#Dental Examination in forensic anthropology

[forensicfield]

Examination of Bone for Criminal Trial by Forensic Anthropologist

Forensic anthropologists work closely with other forensic еxpеrts, investigators, and legal professionals to provide accurate and reliable analyses that contribute to criminal investigations and legal procееdings. Generally, the following steps are ....

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[aditi4]

What are the Top Private University In Delhi NCR For M.Sc. Forensic Sciences?

Pursuing a Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Forensic Sciences is an exciting and dynamic field that offers various career opportunities. While Delhi National Capital Region (NCR) is known for its plethora of educational institutions, it's crucial to choose the right university to ensure a high-quality education in this specialized area. Geeta University, located in Haryana, is gaining recognition for its M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences program. In this article, we will explore the top private universities in Delhi NCR and Haryana that offer M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences and the factors that make them stand out.

Top Private Universities in Delhi NCR and Haryana for M.Sc. Forensic Sciences:

Amity University, Noida: Amity University is renowned for its M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences program. The university provides state-of-the-art laboratories and a comprehensive curriculum.

Lingaya's Vidyapeeth, Faridabad: Lingaya's Vidyapeeth offers an M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences program with a focus on practical learning and research.

G.D. Goenka University, Gurugram: The School of Law and Criminology at G.D. Goenka University offers an M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences program with a multidisciplinary approach.

Geeta University, Haryana: Geeta University, situated in Panipat, Haryana, is gaining recognition for its M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences program, which emphasizes research and practical knowledge.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a University for M.Sc. Forensic Sciences:

Curriculum: Examine the curriculum to ensure it covers a wide range of topics related to forensic sciences, including forensic biology, forensic chemistry, forensic toxicology, and more.

Infrastructure: Well-equipped laboratories, forensic crime scene investigation (CSI) facilities, and forensic anthropology labs are essential for practical training.

Faculty Expertise: Look for universities with experienced faculty members who have a background in forensic sciences or related fields.

Practical Exposure: Programs that offer hands-on experience through internships, research projects, and crime scene simulations provide valuable practical exposure.

Research Opportunities: Universities that encourage research in forensic sciences can be advantageous for those interested in further studies or academic careers.

Industry Connections: Strong ties to law enforcement agencies, forensic labs, and legal organizations can lead to better internships and career opportunities.

Placements: Research the university's track record in terms of placements and the types of organizations that recruit from the institution.

Career Opportunities After M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences:

Completing an M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences can lead to diverse career opportunities in both government and private sectors. Some of the career paths include:

Forensic Scientist: Working in forensic laboratories to analyze evidence and assist in criminal investigations.

Forensic Consultant: Providing expertise in court cases and working as an independent consultant for law firms.

Crime Scene Investigator: Collecting, preserving, and analyzing physical evidence at crime scenes.

Forensic Pathologist: Performing autopsies and determining the cause of death in criminal cases.

Forensic Toxicologist: Analyzing bodily fluids and tissues for the presence of drugs, alcohol, and other toxins.

Forensic Odontologist: Identifying individuals through dental records and bite mark analysis.

Forensic Anthropologist: Identifying human remains and determining factors such as age, sex, and ancestry.

Forensic DNA Analyst: Analyzing DNA samples to identify suspects and victims.

Digital Forensic Analyst: Recovering and analyzing digital evidence from computers, mobile devices, and digital media.

Forensic Psychologist: Assessing the mental state and behavior of individuals involved in criminal cases.

Academic and Research Roles: Teaching and conducting research in academic institutions or research organizations.

Law Enforcement: Joining law enforcement agencies as forensic experts and investigators.

Private Sector: Working in private forensic laboratories or consulting firms.

Legal Professions: Assisting legal professionals as expert witnesses or consultants in court cases.

In conclusion, pursuing an M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences from a top private university in Delhi NCR or Haryana is an excellent choice for those interested in this field. Geeta University, with its focus on research and practical knowledge, is emerging as a promising option for M.Sc. in Forensic Sciences aspirants in Haryana. When selecting a university, consider factors such as curriculum, infrastructure, faculty expertise, practical exposure, research opportunities, industry connections, and placement records. A well-chosen university can provide the foundation for a successful career in the fascinating world of forensic sciences.

[yeartoagecalculatortool]

How to Use a Calculator for Determining Age Differences

History is a treasure trove of mysteries waiting to be unraveled. One of the most intriguing aspects of historical research is uncovering the stories of individuals who lived in the past. But what happens when all we have left of these individuals are their remains? How can we determine the age of a deceased person from long ago? Fortunately, modern science has provided us with innovative tools and calculators that help us unlock the secrets of history. In this blog post, we'll explore how to determine the age of a deceased person using our calculator, shedding light on the lives of those who came before us.

The Importance of Age Estimation

Age estimation is a crucial component of forensic anthropology and archaeology. It allows us to piece together the puzzle of someone's life, including their lifestyle, health, and potential cause of death. Accurately determining the age of a deceased individual can provide valuable insights into the historical context in which they lived.

Our Age Estimation Calculator

Our age estimation calculator www.yeartoage.com is a powerful tool that utilizes a combination of scientific methods to provide an estimate of a deceased person's age. Here's how it works:

Skeletal Analysis: The first step in determining age involves examining the skeletal remains of the individual. Bones can reveal a wealth of information, including age-related changes such as the fusion of bones, dental wear, and bone density.

Dental Examination: Teeth are remarkable indicators of age. By examining the wear and eruption patterns of teeth, our calculator can make accurate estimates of age. Dental health also reflects dietary habits, which can provide additional historical context.

Epiphyseal Fusion: In young individuals, the fusion of epiphyses (the ends of long bones) occurs over time. By examining the degree of fusion, our calculator can estimate the age of individuals who died during their developmental years.

Bone Density Measurement: Bone density decreases with age, making it another valuable factor in age estimation. Our calculator utilizes advanced techniques to measure bone density and factor it into the age estimate.

Statistical Algorithms: All the collected data is fed into a sophisticated statistical algorithm that considers various factors and provides an estimated age range for the deceased person.

Applications in Archaeology

Our age estimation calculator has a wide range of applications in the field of archaeology. By accurately determining the age of individuals from historical sites, we can gain insights into ancient societies' demographics, health, and burial practices. This information helps historians and archaeologists paint a more detailed picture of the past.

Forensic Implications

In forensic anthropology, accurate age estimation can be crucial for solving criminal cases. By determining the age of unidentified remains, law enforcement can narrow down the list of potential victims and focus their investigations. Our calculator plays a vital role in this process, aiding in the pursuit of justice and closure for families.

Ethical Considerations

It's essential to approach the study of human remains with the utmost respect and sensitivity. Our calculator is a valuable tool, but its use should always be guided by ethical principles. Researchers and scientists must consider the cultural and ethical implications of their work and collaborate with indigenous communities when appropriate.

Conclusion

Unlocking history through age estimation is a fascinating journey that allows us to connect with the people of the past. Our age estimation calculator is a powerful tool that combines science and technology to shed light on the lives of those who came before us. By accurately determining the age of a deceased person, we can gain valuable insights into their historical context, making history come alive in a whole new way.

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

A British journalist's remains have been found in Brazil's Amazon, police say

Federal police said Friday that human remains found deep in Brazil's Amazon have been identified as belonging to British journalist Dom Phillips, who went missing almost two weeks ago along with a Brazilian Indigenous expert.

Additional remains found at the site near the city of Atalaia do Norte have not yet been identified but are expected to belong to Indigenous expert Bruno Pereira, 41. The pair were last seen June 5 on their boat on the Itaquai river, near the entrance of the Javari Valley Indigenous Territory, which borders Peru and Colombia.

"The confirmation (of Phillips' remains) was made based on dental examinations and anthropological forensics," Federal Police said in a statement. "Work is ongoing for a complete identification of the remains so we can determine the cause of death, and also the dynamics of the crime and the hiding of the bodies."

The remains were found Wednesday after fisherman Amarildo da Costa de Oliveira, 41, nicknamed Pelado, confessed he killed Phillips, 57, and Pereira, 41, and led police to the site were the remains were found. He told officers he used a firearm to commit the crime.

Continue reading.

[smalliinsaneone]

Hi! I was a forensic anthropology major, which means bones actually were part of my curriculum! Like, the entire focus of my degree is on recovery and identification of skeletal remains. Not in a historical sense, that's bioarchaeology (or at least, was at my university), but in a modern crime scene sense. Add to that the fact that I'm nonbinary, and I feel pretty damn qualified to speak on this issue. I'm going to add a read more because I can go on and on about this. Bones are a special interest (hence the reason I majored in forensic anthropology).

