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pioneerpowers · 2 years ago

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Our Copper Cable Lugs & Aluminium Cable Lugs

Copper Cable Lugs and Aluminium Cable Lugs are topped and loaded with oil to keep away from the oxidation of the aluminium and make a water-blocked association. Appropriate for high voltage link end.

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Copper Cable Lugs & Aluminium Cable Lugs Types

We as Copper cable lug makers in the area of Aluminium Cable Lugs and Copper Cable Lugs from our company emerges as a preferred choice in the market. Enhanced service life and well tested design enable this product to grow from strength to strength.

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Copper Cable Lugs and Aluminium Cable Lugs are utilized to end the closures of battery link and welding link so they can be associated with other electrical gear, for example, starters, meld pieces, appropriation squares, and so forth.

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What exactly are Copper Lugs?

Lugs made of copper:

Have you ever wondered what that silver gleaming metal at the end of your cables or between your wires is? It’s a Copper Lug, after all. They attach cables to electrical appliances, other cables, surfaces, or mechanisms using Copper Lugs, also known as cable lugs.

Copper lugs are commonly seen on the clamps that connect wires to an automotive battery, as well as on the ends of battery jumper cables. Copper lugs are commonly employed when permanent, direct-fastening methods are neither practical nor essential. They are designed to be quickly placed and removed for repairs or maintenance.

In order to prevent damage to copper lugs, cables, connectors, and short circuits, they may be covered with a protective coating. Copper lugs are appropriate for heavy gauge power demand or grounding applications. Each copper lug has the option of being crimped or soldered to wire. For an aesthetically pleasing finish, the copper lug has a burr-free look.

Depending on the type of lug, one end of the copper lug fits the cable through soldering, welding, or crimping. A bolt, screw, or spring clip is used to secure the other end of the copper lug to a matching termination or connecting point.

Application:

The Cable Lug connects a cable to the device while the other end is connected to the connection termination. To ensure a secure connection, the initial end is crimped, soldered, or welded. The second end is held together with a screw or bolt. The application of terminal and bimetallic lugs vary as per industry.

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industrial-iep · 2 years ago

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The Importance of Electrical Maintenance

Regular electrical maintenance is essential for the safe and efficient operation of any modern building or facility. Ensuring that all electrical systems are always in good working order can help to reduce safety risks and minimize downtime due to electrical system breakdowns. regular maintenance can also help to identify potential problems before they become more serious, helping to reduce the cost of repair and extend the life of any given electrical component or system.

Regular maintenance entails a variety of tasks, including checking wiring, fuses, exposed connections, circuit breakers, outlets, switches, receptacles and other components for any signs of corrosion or wear which could compromise their safety or efficiency. Inspecting all components for proper operation helps to ensure that everything is functioning correctly and safely. Additionally, it’s important to periodically check the grounding on any given component or system; this helps ensure that current will not flow through unintended paths which may be dangerous for people or equipment.

In addition to inspecting individual components for wear and tear, it’s also important to ensure that all connections between different pieces of hardware are properly secured with reliable connectors such as crimp terminals or lug connectors which are designed specifically for this purpose. This helps avoid loose connections which could potentially cause shorts and lead to fires or electrocution hazards.

Ensuring that all exposed wiring is properly insulated is also an important part of regular electrical maintenance Gold Coast; insulation helps protect against electric shock while also preventing dust accumulation on contacts as well as keeping out moisture which can lead to corrosion over time.

Regular electrical maintenance is an essential part of modern facilities management – helping not only keep occupants safe but also preventing unplanned downtime due to sudden failure in mission-critical equipment. Without regular attention given to inspecting and maintaining electrical systems on a regular basis building may be at risk from numerous potential hazards posed by failing circuits or compromised wiring integrity – so it’s critical that these activities take place regularly throughout each facility in order to maintain a safe environment for employees, visitors and customers alike.

It is a vital component of any facility’s upkeep and should not be taken lightly. It can help identify potential problems before they become serious, costly issues. It also helps to extend the life of your equipment and systems, reducing the need for major repairs or replacements.

It can prevent fires and other hazards due to faulty wiring or overloaded circuits. Taking time to check for frayed wiring, loose connections, and other signs of wear can ultimately save you money in the long run. It allows you to stay ahead of any new safety regulations that may come into effect while ensuring all your systems are up-to-date with the latest technology. Properly maintained equipment provides peace of mind knowing that your facility is safe, reliable and efficient.

When it comes to electrical maintenance, time is of the essence. Skipping regular maintenance can not only be costly in terms of repairs or replacements but also in terms of productivity if a system goes down unexpectedly. When you invest in it, you help guarantee that your systems will continue to run smoothly and efficiently for years to come.

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qhtechnology · 2 years ago

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Full Tutorial Of DIY A 12.8V 50Ah LiFePO4 Battery Assembly!

If you need a small voltage and capacity of LiFePO4 battery pack, the 12V 50Ah one is worth a try. With no acid in the lithium-ion battery, you’re able to safely mount it in any position. This makes Li-ion batteries perfect for marine, RV, campers, golf carts, travel trailers, and off-road and off-grid applications!

In the following post, we’d love to share you with the full battery pack assembly tutorial of a 12V 50Ah LiFePO4 battery. Do you want to build your own battery? Follow us and finish it step by step.

*Note: It is recommended that you learn some basic knowledge about LiFePO4 batteries before assembling the battery pack. Keep safe when you are assembling the battery pack.

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Materials Used:

3.2V 50Ah LiFePO4 battery cells (4 pieces)

There are currently three common shapes of LiFePO4 batteries: cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch. Different shapes of batteries will have a certain impact on performance. At present, the most suitable battery DIY enthusiasts are the prismatic LiFePO4 batteries, which are very suitable for both performance and operational difficulty.

We recommend you purchase the Grade A battery with a high quality and reliable warranty.

BMS (Battery Manage System, 1 piece)

Connectors (About 4 pieces)

Others: EVA cotton, screws, ribbon cables, plastic pipes, etc.

Tools Used:

Spot Welder

Spot Welding Pen

Soldering Iron

Wire Cutter

Wire Stripper

Multimeter

Assembly Methods: 4 Series And 1 Parallel

Series(S): The way of connecting the positive and negative electrodes of two different cells is called series connection. As a result, the voltage of the battery pack will increase while the capacity remains the same.

Parallel(P): where the positive and positive electrodes of two different cells are connected in parallel. The result is that the capacity of the battery pack increases while the voltage remains the same.

Assembly Process

1. Place The Batteries And Fix Them With Fiber Tape

Before we connect this group of battery cells, we should use the multimeter to check their voltage of them to ensure consistency. It is better if you have a testing device to check the internal resistance. Without testing the consistency, the battery pack may cause an accident

Then we place them in order and fix them with fiber tape.

(Made of hot melt adhesive and forms a stronger tape that is resistant to tears and has better temperature tolerance than regular tape.)

2. Install Signal Acquisition Wires In Sequence With Screws

Connect the cells using the connectors in series while connecting the indicator cables to the CPM and the cells. Don’t tighten connectors and nuts too tightly.

When connecting the voltage collection lines (equalization lines), do not connect the external protection board to avoid accidental burning of the protection board.

3. Connect The Positive Wire

If you connect the negative power wire first then the current will flow through the positive terminal to your body when you connect the positive terminal. But when you connect the positive terminal first then while connecting the negative terminal the current will pass through the negative to ground wire instead of your body to the ground as the resistance of your body is greater than the resistance of the wire path and the current will always flow through the lowest resistive way. Thus always connect the positive terminal first.

4. Put Battery Pack Into Shell, And Fill EVA Cotton

We can not put the battery pack into bare condition. It is an excellent choice to put it into a plastic shell. Compared with the aluminum shell, the plastic shell has a good insulation performance and is cheaper.

Most of the cases of lithium batteries are mass molded manufacturing, production of high cost, and personal customization of the case is difficult. You can look for the case on sale online and pay attention to the size.

After putting the battery pack into the shells, we can fill the EVA cotton.

EVA cotton can be shockproof, fireproof, and insulated, protecting the battery pack well. It can reduce the expansion force of the battery and improve the service life of the battery.

5. Connect The B- Of BMS To The Negative Of The Battery Pack

A BMS is one of the most important elements in a LiFePO4 battery, like the brain of the battery pack. It calculates the State of Charge (the amount of energy remaining in the battery) by tracking how much energy goes in and out of the battery pack and by monitoring cell voltages, which can prevent the battery pack from overcharging, over-discharging, and balancing all the cells voltage equally.

There are two main sets of wires we need to install, the thick wires and the thin wires. The thick wires are your charging/discharging wires and the thin wires are your balance wires. Not every BMS is the same, but most are similar. Your BMS will likely have 3 thick wires or 3 pads to solder on your own heavy gauge wires. These are the B-, P-, and C- wires (or pads for adding wires). We usually start with the B- wire. We can connect the B- of BMS to the negative pole of the battery pack.

6. Tidy Up The Wires With Tie Straps

After soldering the wires (the balancing leads and the charging-discharging cables), we can tidy up the messy wires.

7. Check The Signal Lines In The Correct Orders

The wrong sequence may cause BMS to burn out！

8. Plug Signal Acquisition Wires’ Port Into Interface

The signal acquisition technology can provide accurate parameters for battery balancing, SOC estimation and BMS centralized monitoring to meet the actual requirements of battery packs.

Using the signal acquisition technology, the voltage signal, temperature signal, current signal, etc. In addition, data from the battery pack CAN be transmitted to the central control unit.

9. Connect Positive And Negative Power Lines To The Cap

This is the final step of the entire assembly process. Finally, the total input and output ports of the battery pack are assembled. We can prepare for the next battery performance tests.

Battery Tests

1. Test The Voltage Of The Battery Pack

In this step, we can use a multimeter to check the voltage of the whole battery pack. Attach the multimeter probes to the positive and negative battery terminals. Then we can check the voltage on the screen. The multimeter’s red probe must be connected to the positive terminal, while the black probe must be connected to the negative one.

