kit info (PDF)

Pollinator Gardens

Plants for Pollinators (WCWRC)

Learn about creating your own Monarch Waystations

Pollinator Partnership - Garden Resources

WireFence - Pollinator Gardening Resources

Pollinator Garden Glossary

WCCD Information and resources:

2021 WCCD Spring Tree & Shrub and Native Plant store

Tree & Shrub Planting Guide

Tree & Shrub selection chart 2021 - Provides a chart of WCCD Spring sale species including some characteristics. 

Pond Construction

Wind Breaks

Wildlife

Source & More information HERE

[wpaannouncements]

Apply: 2023 IWCA Dissertation Grant

The deadline for the submission of an application for the 2023 IWCA Dissertation Grant is a month away. The International Writing Centers Association (IWCA) serves to strengthen the writing center community through all of its activities. The organization offers The IWCA Dissertation Research Grant to support doctoral students as they work on writing center-related dissertations. The grant is intended to fund expenses incurred by doctoral students who are working toward completion of a dissertation and a doctoral degree. The funds may be used for living expenses; supplies, materials, and software; travel to research sites, to present research, or to attend conferences or institutes relevant to the profession; and other purposes not covered here but supportive of a dissertating graduate student. Doctoral students who have an approved prospectus and are at any stage of research/writing beyond the prospectus are encouraged to apply. Grant recipients will receive a $5000 check from IWCA upon selection as the award winner. Complete application packets will contain the following items in one pdf file. Cover letter addressed to current chair, (Lawrence Cleary, lawrence.cleary@ul.ie) IWCA Grants Committee. The cover letter sells the IWCA Board on the mutual benefits that will result from their financial support. Anything that applicants do to link this project to their specific career goals and to the needs of the writing center community is welcome. It should include the following: Request IWCA’s consideration of the application Introduce the applicant and the project Outline plans for completion of the project Curriculum Vitae Approved prospectus Two letters of reference: One from the dissertation director and one from a second member of the dissertation committee For full consideration, your project MUST have all required approvals, including but not limited to institutional IRB approval.  Grant recipients will agree to the following: Acknowledge IWCA support in any presentation or publication of the resulting research findings Forward to IWCA, in care of the Grants Committee Chair, copies of resulting publications or presentations File a progress report with the IWCA, in care of the Grants Committee Chair, due within twelve months of receipt of grant monies. Upon completion of the project, submit a final project report and a PDF of the completed dissertation to the IWCA Board, in care of the Grants Committee Chair Strongly consider submitting a manuscript based on the supported research to one of the IWCA affiliated publications: The Writing Center Journal or The Peer Review. Be willing to work with the editor(s) and reviewer(s) to revise the manuscript for possible publication NOTE: The cover letter sells the IWCA Board on the mutual benefits that will result from their financial support. Anything that applicants do to link this project to their specific career goals and to the needs of the writing center community is welcome. Open from February 1, 2023 to April 15, 2023 Consider submitting your application.   Kind regards, Lawrence   Lawrence Cleary Director Regional Writing Centre C1065 Main Building University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland lawrence.cleary@ul.ie writingcentre@ul.ie   via Email March 13, 2023 at 07:52PM

[feedleo7773-blog]

PDF submission is a way to get maximum visibility of the website or blog and instant links. It can be helpful to generate traffic from the file sharing websites, creates backlinks and thus helps to improve search engine ranking. Get the high DA and high PR PDF submission sites to get quality backlinks.

[expertseoinfo]

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Profile Creation Site List

[imperioninfomedia6]

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[godsofseo]

High PA Image Submission Sites

Last yet not the least, Off-page SEO procedure that assists with expanding your site positioning and to drive a gigantic traffic is Image Submission. For this, you simply need to share the picture of your items and administrations on various photograph sharing site like Flickr, Picasa, Photo Bucket, and so on., which rapidly catch the consideration of a client. 

[linguistlist-blog]

Calls: The 34th Colloquium on Generative Grammar

2nd Call for Papers: Authors are asked to submit their anonymous abstracts as a PDF file to the following site: https://easyabs.linguistlist.org/conference/CGG34/ If you do not have an account, please follow the instructions provided by the platform and create one. Submission guidelines: - Abstracts should be written in English and not exceed two pages of text (A4), in 12-point font, single line spacing and 2.5cm margins, with examples and/or figures interspersed, and including references. - A http://dlvr.it/TGjXsm

[koreaunderground]

(2021/04/09) New Revelations on Germ Warfare: It’s Time for a Reckoning with Our History from the Korean War

[counterpunch.org][1]