So for starters: when we did sex estimation (that's the specific term used by the professors and curriculum I went through), literally the second slide (after the title) was about sex vs. gender. I had this discussion in two different classes (forensic anthropology and bioprofile). We had a full discussion, in class, about how we can only do very specifically sex estimation and we cannot speak on gender and how a person may have identified. I remember the very specific example of "we could find a body with 'female' trappings (breast implants, 'feminine' clothing, etc.) and if the bones trended male, we'd still have to say it was male, no matter the other evidence. That wouldn't be ignored, but it wouldn't be part of our sex estimation.

As forensic anthropologists, we are only capable of looking at the physical evidence. And we don't interpret other evidence found alongside remains. Our specific focus is the remains themselves. All we do is look at the bones and what they tell us.

Next up, you may have noticed that I used the term sex estimation. All our procedures are listed as estimations, in the classes I took. It's fully not possible to be 100% sure. But Kris, you say, aren't 'male' and 'female' bones different? Yes, but sexual dimorphism isn't black and white. If bones have 'female' traits, then we can assume with a reasonable degree of certainty that the individual was, at the very least, afab. However, there are documented examples of afab skeletons having more 'masculine' traits. You can see this even in looking at women across the world (especially in instances of athletes being questioned or 'accused' of being trans). Even with the use of programs like Fordisc, we can't get an exact result. I once had a prof say that we could plug the measurements of a soccer ball into Fordisc and it would still spit out a sex and ancestry estimation.

Additionally, sex estimation is only one of a number of procedures used. It's the one we're 'best' at, as there are only two options--once again, sex, not gender. (I once had a professor, not thinking, say "we're really good at sex!") However, we also do ancestry estimation, height estimation, identifiable features (such as op's "piece of metal permanently glued to the back of my teeth," which I, myself, also have). Dental records are used, medical records, medical ID numbers on any implants, etc. Sex estimation is just one of many tools in our toolbox, as a piece of a complete biological profile, and not the entirety of it.

Lastly, I mentioned that I myself am nonbinary. I dislike being called 'female' in my real life, but if forensic anthropologists (or even bioarchaeologists, though I'm going to focus primarily on the forensics side here) are examining my skeletal remains, I probably have bigger things to worry about than being misgendered--or nothing, rather, to worry about, as I don't believe in an afterlife. If them calling me 'female' helps identify my remains and bring closure to my loved ones, then that's more than worth it.

I don't have the time to pull out my old textbooks right now, as I am taking a break from my actual assigned task to infodump about bones and sex estimation, but if anyone is interested in a followup, either shoot me a message or an ask, and I will be more than happy to pull out textbooks and any notes I still have (I've been through two laptops since college, so I'm not sure I still have access to my notes) and give you some more information!

“When they examine your bones in a thousand years, you will only ever be seen as your biological sex”

1. I’m very flattered that you think my skeleton will be examined by scientists. Thank you for believing in my longevity.

2. When I’m a skeleton a thousand years from now, I plan on being dead so tbh I don’t see this being an issue.

3. I have an anthropology degree and I’ve worked with bones (not my focus, but it was still part of my curriculum), and yes we do use terms like “female pelvis” or “male proportions” when discussing remains. Even though I’m a trans person, I’ve never once been bothered by this. Gender and sex can exhibit themselves differently in a variety of contexts and language can adapt accordingly. Tbh I’m more concerned about my job security and my access to equal healthcare, rather than the gendered language my physical anthropology instructor uses.

4. In studying these bones, I can say that the sex or gender of the specimen I was looking at was the least interesting thing about them. Do you think archeologists thousands of years from now will care what biological sex I was? No, they’d probably wonder why I have a piece of metal permanently glued to the back of my teeth. Or the fact that my jaw is misaligned. Or what my joints can say about my daily lifestyle and level of movement. These details can help paint a broader picture of what life looked like back then on a physical level. That is the story my bones tell, not the shape of my pelvis or brow ridge or whatever.

5. Ur mom examined my bone last night 😂✌️🤙👅👅

[orbemnews]

Remains Found 36 Years Ago in Montana Are Identified The authorities in Montana said this week that they had used a DNA sample to identify human remains that were found more than three decades ago as those of a woman from Washington State whose family had last seen her in 1983. For decades, the skeletal remains had been known only as Christy Crystal Creek, after the location in rural Missoula County where a bear hunter had found them in 1985. Detectives had few leads, and a forensic anthropologist’s flawed analysis of the woman’s teeth further confused the investigation. Recently, however, investigators turned to her teeth again, extracting a genetic profile from one of her molars and uploading it to a genealogy database. That led the investigators to a cousin who connected them with the woman’s siblings. The Missoula County Sheriff’s Office announced on Monday that Christy Crystal Creek was Janet Lee Lucas, of Spokane, Wash. The revelation solved a mystery that had bedeviled investigators for decades and that, more recently, was the subject of a true-crime podcast. “Our focus has changed from ‘who is Christy Crystal Creek?’ to ‘what happened to Janet Lucas?’” Detective Capt. Dave Conway of the Sheriff’s Office said in a statement. “This is now a cold case homicide investigation and we need your help.” Last month, Ms. Lucas’s son, her twin brother and one of her sisters visited the site near Crystal Creek where her remains were found. “This is a huge peace that comes with finding out what happened,” said Josh Cheney, her son. Now 43, he said he last saw his mother when he was 5 and had spent his life wondering if and why she had abandoned him. “Even though she’s gone,” he said, “at least I know.” While the identification answered some questions, others persist. Among them was whether Ms. Lucas was killed by Wayne Nance, whom the authorities suspect of being the serial killer known as the Missoula Mauler. Investigators have said they believe Mr. Nance, who died in 1986, killed at least four other people in Montana in the 1970s and ’80s. Metal fillings spotted by a hunter On Sept. 9, 1985, a hunter tracking a bear spotted a skull near a creek just east of Missoula. Metal fillings in the teeth were a sign that these were human remains, and he called the Sheriff’s Office, according to a forensic case report. Investigators did not find much that could help them identify her. “There were no clothes, no personal effects, nothing,” said Special Deputy Susan Lane of the Missoula County Sheriff’s Office. An investigation determined that she had died from two gunshots to the head. Forensic anthropologists concluded that she was likely between 4-foot-8 and 5 feet tall, and 24 to 34 years old. After examining her teeth, they reasoned that she was likely of Asian descent. Detective Marta Timmins of the Missoula County Sheriff’s Office told the ABC Fox Montana podcast “Montana Murder Mysteries” last year that the presence of screw-in dental posts suggested that they were the handiwork of a dentist in Japan or Korea. That analysis, which turned out to be incorrect, informed drawings and descriptions of Christy Crystal Creek that appeared on missing-persons posters and on the internet, and guided the investigation. No useful leads emerged. In 2006, the authorities identified another woman — Marcella Cheri Bachman, known as Marci — whose remains had been found in 1984 not far from where those of Christy Crystal Creek were discovered. As investigators pieced together Ms. Bachman’s story, they became convinced that she had been killed by Mr. Nance, who was a bouncer at a local bar at the time. Mr. Nance was killed in 1986 while entering his employer’s home and was never charged with murder. Without knowing who Christy Crystal Creek was, it was not possible to figure out if she also could have crossed paths with Mr. Nance. Ms. LucasCredit…Missoula County Sheriff’s Office A profile created from a molar In recent years there have been significant advances in the field of human identification, and last year investigators turned again to Christy Crystal Creek’s teeth. From a molar, Othram, a private lab that works with law enforcement, was able to create a genetic profile that was compatible with genealogy databases, said David Mittelman, Othram’s chief executive. An investigator with the Missoula County Sheriff’s Office cold case team uploaded that profile to two databases, FamilyTreeDNA and GEDmatch. They quickly found someone who appeared to be a first cousin of their mystery woman, Deputy Lane said. The Sheriff’s Office called the cousin to find out if anyone had gone missing in his family. It did not take long to get from there to a name — Janet Lee Lucas — and an age: 23. Her twin brother, Jim Lucas, 60, recalled getting the call about his sister. In an interview, Mr. Lucas said that she and her son were living with him in Spokane when she vanished. One day, she left to get a pack of cigarettes and didn’t come home when he was expecting her to. He tracked her down to a bar, where they had a fight. “I went back out to my car thinking, she’ll be home soon,” he said. “But that was the last time I saw her.” In good times, he said, his sister was a “loving mother and loving sister who always had a smile on her face.” But she was also struggling with the pressures of being a single mother. He thought maybe that and the influence of some hard-partying friends had pushed her to run off. But as the weeks turned to years, and then decades, he knew there had to be more to the story. When he got the call that she had been found, he said, “I went blurry; I fell down to the ground and started crying.” Mr. Cheney, Ms. Lucas’s son, got a call soon after and agreed to provide a DNA sample to confirm that the investigators’ hypothesis was correct. Though he was only 5 when he last saw her, “I remember my mom; I remembered the way she smelled,” he said. “It was very traumatic for me not having her.” Mr. Cheney, who was adopted after his mother went missing, was familiar with the name Christy Crystal Creek. Since the creation of the internet, he had been scouring descriptions of Jane Does, searching for his mother, he said. Christy Crystal Creek was about his mother’s age and was found not too long after his mother disappeared. But “it listed her as a Japanese woman,” said Mr. Cheney, who is white. “My mom is not Asian, obviously.” Kirsten Green Mink, an anthropology professor at the University of Montana, said that was a “perfect example” of how forensic anthropology can mislead people when an ancestry assessment is taken as gospel. “Our toughest part is educating law enforcement and the public that it’s not an exact science,” she said, noting that the field was still in its infancy when another forensic anthropologist who no longer works at the university reached the incorrect conclusion about Christy Crystal Creek’s dental work. Deputy Lane and other investigators now hope to figure out who killed Ms. Lucas. It’s tricky, she said, because the killer did not leave any DNA or personal effects behind, as far as they are aware. Since the identification was announced, a few leads have trickled in. Deputy Lane said investigators would follow up on those. Now that Ms. Lucas has been identified, she said, there is hope that photos of her life in Montana might surface, offering additional clues about her final months. For Mr. Lucas and Mr. Cheney, there was a certain relief that came with the identification and their visit to the place where her remains were found. Mr. Cheney said his focus now was giving his mother a proper burial. “The most important thing,” he said, “is to put my mom to rest and get away from wherever she’s being stored to a place where she can be finally set free.” Source link Orbem News #identified #Montana #Remains #Years

