#Cytokinins

[marketingreportz]

Plant Growth Regulators Market - Forecast(2024 - 2030)

Global Plant growth regulator market is valued $1,550 million in the year 2017 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.6% from 2018 to 2023. The market is growing steadily due to wide adoption of ethylene across groups. Cytokinins is having the highest market share in the year 2017 and is followed by Ethylene which is valued $448.5 million and $386.2 million respectively in the year 2017 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 4.6% and 5.9% from the year 2018 to 2023. 

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What is plant growth regulator?

Plant growth regulators are the synthetic or natural chemicals that are responsible in controlling the growth and development of the plant. Natural plant growth regulators are produced with in specific parts of plants in minimal qualities and migrate to other parts, manipulating several physiological functions to regulate the plant’s growth such as promoting plant cell division and cell expansion, leaf expansion, retarding senescence of the leaves, ripening of fruits & vegetables, fruit & flower maturation, and seed germination. The major types of plant growth regulators are cytokinins, auxins, gibberellins, ethylene and abscisic acid. 

What are the major applications for Plant growth regulator?

The various end users assessed include fruits & vegetables, turf & ornamental, cereals & grains, oil & seeds, and others. The major fruits that utilize PGR are apples, banana, grapes, mango, litchi, water melon, pine apple, kiwi and others. Vegetables like cucumber, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, pumpkin and others use these plant growth regulators. The main objective for the application of PGR in fruits and vegetables is to support their ripening. This is achieved by ethylene which is also called as ripening hormone.

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The turf and ornamentals segments comprises of turf grass, nursery plants, ornamental plants, ornamental flowers, woody ornamentals, bedding plants, green house plants and others. In lawn and turf grass management, PGRs have applications in initiating and maintaining turf growth, preventing change in the color of the grass during conditions of cold stress, reducing mowing frequency, increasing plant thickness and limiting vegetative growth there by improving the quality of turf.

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Market Research and Market Trends of Plant Growth Regulators Market 

RIO, which is developed from natural plant sources, boosts natural plant hormone activity and allows plants to develop more effectively. Environmental Protection Agency has recently approved this bio stimulant from Arysta Life Science, North America which activates endogenous natural plant hormone activity for enhanced plant reproductive growth.

Companies into the manufacturing of PGRs are continuously looking for versatile solutions. One such versatile plant growth regulator is Ethrel. It improves coloration and accelerates uniform ripening of fruits. Moreover it can also applicable for specific uses that include defoliation in pomegranate and breaking alternate bearing in mango, etc.

Who are the Major Players in Plant growth regulators Market?

The companies referred in the market research report include the BASF, DOW Chemical, FMC Corporation, Nufarm, Syngenta and others.Buy Now

What is our report scope?

The report incorporates in-depth assessment of the competitive landscape, product market sizing, product benchmarking, market trends, product developments, financial analysis, strategic analysis and so on to gauge the impact forces and potential opportunities of the market. Apart from this the report also includes a study of major developments in the market such as product launches, agreements, acquisitions, collaborations, mergers and so on to comprehend the prevailing market dynamics at present and its impact during the forecast period 2018-2023.

All our reports are customizable to your company needs to a certain extent, we do provide 20 free consulting hours along with purchase of each report, and this will allow you to request any additional data to customize the report to your needs.

Key Takeaways from this Report

Evaluate market potential through analyzing growth rates (CAGR %), Volume (Units) and Value ($M) data given at country level – for product types, end use applications and by different industry verticals.

Understand the different dynamics influencing the market – key driving factors, challenges and hidden opportunities.

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Evaluate the supply-demand gaps, import-export statistics and regulatory landscape for more than top 20 countries globally for the market. 

[tenth-sentence]

A small molecule was identified that could, in the presence of auxin, stimulate tobacco pith parenchyma tissue to proliferate in culture (Figure 15.11A).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[educartmarketing]

Question:

Which of the following is a plant hormone?