  [1]: <https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/04/09/new-revelations-on-germ-warfare-its-time-for-a-reckoning-with-our-history-from-the-korean-war/>

# New Revelations on Germ Warfare: It’s Time for a Reckoning with Our History from the Korean War - CounterPunch.org

by Jeffrey Kaye

9-11 minutes

* * *

_The New York Times, which for years has maintained that U.S. airmen’s statements about use of biological weapons during the Korean War were “false confessions” obtained by Chinese and North Korean torture, never acknowledged the following submission sent to its opinion section in November 2020. I am publishing the article instead at CounterPunch, which is not afraid of uncomfortable truths._

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  [2]: https://uziiw38pmyg1ai60732c4011-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/dropzone/2021/04/a-picture-containing-text-description-automatical.png

Screenshot from CIA pamphlet, “Baptism by Fire: CIA Analysis of the Korean War”.

It’s been 70 years since the beginning of the Korean War. For young adults in their twenties today, that’s ancient history. It is as distant to them as the 1905 Russo-Japanese War was to me when I was 20 years old! But in both China and North Korea, the memory of the Korean War and charges of war crimes against America from that war remain a vivid part of the national consciousness, stoked at various times by the regimes in charge.

The North Korean and Chinese allegations of American use of biological weapons during the Korean War made headlines at the time, and the controversy over U.S. Air Force officers admitting under enemy interrogation details of germ warfare attacks rocked the U.S. defense establishment. In 1998, scholars connected to the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) at the Wilson Center published documents that they claimed showed the germ warfare charges were a hoax, “a grand piece of political theater,” as Milton Leitenberg, Senior Research Fellow at the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland, [notably put it][3].

  [3]: <https://diplomacy21-adelphi.wilsoncenter.org/publication/chinas-false-allegations-the-use-biological-weapons-the-united-states-during-the-korean>

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  [4]: https://uziiw38pmyg1ai60732c4011-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/dropzone/2021/04/text-description-automatically-generated-with-low.png

_From CIA document release, “Baptism by Fire,” File #_[ _1952-03-06a.pdf_][5]

  [5]: <http://web.archive.org/web/20170127160812/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/1952-03-06a.pdf>

But in 2010, the CIA declassified hundreds of communications intelligence, or COMINT, daily reports from the Korean War. U.S. historians have mostly ignored this release. Over the past few years, I have undertaken an examination of these documents and found more than two dozen that were pertinent to the biological warfare charges. As I demonstrated in a [September 2020 essay][6] on the topic at Medium.com, these [documents][7] vividly portray the reactions and responses of North Korean and Chinese military units responding to biological weapons attack.

  [6]: <https://jeff-kaye.medium.com/a-real-flood-of-bacteria-and-germs-communications-intelligence-and-charges-of-u-s-4decafdc762>   [7]: <https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/7207516-BW-COMINT-Baptism-Files.html>

What follows are some samples from the entire batch of reports. The grammar and syntax can seem off at times, as the U.S. military and CIA lacked experienced linguists during this period.

Relying on information from the codebreakers at the Armed Forces Security Agency, the predecessor of today’s National Security Agency, a top-secret March 6 CIA report read, “An unidentified Chinese Communist unit on 26 February reported that ‘yesterday it was discovered that in our bivouac area there was a real flood of bacteria and germs from a plane by the enemy. Please supply us immediately with an issue of DDT that we may combat this menace, stop the spread of this plague, and eliminate all bacteria.’”

Another CIA report stated that on 3 March a “North Korean coastal security unit in eastern Korea reported… that UN bacteriological warfare agents in the surrounding area had prevented the movement of transportation since 21 February. Later in the day the unit reported to Pyongyang that ‘Pupyong (just southwest of Hamhung)… is the contaminated area. According to the correct news, no one can pass through it. If you do not act quickly, the 12th and 13th guard stations will have fallen into starvation conditions.’” [Parenthesis in original]

Then we have the following from a 6 March report: “Two coastal security stations in northeastern Korea reported on 11 March that ‘the bacteria bomb classified as mosquito, fly, and flea were dispersed,’ and ‘an enemy plane dropped ants, fleas, mosquitos, flies and crickets.’” The emphasis on insects reminds us that the Communists alleged at the time that the U.S. was working secretly with the former scientists of Japan’s Unit 731, who experimented extensively with the use of insect vectors in germ warfare. During this period and for years afterward, the [U.S. falsely denied][8] that Japan’s scientists had committed war crimes and attacked China with biological weapons during World War II.

  [8]: <https://www.laguardia.edu/maus/files/ethics-ch-16.pdf>

According to a 21 March CIA COMINT report, “a North Korean message, probably from the 23rd Brigade in western Korea, reports the alleged dropping of bacteria in the area occupied by the ‘18th Regiment, 4th Division.’”