[sciencespies]

Mummified Remains of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Reveal a Reign Ended in Violence

https://sciencespies.com/humans/mummified-remains-of-ancient-egyptian-pharaoh-reveal-a-reign-ended-in-violence/

Mummified Remains of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Reveal a Reign Ended in Violence

There’s something about mummies that always fascinates people. We see this from the attention given to mummies in museum exhibitions and in their frequent appearance in books, films and games.

Perhaps it’s the fact that they are dead yet still very identifiable as people – in some way simultaneously dead and living. Whatever the reason, it’s always exciting when a study reveals new information about mummified remains.

Seqenenre Taa II was known as “The Brave” and ruled southern Egypt for a relatively short period around 1558 to 1553 BC. His rule came to an abrupt end when he met a very violent death.

Now, researchers from Cairo University and Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities have used state of the art imaging techniques to reveal new details about this death.

A violent death

Seqenenre’s remains were first revealed in 1881, and examinations in 1886 and 1906 suggested he had been subjected to violent head injuries.

In the 1960s, X-rays revealed five separate injuries on his head, but nowhere else.

On top of this, his embalming seemed to have been very hastily performed. Unusually, no salts were used to preserve the body, the brain was left in place and no linen was inserted into the cranium.

For Seqenenre Taa II, the violent injuries were possibly the result of dying in battle or execution by a king who had invaded the north of the country. One theory also suggested he was killed while sleeping.

In the new study, the team applied computed tomography (CT) scanning to the remains to investigate further.

CT is a non-invasive imaging method that basically layers multiple X-rays on top of each other in order to create three dimensional images of both the soft and hard tissues. We usually think of it in clinical settings, but it has a long history of use in forensic contexts to safely study remains contained inside wrappings or body bags.

(Sahar Saleem)

The CT scans revealed the body was not arranged in its usual anatomical position. Even though it was in an unusual state, skeletal and dental indicators confirmed an age of around 40 years.

Images of inside the skull confirmed that no attempt had been made to remove the brain. The CT examination revealed the extent of Seqenenre’s injuries, with a cut across the right side of his forehead, a puncture wound just above his right eye, a fractured nose and cheekbone, a cut on the left cheek area, fractures above his right ear, and a fracture of the bone inside his skull that runs behind the eyes.

Seqenenre suffered an incredibly violent death. The angle of the injuries suggested the attackers were positioned higher, so either on horseback or while he was kneeling, and facing him. The CT imaging allowed the shape of the wounds to be determined, showing that multiple weapons were used by multiple attackers.

Yet such violent cranial injuries are usually accompanied by defence injuries on the arms as the victim attempts to defend himself. The CT scans confirmed that no such injuries were present here.

Most royal mummies from this period are laid with their arms crossed over their chest, but the position of Seqenenre’s hands suggests they were tied together and then fixed at the time of death, by a condition known as cadaveric spasm – where the body suddenly stiffens straight after death.

The researchers suggest the state of embalming was not a result of hastiness, but rather the condition of the body. There’s evidence the embalmers attempted to cover the facial injuries using a paste of embalming materials.

While it’s unclear why the brain was not removed as was usual, I wonder whether the extent of the soft tissue trauma made this too daunting.

Mummification

Despite the excitement at finding mummified remains, preserved human remains aren’t uncommon in archaeological contexts. Mummies themselves have been found in a great many locations around the world, not just Egypt.

Mummification occurs when soft tissues are desiccated, or dried out, which can be due to heat but also air flow. Drying out stops decomposition and preserves the remains to the extent that identifiable features such as tattoos and fingerprints can still be recovered.

Last year, supposed preserved brain matter was found at Herculaneum, the site of an ancient town in modern-day Campania, Italy. Remains from the Bronze Age site of Cladh Hallan in the Outer Hebrides have also been mummified. I’ve even worked on a modern forensic case where the body had been mummified due to its position near a drafty window.

In all of these cases, and many more, techniques like the CT scanning used in this new research could potentially help reveal more information about the preserved people.

The development of new imaging technologies is enhancing our interpretations of how ancient people died. Here, the application of CT scanning allowed for greater accuracy in age estimation and revealed new injuries that hadn’t been identified before.

Non-contact imaging techniques are being used in increasingly varied archaeological and forensic contexts as they become more accessible, more portable and record in greater resolution.

Such advances will only help maintain our collective interest in our preserved ancestors.

Tim Thompson, Professor of Applied Biological Anthropology, Teesside University.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

#Humans

[chromoscience]

Forensic Pathologist and Forensic Anthropologist

By Credit: New York City Medical Examiner's Collection, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/news/press_releases/images/visibleproofs/II_A_111.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1439551

By Pp391 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25066735 OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology A forensic pathologist (also known as a medical examiner) is a medically trained physician who has been specifically trained in pathology to examine the bodies of the deceased to determine the cause of death. A forensic pathologist applies his or her understanding of disease as well as toxins, blood and DNA analysis, firearms and ballistics, and other factors to assess the cause and manner of death. At times, a forensic pathologist will be called to testify under oath in situations that involve a possible crime. Forensic pathology is a field that has received much media attention on television shows or following a high-profile death. While forensic pathologists are responsible for determining whether the cause of someone’s death was natural, a suicide, accidental, or a homicide, there are times when uncovering the cause of death is more complex, and other skills are needed. Forensic anthropology brings the tools and knowledge of physical anthropology and human osteology (the study of the skeleton) to the task of investigating a death. A forensic anthropologist assists medical and legal professionals in identifying human remains. The science behind forensic anthropology involves the study of archaeological excavation; the examination of hair; an understanding of plants, insects, and footprints; the ability to determine how much time has elapsed since the person died; the analysis of past medical history and toxicology; the ability to determine whether there are any postmortem injuries or alterations of the skeleton; and the identification of the decedent (deceased person) using skeletal and dental evidence. Due to the extensive knowledge and understanding of excavation techniques, a forensic anthropologist is an integral and invaluable team member to have on-site when investigating a crime scene, especially when the recovery of human skeletal remains is involved. When remains are bought to a forensic anthropologist for examination, he or she must first determine whether the remains are in fact human. Once the remains have been identified as belonging to a person and not to an animal, the next step is to approximate the individual’s age, sex, race, and height. The forensic anthropologist does not determine the cause of death, but rather provides information to the forensic pathologist, who will use all of the data collected to make a final determination regarding the cause of death. Source: Read the full article

[ncmec]

HALLOWEEN MYSTERIES: THE UNIDENTIFIED IN TEXAS

Halloween season means pumpkin carving, trick-or-treating and skeleton decorations. Many indulge in telling ghost stories or watching Hollywood murder mysteries. But during the Halloween season in the late 70s and early 80s, for three Texas law enforcement agencies, murder mysteries left the big screen and became a gruesome reality.

On Halloween in 1979, investigators with the Williamson County Sheriff’s Office were notified of a body that could be seen lying in a drainage culvert near Interstate 35 in Georgetown, Texas. Upon their arrival, law enforcement discovered the body of a white female. The unidentified female, who is often referred to as Jane Georgetown Doe1979 or Orange Socks, was found almost completely nude, except for a pair of orange socks. She was also found wearing a rectangular silver and abalone shell ring on her middle finger. Upon further investigation, it was determined that the young female died of asphyxia due to manual strangulation approximately 1-2 days prior to the discovery of her body.