(a) Insulin                        (b) Thyroxine

(c) Estrogen                   (d) Cytokinin

Answer:

(d) Cytokinin

[whats-in-a-sentence]

As shown in Figure 24.16, transgenic plants that overexpress IPT, the gene encoding the enzyme isopentenyl transferase (the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cytokinin synthesis), exhibit enhanced drought tolerance compared with wild-type plants.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[frimleyblogger]

Witches’ Broom

A dense bundle of twigs on a #birch #tree caught my eye and I discovered what it was and how it was formed. #Witchesbroom #trees

A winter woodland walk, an opportunity to admire the deciduous trees’ skeletal frames with their filigree of twigs against the lowering sky, to hear the creaking of the boughs in the wind. Something about a Silver Birch (Betula pendula) catches the eye, five dense, ball-like masses of stunted twigs hanging from its branches. The mind runs riot. Creations of an industrious mammal or home to an…

[hotheadedhero]

hellooo!! I’ve never done this before. So I’m hoping I did it right.

can you please write a one shot rise Donnie x mystical user (preferably yokai) reader? Where Donnie feels like he’s constantly competing against the reader, and is always down playing mystic. To the point where reader confronts him :>.

AN: Hello there! I'm so glad you trusted me with your first request. It was really fun to write 😋 I hope it does the job <3

Science vs Mystic

Donatello x Reader

Warnings: angst, arguing, I didn't proof read, kinda made Donnie an ass in this I'm sorry

Donatello’s disdain for the mystic arts and magic alike has always been well known. Ever since he and his family came across the strange world hidden beneath New York, this distaste has only grown. It continues to grow with every adventure involving such, which is becoming a more regular occurrence than he’s comfortable with. 

Then, you came along. You with your inexplicably, aggravating abilities. He had hoped that after the day was saved and the trouble was dealt with, that would be the last of your affiliation. Quite the opposite, it turned out. A permanent friend was made out of you that day, which meant frequent team-ups and visits by yours truly. In his mind, he’s tried to put aside the differences, he’s attempted to let bygones be bygones, but you always manage to steal the spotlight with your ostensibly fantastical displays.

Perhaps it's jealousy. His brothers are always so enamoured by your mystical mastery, showering you with compliments after each fight you assist. They just won't shut up about how cool you are. What's "cool" is how he has been able to make his inventions in a sewer, how he’s turned a bunch of scraps into the glorious creations they are now. Sure, he may need to commandeer the odd chemical from time to time but what he does is leaps and bounds more impressive than your flashy little magic shows. Illusions are based on principles of physics and mathematics. There is objective evidence for it all. The charms that your kind uses to blend in with humanity? Simple. Like how military operations will cater technology to make their vehicles appear invisible, it’s a matter of deflecting light around an object. This same premise can be applied. Rather than deflecting the light, your charms can refract it and make a person appear to be someone they’re not. Mere cloaking devices. In fact, he’s been working on something similar for himself and his brothers.

If not that, chemistry plays a fundamental role, at least. So what if you can shoot sparks of light from your sleeves? Fireworks. That’s all it is and those are just ignited gunpowder with various metal compounds to create different colours. You can make plants grow from the ground at inhuman rates? Poppycock, he says. Ever heard of auxin? Cytokinin? These are just a couple of the plant growth regulators that are so ordinarily used by modern man. Even then, you probably dabble in the use of mutagen to make it seem more impressive.

Scratch the jealousy. There’s nothing to be envious of. He knows that science is superior. It always has been and always will be. He can hardly say he's surprised by his family's fascination. They aren't as intellectually adept as he is. Unfortunately, that commentary doesn't provide him with the closure he needs to feel that much better about it, which is why he resorts to jabbing at your abilities with passing comments, whether they be snide, sarcastic or just downright mean.

You aren't an idiot. You can feel his malice towards you before he even has a chance to open his mouth. At first, you merely thought it was a feature of his persona - that it’s in his nature to berate what can’t be explained by science. That was a misstep in your thinking. His entire deal is that everything can be explained with science. Try you may to convince him otherwise but it’s always the same song and dance: you curate something with your magic and he shuts it down with a zealous drone that is starting to grate on you. 