A fully-charged battery must indicate a slightly higher voltage than the voltage listed on the battery. For instance, a 12 volts battery will indicate about 12.8 volts when fully charged.

2. Charging Test

Through the test, we can check that the charging value is normal and that the battery is abnormal during the charging process. We need to pay attention to the battery charging time and charging current.

3. Discharging Test

The discharge test of battery is very helpful to the battery cycle life and discharge performance evaluation. We can use a professional device(Such as Programmable DC Electronic Load) to check whether the battery works well or not during the discharging process, which can protect our battery and devices for further daily use.

When testing, there are three factors we need to pay attention to the port voltage of the battery, the resistance of the wire between the battery and the electronic load, and the temperature of the battery.

Summary

After testing the battery, your battery is successfully assembled! Thanks for reading the full tutorial on the 12.8V 50Ah lifepo4 battery pack assembly process! It is not hard for us to DIY a LiFePO4 battery. Please pay attention that do not use it as a starting battery.

Which voltage and capacity of the LiFePO4 battery do you need? Welcome to share your thoughts below.

#battery #lifepo4 #solar energy #renewable energy #lithium #solar power #Youtube

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riversofmars · 4 years ago

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The Doctor and her friends try to escape a deadly trap as Dorium’s bar and the planet burn up. Meanwhile, River is continuing her research into the Timeless Child...

Chapter 5: The Pieces Are Moving

The Maldovarium, 52nd Century

The sun was blazing down and Dorium’s bar, built mostly from metal, was heating up even faster than the surface of the planet. The sun was growing bigger in the sky, it was getting closer.

“The Master must have found so much more in the Matrix than he led on.“ The Doctor pressed through gritted teeth as she considered how this was possible. “This is like the Time Lords of old, able to wheeled so much power… what they became in the Time War… he wasn’t there in the final days to know the horror…“ She mumbled, trying her best to prioritise her thoughts. Time was changing around them. They were in grave danger. There was no time to wonder how the Master had accomplished this, there was any number of ways he could have done it and finding out which it was would not help save them. She looked around back to her friends who awaited an explanation.

“You shouldn’t have come. This is far too dangerous for you.“ The Doctor realised, slowly shaking her head. “He knew I’d come here. Perhaps a Matrix prediction… it’s a game and he’s one step ahead of us at every turn.“ Her mind was reeling but they had more immediate concerns. The sun above the planet was growing closer, they appeared to be heading towards it and the temperature kept rising. “Dorium, do you have a way off this planet?“ She asked and stepped into his line of vision.

“I’m nothing if not well prepared, Doctor, there is a shuttle for emergencies outside, but we can’t just abandon my bar, this is my life’s work!“ Dorium protested. “What is happening out there?“

“If you don’t get out of here right now, you won’t have a life.“ The Doctor interrupted him. “One of you will have to carry him. Get to his ship.“ The Doctor gestured towards the box and Yaz complied while Jenny rushed to support her wife who looked as though she was about to faint. Vastra’s body couldn’t regulate its temperature at all. Yaz and Jenny seemed to have trouble breathing the hot air and even Strax was beginning to show signs of struggling as beads of sweat formed on his head.

“But Doctor…“ Yaz wanted to protest, trying her best to hold Dorium’s head level.

“This planet is being dragged into that sun, get off world and quickly.“ The Doctor shut down any protest and glanced out of the window again. The sun continued to grow bigger and the temperature inside the bar was becoming unbearable. They didn’t have time to argue. She could sense that this was only the beginning.

“But we have the TARDIS, can’t we just…“ Jenny jumped in but the Doctor interrupted her:

“No you don’t. I need to find the Master and I’m doing it by myself, it’s far too dangerous.“ She looked around, assessing what she had to work with. “Get off this planet, I’ll be in touch and pick you up to take you home but right now, I need to find him. He is messing with the fabric of time itself and while you’re close to me, you will be in danger!“ She explained hastily and rushed to a computer terminal in the corner.

“Doctor, you can’t.“ Vastra protested weakly.

“A Sontaran does not run away!“ Strax exclaimed, outraged.

“Whatever we’re doing, can we do it now? It is really very stuffy in this box!“ Dorium called from his box.

“We’re coming with you.“ Yaz insisted but the Doctor shook her head.

“No, you’re not.“ She stated and sonic-ed the computer terminal. A teleport beam engulfed her friends.

——

Shuttle outside the Madovarium, 52nd Century

“Ugh! That insufferable man! Woman!“ Vastra collapsed onto the floor as they found themselves in a shuttle. The temperature was bearable, the insulation for space travel was far superior to the bar, but temperatures were rising even in here.

“I hate to be the bringer of bad news but unless we leave this planet right now, we will be fried, and I’m lacking hands to operate the controls.“ Dorium realised the Doctor had managed to engaged his emergency evacuation teleport. He was glad to have spent the money. It wasn’t like he could have walked anywhere in the event of a disaster and it had proven a sound investment already. “So if you wouldn’t mind.“ He glanced to controls, having no better means of pointing.

“How do we fly it?“ Yaz sat his box down by the controls hoping for instructions. She pushed her anger at the Doctor’s actions aside in favour of getting off the planet in one piece first.

“Step aside. A Sontaran can operate any kind of combat vehicle. Strap in. Someone secure the head.“ Strax instructed pushing her aside.

“We can’t just go without her.“ Jenny launched a weak protest as Strax started the engines. He engaged the shields and the temperature dropped significantly, allowing them all to breath more easily.

“It seems we have very little choice, my dear.“ Vastra replied weakly, as her wife helped her to her to a seat. “She will come to her senses.“ She had been the Doctor’s friend long enough to know that they couldn’t change their mind by force.

“Unless she gets herself killed first.“ Yaz huffed as they launched and shot off into the atmosphere, away from the planet that was hurling towards its doom. Below, the Maldovarium caught fire.

——

The Maldovarium, 52nd Century

The Doctor checked the computer console. Her friends had reached the shuttle and set off. Good. Step one. She looked around herself, the building had just caught fire. The temperature was still rising. Judging by its speed, she calculated she probably had about seven minutes: three minutes until the air would be too hot to breath and she would have to use her respiratory bypass, five until her skin would start to blister and seven until her core temperature would rise so high that the proteins in her body would break up and she would die. She’d have to work quickly.

Her fingers flew over the keyboard on the computer terminal as she pulled up the security camera footage of the last five minutes. Good old Dorium, of course he wanted his establishment well protected. She fast forwarded through it and there it was: one moment, everyone was having a lovely time, the next blazing sunlight streamed into the bar and the customers disappeared into thin air. Some screamed, some just looked confused, but they all vanished. Time was being rewritten. They had never come here because the planet was not where it had been. So the planet had moved, not the star.

She wondered how far back the footage would go. Would it go back far enough to show who brought Dorium back here? Unlikely. He’d probably had to rebuild and set up everything anew upon his return. She had about a minute of breathable air left and she was struggling already. She looked around, the TARDIS was in the other room, she would need a minute to get there at least and above her, thick smoke started gathering. She would have to feel her way forward at this stage. Her mind was racing. Any clues she would find here, she’d have to find now or they would be lost forever. She couldn’t think. The moment had passed and the air had become too hot to breathe.

“Think, Doctor, think!“ She snapped with her last proper breath, she ground her teeth. When I arrange for your death, I expect you to stay dead. The Master’s words echoed through her head. Nothing was gained if she she risked her life chasing after clues that probably weren’t there. The Master was too clever to leave traces; which begged several questions: why would he reveal himself to Dorium; why allow him to see his face, knowing a description would point her straight towards him? Arrogance? Was he trying to taunt her? Or did he just not care? Did he think he was so far ahead of her, that it wouldn’t matter? Something about this didn’t feel right. She had to get back to her TARDIS before the fire bared her way. The skin in her hands was starting to go red and raw.

——

Space, 52nd Century

“That was a close call…“ Jenny breathed a sigh of relief when they cleared the gravitational pull of the planetoid and the sun alike. It wasn’t a moment too soon, the planet was beginning to burn as it hurdled closer and closer to the sun.

“How was that even possible? You can’t just move a planet…“ Yaz shook her head in disbelief as she watched the destruction on the monitors.

“You and I might not be able to… but anything is possible, given time…“ Dorium mused.

“The Master is a dangerous foe but this does appear beyond the capabilities they have displayed so far.“ Vastra sat in the copilot’s seat as she recovered, her body temperature normalising.

“Maybe he’s not working by himself…“ Yaz mused. “Last time we saw him, he’d allied himself with the Cybermen… maybe he realises he can’t do it by himself… Maybe he’s found new friends.“

“A sound stratagem.“ Strax commented.

“What do we do now?“ Jenny asked. They had retreated to a safe distance nearing the outskirts the solar system but they had yet to determine a new destination.

“Wait for her to come and pick us up?“ Yaz suggested half-heartedly, she didn’t believe the Doctor actually would be back so soon but she decided to try and be optimistic.

“We have no way of knowing when that would be. Besides, we don’t know if she will even be successful in her endeavour.“ Vastra retorted matter-of-factly.

“Then what do we do?“ Jenny asked, feeling at a loss. They all so desperately wanted to help but the Doctor had cut them off.

“We have hyper speed travel, yes?“ Vastra turned to Dorium who was watching the screens, looking melancholy at the loss of his life’s work.

“State of the art systems, I only purchased it last week, what a shame, the hull is all blackened…“ He sighed, pulled out of his thoughts.

“We made a promise to the Professor to look after her child and so far, we’ve failed. We will carry on, even without the Doctor.“ Vastra decided, pulling herself up. “Perhaps we will find whoever is responsible faster than the Doctor weighed down by her hunger for revenge…“

“Excellent. It would be most disappointing if we were to miss out on the fight and the opportunity for a glorious death.“ Strax announced with glee.