After examining the body, it is believed that the unidentified female was between the age of 15 and 20 years old. She was about 5 feet 9 inches tall, weighed approximately 158 pounds, had long brown hair with a reddish tint and hazel colored eyes. She had noticeably thick eye brows, pierced ears and appeared unkempt. Her nails were painted red and were noticeably long and dirty. There were numerous scars on her lower legs and ankles, possibly bug bites in various stages of healing.

There are so many questions that remain…who is she and how did she end up deceased in rural Williamson County?

“I believe she was picked up in another town,” says Sergeant Jereme Brinkmann with the Williamson County Sheriff’s Office. “It is possible that she was picked up while hitchhiking, murdered for an unknown reason and dumped in this culvert, which at the time was in rural Williamson County.”

The Williamson County Sheriff's Office has 14 active cold cases and three of those cases, including Jane Georgetown Doe 1979, involve unidentified bodies.

“Due to this case and the other 13, Sheriff Chody formed a ‘Cold Case Unit’ which consists of myself, two full-time paid detectives and 18 reserve detectives many of who are retired police officers,” explains Sergeant Brinkmann. “This group of law enforcement individuals offers a vast range of knowledge and experience.”

Forensic artists at the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children created a reconstruction to show what the deceased may have looked like in life. To date, the deceased remains unidentified.

Jane Georgetown Doe1979 or “Orange Socks”

http://www.missingkids.org/poster/NCMU/1213120/1/screen If you have information about Jane Georgetown Doe 1979 please email the Williamson County Sheriff’s Office at coldcasetips@wilco.org or call NCMEC at 1-800-THE-LOST.

A little over a year later, another gruesome discovery was made by a truck driver during the early morning hours of Nov. 1, 1980 in Huntsville, Texas. The truck driver found the body of an unidentified female along the northbound lanes of Interstate 45 and immediately contacted the Walker County Sheriff’s Office. The unidentified female was found nude except for a necklace and pantyhose, both around her neck. The necklace was gold in color with a rectangular pendant containing a smoky glass stone. Police also discovered leather strapped shoes that appear to have been thrown near the body.

Further investigation revealed that the cause of death was asphyxia due to strangulation and it is believed that the female was deceased for less than a day prior to discovery. The body was also found with a bite mark on the mid back area as well as severe injuries to the face.

Investigators determined that the young white female was between the ages of 15 and 20 years old. She was approximately 5 feet 6 inches tall and weighing about 108 pounds. The female had hazel colored eyes, brown hair that had a natural curl at the bottom and her toenails were painted pink. Additionally, she had a small scar at the right end of her right eyebrow. The female was described as overall well-nourished and showed evidence of good dental hygiene.

After the discovery of the body, several individuals came forward claiming to have seen a girl who fit the deceased’s description. Two of the individuals who came forward told investigators that the girl asked them for directions to the Ellis Prison Unit in Huntsville, Texas.

According to Detective Tom Bean with the Walker County Sheriff’s Office, detectives went out to the prison, but they were never able to confirm that the girl ever arrived there. 

“As of now, the belief is that this young girl possibly got picked up by someone while in route to the prison or to another location up north,” explains Det. Bean. “Whoever she was with, assaulted and murdered her and left her body on the side of the road.”

Given the fact that so much time has passed since the discovery of her body, the best chance of identifying her is through maternal DNA.

“About 3-4 years ago, I contacted the Department of Anthropology at the University of North Texas and they were able to extract DNA from the body and upload that into the CODIS System,” explains Det. Bean. “So in the event someone comes forward who believes they are related to the deceased, we can compare the maternal DNA.”

Forensic artists at the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children created a reconstruction of the female to show what she may have looked like.

Jane Huntsville Doe1980

http://www.missingkids.org/poster/NCMU/1104365/1/screen If you have any information about Jane Huntsville Doe1980, please contact the Walker County Sheriff’s Office at 1-936-435-2400 (reference case number 80-11-476) or NCMEC at 1-800-THE-LOST.

On October 29, 1981, almost a year after the discovery in Huntsville, Texas, two highway department employees were working on Farm Market Road (FM 244) in Grimes County, Texas when they came across a plastic bag along the side of the road. Upon further investigation of the contents, the two employees discovered skeletal remains and notified the Grimes County Sheriff’s Office.

In addition to the skeletal remains, the plastic bag contained a pair of pink panties, a white towel or mechanics drop cloth and a gold ring with a replica of a 1904 coin on the face. Investigators determined that based on the condition of the remains, Jane Grimes Doe1981, as she is referred, had been deceased for about 5-6 years prior to discovery. The cause of death was determined to likely have been caused by severe trauma to the head and face.

After examining the body, it is believed that the deceased was between 16 and 19 years old, between 5 feet 1 inch and 5 feet 5 inches tall with straight or wavy brown-reddish colored hair. The body showed signs of extensive fractures on the ribs that may have fractured several years before her death.  Further examination revealed that the remains likely decomposed in another location before being moved.

Investigators with the Grimes County Sheriff’s Office are hoping that some new initiatives will help them further their investigation into the case.

“We are still attempting to identify this young girl,” explains Investigator Jimmy Armatys with the Grimes County Sheriff’s Office. “We are hopeful that some further forensic analysis can provide us with some much-needed answers.”

A sketch artist with the Texas Department of Public Safety created this sketch to show what the female may have looked like. The second image is of the ring found in the plastic bag along with the victim’s remains. 

Jane Grimes Doe1981

(Credit: Texas Department of Public Safety) https://www.dps.texas.gov/mpch/Unidentified/unDetails/U9105002 If you have any information about Jane Grimes Doe1981 please contact the Grimes County Sheriff’s Office at 1-936-873-2151 or NCMEC at 1-800-THE-LOST.

It has been several decades with very few answers, but the individuals at NCMEC and the respective law enforcement agencies remain hopeful that one day, all three of these females will be given their names back.

“As far as law enforcement and NCMEC are aware, there is no indication that the cases are related,” explains Ashley Rodriguez, Forensic Case Manager at NCMEC.  “We are hoping that with help from the public, we will be able to identify these young females.”

If you have any information about these three cases, please contact the respective law enforcement agencies or 1-800-THE-LOST.  

[morganbelarus]

Bodies exhumed in attempt to identify victim of 1944 Hartford circus fire

Vermont woman was never seen again after attending circus where blaze killed 168 and injured 682 five remain listed as missing

Authorities in Connecticut have exhumed the bodies of two victims of the 1944 Hartford circus fire, in the hope of identifying one of the last five people still listed as missing after the tragedy.

The exhumations at Northwood Cemetery in Windsor, Connecticut, occurred about two miles from the site of the big top fire that killed 168 people and injured 682 on 6 July 1944.

Forensic experts at the Connecticut chief medical examiners office will try to determine whether one of the two unidentified women was 47-year-old Grace Fifield of Newport, Vermont. After attending the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circus, she was never seen again.

Officials will compare DNA samples taken from the remains to samples provided by Fifields granddaughter, Sandra Sumrow.

Fifield is one of five people still listed as missing and the same number of unidentified victims are buried at Northwood. Testing is needed to conclusively identify them.

Only two could possibly be Fifield women buried under markers as 2109 and 4512, the case numbers assigned by the Hartford County coroner.

One of the key questions that medicolegal investigators want to answer in any death investigation is, who are you? said Dr James Gill, the chief medical examiner. Properly identifying remains has important legal ramifications, but the most important reason is to confirm the identity for the next of kin.

The skeletal remains of the two victims were in cement vaults, Gill said. Experts will conduct dental and anthropological examinations of the remains before DNA tests are performed. The DNA testing could take weeks or months, depending on the condition of the DNA from the remains, Gill said.

A state judge approved the exhumations last month, at the request of Hartford states attorney Gail Hardy. Police blocked the Northwood Cemetery main entrance on Monday and authorities set up black screens around the grave sites.

Patricia Congelosi, 82, who lives next to the cemetery, watched the work from her back yard. She said she was supposed to have gone to the circus the day of the fire, but her father said it was too hot and the family went to the beach instead.

If they can identify them and the family can find some closure, its good, said Congelosi, who was seven at the time of the fire. I dont know why it took so long.

The circus fire spread quickly and was fueled by a mixture of gasoline and paraffin wax that was used to waterproof the tent. The cause has never been officially determined. Some authorities suspected a cigarette was to blame.

In 1991, officials identified a young victim buried at the same Connecticut cemetery as eight-year-old Eleanor Emily Cook. Her body was exhumed and reburied in Southampton, Massachusetts, next to her six-year-old brother who also died in the fire.

Original Article : HERE ;

The post Bodies exhumed in attempt to identify victim of 1944 Hartford circus fire appeared first on MetNews.