If you were to ever meet someone outside of your home, you were always taught that there would be an indifference to your powers. People often either shun what they don’t understand or change the scriptures to what they’re familiar with so they can understand it, even if it means they’re wrong. You have always sworn to be the bigger person and not stoop to such levels of belittling pettiness but it’s getting harder. There’s only so many times you can bite your tongue before you start bleeding from the mouth. As waining as it may be on your patience, there are civil ways of going about this. You have been practising the conversation in your head for days now. Everything to want to make peace with has been rehearsed over and over and over again. With your head held high, you march right over to the garage and there he is, tinkering away at one of his many inventions.

“Donatello,” you declare, making your presence known. “Can we talk?”

Without looking, he hums and flails a dismissive hand in your direction. He doesn’t even bother to wave his real hand, opting for the use of a bionic limb so that he may keep his focus on his work. You bite your tongue like you have so many times before and tread closer. You had hoped that your irregular hardiness would be enough for him to realise you mean business but nothing. He fails to turn his music down even, so you take the liberty of doing it yourself. His lack of respect is already urging a rise out of you but you keep your mantra in mind: remain peaceful, aggression leads you nowhere. 

You breathe deeply to settle yourself and start your case, “Why do you always make such a point of overruling my abilities with science?”

“It’s not an overruling,” he retorts blandly. “I’m merely giving you the facts.”

“What you think are the facts,” you correct him.

"Please. Science is unquestionable.” Still, his eyes are glued to his device rather than paying attention to the situation at hand. “Atoms make the very backbone of everything that exists, etcetera, etcetera. Need I go on?” There’s that grating tone in his voice again; snobbish and agonisingly vain. “You can't seriously tell me that ‘magic’ has a constructive place in the world nearly as much as science does."

"I can if it's what I grew up believing," you object, more stern but remaining the peacekeeper where you can. “How would you feel if I tried to pick apart everything you believe and tell you it means nothing?”

He scoffs, “As if you could.” 

“Excuse me?” you ask through your teeth.

The tips of your fingers dig into your palms. By now, your blood is boiling. It’s one thing to throw out the odd comment but now it feels as though he’s making a straight mockery out of you. Keep a steady pace. You can do this. It’s becoming increasingly difficult but you know you can see this through without a violent fit. 

“Science is everything and that is the objective truth. Magic is just-”

“Donatello,” you attempt to gently interrupt him lest he anger you further but he takes no notice.

“- a childish way-”

“Stop.”

“- to view the world in fairy-like wonder.”

“Oh my stars, just shut up,” you cry out, "you arrogant, condescending, self-bloated ignoramus!” 

You throw your fists down at your sides and the very ground beneath you shakes. Where he was so absorbed in his creation, he failed to realise how worked up you were getting. You undeniably have his full attention now. If your outburst alone wasn’t enough to shut his mouth, the large cracks around your feet certainly are. There’s a wide, unfocused glow in your eyes and you’re heaving for air. He sits up, prepares to say something but his lips lock back down when yours open again.

“I am not just talking about stories or fairy tales or made-up fantasies from a child’s daydream! This is my life!”

Another loud shriek erupts from your chest, seizing the fragile floor and destroying it further. Luckily, it isn’t enough to permanently harm the infrastructure but it makes for a harrowing sight: your crumbling emotions devastating that which surrounds you. Silence follows, though not completely. Stray pieces of broken brick clammer around you two. 

In the short seconds that you try to regain your breath, Donnie stares up at you. Once shadowed over his hunched frame, your body is now slumped and weary. Your eyes point up at the ceiling in an attempt to stop crying but to no avail. In the end, you decide to just cover them with your hand.

“All you're doing is trying to convince me that my life is a lie,” you shakily whisper, “and if that’s how it’s going to be then I… I just can’t.”

You walk out before he has a chance to consider a response, leaving him in his stupefied state. His gaze follows the largest crack from the floor to the ceiling until it falls back on the doorway. By no means had he ever intended to make you doubt your livelihood. He was just… he was… he doesn’t know what he was doing, actually. Have his unappetising quips really led you to such turmoil? His face slowly morphs into a frown and he finds himself lying back on his shell. Then, his lips scrunch together and his throat groans in frustration. He shouldn’t feel bad for handing out the realities. He shouldn’t harbour guilt when you’ve been stealing his brothers’ attention all this time. 