“Where do we start?“ Yaz asked, nonplussed. She couldn’t help but feel abandoned by the Doctor, and so soon after her previous disappearance. She was, however, glad for the company she found herself in. If she was going to be stranded in the far future without means of time travel, an ancient lizard woman, a potato-headed warrior, a Victorian maid and a blue head in a box seemed like appropriate company. “Where could the Master possibly be? Would he have taken the child with him or maybe he’s got a base and people who work for him? Or maybe, this is the Master earlier in his time stream? Maybe to him, the destruction of Gallifrey hasn’t happened yet…“ All the questions were becoming overwhelming. It seemed like an insurmountable task, particularly without the Doctor at hand.

“We can’t discount any possibilities.“ Vastra agreed. “We are rather more limited with our means of travel but there is one point of interest in this time period. Somewhere where the Doctor is stubbornly refusing to look.“ She had given it some thought and a plan was forming in her head.

“Where?“ Jenny asked and her wife smiled:

“The Library, of course. Professor Song might be able to tell us where to start looking.“ She nodded decisively and turned to Strax to provide coordinates for their destination. “And if nothing else, she deserves to know the truth.“

——

The TARDIS

The Doctor slammed shut the doors to her TARDIS. She took a deep breath, fresh oxygen reawakening her senses. She rushed to the console. As sturdy as the TARDIS was protected by it’s shields, she didn’t want to tests its limits by staying on this doomed planetoid any longer than she needed to. She ran a final scan, searching for the shuttle her friends had escaped in, and noticed with relief that it was just clearing the solar system. They were safe. Safer than they would be had they stayed with her. Content - if not happy - with her decision, as she launched the TARDIS into the time vortex.

The Doctor gave a sigh of relief once she had left the Maldovarium behind. She stepped away from the console but didn’t get very far. As her adrenaline levels normalised, she felt weak and became aware of how close she had come to reaching her physical limits. She struggled out of her coat that was singed in places and sank to the floor, trying to catch her breath. Her hearts hammered in her chest, her hair was sticking to her head with sweat, her hands and face were red and raw. She had to pause for a moment, gather herself, before she could carry on. The TARDIS circled around the vortex waiting for coordinates, buying her time by staying where time didn't pass.

“Perhaps I just need a moment… maybe some after-sun…“ The Doctor mumbled to the TARDIS that hummed and wheezed in response, almost scolding her for having been reckless.

The Doctor didn’t like stopping, even for a moment. Those where the times when she had time to think and those things that she had been trying to avoid, those feelings she had been pushing down, had an opportunity to catch up with her. She was in no way closer to finding her son. In the absence of her friends she allowed herself a moment of weakness. The tears stung on her burnt skin of her cheeks. What would the Master want with her son, apart from torture and hurt her? He was being used as a pawn against her. She would make the Master pay for this.

Slowly, she got to her feat. Unsteadily, she staggered back to the console, deciding on her course of action. She wouldn’t be able to properly rest until she had found her child so she had to keep going. For now, the Master was her best lead. It was time to see the destruction she had left behind as she had fled Gallifrey. If the Master had found a way to escape death, she would find answers there.

——

The Library, 52nd Century

“Someone is having you on. Whatever it’s meant to be, the Timeless Child, it doesn’t exist.“ Anita closed the book she’d been reading and pinched the bridge of her nose. She couldn’t focus anymore. “There is no reference to it. Anywhere. Are you sure that’s the phrase we’re looking for?“

“I’m certain of it.“ River confirmed but couldn’t deny she was getting frustrated as well. They had been at it for days now. Or was it weeks? River was starting to lose track of time. And they had nothing to show for it. Initially, River had enjoyed finding stories about the Doctor’s past; adventures she didn’t know about that she hadn’t been part of. It had been entertaining for a while, as were the essays written about her and the Doctor. Who would have thought they would become such a popular subject matter for students at River’s alma mater?

“Well, it’s not mentioned anywhere.“ Anita sighed, leaning back into the cushions of the sofa. “How did you learn about al this anyway?“ She hadn’t pressed River for information so far but it seemed about time.

“Those words, those exact words, the Timeless Child… Dorium was so sure that’s what it was.“ River closed the book she was reading as well. It was time to stop.

“Well, maybe he got it wrong.“ Anita shrugged.

“Maybe…“ River couldn’t deny that it was possible. In her head she recounted the message Dorium had sent her. He had mentioned a Time Lord giving him the information, as if it would give weight to it. Since he hadn’t given a name, part of River had believed that it might have been the Doctor himself. Perhaps he was keeping his identity hidden for any number of reasons; most likely not to interfere with his own timeline… But now she wasn’t so sure.

There were other Time Lords out there. The Master. The Corsair… From what the Doctor had told her in their time on Darillium, Gallifrey was still out there. Not just the Gallifrey of the past, before the Time War that River had visited not so long ago. Gallifrey had never been destroyed in the final days of the War, just hidden away in a bubble universe at the end of time. Maybe they were starting to emerge again, taking a few tentative steps back into the universe but why now? Why this? Were they maybe just trying to mess with her? Or the Doctor? Had all this just been a pointless goose chase and she had walked right to her death on a fool’s errand? She shook her head to herself. No. There was something else, something she couldn’t quite remember. It was right there at the edge of her mind.

“How long have you been at this?“ Anita asked, breaking the silence.

“I don’t know, you tell me, I’m starting to lose track.“ River chuckled half heartedly. She had always had a very special relationship with time, being the child of the TARDIS, but inside the Library computer, cut off from reality and actual time, it didn’t seem to matter anymore.

“No, I mean before this, before you came to the Library. You said you’d been researching this before and couldn't find anything and you hoped there would be answers here…“ Anita prompted.

“There clearly aren’t…“ River stated in frustration.

“How long, River?“ Anita frowned, noticing her deliberately evading the question.

“Well, let’s just say it wasn’t obvious I was… expecting when I left the Doctor and started researching.“ River answered at last, her bitterness evident in her voice. Anita remained quiet for a moment. They had hardly spoken about River’s pregnancy and son, bringing it up seemed to make it all the more painful.

“Did you find anything at all? What were you doing?“ Anita tried to steer the conversation back to the subject matter.

“All sorts… I knew it had something to do with the Time Lords so… that’s where I went looking first and of course I got myself involved in yet another of the Doctor’s adventures… younger Doctor that time, very young, couldn’t tell him who I was of course… I went to Gallifrey but I had no time to look around really, not with a fight for the very fate of the universe going on…“ She gave a half smile. When wasn’t the Doctor fighting to save the universe? As much fun as it had been, it had distracted her rather… As she recounted her adventures in her head something occurred to her. She blinked, confused. How had she forgotten about it? How had she failed to make the connection? “But there was something…“ Maybe the trip hadn't been entirely wasted.

“What?“ Anita frowned, confused by her sudden wistfulness.

“As I… things went a bit pear shaped. I was pulled inside the Matrix.“ River revealed which suddenly seemed a whole lot more significant than it had at the time. She considered how furious the Doctor would be if he ever found out what she had put herself through whilst being pregnant. She couldn’t deny that she herself had been incredibly relieved to find her son completely healthy at birth. She hadn’t exactly been taking it easy. There had been a few close calls in the early stages which was why she settled for desk research when she’d become less agile on her feet.

“What’s that?“ Anita asked. “The Matrix?“ She’d felt like she should know what she was talking about but she didn’t.

“The Matrix… it’s like a super computer, not unlike this one. Time Lord minds get uploaded as they die so it’s the sum knowledge of their race, so to speak… Algorithms generate prophecies, predictions, extrapolations, possible futures. In the golden days of the Gallifreyan Empire, they would base their interference around time on them and heed their warnings.“ River tried to explain the best she could. “I used my… affinity for all things Time to help the Doctor: bring him back to where he needed to be. Only barely got out of there myself in the end… but while I was in there… I can’t quite remember but there were flashes of something… I was very preoccupied, mind, but I think subconsciously they did register… maybe the Matrix sensed that I was looking for answers…“ She hadn’t thought it significant at the time, she had had bigger things to worry about but the more she thought it about, the more she believed it couldn’t have been coincidence. The images were beginning to take shape in her mind, as if she was only now able to remember.

“And you saw the Timeless Child?“ Anita asked perplexed, wondering why she hadn’t mentioned it before.

“I don’t know… maybe…“ River tried to focus, struggling to reproduce the images in her mind. “It was a little girl, standing in front of a gateway…“ River closed her eyes as the image became more clear. Why hadn’t thought about it until now?

“A girl though? Didn’t you say you had a son? Then it’s probably not related to you?“ Anita mused disheartened as it seemed like just another dead end.

“Time Lords don’t take the whole gender thing very seriously…“ River couldn’t help but chuckle as she continued watching in her mind’s eye. Someone was approaching the girl.

“River…“ Anita reached out for River’s arm, trying to get her attention.

“Just hang on…“ River was doing her best to remember. She didn’t recall seeing any of this before. Apparently her subconscious had picked up much more in the Matrix than she had realised.

“River!“ Anita insisted, her voice urgent and River opened her eyes, ripped from the otherworldly portal she had been watching but she didn’t find herself in the cosy living room the Library computer had generated for her. Instead she found herself in a laboratory. She jumps to her feet in shock and not a moment too soon, as the sofa also disappeared from under her. Anita looked around utterly confused. Was this a computer glitch? There were other people too: the woman who River had seen approaching the child and the child herself, sitting in a chair being examined.

A/N: You may have picked up on my using the events of Doom Coalition here which canonically are set between Darillium and the Library, if you happen to have been following those Big finish audios. I thought it could work really well with the whole being pulled into the Matrix thing. I know a lot of people don't know the audios though so I'm trying to write it in a way that you don't have to know them and anything significant will be explained. I hope that works for everyone. Please let me know if you find things confusing at any point <3

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tooconnoisseurexpert · 3 years ago

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How to use mica band heater and how does a cartridge heater work

With different electrical termination styles, clamping mechanisms and the ability to accommodate holes and cutouts, mica-insulated band heaters are used successfully in many applications, particularly plastics.