Bodies exhumed in attempt to identify victim of 1944 Hartford circus fire was originally posted by MetNews

[tiny-librarian]

The ongoing examinations of the “Ekaterinburg remains” supposedly belonging to the last royal family of Russia have revealed circumstantial evidence that they may in fact belong to the family.

“We found traces of a blow from a sword on the head [presumably of Nicholas II—Interfax],” said famous Russian criminologist Vyacheslav Popov in an interview published on pravoslavie.ru. Popov participated in the study of the remains found near Ekaterinburg which were buried in St. Petersburg’s Peter and Paul Fortress as the alleged remains of the royal family, and is now participating in forensic and anthropological research as part of a renewed criminal case about the murder of St. Tsar Nicholas II and his sainted family.

As the expert noted, in 1991 they had meticulously searched for traces of blows on the supposed skull of Tsar Nicholas, but mistakenly looked on the wrong side, thinking the then-tsarevich was struck on the left side by a saber in the 1891 attempt on his life by one of the police escorting him while on visit to Japan. According to him, modern x-ray studies have revealed, however, two longitudinal grooves which are evidence of a healed injury.

“We… studied the structure of the bone tissue, which is different at the edges. It’s safe to say that this is a fracture made while the person was still alive, it’s an old fracture, and it corresponds to a blow from an elongated cutting instrument, for example a saber,” reports Popov.

Moreover, dental examinations confirm that the five remains found near Ekaterinburg in 1991 are in fact those of relatives.

“These five people, especially the four women, represent one family. The girls have a special tooth and jaw structure. For example, the fourth lower right tooth of each of them is turned. This is an important sign of kinship. The second sign of connection is an hereditary tooth condition. Tooth decay began early in all of them. The youngest girl has fillings in nearly all her teeth,” Popov continued.

Further, he argues that the women whose remains were found must have had a high social status because they had a personal dentist, who knew the family condition and gave them silver fillings even before decay began. “Note that ordinary people did not have silver amalgam fillings,” he said. The seventh skeleton, presumably that of Empress Alexandra, has a fantastic set of artificial teeth, including fillings of porcelain with gold rods and platinum.

Mathematical examination of several dozen points on the skulls also prove their kinship. Genetic research is still in its final stages, Popov states.

A grave with nine bodies was found on Staraya Koptyakovskaya Road near Yekaterinburg in July 1991. The remains were identified as those of Emperor Nicholas II, his 46-year-old wife Alexandra Fyodorovna, their daughters Olga, 22, Tatyana, 21, and Anastasia, 17, and their servants Yevgeny Botkin, 53, Anna Demidova, 40, Aloizy Trupp, 62, and Ivan Kharitonov, 48.

Members of the imperial family were buried at a sepulcher of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

The remains of two more people were discovered during archaeological excavation works 70 meters south of the first grave on July 26, 2007. The remains have still not been buried, but numerous expert analyses indicate that the remains were most likely those of Crown Prince Alexey and his sister Maria.

[marymosley]

2nd Legal Desire International Conference on ‘Medico-Legal Issues & Forensics in Criminal Justice System’ (21st July’19, New Delhi)

Legal Desire is organizing its 2nd Annual International Conference on “Medico-Legal Issues & Use of Forensics in Criminal Justice System”.

Date: 21st July, 2019 (Sunday) at New Delhi.

Theme: Need for Practical Applicability in Investigation & Inclusion in Legal Academic Curriculum

The Conference aims to discuss & find solution for Medico-Legal Issues & will analyze the legislative frame with regard to applicability of forensic science in criminal justice system. This year we will emphasis on the organisation initiative to bring Forensic Science in Legal Academic Curriculum which will help produce the forensic experts & informed criminal lawyers & judges for a better criminal justice system.

The Conference provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Criminal Investigation using Forensics and Medico-Legal Issues.

It will be a great gathering of Judges, Doctors, Lawyers, Forensic Experts & Aspirants, Students, Govt Officials, Professionals, NGO & More.

  Call for Papers/Posters:

We invite research papers/posters from professionals, students, research scholars and faculty for presentation during the Conference on the themes listed below.

The Papers will also be published in International Medico-Legal Reporter Quarterly Journal bearing ISSN to be presented to each author at the event.

There’re also Best Research Paper & Poster award.

Themes for Submission:

Medico-Legal Issues

-Medical Negligence

-Doctors & Ethics

-Dental Law & Ethics

-Role of Medical/Dental/Nursing Councils

-Need for safeguards for Medical professionals from frivolous medical negligence proceedings

-Adequacy of law, legal issues involved, response of judiciary and possible solutions

Applicability of Forensic Science in Criminal Justice System in India

-Forensic Medicine

-Wildlife Forensics

-Medico Legal Autopsy

-Fingerprints Examination

-DNA Profiling

-Ballistics & Explosives

-Crime Scene Investigation

-Forensic Anthropology

-Questioned Documents

-Forensic Toxicology

-Forensic Biology & Serology

-Forensic Chemistry

-Forensic Psychology

Procedure for Submission of Abstracts:

Your Abstract (of about 250words) should be sent as an attachment in a word file (.doc/.docx only) to conference@legaldesire.com, Abstracts will be peer reviewed before they are accepted. The following information, in the given format, should be send along with the Abstract:

-Name of the Participant

-Official Designation/Institution Details

-Address and Email id

-Title of Abstract

The subject line of your message should read: ‘Abstract Submission for Conference on Medico-Legal & Forensic’. The selected abstract will be notified via email including further full paper submission/poster and registration procedure.

Note:

– Limited Oral paper presentations will be taken for selected papers. However, provision of paper presentation via online mode or powerpoint submission is open for such delegates not selected for oral presentations.

– In case of co-authors, each author needs to register separately.

– For those presenting posters, after abstract about their poster is selected, will be informed via email about standard size and guidelines for poster to be presented at conference.

– Certificate of Presentation to be provided for those submitting papers.

– Certificate of Poster Presentations to be provided for those presenting posters.

– Certificate of Participation to be provided for those attending the event.

Registration:

The Entry to Conference is limited & open to attend for Forensics & Law Students, Lawyers, Forensic Experts, Doctors, Academicians, Research Scholars, Judicial officers, Members of organisations working in field of forensic, Detective agencies etc.

Prior registration is required to attend the conference in any of the following capacity:

Delegates submitting Papers:

For UG/PG Students: INR. 1500/-

For Research Scholars, Academicians & Professionals: INR.2000/-

(Inc. of Publication fees in International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal, Hardcopy to be presented at event day)

Delegates Presenting Posters: INR. 1000/-

Full Day Attending Pass: INR.1000/-

(Limited Spots, Get your pass online at medicolegalreporter.com/conference)

Note:

Delegates submitting papers & posters need not to buy attending pass.

The Event has limited spots and no on spot registration is permitted.

The registration fee includes access to all day event, souvenir along with lunch and delegate kit.

Important Dates:

Last Date for Submission of Abstract: 10th July, 2019 (Limited Spots)

Full Paper Submission: 15th July, 2019 [11:59 PM]

Late submissions won’t be accepted for publication in Journal

For More Info & Registration for full day event pass, register at:

medicolegalreporter.com/conference

  For Seminar Queries & Registration, Contact:

Mahipal: +91-9818019674

Kirti: +91-7838430423

Mayuri: +91- 9555032596

Kapil: +91- 9929874487

or Drop an email to conference@legaldesire.com

For Sponsorship, Contact:

Apoorva: +91- 8849165139 / office@legaldesire.com

Download: Conference Info Brochure 

The post 2nd Legal Desire International Conference on ‘Medico-Legal Issues & Forensics in Criminal Justice System’ (21st July’19, New Delhi) appeared first on Legal Desire.

2nd Legal Desire International Conference on ‘Medico-Legal Issues & Forensics in Criminal Justice System’ (21st July’19, New Delhi) published first on https://immigrationlawyerto.tumblr.com/

[mastersgpsite]

Get To Know What is Forensic Science

Most people got to know about forensic science due to the very famous television program, shown throughout the world – Crime Scene Investigation (CSI). This series have somehow given viewers an in-depth exposure in the forensic industry. In the show, there are several teams comprised of young investigators or probers equipped with vast forensic skills to crack and disclose the most mysterious and complicated criminal cases. Most of the time, the analysis of such evidences will lead to very unpredictable results. In reality, there are few areas that live under the field of forensic. There is forensic anthropology. These forensic experts will search, recover and analyze dead bodies with the intention of disclosing the real identities of those unidentified victims. They can deal with a wide array of corpses; mummified, skeletons or decomposed, burned or also unrecognizable bodies to determine their height, age at death, pathology, ancestry and sex. Other evaluations such as time and manner of death can also be estimated. They also encompass cases where deaths are caused by accident, suicide, mass disasters or even the violations of human rights. Another forensic field operating under forensic science is the forensic pathology. These experts are also known as medical examiners where they perform autopsies onto corpses to determine the cause of death and their identities. Autopsies are usually carried out if the death was sudden or unexpected, particularly cases like suicides, accidents, tragedies or homicides. There are also minor islands in the sea of forensic. The forensic dentistry or odontology is the specialized experts in using dental proofs to determine the identity. During tragedies where plenty of deaths occur, dental remains would be very helpful. Besides, these forensic experts can also analyze bite marks and make comparisons to the dental features of a suspect. Forensic nurses will handle the recognition affairs of abuse cases, either physical, sexual or child abuse as well as criminal cases involving sexual abuse and adult violence. Forensic technology and forensic chemistry are responsible for chemical analysis such as drugs or poisons that are present in the corpses or crime scenes. Molecular biology and DNA analysis are also getting popular in the field of forensic science as they are really useful in corpse identification.