A 9 May report: ‘They dropped spiders and ants over Songjin city… today,’ a North Korean coastal security station in northeastern Korea reported…. The message continues that the alleged drop area has been isolated and is being investigated by ‘the plague prevention work committee.’”

Not all the reports verified the use of bacterial weapons. In a 25 March intercept from a North Korean battalion in the Hamhung area, a North Korean military sanitation officer, sent to affirm a supposed biological warfare attack “reported that the policeman’s report was false and that the flies ‘were not caused from bacterial weapon but from the fertilizers on the place.’” In other words, not only were the attacks not a hoax, but Communist officials examined such reports from the field on the spot and noted cases where the accusations were mistaken, or found in some cases that no insects carried infectious material.

As Milton Leitenberg stated in a [2016 essay][9], which otherwise maintained the germ war allegations were untrue, the charges themselves remain 70 years after the fact “an issue of great importance to those concerned with arms control and allegations of the use of Weapons of Mass Destruction.” He was right. This alleged war crime is of high importance, and achieving peace with nuclear-armed China and North Korea depends, in part, on being honest about past transgressions of the United States against those countries.

  [9]: <https://cissm.umd.edu/research-impact/publications/chinas-false-allegations-use-biological-weapons-united-states-during>

Both the alleged Soviet documents presented back in 1998 by Mr. Leitenberg and scholar Kathryn Weathersby, and also a later purported memoir by Chinese doctor Wu Zhili, which also [alleged falsification][10] of the BW evidence, cannot withstand the failure of those documents, whose provenance has always been obscure, to withstand independent corroboration by external sources of information, not least, from the CIA COMINT documents themselves.

  [10]: <https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3957054041/a-chinese-admission-of-false-korean-war-allegations>

The Leitenberg/Weathersby documents allege that Communist in-fighting over the BW “hoax” led to a cessation of Communist charges of germ warfare by early 1953. But that’s not true. The charges continued throughout 1953 (as this [_New York Times_][11]article described) and for long afterward. Even more telling, the CWIHP documents failed to tell a coherent story, moving around the date of the alleged falsification of BW attack sites from _before_ to then _after_ an international team of investigators arrived to examine the charges. The date is crucial because the time to organize a large-scale deception — one that would involve hundreds of eyewitness reports given to investigators, the collection of bomb fragments, the testing materials and samples from alleged bacterial attack, etc. — would take some time, if it could be successfully done at all.

  [11]: <https://www.nytimes.com/1953/09/08/archives/germ-war-confessions.html>

There were other problems with the CWIHP documents, which only document from two to four sites of simulated biowarfare attack. But two investigation commissions documented dozens of sites of infection following U.S. air drops of contaminated insects, feathers, and other materials. Neither Mr. Leitenberg nor Ms. Weathersby has ever explained that issue, except to surmise that there may be documents that have yet to surface. In any case, the old fraud accusations seem moot now that we have evidence of Communist military units during the Korean War responding privately to each other regarding the vicissitudes of biological weapons attack.

Wherever the long denials of U.S. use of biological weapons during the Korean War may have originated, and no matter what the authority behind them, the denials fade away in the face of new unassailable documentation from U.S. government records of germ warfare attacks against North Korean and Chinese military units. The question now is how will U.S. historians, political scientists, the press, and the public respond to this turnabout regarding the old germ war charges.

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  [12]: https://uziiw38pmyg1ai60732c4011-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/dropzone/2021/04/a-picture-containing-text-outdoor-sign-descript.png

Screenshot from CIA pamphlet, “Baptism by Fire: CIA Analysis of the Korean War”.

The U.S. record regarding the acknowledgment of atrocities during the Korean War is poor. In January 2001, President Clinton did issue a statement expressing “regret” for American killings in July 1950 of hundreds of unarmed South Korean civilians at No Gun Ri. As the _New York Times_ [noted at the time][13], Clinton’s “statement fell short of the apology many Koreans have demanded.”

  [13]: <https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/world/army-admits-giacutes-in-korea-killed-civilians.html>

It is time for a reckoning with our past. If we expect change in China and North Korea, then there must be change in the United States. Author Nicolson Baker has recently called for the declassification of all records from the Korean War. Perhaps a President Joe Biden administration will consider revising a policy that has not worked for decades, and as part of a general peace offensive in the region, finally admit American responsibility for its actions, including use of biological weapons. With such an admission, the U.S. could then call for a turning of the page and a new day of openness and peaceful coexistence in East Asia.

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