Loss Prevention for Band Heaters

Most band heaters with heating plate do not “burn out”; instead, environmental factors create a short, cause hot spots to develop, or simply push the heater beyond its normal operating temperature. All of these factors cause a heater to fail prematurely and require replacement. Obviously, minimizing these environmental factors can reduce the frequency of replacing band heaters in your operation. Contamination.By far, the most frequent culprit of band heater failure is contamination. Liquid plastic, hydraulic oil and moisture (often from high ambient humidity) are three main causes of premature failure from contamination. Obviously, keeping the heaters free of contaminants will reduce failure and replacement rates. In applications where liquid plastic and oil exposure are frequent and difficult to manage, the best solution may be to select a low cost band -- the heater will be replaced often, but the financial loss will be minimized. Alternatively, a band heater designed to resist contamination can be used. Keep in mind, though, that most heaters fail from lead wire damage caused by contamination -- not from contaminants finding their way inside the band -- and contaminant-resistant heaters will not prevent lead wire damage. Poor Contact Between Heater and Barrel.The second most common cause of premature failure is poor contact between the machine barrel and the band heater. A tight fit is critical. Without it, localized hot spots can form on the band and cause the resistance wire to fail. There are two steps you can take to ensure good contact with the machine barrel. First, make sure the machine barrel outer diameter (OD) measurement is accurate; then, order band heaters with that same measurement. The heater manufacturer will factor in a 0.25" gap, so there is no need to undersize the band’s dimensions. Second, follow a strict installation and tightening procedure for mica, high watt density or extruded aluminum band heaters. Before installation, clean and smooth the machine barrel surface, removing any plastic residue. To install, tighten the heater snugly to the barrel using a clamping bolt torque of 10 ft/lb. Next, apply power to the heaters and allow them to reach halfway to setpoint temperature or approximately 300°F (149°C). Once at this temperature, cut the power and retighten the bands at 10 ft/lb torque. Retightening the band at an elevated temperature will account for the heater’s thermal expansion. (Remember, ceramic band heaters are radiant heaters and should not be tighten in this manner.) Handling Procedures.Often, failing to understand a heater’s internal design leads to heater losses. For instance, stretching a one-piece mica band over a barrel during installation can damage the internal mica, resulting in a short circuit. Some manufacturers offer band heaters similar to mica bands that can be stretched for installation, but using installation techniques inappropriate for a specific heater type will cause problems. So, in cases where one heater design will not work -- for example, a machine setup that requires stretching the band over the end of the machine barrel, which would damage a mica band heater -- use a heater that is better suited to application such as a two-piece mica or a one-piece expandable band. A two-piece design also is a good choice when a large diameter band is required as the design minimizes the chance that air gaps will develop. Two-piece ceramic bands also can be used on large diameter barrels. Another simple handling tip is to use two wrenches to install the wiring onto the band’s post terminations. This practice can eliminate failures because the wrench on the post’s lower nut acts as a strain relief. If this procedure is not followed, the post’s internal connection to the resistance wire can be damaged and become a weak link within the heater. Runaway Temperatures.Heaters, like finned heaters, are extremely obedient entities. If a controller tells them to produce temperatures beyond their limitations, they will do so -- until their demise. Runaway temperature commands often occur when the thermocouple or RTD does not make solid contact with the surface measured. If the sensor becomes loose or disconnected from the surface, its readings may be hundreds of degrees lower than the process or barrel’s actual temperature. This faulty input then is received by the control device, which calls for full output from the heaters when in fact the process is already up to appropriate temperature. Given the range of products plant maintenance and engineering personnel encounter, is not realistic for them to become experts on every piece of equipment used. This article only touches the surface of band heater design, options, performance expectations and loss prevention. Users should link up with a qualified supplier that can help design a new system or perform a design analysis on an existing system, then make recommendations to ensure the best performance for the given application. Systems arising from a good supplier/user partnership will extend equipment life and allow critical production schedules to be reached.

Sidebar: Understanding Watt Density Calculations

When designing a system, it is a good idea to match the total wattage applied to the actual wattage required. This practice decreases cycling frequency and temperature overshoots while increasing the heater’s life span. When possible, it also is good practice to specify strap-style clamping devices to hold the heater in place. These devices have a lower thermal expansion rate than the heater, so they can help hold the heater, or the defrost heater, tightly against the barrel during operation. The durability and performance of a heater depends on selecting the appropriate wattage by using resistance thermometer. Exceeding the maximum allowable watt density for the specified heater size will result in premature heater failure. While calculating watt densities, remove the area of the cold section form the overall calculated surface area of the heater. Watt Density (W/in2) = Wattage / (3.14 x Inner Diameter x Width) - (Cold Section) Other points to consider while selecting watt density include:

The watt density should be selected in accordance with the operating temperature.

To avoid short cycling and inefficient operation, select a wattage as close to the needed capacity as possible.

The wattage should be in accordance with the voltage and current rating of the controls.

The safe heating pattern,and heating elelment of the material heated, thermal conductivity and coefficient of expansion of the cylinder are other factors that should be taken into consideration while deciding wattage.

A cartridge heater is a tube-shaped, industrial heating element that can be inserted into drilled holes. Cartridge heaters provide localized and precise heating and are commonly used in the heating process industry. Typically, cartridge heaters are used to heat a metal block from the inside and can be custom manufactured to a specific watt density based on the requirements of the application. Cartridge heaters are most frequently used for heating metal parts by insertion into drilled holes. For easy installation, the heaters are made slightly undersize relative to their nominal diameter.

How does a Cartridge Heater work?

A cartridge heater consists of resistance coil wound around a ceramic core that is surround by dielectric and encased in a metal sheath. Powered heat transferred through the coil to the sheath causes the sheath to heat up. This heat is then transferred to the inside metal part requiring heat. To fit a cartridge heater in a low or medium temperature application (600°F or less), general purpose drills are usually adequate for drilling holes. Holes can be drilled .003” to .008” over the nominal size of the drill, resulting in fits of .009” to .014.” While this fit is slightly looser than would permit optimal heat transfer, it aids in the installation and removal of the cartridge heaters with heating cable, especially those with long sheaths. At high watt densities, a close fit is much more important. The holes should be drilled and reamed rather than just drilled with a general purpose bit. With a tighter fit, the heater will run cooler and have a longer life expectancy.

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stlwindowsanddoors-blog · 4 years ago

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10 Ways to Get the Wrong Window Replacements

There is no getting around it. Window replacement is a major renovation to your home. Besides including remarkable visual appeal, especially in an older house, window replacement has instant possible to conserve on electrical, gas and oil expenses. There is also the advantage of almost 100% recuperative worth of the expense must you choose to sell your house.