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[ntrending]

X-raying immigrants to determine their age isn’t just illegal, it’s horrible science

New Post has been published on https://nexcraft.co/x-raying-immigrants-to-determine-their-age-isnt-just-illegal-its-horrible-science/

X-raying immigrants to determine their age isn’t just illegal, it’s horrible science

A teenager’s father is murdered in Somalia, and the boy travels to the United States seeking asylum. Another teen’s father and brother are murdered by extremist groups in Afghanistan and he too makes his way to the U.S. to seek asylum. Since both are minors, federal law decrees that they must be held separately from adults under the oversight of the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR).

However, in these two cases, and an unknown number of others, these minors were taken in handcuffs by Immigration and Customs Enforcement and held in adult detention facilities. The reason? In the absence of other information that could corroborate the teens’ self-reported ages, analysis of their dental X-rays revealed that both could be adults.

Lawyers for these two teens sued on the grounds that sole reliance on X-rays for age determination is illegal, and several federal judges agreed.

As a forensic anthropologist, I support these judicial decisions. My work can include estimating the ages of deceased persons using X-rays of bones and teeth, and I’m intimately familiar with the limitations of how specific these techniques can be. In my field, we generate an age range alongside several caveats; it’s irresponsible for ICE to rely solely on X-rays to provide a definitive answer in determining if a person is a minor or an adult.

What can bones and teeth tell us?

Forensic anthropologists study the hard tissues of the human body, which includes bones and teeth. I’m typically charged with estimating biological characteristics of deceased persons, including how old a person was when they died.

For children and teenagers, such an analysis can be carried out by examining X-rays. Growth and development are predictable processes, and milestones occur in a particular order. This is the reason that a tooth such as the first adult molar is also known as the “six-year molar,” because it generally erupts in everyone around age 6, give or take.

The analysis proceeds the same way whether we’re examining the X-rays of a living or deceased person. Essentially, we compare the stage of growth shown in the X-ray to existing growth charts from children and teenagers of known ages.

The crucial point is that it’s not possible to make a definitive, single age determination from X-rays or examination of bones or teeth. A variety of factors affect how well chronological age corresponds with biological age; that is, the amount of time since birth doesn’t necessarily correlate to the exact same stage of growth in every child or teenager.

Lots of things can influence how well biological and chronological age line up, including nutrition, environmental exposure to disease-causing germs and viruses (and their level of virulence), whether the person has been vaccinated against preventable diseases, body weight, hormones and genetics, among many others.

While these factors differ between individuals, they also differ broadly between populations of people—for instance, as a group, Americans likely develop at a different rate than sub-Saharan Africans.

Many of the studies relied upon to make age estimations are based on populations not representative of the individuals to whom they’re being applied. Therefore, a certain amount of error can be expected in the final age estimation. What’s more, this error is immeasureable. Without scientific studies on growth that are specific to each population, we don’t know if on average, Population A ages six months, one year or two years faster or slower than Population B. And while many methods are bolstered by a statistical likelihood, this is not the same thing as being certain. We can never be 100 percent sure.

Estimation ranges versus exact ages

Of course, the amount of time since birth is the legally important age. But because a disparity exists, forensic anthropologists refer to the results of the scientific methods we use as “age estimation.” The estimation will never be a pinpointed exact age, because of the variation that exists between individuals and between populations of people.

Therefore, forensic anthropologists report age estimations as a range. For example, rather than saying someone is 17 years and 8 months old, our estimation may be that she is between 17 and 20 years old.

Sometimes, the estimated age range might include ages below and above 18. Take the development of the wisdom tooth, something we often look at when estimating age of older teenagers and young adults. But the development of this tooth is extremely variable, ranging from never developing at all to erupting anywhere from the mid-teens to early 20s. In such cases, how would a final decision of adult or minor status be made?

Federal law dictates that X-rays in cases where adult age is not obvious be used only in concert with other methods, such as verification of documentation and interviews. This makes sense because X-rays only provide orienting information rather than a definitive answer.

The recent court cases demonstrate that ICE has broken the law by exclusively relying on X-rays for age determination, ruling that the teens be released back into ORR’s custody as minors. Are these cases isolated or illustrative of a bigger problem? A 2008 report by the Office of Homeland Security found that it was not only unclear how often ICE needed to resort to X-rays to assist with age determination, but unknown how common it was for them to rely solely on X-ray results. Without accurate numbers, there is no way to know how widespread the practice is or how to improve the process.

The stakes are high. Children—especially unaccompanied ones—are especially vulnerable. For this reason, the 1997 Flores Settlement Agreement, which ICE is bound by, stipulates that migrant minors be kept separate from unrelated adults.

Given recent news that ORR doesn’t know the whereabouts of almost 1,500 children it placed, many people have lost confidence in these agencies to do the right or moral thing regarding migrants. If ORR can’t keep track of children under its care, can ICE be trusted to lawfully treat people whose ages are uncertain?

In this situation, the law is consistent with the science. And as a scientist, I am obligated to ensure my interpretations are not used irresponsibly in a way that could cause harm. Citizens, scientists and government officials alike should ensure that refugees and migrants are treated fairly, with the dignity and respect they deserve, and in a way consistent with how we would expect to be treated. Making age determinations based on X-rays alone is not in line with that goal and can have serious punitive consequences for young migrants.

Elizabeth A. DiGangi is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Binghamton University, State University of New York. This article was originally featured on The Conversation.

Written By Elizabeth A. DiGangi/The Conversation

[felicia1mallet-blog]

Test Bank Essentials of Physical Anthropology 3rd Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

 Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

 Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

 Contact us At: johnmate1122@gmail.com

    CHAPTER 01: What Is Physical Anthropology?

 MULTIPLE CHOICE

      1.   Before AD 1000, what did the people of St. Catherines Island eat?

a.

They ate wild animals, fish, and wild  plants.

b.

They ate bison and salmon.

c.

They were vegetarians and ate wild  plants exclusively.

d.

They ate mostly fruit.

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Easy              

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Remembering          

      2.   What was the cause of the biological change in the indigenous people of St. Catherines Island after AD 1000?

a.

They became sedentary and had less  food to eat because they stayed in the same area.

b.

They became sedentary and consumed  more corn, which caused dental disease due to its high sugar content.

c.

They became sedentary and did not have  enough exercise to keep their bodies fit and healthy.

d.

They continued as nomads, but loss of  animals due to climate change created a decline in their food source.

  ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy              

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Understanding                      

      3.   What can be learned from studying a population through time?

a.

We can learn that lifestyles do not  change over time.

b.

We can learn that diets, and therefore  human biology, change through time.

c.

We can learn that consuming the wrong  foods over time does little to population health.

d.

We can learn that human physiology  does not change through time.

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Understanding                      

      4.   Physical anthropologists seek to study:

a.

humans from a cultural perspective.

b.

humans from a biological perspective  only.

c.

humans from a biological and cultural  perspective.

d.

human behavior only.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy              

OBJ:   Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Understanding                      

      5.   Physical anthropologists view how humans come to be the way they are as the result of:

a.

their biological makeups, which  primarily define who they are.

b.

both evolutionary history and their  own individual life histories.

c.

what their genes make them;  environment has very little effect.

d.

their environment; genes have very  little effect.

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Understanding                      

      6.   Physical anthropologists:

a.

travel around the world to investigate  human populations.

b.

study living populations.

c.

study primates like lemurs, monkeys,  and apes.

d.

travel around the world to investigate  human populations; study living populations, and study primates like lemurs,  monkeys, and apes.

  ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy              

OBJ:   Identify several different research areas in physical anthropology        

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Remembering          

      7.   Primates are:

a.

a group of mammals that share traits  like forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and large brains.

b.

often species with a long snout.

c.

diverse species that live in various  types of environments.

d.

both a. and c.

  ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Identify several different research areas in physical anthropology        

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Remembering          

      8.   Physical anthropologists study what type of science?

a.

astrological

c.

social

b.

biological

d.

biological and social

  ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Remembering          

      9.   Bipedalism in primates means:

a.

walking on two feet.

c.

walking using two legs and a tail.

b.

walking on four feet.

d.

swinging from branch to branch.

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Identify the six major attributes that separate humans from animals

TOP:   What is so different about humans from other animals? MSC:  Remembering

    10.   What are three key attributes related to human uniqueness?

a.

eating, sleeping, and watching  television

b.

increased hunting, speech, and  dependence on domesticated food

c.

hunting, avoiding predators, and tool  making

d.

sleeping, hunting, and making clothing

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Easy              

OBJ:   Identify the six major attributes that separate humans from animals

TOP:   What is so different about humans from other animals? MSC:  Remembering

    11.   What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information over long periods of time?

a.

social learning

c.

social media

b.

television

d.

mimicry

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the importance of the six major attributes that distinguish humans from animals

TOP:   What is so different about humans from other animals? MSC:  Understanding

    12.   Archaeologists:

a.

study primate evolution.

b.

devote most of their effort to recovering  artifacts and building museum collections.

c.

study past human societies, focusing  mostly on their material remains.

d.

primarily study the evolution of  language.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology

TOP:   The four branches of anthropology          MSC:              Remembering                        

    13.   An archaeological field school is announced in your anthropology course. The description says that you will travel to Belize to learn about the lives of the ancient Mayans. What, primarily, do you expect to learn during this field school?

a.

what species of nonhuman primate  occupies this region

b.

how current populations of immigrants  have changed local dialects

c.

how to excavate and study material  culture

d.

how to socially navigate life in a  Central American setting

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology

TOP:   The four branches of anthropology          MSC:              Analyzing

    14.   The scientific method:

a.

relies on making hunches about the  natural world.

b.

involves empirical data collection and  hypothesis testing.

c.

is used to support preconceived  notions or theories.

d.

seeks to establish the absolute  scientific truth.

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the four steps involved in “doing science” (i.e., the scientific method)

TOP:   How do we know what we know?  MSC:  Understanding                      

    15.   A hypothesis is:

a.

another word for a theory.

b.

a testable statement that potentially  explains specific phenomena observed in the natural world.

c.

a statement concerning scientific  facts assumed to be true.

d.

unable to be refuted by future  investigations.

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate       OBJ:   Distinguish between hypotheses and theories

TOP:   How do we know what we know?  MSC:  Understanding                      

    16.   The hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees to life on the ground in the grasslands of Africa:

a.

has been upheld by subsequent  scientific data on human origins.

b.

was developed in consultation with  genetic and fossil evidence.

c.

has been rejected recently subsequent  to new fossil evidence.

d.

has become a scientific law.

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate       OBJ:   Distinguish between hypotheses and theories

TOP:   How do we know what we know?  MSC:  Remembering          

    17.   How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology?

a.

Biocultural anthropology combines  cultural studies with archaeology.

b.

Biocultural anthropology studies the  interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture;  cultural anthropology studies diverse cultures and societies.

c.

It is strictly a biological science.

d.

It considers culture to be a  by-product of our biological histories.

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   What is anthropology?                    MSC:  Analyzing

    18.   Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because it:

a.

was the first evolutionary development  that distinguished humans from other animals.

b.

was possible only after the advent of  simple material culture.

c.

followed brain expansion in human  evolution.

d.

allowed hominids to come out of the  trees and make tools 10 mya.

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the importance of the six major attributes that distinguish humans from animals

TOP:   What is so different about humans from other animals? MSC:  Understanding

    19.   How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

a.

A hypothesis explains observations and  cannot be refuted by new evidence.

b.

A theory is an explanation based upon  controversial facts.

c.

A theory is an explanation that has  been carefully examined and tested.

d.

A theory has been less thoroughly  tested than a hypothesis.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy               OBJ:   Distinguish between hypotheses and theories

TOP:   How do we know what we know?  MSC:  Understanding                      

    20.   Physical anthropology as a discipline is NOT concerned with:

a.

skeletal pathology.

b.

primate behavior.

c.

the construction and use of language  by human societies.

d.

human evolution.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Identify several different research areas in physical anthropology        

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Understanding                      

    21.   Forensic anthropologists:

a.

focus their work on skeletal analysis  of individuals.

b.

study skeletal remains from past human  populations.

c.

study the evolution of human skeletal  traits.

d.

do not work outside academia.

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Identify several different research areas in physical anthropology        

TOP:   Anthropology matters                               MSC:              Understanding                      

    22.   Just before the arrival of the Spanish on St. Catherines Island, people there:

a.

were primarily fishermen.

c.

became the first farmers of the  region.

b.

had adopted maize agriculture.

d.

were vegetarians by choice.

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Remembering          

    23.   In the context of physical anthropology, a disadvantaged social environment includes one:

a.

with minimal access to technology.

b.

with no transportation system.

c.

with poor-quality nutrition.

d.

where most people do not know how to  read.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Easy              

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Analyzing

    24.   The results of a disadvantaged social environment include:

a.

poor health, reduced height, and  shortened life expectancy.

b.

poor speech and excessive eating  habits.

c.

poor reading comprehension.

d.

an inability to think critically and  develop long-term planning.

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Analyzing

    25.   The study of physical anthropology varies in that some physical anthropologists study:

a.

potential for life on other planets.

b.

the interaction between domestic  animals and disease.

c.

extinct and living species of  primates.

d.

changes in marine life.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Identify several different research areas in physical anthropology        

TOP:   What is physical anthropology?      MSC:  Analyzing

    26.   What makes us human?

a.

physiology, culture, and planning

c.

physiology, behavior, and religion

b.

biology, culture, and religion

d.

biology, culture, and behavior

  ANS:  D                    DIF:    Easy              

OBJ:   Identify the six major attributes that separate humans from animals

TOP:   What is so different about humans from other animals? MSC:  Remembering

    27.   Anthropology views humans as:

a.

primates and religious beings.

c.

biological and cultural beings.

b.

primates, religious, and cultural  beings.

d.

cultural and religious beings.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Characterize the importance of the biocultural approach to anthropological inquiry

TOP:   Answering the big questions           MSC:  Understanding                      

    28.   The four branches of anthropology are:

a.

archaeological, geological,  geographical, and biological.

b.

physical, biological, cultural, and  linguistic.

c.

cultural, linguistic, geological, and  physical.

d.

physical, archaeological, cultural,  and linguistic.

  ANS:  D                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology

TOP:   Answering the big questions           MSC:  Remembering          

    29.   Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans?

a.

physical anthropology

c.

linguistic anthropology

b.

archaeology

d.

cultural anthropology

  ANS:  A                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Explain the differences and similarities among the four branches of anthropology

TOP:   Answering the big questions           MSC:  Remembering          

    30.   To increase early humans’ chances of hunting success, hunting:

a.

was led by females.

b.

was conducted with lithic tools and  cooperative strategies.

c.

was always well planned with a  diagram.

d.

strategies were developed to include  children as bait.

  ANS:  B                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Identify the six major attributes that separate humans from animals

TOP:   Answering the big questions           MSC:  Understanding                      

    31.   Human production of stone or lithic tools is an example of:

a.

linguistic comprehension.

c.

material culture.

b.

subsistence strategies.

d.

ideology.

  ANS:  C                    DIF:    Moderate      

OBJ:   Identify the six major attributes that separate humans from animals

TOP:   The six big events of human evolution                           MSC:  Remembering

 ESSAY

      1.   Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory. Why is the distinction important?

 ANS:  

A theory is an explanation that has been confirmed through careful examination and testing of evidence. Hypotheses explain observations, but they have not been tested.

The distinction is important, since a hypothesis that becomes a theory has been tested via the scientific method and has thereby been through rigorous controls. A hypothesis has not been tested and will remain a hypothesis until it has been tested. To confuse the two is a great error, because one implies rigor while the other is only a basic explanation with no substance to it.

 DIF:    Moderate        OBJ:   Distinguish between hypotheses and theories

TOP:   How we know what we know: the scientific method      MSC:  Evaluating

      2.   Discuss the steps of the scientific method.

 ANS:  

The scientific method includes an observation, development of a hypothesis, experimentation, data collection, and conclusions. Data are used to test hypotheses, possible explanations for the processes under study, by observing and then rejecting or accepting the hypotheses. After observations are collected, scientists develop a theory, which is an explanation, not just a description, of phenomena.

 DIF:    Moderate        OBJ:   Explain the steps involved in “doing science” (i.e., the scientific method)

TOP:   How we know what we know: the scientific method      MSC:  Analyzing

      3.   Provide an imaginary example of the proper use of the scientific method.

 ANS:  

This answer should include only examples of what can be tested. The student’s response should include each step of the scientific method along with a fictional conclusion. This question may even be used on the first day of class as an icebreaker of sorts after a thorough lecture on the scientific method.