Oh. 

The back of his head taps back into the ground. Gosh darn it. Jealousy. That’s the kicker. It has been this whole time. He’d like to leave it at that and continue with his previous task but he knows his family would start asking questions. His heart doth protest against his logical brain too much. With another long lament into the open air, he pries himself onto his feet and readies his venture to retrieve you. Such fun. Not only does he have to help a mystic user but now he has to traverse the very land from which you came. 

It doesn’t pan out the way he initially thought it would, however. The time he has to himself whilst he scavenges - the time he has to think - is time enough for him to go over your words. More so, the look on your face. He hates to admit it but his short-sightedness led him astray and hurt you. Whilst he doesn’t put much thought towards mystics, you are still a valued friend of his family. You’ve aided them so many times in their missions. You’re a person of great power even if that power comes from something he disagrees with. His brows furrow and he grimaces. Okay. He’ll admit he was out of line. That can wait, however. He still needs to find you first.

Donatello searches high and low across every surface of the mystic lands as he prowls further, faster. He always forgets how big it is. New York is an impressive feat but this realm could be worthy of putting it to shame on size alone. His efforts almost seem fruitless but, finally, he spots you atop a hillside, sitting with your legs pressed into your chest. The sight of your dimmed spirit tips him further into shame. He hates that fact but he supposes it’s the least he deserves. 

Before he knows it, he’s standing beside you. He didn’t realise he had gotten here so quickly upon finding you but here he is. You just about look up at him but your eyes quickly fall back onto the luscious landscape. There’s no telling what he plans to say or even why he’s followed you this far. You can’t say you have the energy to argue further, nor can you find it in yourself to tell him to leave. You can only hope he chooses his words carefully whilst he’s in the centre of your home.

“I don’t really know how to go about this,” he admits. “I…”

He blows out a breath and sits down beside you. For all the time he took to find you, he thought he would have at least thought about what he wanted to say. It isn’t that he lacks the capacity to apologise but admitting he’s wrong is a whole other kettle of fish he struggles to reach into. The whole crux of this is that he couldn’t admit to being wrong, he couldn’t allow your very being to defy what he believes to be the sole truth and the only truth. If there’s ever a time for trying, it’s now.

“I’m sorry. This has all been blown wildly out of proportion.” Donatello holds his hands together and his mouth curls uncomfortably. Part of this may involve revealing what he wishes to keep a secret but if it stands any chance of helping the situation, it may be his only resort. “I suppose it just seems unfair that you can make all of these things happen with the wave of your hand whilst I work so hard to accomplish the same.”

His head falls between his legs and yours lifts to properly look at him. Had he tried to illustrate this earlier, the whole ordeal may have been avoidable. Better late than never, you suppose. You never meant to feed into whatever inferiority complex he’s dealing with but that still doesn’t excuse the way he’s acted towards you. You want to get mad again and tell him just that but his shrunken stature speaks for you. Guilt is the moral emotion of a man who realises that they have compromised or has violated universal moral standards and bears significant responsibility for that violation - he who knows he has done wrong. That alone is a start to pave the way for what you had longed for. It’s a shame it came to this to begin with but beggars can’t be choosers.

“It was never my intent to upset you,” he continues when you stay silent. “Would you please come back to the lair? My brothers enjoy your company, so…”

“I’ll come back on one condition.” You turn back to the view but an invisible string tugs at your mouth. “You don’t have to agree with everything I stand for but can we at least put our differences behind us and be friends?” you ask and the upward lilt in your voice gives him a hope he hadn’t anticipated to be so easy. “Who’s to say science and mystics can’t co-exist?”

You outstretch your hand with a coy, friendly smile. He wouldn’t have blamed you if you were to give him an earful about his behaviour but this is far better. It’ll be a good chance to at least try and make up for all the awful things he’s said. If not for his own gratification then for the sake of his family in keeping an ally around.