So become informed of the ins and outs of window shopping, so you do not "break" your budget plan, and prevent these ten window wrongs. 1. Changing One Window At a Time Over the Next 10 Years. This renovation ought to not be done piecemeal. It's better to do all the windows that require replacement at the same time, and ideally all the windows in your house. Space by space window replacement is more affordable and it can be simpler if done slowly, a few at a time, but visually, your house will not convey an arranged, serene and cohesive design unless all the windows match well. What if materials are terminated or ended up being briefly unavailable, or expect there's not sufficient money to finish your home? If you can't afford them all now, don't begin up until the cash exists. But don't stress over purchasing replacements due to the fact that when finished, they should not require replacement once again. 2. Altering That Custom Window Space to Standard Window Space. There is no need to downgrade that unique customized window such as an arch, a small French door, or any uncommon configuration. Installing plain single glazed panes, because custom windows are too pricey, doesn't do justice to the unique functions of your house with its various lines, corners, and areas. Don't refrain from tailoring your windows to fit the character of the home merely to conserve money. One cost reliable way to get a custom-made appearance without the customized cost is to take several basic stock windows and combine them into a distinct style which enhances that unique space. The cost of personalizing a window versus combining standard stock windows is vast. Although the alternatives are more restricted, the client doesn't lose on their designer detailing. 3. Not Matching the Functions You Need With Available Options. You've been living in this home for 10 years so what's required is apparent, so put some brain power into the problems and document the features that are essential before checking out the websites or the display room. The choices readily available are truly endless with as lots of fashion statements on the market as any Parisian boulevard. Bare it down to the bones first. Those multi-paned, lever-operated, jalousie windows in the living room are not just an eye sore, but a thorn in your side. They do not belong in your stately Victorian on the very best street in New Orleans. Make a list of the functions you truly want and develop a principle of the perfect dream windows. Do this before browsing over the options so the focus remains on the requirements of your home first, before the glitter impresses you away. 4. The Easiest Thing Is To Buy All Vinyl Windows Within and Out and Be Made with It. Those TV commercials 25 years ago which showed how easy those replacement vinyl windows were to clean and open, did disappoint the vinyl after 20 or thirty years in a difficult sun. It holds true, vinyl replacements have enhanced, and are very energy efficient supplied the vinyl does not degrade. Nevertheless, I do not recommend all vinyl replacements at all and prefer instead a combined vinyl and wood replacement over an aluminum frame. It has the simple maintenance benefit of all vinyl, but does not depend upon the heat sensitivity of the vinyl for effective operation. Some individuals like wood at any expense. Although it needs a great deal of upkeep and regular repainting, absolutely nothing breathes and seems like wood in any home restoration. For our cash, we recommend an aluminum frame with wood on the interior side, and a vinyl covered aluminum frame outside for the maximum benefits of energy efficiency, visual appeals and maintenance ease. 5. There Are Some Good Deals On Dual Pane Windows. And if you fall for those lots you'll get a rude awakening. Something like two pieces of glass of questionable quality, without any unique coverings or surfactants, glazed together to form one window. Slightly longer than one year later on when that sub basic guarantee goes out, condensation develops between the panes and a black spotty poisonous mold begins growing all around the sides. "What a pity", says the brand-new glazier shaking his head. "This rot is anything however dry. You must have pertained to me previously." If only it truly was a bargain. The maker does not even return those calls and the specialist has left the state. Real double paned windows are pricey, and the choices are various. There is a brand-new cutting-edge version where the 2 panes are in fact blown together into a single system with a safe insulating gas sealed between them. This completely eliminates fogging, condensation, and drafts. Other types need proper sealing and ought to carry an excellent low u-factor. The U-factor is a toughness test which determines just how much interior heat gets away from the window. Conversely, a low Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient, or SHGC informs the consumer how much heat from the sun penetrates your windows. If you negotiate away your consumer protections, don't be shocked if that big restoration goes sour. 6. Customizing Into Complacency. Even the finest windows from the very best makers could position operational troubles and style flaws. Not that they were the top of the line to start with, but those advertisements for vinyl replacement windows revealing the easy tilt down cleansing system proved tough for lots of individuals to use. Don't buy any windows that you have not subjected to strenuous tests of your own. Even if a window is tailored, does not automatically make it user friendly. There isn't a maker in business that hasn't made windows with design flaws and particularly troublesome are those customized functions. Work them personally; don't simply observe the demonstration. Have the family work them. Ask concerns to the salesman. Any sticky wickets? Leave the windows at the store or at least those complex systems. Operation will only make them stickier. 7. Buying Windows Without NFRC Rating. NFRC or the National Fenestration Score Council screening has actually become an industry requirement in examination of energy efficiency and efficiency. It's a pity to acquire windows without the score considering it doesn't cost you anything however the manufacturers depend on it to sort out those less then perfect quality windows. Also makers who are less expensive however disavow their warranties after 1 year typically are those windows which don't perform well versus their better quality competitors. In fact, many states now require the NFRC scores in order to get a permit for window replacement of any kind. Contact the local council about constructing code requirements for your house. 8. All Window Hardware Is Basically The Exact same. The hardware set up with your windows figures out the ease, security, and toughness of operation. In fact, your windows are just as great as the hardware holding them together. Window hardware can conceal low-cost metal products in the locking system or sash. Attempt to get hardware that adheres to California's comprehensive anti theft and forced entry standards. They require that any closed window is a locked window and has the ability to remain locked under heavy lever type pressure. 9. Who Needs Two Warranties? You require two warranties to cover you in any eventuality and here is the information. Initially, there is the maker's guarantee. This covers the windows from manufacturing flaws, unforeseen wear, replacement parts or anything to do with the windows themselves. It is a prolonged service warranty that is released with premium windows for 10 to twenty years and often longer. It needs to not professional rate the advantages with time due to the age of the windows, and must be totally transferable should you choose to offer your house. Second, there is the assurance from the specialist who sets up the windows. This typically only extends over one year, although a professional who is sure of their work and has an excellent reputation may be encouraged to provide more protection, in some cases as much as 2 years. In any case, this service warranty is limited and covers just the work of the specialist relating to setup and nothing to do with producing flaws of the windows themselves. For example, if the surfactant is mottled on that western exposure image window in the bedroom, do not try to redress the problem with the professional. Call the maker. However, if mold is establishing on the inside of one brand-new window sill, get the contractor back over there as soon as possible before that guarantee expires. Try not to get included if there is a conflict over responsibility. Make them work it out. 10. It Will Save A Package If My Painter Installs The Windows and I Will Assist Fine, if you have the time and the painter has appropriate expertise however sadly, a lot of mistakes take place when attempting to streamline window installation. Since window replacement is a more costly and huge undertaking than it seems unless it's only one or 2 windows we're talking about, or you have actually done it previously, it's finest to leave this to a specialist. Setup is the least of the expense of window replacement so it does not pay to cut corners here. One essential tip, when you work with a professional to install those brand-new windows, besides doing all the basic evaluations of his work, such as seeing his jobs over the past three months, getting reliable referrals, not paying up front for the task, and so on, if there is a little additional money to spare, think about employing an engineer to evaluate the installation. It's a relatively affordable way to buy a lot of comfort. Even if you can't manage one, try asking the professional throughout the interview if he minds if you hire an engineer to evaluate precaution and setup. If he gets upset or declines, don't use this professional. The reason speaks for itself. If he states he doesn't mind or heartily welcomes the chance, then this contractor trusts his own work, and will no doubt work much better knowing that an expert will exist, even if he isn't. If an engineer is worked with, bring him when at the start, and once prior to the last couple of windows are finished to check for compliance before the last checks are written. Armed with these suggestions, you ought to get more for your money, and years of satisfaction looking out your brand-new "quite as a picture" replacement window.

#windows replacement

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dailytechnologynews · 6 years ago

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MacBook Pro Keyboard Failures: Why Apples dust excuse is bullshit! [Teardown + Explanations]

Original source: https://www.reddit.com/r/apple/comments/bjtyaw/macbook_pro_keyboard_failures_why_apples_dust/

Today we will be tearing down a MacBook Pro keyboard to try and figure out some possible causes for all the failures that these keyboards get. Settle down, because this will be a bit of a long post. Hopefully you'll at least learn something from this.

My Background:

I've worked as an Apple Authorized Service Provider (AASP) Technician for the last 3 years.

Before that, I use to work as a 3rd party Technician at an Apple-focused repair shop.

Because of this experience, I stand in an interesting position where I use to see all the shit Apple pulls in order to make 3rd party and DIY repair difficult, and now I sit in a position where I can see exactly how Apple deals with these issues and get a more-representative ideas of how the machine fails, how many fail, and exactly what the most common failures are.

History:

Apple originally released the Butterfly-style keyboard back in 2015 with the release of the 12" Macbook. Afterwards in 2016, this keyboard design was expanded to all Macbook Pros. The butterfly keyboard is different from a conventional rubber-dome keyboard that was used for 20+ years before that. It uses a metal dome that buckles under enough stress and makes contact between 2 metal terminals, and the keycap itself is held up with a butterfly-style henge rather than a traditional scissor hinge. Both are pictured further down.

This entire experiment began with a thought: How could something as simple as dust kill the keyboard switch?

My old 3rd party tech instincts say that this should not be possible, since there are billions of smartphones that use metal-dome style buttons that do not experience failures like this.

Apples official stance is that dust manages to somehow enter the keyboard and cause the issues. This can cause things like:

Keyboard keys feel sticky, crunchy, or are physically jammed.

Keyboard does not input even though you pressed the key.

Keyboard inputs the same character 2+ times even though you only pressed the button once. https://www.apple.com/support/keyboard-service-program-for-macbook-and-macbook-pro/

Their official documentation also states that you can "fix" the issue by using compressed air to blow out the keys. https://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT205662

When it comes to failures, there's 3 schools of thought about how the switches fail:

"Dust" Theory. This generally takes apples words at face value and don't go deep into it.

"Heat" Theory. This assumes that Dust Theory is bullshit and assumes that overheating causes the material to expand and warp enough to render the buttons inoperable (2018 TouchBar models in particular).

"Shit Design" Theory. This assumes and accepts that it's just awful design.

You may have also seen articles like https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/macbook-pro-keyboard-failure-rate-double-older-models/ that say that keyboard failure is in the low 10% range, but these should not be accepted at all since they do not take into account a number of things that critically invalidate these statistics as a whole:

They come directly from apple, which is a huge conflict of interest considering they have to sell these machines to make money.

They do not take into account the number of repairs that were turned down due to the cost of the repair itself, which is around 500USD before the keyboard replacement program came into effect.

They do not take into account the number of people that don't want to go to apple or cannot go to apple due to time constraints, especially since most countries do not offer over-the-phone mail-in repairs on Macs.

They do not take into account the number of people who just avoid apple stores and AASP in general and instead go to local 3rd party repair stores.

The keyboard program was introduced June 22, 2018, meaning that anyone before that date who does not have warranty was forced to pay 500USD for the replacement part, and most likely falls into the above. Notice how conveniently these statistics don't include numbers for 2018?

From my experience as an Apple Technician, here are the most commonly reported problems at my store, in order of most to least common:

No-input, particularly from all vowel keys, most commonly used consonants, spacebar, enter, and shift.

Multi-input, particularly from all vowel keys, most commonly used consonants, spacebar, enter, and shift.

Sticky/Crunchy/Stuck keys.

As for demographic, the most common folks we see with these issues are:

Writers or any kind (blog, scripts, office workers, etc).

Students of all kinds.

Programmers.

With that said, here are a few things that were floating around in my head:

The first red flag about the dust hypothesis should be the failure types. Only 1/3 are related to physical objects actually preventing the keys from working. The other 2/3 are related to electricity, specifically whether the circuit in the switch itself is "closed" or "open". Open circuit means that the positive and negative terminals are not connected, which is the equivalent of a keyboard button that is not pressed. Closed circuit is the opposite.

Second red flag is that human dust and household dust is classified as non-conductive. By itself, it does not have enough conductivity to meaningfully carry electricity, so the multi-input style failure should not be possible at all. The No-input failure can somewhat be explained with dust, since it can at as an insulator between 2 metal terminals, but keep reading and you'll see why this isn't the case.

Third red flag should be specifically which keys fail. Spacebar, enter, shift, vowels, and the most common consonants are the most commonly pressed buttons whenever anyone types on their keyboard. Coincidentally, these buttons are the ones that are reported to fail the most.

Finally, the last red flag is the demographic. All of these are people who type a lot on the machines. While this one is highly anecdotal, most of my customers fall within this demographic.

Enough rambling, on with the teardown!

https://i.imgur.com/5MRswJ6.jpg

In front of me, I have what's referred to as a Top Case assembly. Its essentially the metal frame, battery, keyboard and trackpad, all shipped and prepared as one piece for Apple techs to swap out. This particular one came from a 2017 model MacBook Pro 13", which rocks the 2nd generation of the Butterfly keyboard. This specific top case came from a machine that was "liquid damaged by my drunk roommate" so I have no issues tearing it apart for the greater good.

https://i.imgur.com/dnwTzDO.jpg

After removing the keycaps, here's what the keys actually look like underneath. Theres a few main parts here:

The silver metal dome. Thats what actually teams the machine that a key is pressed. It makes contact between metal pads when it is pressed.

Clear Plastic Housing around metal done. Its there to make sure the dome doesn't go anywhere and keeps it safe.