 DIF:    Difficult         OBJ:   Explain the steps involved in “doing science” (i.e., the scientific method)

TOP:   How we know what we know: the scientific method      MSC:  Creating

      4.   Discuss the value of the scientific method in our society.

 ANS:  

The response should include discussions of pharmaceutical and medical testing. The student should comprehend the value of testing and retesting data. For example, do immunization shots administered all at once increase the child’s likelihood to develop autism? The answer, we know, is that they do not; however, previous doctored data were used to claim that they do, causing millions of parents all over the world to reduce inoculations or completely neglect them, thereby increasing the incidence of disease—for example, the number of whooping cough cases in the United States.

 DIF:    Difficult        

OBJ:   Explain the four steps involved in “doing science” (i.e., the scientific method)

TOP:   How we know what we know: the scientific method      MSC:  Evaluating

      5.   Discuss the six key attributes that make humans unique relative to other species.

 ANS:  

The six distinguishing features of humanity are bipedalism, nonhoning chewing, complex material culture and tool use, hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated food. The commitment to walking on two legs is usually considered the most profound physical difference between humans and other primates. After bipedalism, according to the fossil record, the large honing canine tooth was lost as a result of the ability to make and use tools for processing food. Culture, pervasive for humans, is defined in the text as learned behavior, transmitted from person to person, that facilitates survival through adaptation to varied settings. Material culture is the part of culture that is expressed as objects that humans use to manipulate our environment. The archaeological record of past cultures’ material remains goes back to the simple rock tools that date from 2.5 mya. Humans require some form of technology to regulate temperature, acquire food, and so on in our varied environments. Some chimpanzees and other primates have simple material culture and even nonmaterial culture. Humans’ other key attributes—hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated foods—appeared much later in human evolution. Hunting refers to cooperative hunting, which likely emerged 1 million or more years ago. Speech is very distinctive of humans but difficult to pinpoint in the fossil record. Domestication of foods is the most recently developed unique human behavior, usually traced to 10,000 years ago. Increasing dependence on culture for survival makes us quite distinct among species and necessitates a biocultural approach to both human origins and human behavior.

 DIF:    Difficult         OBJ:   Identify the six major attributes that separate humans from animals

TOP:   What is so different about humans from other animals? MSC:  Analyzing

[darbiblog-blog]

Face of Cambridge man introduced to life 700 years after his dying

New Post has been published on https://darbi.org/face-of-cambridge-man-introduced-to-life-700-years-after-his-dying/

Face of Cambridge man introduced to life 700 years after his dying

The face of a Cambridge guy who died extra than 700 years in the past has been reconstructed as a part of a venture to gain insights into the nameless poor of the medieval town.

The 13th-century guy, referred to as Context 958 by researchers, became amongst masses whose stays have been found in a graveyard under what is now the Vintage Divinity College of St John’s College.

The cemetery became connected to a hospital and impartial charitable basis for negative and infirm citizens among 1200 and 1500, and is one of the largest medieval health facility cemeteries in Britain.

Archaeologists and other specialists are seeking new records on the negative who lived inside the metropolis, approximately whom there is little documentary evidence.

Prof John Robb, of the department of archaeology and anthropology at Cambridge College, stated: “We simply don’t recognize a whole lot approximately everyday bad medieval people and their lives. Maximum paintings have focused both on higher center instructions or on celebrity our bodies which include Richard III.

The facial reconstruction has been achieved by using Dr. Chris Rynn, a lecturer at the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identity at the College of Dundee. He carried out forensic strategies to estimate the face shape, combining tissue depths and facial anatomy.

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Skeletal remains Rynn stated: “It’s the pores and skin textures which are extra subjective. The shape is all anatomical and scientific, after which the texturing of it is more subjective. That’s what we need the input of archaeologists for. What kind of hair style could they have got? What type of clothes could they put on?”

Describing the man’s capabilities, Rynn said: “His decrease face could be very masculine. He’s were given quite a feminine eyebrow and forehead. Having that blend of hyper-male and almost androgynous inside the identical cranium is pretty unusual. He looks pretty satisfactory.”

The burial web page has long been known, however, it becomes most effective after the College commenced renovating the basement of one among its buildings that it was excavated, with its contents found out in 2015. Archaeologists discovered 400 in large part whole skeletons and the partial stays of approximately six hundred greater.

The skeletons might be analyzed over 4 years, with experts Reading the whole thing from the nutrients to the dental fitness of the medieval citizens.

They will also look at the impact of the Black death on a medieval city’s population earlier than, throughout and after a plague. No evidence of the ailment has been observed on the website to date.

Analysis of the man’s skeleton discovered a strong body. He was well-nourished, living off an eating regimen enriched by animal protein, while signs of physical labor protected “well-marked muscle attachments”, the scientists located. There was additional proof of dental troubles, consisting of abscesses. At his demise, a while among 1200 at the earliest and 1300 at the today’s, he became elderly between forty and 70.

Robb said: “it’s miles clear he comes from the poor city operating elegance, likely a labourer or small tradesman or craftsman, He lived to a very good age for his length and his skeleton indicates the profile of a survivor – plenty of small-to-medium afflictions that triggered ache and wear and tear but didn’t kill him.”

Cambridge MA, The Crown Jewel of Massachusetts

Cambridge, MA a fantastic area to stay work, study and play, rich in culture, community, and records…!! When writing an article approximately Cambridge MA, one would ask a simple question…And that is Wherein do you begin?? Cambridge MA is one of these excellent places to live, analyze and play, that it’s so easy to neglect that Cambridge MA, become also a place In which many historic and cultural adjustments befell.

Some bits of records about Cambridge MA

East Cambridge is domestic to many Portuguese speak humans. There are plenty of exceptional Portuguese eating places as well. The as soon as colorful ethnic blend of Cambridge is converting, However, because of the many newly renovated houses and the saturation of expensive condos is changing the face of many elements of Cambridge MA. Many changes have already taken area broadly speaking due to the exorbitant real estate fees and the repealing of hire manipulate the cultural landscape of Cambridge is converting. inside the greater latest bypass, Cambridge had a massive population of operating magnificence humans residing right here, however, is now becoming the region of recent developing higher class actual estate the operating elegance has now not other option, however, to move out.

Cambridge continues to be full of power and tradition that still stays a dominate feature of the Cambridge way of life. full of worldwide aptitude and a youthfulness, Cambridge is a metropolis Wherein counter way of life nevertheless lives, conventional tradition prospers, and being multicultural is a way of life.

Ancient Websites Of Interest in Cambridge MA

Cambridge has developed into a global community merging history, schooling, arts and way of life inside its active neighborhoods. Founded in 1630 as the first seat of government for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Brattle Road an elegant region with a brilliant collection of Tory mansions, consisting of the Longfellow House National ancient site, a treasure chest of historical artifacts. The Cambridge Historical Society has been a repository of history and way of life for over one hundred years and is devoted to selling an Interest in all factors of the records and historical past of Cambridge. Brattle Street is inside the center of historic Harvard Square, and a minute or two from the sector renowned Harvard University, the satisfactory College on the planet!

Go to ancient Cambridge Common: The Cambridge Commonplace is the symbol of the Revolution, and patriotism: The Not unusual became the center of rebel activity inside the early years of the Revolution and the primary camp and education ground for the Continental Army upon General George Washington’s arrival in Cambridge MA, on July 2, 1775. Nowadays, the Cambridge Commonplace is a place to relax, socialize, play sports and simply experience the climate!

As a younger boy from approximately the age of 7, I grew up in Cambridge MA and saw the numerous adjustments the town went through, socially, economically, culturally, politically, in addition to the panorama, and it has weathered all of it and gotten even better as a city in Well known. Certain there are matters that I experience has regressed however for the Maximum component many greater matters have stepped forward and Cambridge has emerged as a far better location to stay, examine, play and do enterprise. Cambridge is Where our records started as a kingdom, and all of us can make it higher by using being accurate effective residents, who appearance out for our fellow man and friends….Cambridge needs to definitely come up with a new motto, “right here in Cambridge MA we deal with humans like we want to be treated”.

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Another function of Cambridge is its “Squares.” Cambridge MA is frequently known as a “metropolis of Squares.” Most of the people have heard of Harvard Square, but there also are five different squares in Cambridge, every with their personal personality. The squares are Harvard Square, Porter Square, Inman Rectangular, Principal Rectangular. Kendall Rectangular. Lechmere Square.

Operating in Cambridge MA is ideal in particular in case you live in or around the Cambridge region. College students from all around the world observe after which work inside the metro vicinity, so it could be a completely competitive atmosphere.

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