One of his robotic limbs goes for the shake only to stop. If he’s going to do this, he’s going to do it properly. His fingers sequentially tap against his palm before he reaches out and clasps your hand. Your smile brightens and, in turn, his cheeks rise above an apologetic grin. Even if he has his quarrels with your powers, what you stand for, he doesn’t need to hold issue with you as a person. Who knows? This could be the start of a wonderful friendship. Jeez, though, remind him to never get on your bad side. He still needs to repair those damages to the garage.

[pc98windowsdestruction]

PIKMIN PSUEDO-BIOLOGY RAMBLES

(If anyone wants to bounce ideas off of me feel free to reblog!)

I feel like pikmin would be dual classified. Lichen are both classified a species of alga and fungus, as an example. Maybe pikmin are like this as well?

Since they are plants (and animals I guess) they have to consume matter and expel it, so they probably absorb nectar through their skin. This sounds weird but hear me out:

Amphibians also breathe through their skin and possess lungs. I think water pikmin would develop lungs (why they have a mouth) compared to other pikmin. Also might explain why other pikmin types are incapable of going into water.

Plants absorb their nutrients through the soil via roots and the stomata on leaves. Pikmin might collect light energy and carbon dioxide through their leaves but also get substantial matter through nectar that they absorb through their skin.

Pikmin also might have vascular systems like plants more than an animal’s circulatory system. They probably produce hormones like gibberrellic acid and cytokinin to stimulate growth, and also sprout their flowers to attract pollinators. I assume they would have symbiotic relationships with pollinators, but Pikmin primarily reproduce via an onion so I’m not sure where to go from here.

I wonder how they absorb micro/macronutrients when they don’t have roots. Maybe they develop roots before the rest of the body to create vasculature, then their skin forms around it? Then they are plucked out fully formed. Maybe instead of being in an embryonic seed like a plant, they develop underground before being “born” I guess.

Just some thoughts since I want to explore this further. I’m also a bio student in college right now so I love practicing my skills with stuff like this, lol

[entomoblog]

Pourquoi les roses ont des épines ? | INRAE

See on Scoop.it - Les Colocs du jardin

COMMUNIQUÉ DE PRESSE - Les aiguillons, nommés à tort « épines » pour les rosiers, sont apparus chez diverses variétés de plantes au cours de centaines de millions d’années d’évolution. Un consortium international de recherche, mené par le Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory aux États-Unis et impliquant INRAE, a découvert le gène à l’origine de la présence des aiguillons chez différents genres de plantes, dont les rosiers. Ces résultats, publiés le 01 août dans la revue Science, montrent l’existence d’un programme génétique commun à l’origine des aiguillons.

  Publié le 02 août 2024

  "Les rosiers ne sont en réalité pas pourvus d’épines mais d’aiguillons, qui sont des excroissances latérales de l’épiderme, que l’on retrouve notamment chez les aubergines.

  Contrairement aux épines qui sont des tiges ou feuilles modifiées, les aiguillons peuvent être détachés sans déchirer les fibres de la plante. Au cours de 400 millions d’années d’évolution, de nombreuses familles de plantes éloignées ont développé de manière convergente des aiguillons. Ces excroissances présentent de nombreux avantages pour ces plantes car elles leur permettent de décourager les herbivores, de retenir et absorber l’eau atmosphérique, ou encore de soutenir la croissance des plantes grimpantes."

(...)

  Référence

Satterlee J.W., Alonso D., Gramazio P. et al. (2024).

  Convergent evolution of plant prickles by repeated gene co-option over deep time. Science, DOI : https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado1663

  ------

NDÉ

Traduction (début du résumé)

  Des pressions environnementales partagées peuvent conduire à des adaptations similaires parmi les organismes. Lorsque ces adaptations se produisent indépendamment dans des lignées non apparentées, on dit que les caractères sont apparus par évolution convergente. Par exemple, les ailes des oiseaux, des chauves-souris et des insectes sont des adaptations au vol, mais chacune d'entre elles a évolué indépendamment (c'est-à-dire de manière convergente) à partir d'espèces ancestrales dépourvues d'ailes. La convergence phénotypique entre des lignées étroitement apparentées est plus susceptible d'utiliser des programmes génétiques similaires. Toutefois, on ne sait pas exactement dans quelle mesure la répétabilité génétique est maintenue dans des lignées de plus en plus divergentes.