Butterfly Mechanism. This is the white part all around the perimeter of the clear plastic body.

I included both larger and smaller sized keys just for demonstration purposes.

https://i.imgur.com/VoRDuhG.mp4

Butterfly Mechanism in action. This is actually a genius idea, since it eliminates individual moving parts in favour of a single Large one. Youtube creator Veritasium made a video talking about how flexible moving pieces have a lot more advantages over multi-piece hinges (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97t7Xj_iBv0).

https://i.imgur.com/8zsuDFg.mp4

Metal dome in action. This is what happens to the dome and butterfly mechanism when the key is pressed.

https://i.imgur.com/SROBJRq.jpg

Here's an example of something that can cause the "Sticky, Crunchy, or Stuck Keys" problem. Having crumbs, or sticky liquids, or other gunk will cause your keys to feel weird, or to stop working. These are genuinely caused by crap getting stuck between the mechanism. Enough of these can definitely jam a key. The 3rd generation keyboards help negate this problem by adding a rubber piece around the perimeter of the butterfly mechanism in order to reduce ingress of larger bits into the mechanism.

https://i.imgur.com/fauw47h.mp4

Example of how a key can get jammed. That single large piece prevents the mechanism and switch from pressing down al the way.

https://i.imgur.com/SogaaLg.mp4

Upon further inspection, we run into another blockade in the Dust theory, a see-through plastic barrier that encloses the entire switch.

The purpose of this barrier is both ingress-protection and to make sure the metal dome stays in its proper place, as you'll see later.

https://i.imgur.com/N2YxJhs.mp4

There is also this black tape-like material covering the top portion. After peeling it off, I discovered that this is where there is a little lip that overhangs the plastic housing. Most likely this is so that the domes can be replaced by the companies that refurbish all the old parts/devices apple sends to them.

https://i.imgur.com/1KDJK2n.mp4

It wasn't very hard to peel it off, but the plastic film was adhered to the plastic frame. Again, a huge dead-end forest theory since it physically cannot get in through this area.

https://i.imgur.com/GqsUHrz.jpg

A close-up of the film and the metal dome itself.

https://i.imgur.com/6zVVFuY.mp4

After examining the dome, I discovered that it is not at all soldered down into place, but rather it is free-floating within the plastic housing. Whether it makes a connection or not depends on how well its legs are contacting those gold pads in the corners.

https://i.imgur.com/LAM75Lz.jpg

Top side of the dome itself. The 4 outer legs are what make contact with the gold pads that are used to carry electrical signals. The dome itself appears to be Steel. It is also incredibly light, it's no wonder the film has to keep it down.

https://i.imgur.com/ZBi4jau.jpg

Bottom side. That brown part is not corrosion, that's just laser-cutting left-overs from when the dome is manufactured. I checked, all the metal dome have these marks.

https://i.imgur.com/JmWD4DD.jpg

Close-up of the plastic body around the metal dome. Here we see 6 gold pads. All 6 of those are for carrying electrical signals. There is also a large hole close to the oval-shaped gold pad. This is a ventilation hole.

Now, I know what you're thinking. Ventilation hole? Aha! That's where the dust gets in!

Hold your horses, we are far from done.

https://i.imgur.com/o70lCgg.jpg

The plastic body takes a bit of effort to remove, thanks to the fact that it uses 4 plastic legs that are riveted to the underside of the board.

https://i.imgur.com/tqLXY1c.jpg

Once removed, we see that the entire plastic body is surrounded by an adhesive film with no obvious gaps in its seal. This is another dead-end for the dust-ingress theory, since the entire plastic body is sealed around the perimeter. For the sake of thoroughness, I tested the conductivity of all the gold pads; the 4 outer pads along with the oval-shaped one in the middle are all connected and act as a single end of the terminal, while the round central pad is a second terminal. Once these 2 are bridged by a conductive object, like a metal dome, they will register as a keypress.

https://i.imgur.com/EHIkSsn.mp4

Just to give you an idea, You can see my trying to fit my sharpest set of tweezers under the plastic body. At most it budged a bit to the side, but that's because adhesive is fairly flexible. It takes a fair bit of pressure to puncture that plastic film on top.

https://i.imgur.com/WDD2C8b.jpg

Out of curiosity, I also tore apart the thinner small keys to see what the mechanism looked like. It's the same thing, just a smaller version.

https://i.imgur.com/tkg6RMH.jpg

I attempted to test the "Heat Failure" theory with my heat-gun set to 300C and pointed directly at the metal dome. This was a beyond-extreme-case test to see if the key would warp and possibly make contact.

Since MacBooks have god-awful cooling and will heat up to very hot temperatures in order to ensure that the machine stays as quiet as possible (which is a questionable method overall, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=947op8yKJRY talks about it more), some people suspected that the expansion and contraction of material can cause these keys to stop working.

After leaving it under heat for 2 minutes, it did not move a millimetre. This theory is very unlikely since there are keys that fail that do not sit in the same area as the Processor cooler (which can reach 70-100C pretty easily on these models).

At this point, I finished tearing up the entire top-side of the keyboard, so I turned my attention to the underside.

https://i.imgur.com/IZsaOvE.jpg

The keyboard is covered by a large, layered film material. Based on its thickness, it is likely meant to serve several purposes:

As a heat insulator for the keyboard area.

As an insulator for electrical signals between the Motherboard and the metal frame/keyboard itself.

As a barrier to prevent dust and crumbs from interfering with operation.

https://i.imgur.com/iEdRuZs.jpg

After removing it, I found a small surprise. The keyboard itself sits on one giant PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and even has a fair bit of componentry on it! Quick google search showed that the 4 large chips on the right are for controlling the LED backlight, the pair of smaller chips in the middle are some sort of micro controllers (probably for the keyboard itself), and the components on the left are a mystery; I suspect they're the fan control/PWM (pulse width modulation) circuit for the fan, since the fan connects directly into the keyboard on all new models

https://i.imgur.com/6Pm0Uqd.jpg

Whats this? A dust filter? In my friendly christian teardown? Dust filter indeed. This is one of the finest filters I've seen in years! (pun intended).

After looking at it, it turns out that this dust filter is used for the breathing hole that was pictured in the Switch teardown further up the post.

Another dead-end for the Dust Theory, since the breather hole itself is covered by a very fine mesh.

https://i.imgur.com/hycxJcR.jpg

Here's the tip of a 0.5mm ballot pen for size reference. Most dust and all hairs will not be able to fit between this mesh, which only further solidifies the dismissal of the Dust Theory.

https://i.imgur.com/rVfLEkF.jpg

This is the closest shot of the mesh that I can get. This is with 10x Macro lens + iPhone camera at full zoom. Pen marks for size reference.

https://i.imgur.com/hjIboNB.mp4

Here's a short clip of the alignment of the dust filter with the breather hole along with visible movement from the underside of the metal dome and butterfly mechanism.

https://i.imgur.com/4rtoCUP.jpg

After looking closer at the protective keyboard insulator bit, I noticed that the entire mesh portion is surrounded by an adhesive-material, with absolutely 0 gaps around the hole. This basically puts a dead-end to the last possible entry point for dust, since this entire breather hole is not only sealed by adhesives on both top and bottom, but also a clear film on top side and an extremely fine mesh on the bottom of the switch.

At this point, there should be little reason to believe that dust can get in there, since every possible vector of attack is throughly sealed and/or protected.

Contrary to popular belief, Apple actually took a lot of effort sealing these switches from the elements.

https://i.imgur.com/9pmrI0A.jpg

I found some household dust and threw it on the mesh. As you can see, the mesh is not having trouble stopping these tiny bits.

https://i.imgur.com/j32hfyl.mp4

And finally, here is a demonstration of what happens when the key is assembled and pressed under the most extreme of dusty conditions. I threw literally an entire pile of dust on that breather hole.

Since these switches are pretty much sealed from all angles other than this breather hole, this is where all the air can freely move in the switch. Once assembled, the design of the switch actually very closely resembles that of a conventional speaker, which deals with air pressure inside its sealed chamber by allowing the air to freely enter and exit its port hole. Once the key is pressed, there is a higher air pressure created between the PCB and metal dome. Since this pressure needs to go somewhere to prevent rupturing the plastic film, all of it immediately gets pushed out of this single vent. Any dust that has accumulated on this opening will immediately be ejected from the mesh filter. Bear in mind that the laptop would technically be upside-down if you viewed it from this angle. In reality, the dust would actually fall to the underside of the Logic board, which sits in very close proximity to this breather hole.

Excuse the shit quality, I had to heavily compress and alter the vids quality to make it fit into an upload able GIF.

https://i.imgur.com/i6a1KWK.jpg

See that rivet? There are close to 70 of these holding the keyboard into place, along with a battery that's glued in on-top of the bottom portion. You want DIY repairs? Good luck with that. This is why Apple ships these as a "Top Case Assembly" rather than "Keyboard".At this point, there is no evidence left at all that dust is the cause of failures for this switch, especially not for the Double-Input issue since that entirely relies on how long and how many electrical signals are detected by the keyboard controller. There is absolutely no reason why dust or humidity can cause this, especially with no easy entry points and the general lack of electrical conductivity of both dust and water.

The No-Input issue can still somewhat be explained by a few other theories (Humidity, or oxidation of the underside of the dome), but both these theories still have a lot of holes (breather hole pushes humidity out when key is pressed, gold contacts do not oxidize on their own, corroded material will get slightly worn off when one and pads make repeated contact with dome, the amount of dust and water needed to cause these situations is fairly high, etc).

Why is this teardown so important***?***

It proves that Apple themselves have no idea how to deal with the issue and that dust was either just an excuse to satisfy their customer bases demand for an answer, or their engineers are genuinely nowhere near as smart as everyone thinks they are. I'm not sure which of these two is worse. Considering they've had 4 years to deal with it, i'm leaning more towards the latter.