  Les saillies acérées de l'épiderme connues sous le nom d'aiguillons ont évolué de manière convergente à de nombreuses reprises au cours de l'évolution des plantes. Bien que les aiguillons soient de puissants moyens de dissuasion pour les herbivores, ils rendent difficile la culture des plantes agricoles. La perte des épines fait donc partie du syndrome de domestication des espèces issues de parents sauvages à épines. Ces pertes fortuites associées à la culture permettent de comprendre si un programme génétique commun est à l'origine de cas répandus d'adaptation convergente. Dans le genre Solanum, qui comprend des modèles génétiques tels que la tomate et l'aubergine, près de la moitié des espèces du genre portent des épines, y compris les parents sauvages et les progéniteurs des aubergines cultivées.

  Traduit avec DeepL.com (version gratuite)

  Image : Genetic convergence underlies plant prickle development.

(A and B) Motivating question (A) and trait system (B). (C to E) Mapping of prickleless (pl) revealed PL to be a LOG cytokinin biosynthetic gene (C), with homologs responsible for prickle losses across the Solanum (D) as well as in distantly related vascular plant lineages (E). (F) Demonstrated strategy to predictably eliminate prickles through genome editing without apparent pleiotropy. Chr, chromosome; My, million years; Mya, million years ago; WT, wild-type.

[tenth-sentence]

Significantly, senescence is delayed in the bushy mutant, which indicates that cytokinin acts as a negative regulator of whole plant senescence.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[botanyone]

Unmasking Jasmonic Acids Secret Role in Plant Development

Unmasking Jasmonic Acid’s Secret Role in Plant Development https://ift.tt/NhDekUo Gupta and colleagues studied how a lack of jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis plants impacts other plant hormones. They found that without jasmonic acid, levels of auxin, gibberellins, and salicylic acid decreased, while some types of cytokinins increased. This discovery sheds light on how plants regulate their growth. The researchers used a special Arabidopsis plant that couldn’t make jasmonic acid. They measured hormone levels in these plants and compared them to normal plants. They also looked at which genes were active in both types of plants. Interestingly, the plants without jasmonic acid had longer roots than normal plants. This shows that jasmonic acid usually limits root growth, possibly by interacting with auxin, another plant hormone that controls root development. These findings build on previous research about how plant hormones work together. They show that jasmonic acid, which was mainly known for helping plants respond to stress, also plays a crucial role in everyday plant growth and development. Gupta, A., Watanabe, Y., Van Ha, C. et al. Disruption in Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis Influences Metabolism of Other Hormones in Arabidopsis. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-024-11446-0 ($) ReadCube: https://rdcu.be/dSJBR Cross-posted to Bluesky, Mastodon & Threads. The post Unmasking Jasmonic Acid’s Secret Role in Plant Development appeared first on Botany One. via Botany One https://botany.one/ September 03, 2024 at 12:30PM

[whats-in-a-sentence]

This phenomenon can be observed when nutrients (sugars, amino acids, and so on) radio-labeled with ¹⁴C or ³H are fed to plants after one leaf or part of a leaf is treated with a cytokinin (Figure 22.21). (...) However, it is not necessary for the nutrient itself to be metabolized by the sink cells because even nonmetabolizable substrate analogs are mobilized by cytokinins (see Figure 22.21).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[karan225]

SEAWEED EXTRACT | Peptech Bioscience Ltd | Manufacturer And Exporter

Seaweed extracts are packed with important nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and plant hormones like cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid. These ingredients help plants grow better, increase their yields, and make them stronger against environmental stress. The unique mix of these elements not only supports excellent growth but also helps plants withstand tough conditions. This makes seaweed extracts very useful in sustainable farming and gardening, as they improve both plant productivity and resilience.

Product link:  https://www.peptechbio.com/product/seaweed-extract-ascophyllum-nodosum/

Website link: https://www.peptechbio.com/

Company Name: Peptech Biosciences Ltd

Phone: +91-11-71239900

Address: 905, 9th Floor, Big joes Tower, Netaji Subhash Place, New Delhi Mail: mail@peptechbio.com