The way Apple is handling this problem is actually far from good. People think that its nice of them to have a repair program for the issue, but this is actually just a shitty half-assed bandaid fix for the problem. As it stands, the current situation is as follows:

All 12" MacBooks + 2018 Air + all 2016-2018 Pro models will eventually develop keyboard issues, its a matter of time.

All 2016/2017 pros (and 12" 2015-2017) have the extended keyboard warranty program. This program covers these units for 4 years from original purchase date, meaning that 2016 models coverage ends around 2020/2021, depending on exact purchase date, and 2017 models coverage ends around 2021/2022. 2015 12" Macbook coverage is ending between this year and next year, so 2015 12" owners be prepared!

2018 models are not covered by this program! Currently, they rely entirely on their warranty or consumer protection laws, meaning that if you didn't purchase AppleCare or live on a country where Consumer Protection laws suck, you'll only get support for 1 year out of the box.

For any of the above, once your warranty or keyboard program coverage ends, it's $500 USD per failure to replace the entire top case. There is no "cheaper" aftermarket solution, the keyboards themselves are a nightmare to replace and the aftermarket parts are even more likely to fail. Replacing the part will not permanently fix the issue either since Apple only replaces it with identical parts, meaning they're bound to fail again. On top of that, all machines will be classified as vintage 5 years after their original release date. Once that happens, spare parts from apple go bye bye for good and you'll be left only with the cheaper aftermarket parts that are usually more prone to failure, or be stuck buying used parts which are also failure-prone.

Ownership beyond 3-4 years fo these models is pretty much a gamble at best, and ownership for 2018 models without AppleCare is even more of a gamble since there's no repair program support for them and there is 0 guarantee that these models will be added to that keyboard replacement program at all.

As for what the actual cause is, honestly I don't know. My suspicion is that the metal dome experiences metal fatigue and slowly begin to lose connection, or that that little U-shaped cutout in the centre of the dome weakens and starts to easily bounce when pressed, making contact 2+ times. I honestly cannot test this at home, my equipment is woefully inadequate to go that deep.

Macbook owners, please beware. Always have AppleCare, even if paying extra to cover a flaw that should be properly dealt with is morally questionable and a shitty thing to do. Right now is not a good time to be a Macbook owner or buyer, and please consider whether or not you wish to financially support a company that pulls stunts like these.

This law firm is setting up a class action if anybody wants to join: https://www.research.net/r/MacKeyboard

#hardware #Computer #Technology #Tech #News

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businesknowlege · 2 years ago

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Wiring Harness Terminals & Sheet Metal Components Manufacturer & Supplier in India

Terminals for Wiring Harnesses

We Shubham Industries is well known name in Wiring Harness Terminals manufacturer in Delhi along with Sheet Metal Components Manufacturer in India. Read full article for better understand of our precious products..

The terminals on the wiring harness are the areas where the wire terminates or is connected to other components.

Similar to wire harness connections, the type of termination needed will depend on the intended usage and may have different form, size, and insulation requirements.

Non-insulated terminals are a more cost-effective solution when protection from temperature, moisture, or the environment is not absolutely necessary.

Terminals for Wiring Harnesses

Automotive wiring harnesses terminals must be precisely made with specific application needs in mind, the wire harness design process may be quite customized.

Several wire harnesses need to be concealed in boxes, walls, or other limited spaces. Functionality and safety both depend on a high-quality design.

The extensive list of elements above demonstrates how environmental considerations must be made in wire harness designs.

Top Sheet Metal Components

Sheet metal is used to make many different objects, including the bodywork of automobiles, trucks, and lorries, huge appliances, aeroplane fuselages, and wings, tinplate for tin cans, roofing for buildings (architecture), and many other things.

Iron sheets with laminated steel cores and other high magnetic permeability materials are used in transformers and other electric equipment.

Sheet metal is metal that has undergone industrial processing to create thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental components used in metalworking, and it may be bent and cut into a variety of shapes.

As opposed to portions thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in), which are referred to as "plate," such as "plate steel," a form of structural steel, very thin sheets are referred to as "foil" or "leaf." There are wide variations in thickness.

#automitive wiring harness terminal #wiring harness terminal #wiring harness terminal manufacturer #wiring harness terminal manufacturer in Delhi #wiring harness terminal manufacturer in India #automotive #auto parts #Sheet Metal Components #Sheet Metal Components manufacturer #Sheet Metal Components manufacturer in Delhi #Sheet Metal Components manufacturer in India

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importantqueenconnoisseur · 2 years ago

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Sydney Glazier Archives Glass Repairing

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axiselectricals · 2 years ago

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Understand the Functions and Applications of Insulation Piercing Connectors

How can an electrical connection be made safer without removing the insulation? Is there a way to distribute energy in a system by making quick and easy connections? Well, the latest designs of the insulation piercing connectors have made it possible.

What are insulation piercing connectors?

These connectors are a brilliant electrical component that can connect with an electric supply wire without removing the insulation. The insulation piercing and connector manufacturers have achieved a remarkable stage by designing exclusive connectors that match the requirements of respective industries mechanically, electrically, and environmentally.

These pieces can also create aluminum and copper wire terminals without leaving a stranded end and maintaining the connections perfectly. They get generally used in the AB cable system of self-supporting wires and messenger wires where a tap connection is accepted.

Hence, this electrical component is perfect for various domestic and commercial uses. The actual connection is sealed away from the environmental factors using exceptional sealing designs. For instance, these units have marvelous waterproof designs developed for particular industries to deliver functionality and usability.

Functions of insulation piercing connectors

Considering the different kinds of piercing connectors designed and developed, here is a list of common domains where they are used.

1. Street lights

The main AB cable is tapped to make a new connection for a street light. The electrical connection to a service line is adequately maintained, and the street lights get power.

2. Multi-tap connections in domestic electrical systems

These connectors are used to tap the main AB cable and create an electrical connection for bringing power to a household. A one-tap connection can be created in the main line to make multiple connections for more than one household using the multiport insulation piercing connectors.

3. Distribution box connections

These connectors are also used for connecting and charging the low voltage distribution boxes. These low voltage boxes are then connected to various applications such as residences, street lights, etc.

4. Jumper connections

These connectors are used to make jumper connection or T connection to take out the another connection for new distribution line to create low voltage network.

Insulation piercing connector applications

As mentioned earlier, the insulation piercing connector manufacturers design the required connectors according to the applications in electrical industries.

· They are used to create new connections with the high- and low-voltage distribution lines without disrupting the insulation features in the adjacent and terminal ports.

· They are used to make connections with the service cables and to make connections to create low voltage network.

· Using these insulation piercing connectors, we can also achieve safer T connections and create a proper power distribution.

Benefits of using insulation piercing connectors

We now clearly understand how impressive the designs of these connectors are to create high and low-voltage distribution connections on commercial and domestic grounds. These connectors are designed to over waterproof and weatherproof connections that can withstand climatic conditions. Before choosing a connector, it is recommended to check the manufacturer's certification. NFC 33 020 and EN 50483-4 are the standard applicable to the Insulation piercing connector.

About the Company

Axis Electrical is the leading Indian Manufacturer & Exporter of a wide range of Electrical Components used in Electrical Installations and in the Equipment Building industry. Their main customer base consists of Distributors/Wholesalers of Electrical Products, Electrical Contractors & Installers, Equipment Manufacturers, Maintenance Companies and Government Authorities. s

#insulation piercing and connector manufacturers

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raychemrpgblogs · 3 years ago

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Challenges in Switchgear Terminations for HV and EHV Cable Systems

Introduction

Originally (approx. 1920s) stress control technology inside accessories was based on wrapped papers. For this, conductive papers were wrapped in such a way that the end of the semi-conductive layer of the power cable represented a geometrical cone. This shape de- fines the electrical field distribution between earth and high voltage electrode and reduces the electrical stress down to uncritical levels. Today this taping technology is only in use where oil/paper cables are still in operation and not replaced yet. But the oil/paper cables and accessories usage is in decline and will become less important in future. This type of cable and accessories proved less optimal under the newly arising aspects of increased environmental constraints, minimized losses, installation ease, low maintenance, and least cost.

Nowadays the dominating cable insulation material is XLPE up to voltages of 550 kV. An example can be seen in picture 1; this shows the increase of XLPE cables between 1996 and 2006. Consequently, the insulation material of cable accessories changed from impregnated to dry as well [1]. Today there are materials like EPR (Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber) or SIR (Sili- cone rubber) in use [2]. This technology implies some advantages compared to the former used oil/paper technology:

Quality of stress control element is independent of jointer skills

Every piece can be 100% electrically tested

Geometry is predefined

Easy to install

A considerable evolution has also been seen in the Switchgear termination designs. The governing IEC standards have also evolved and have been adapted by most cable accessories manufacturers. However still some practical adaptability of problems have to be considered by one and all. This article focuses of such challenges for Switchgear terminations and makes some recommendations at the end.

Switchgear / Transformer terminations

If the cable does not end in air but inside a device then another type of sealing end is used. Compared to the outdoor termination the main components still ex- ist but the hollow core insulator is replaced by a resin insulator with a different geometry. This geometry is made according to IEC 62271-209 which specifies the outer shape of this insulator and guarantees that this part will fit in every standardized switchgear or transformer housing.

Same as for outdoor terminations two types of equipment terminations exist: oil-filled and dry versions.

Rated voltage – kV

Figure 1 shows the electric field levels inside a power cable which must be controlled at the end of the cable by the accessory. The red points show the electric field at rated voltage and for the inner and outer sur- face of the insulation respectively. Blue points are indicating the same but for impulse stress. The most critical value for cable accessories is the electric field at the outer surface at impulse voltage. This level de- fines the properties of the stress control element. Cur- rent trends in power cable manufacturing show that the insulation thickness will be reduced further. Espe- cially power cables – so called high stress cables – for rated voltages of 123 kV – 170 kV show a very high operating and impulse electric stress level which can already be compared with the level of 500 kV cables. This increase has to be considered in cable accessory design and requires a verification of established cable accessory designs.

Additionally all cable accessories have in common that they have to fit on the available cable construction. But the design of the power cable is highly de- pended on the intended use and the requirements of the customer and the basic elements such as insulation thickness or cable shielding may vary [5]:

Conductor

Semiconductive screen

Insulation material

Metallic screen

Armouring

Oversheath

The specific setup of a high and extra-high voltage power cable is not standardized and consequently every cable accessory has to be adopted on each cable design. This requires a certain flexibility of the design and system of the cable accessories. Prospectively this will become more important because more and more energy utilities do not insist on same manufacturer of the cable and accessory at the same time.

Both types provide the same main functionality but with the dry version additional features are present:

Separable connection; Plug-in type termination

Independent testing of switchgear and cable pos- sible

No oil filling required inside the termination, hence no waiting or settling time

Shorter length of cable preparation

Smaller size and lighter weight of termination

Epoxy insulator can be fitted by GIS/transformer manufacturer itself

IEC adapter will match height of existing oil-filled termination

Dimension complies as per IEC 62271-209.

These are the reasons why the quantity of oil-filled equipment terminations is decreasing whereas the dry version increases. It is expected that the oil-filled version will play only a minor role in future.

Read more at https://www.raychemrpg.com/blog/products/challenges-in-switchgear-terminations-for-hv-and-ehv-cable-systems

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lisa0chan-blog · 3 years ago

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3 steps for a perfect crimp

A hand crimping tool is a manual device used to crimp wire, cable, and other ductile materials. These pliers-like tools are also known as crimping pliers, hand crimping tools, and crimpers.

Crimping is a common method of crimping a terminal to a wire by applying pressure to two or more pieces of metal to deform them. It force them to clamp against each other, thereby connecting them without the use of soldering. When done correctly, crimps create a mechanically sound connection that is resistant to corrosion, gases and liquids.

IGEELY offers a variety of hand crimping tools for crimping different terminals. It has the perfect handle holding position, plus the lightweight and reasonable structure and the ergonomic handle shape design to ensure the perfect crimping effect.

Simple 3 steps for crimp

To master the perfect crimp, in addition to relying on the product's perfect design, we need three simple steps. They mainly include preparation, crimping, and inspection.

Preparation phase

The preparation phase starts with stripping the wires with a suitable wire stripper. Also check with the terminal manufacturer for terminal strip lengths. After stripping the outer jacket, make sure the strands are not cut or scratched. Otherwise, the current-carrying capacity of the conductors will be reduced and the service life of the connection will be shortened.

Crimp

The main benefit of crimping is that it eliminates the need for solder wire, reducing installation crimp time. This time reduction is important in today's market where time is of the essence and fewer technicians are needed to maintain more and more equipment. Additionally, solder joints are brittle and prone to failure under constant vibration, which is to be expected in harsh environments.

To ensure your crimp goes smoothly, use the correct tool. You might be tempted to grab whatever tool you have within your reach, but each manufacturer designs its terminals to be crimped with a specific set of tools. Using the wrong tool can result in a crimp that does not meet specified specifications and exposes you to potential failure.

Check

Finally, check the crimp. First visually inspect the curl with a magnifying glass for any obvious defects. Next use a crimp micrometer to measure the crimp height and width. Measure the crimp height of the wire barrel center and the insulation barrel center crimp terminal to confirm that the crimp is within the range specified by the manufacturer. This measurement of terminated wire height in the crimp area is a good quality control method because it is non-destructive.

Follow the steps above and you'll have a perfect crimp. So that your work can be done more quickly and efficiently.

IGEELY is a professional, reliable and safe brand. Our main goal is to provide high quality service and customer satisfaction through our strict internal rules.

If you want to know more about IGEELY products and information, please contact our sales engineer [email protected].

#hand crimping tool

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pcatechnologies · 3 years ago

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What is Switchgear connections and Switchgear cable termination?

At PCA Technologies, we are making safe arrangements while doing the manufacturing of GIS cable termination and switchgear connections. All our manufacturing items that include RMU cable termination, switchgear cable termination, and switchgear connections come with long-haul capacity.

We make the cable termination and connection items useful to meet the future demand of our customers. Our design team is making use of good quality items while manufacturing these products.

The present reach of our company incorporates cable terminations and switchgear connections. We have the manufacturing techniques available with us to make the distinguishable connectors and terminations.

These items have been made with the help of the pre-formed methods to keep them in one piece. It includes key capacities like electric field control, fixing, and protection. Our clients are using around 3 million pre-linked shape joints, link terminators, and link connectors.

We have maintained an effective base of client connections. For the business work, our clients have brought GIS cable terminations, switchgear cable terminations, and RMU cable termination for their business work.

List of Products available at PCA Technologies

PCA Technologies are making top-quality products for the clients. It includes cable segment products, accessories, joints, and cables. These kinds of joints of cables are available in the components from 1.1kV to 66kV.

We have a wide array of other products that include:

GIS Separable Connectors

Touch and Pouch proof GIS, RMU, Transformer & Switchgear connections

Various tubing that includes heat shrinkable joints and connectors

Other components in the product list are anti-tracking, stress control, insulating tubing, mastics, sheer bolts lugs, connectors, glands, earthling braids, line boxes, boots, and end caps.

According to the strictly laid designs and specifications, we do the manufacturing of our products. We work as per the industrial standards and our team takes these standards seriously. In all types of the domestic and international sectors, our products are widely accepted.

At PCA technologies, we have a wide range of products available. The expert teams working at PCA technologies are trying to work to give 100% satisfaction to our clients. We have increased our international sales network from the past years.

Additionally, we are continuously evolving to ensure a competitive advantage on our company’s products available. Our sharp focus is on making products according to the customer needs.

Product Quality & Services

PCA technologies being a manufacturer in making GIC cable terminators and switchgear connections.

We have control over the quality of our products right from getting the raw materials and completing the manufacturing process to make a finished product. You are looking for low-cost and good quality products then you are at the right place at the PCA technologies.

Reliable products are available at PCA technologies.

Our staff is working 24/7 providing a strong technical backup.

The team does the complete fault analysis and jointer training.

RMU cable termination and connectors are available in our company at competitive prices.

We follow the vision to provide the best quality products to our clients at cost-friendly prices.

know more about Switchgear connections and Switchgear cable termination

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technicallyfadingdreamer · 3 years ago

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RF Adapters Gain Bandwidth While Lowering Return Loss

From laboratory test setups to the transmitting equipment connected to base-station antennas, coaxial and waveguide adapters have been guiding RF and microwave signals for a long time. These adapters have increased flexibility by establishing connections between different or dissimilar connectors. At the same time, they have steadily continued to make electrical and mechanical progress in order to meet new performance goals set by modern and emerging applications. RF connectors suppliers have been able to continuously augment adapter performance by using newer materials, improved manufacturing methods and plating techniques, precision assembly processes, and clever impedance transformer designs.

Traditionally, waveguide-to-coaxial adapters have been a right-angle solution for applications requiring transition. In many situations, however, it is desirable to have connectors inline with the waveguide. By employing the latest RF techniques coupled with precision assembly methods, RLC Electronics has developed in-line adapters also popularly known as end-launch adapters. According to RLC's Director of Marketing, Peter Jeffery, the only advantage here is mechanical and there is also a disadvantage: very narrow bandwidth. Further details on this customer-specific solution were unavailable.

Numerous firms have taken more standard approaches (see Table). Space Machine & Engineering Corp., for instance, has readied a standard series of end-launch waveguide-to-coaxial adapters that incorporate its proprietary matching structure into the waveguide. To obtain broader bandwidth, the company has developed double-ridge waveguide-to-coaxial endlaunch adapters covering sizes WRD750 through WRD200 (Fig. 1). The adapters boast a maximum voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.5:1. Doubleridge waveguides for end-launch-style adapters also have been developed by AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation, Cobham Defense Electronic Systems, and QuinStar Technology. Both AR and QuinStar also offer these adapters with rectangular waveguides using a variety of coaxial connectors.

Among the additional proponents of end-launch-style waveguideto- coaxial adapters are Advanced Technical Materials, A-INFO, Flann Microwave, Maury Microwave, Microwave Engineering Corp., and Unique Broadband Systems. Aside from achieving a low profile with short length and low loss and VSWR, Microwave Engineering's design permits its end-launch adapters to operate over multi-octave bandwidths at high power levels.

Developers of end-launch adapters also provide right-angle models. RLC, for example, has been making standard waveguide-to-coaxial adapters in a variety of configurations for applications in the 3.3-to-40-GHz range with options for a broadband or band-specific model. Broadband waveguide-to-coaxial adapters maintain superior electrical specifications over the entire bandwidth. In contrast, band-specific models offer enhanced electrical performance for a specified bandwidth around the center frequency.

The firm's WAD series comprises 50-Ω coaxial-connector types including N, SMA, and K male or female. The adapters' average power-handling capability is 300 W for N, 60 W for SMA, and 25 W for K-type connectors with the waveguide flange as standard. Although insertion loss ranges to just 0.05 dB between 3.3 and 8.2 GHz, it begins to climb as the frequency goes higher. Hence, insertion loss rises to 0.1 dB between 10 and 18 GHz and climbs to 0.15 dB as frequency scales beyond 18 GHz. Likewise, VSWR is 1.2:1 between 3.3 and 8.2 GHz, but deteriorates to 1.35:1 with frequency ascending to 18 GHz and beyond.

The manufacturer also has introduced right-angle solder-free adapters that can handle frequencies to 11 GHz from -65 to 165C. The 50-Ω UG-27 C/U adapters are rated for operating voltages to 1000 V RMS with a maximum dielectric withstanding voltage of 2000 V RMS at 60 Hz at sea level. They flaunt a VSWR of 1.15:1 from DC to 6 GHz and 1.35:1 from 6 to 11 GHz, respectively. Featuring silver and gold center contact plating, the adapters come with albaloy, nickel, and silver body plating.

For their relatively small size and good electrical performance, SMA connectors are commonly found in wireless systems, military/aerospace equipment, test and measurement setups, and Global Positioning System (GPS) antennas. Because these connectors use threaded coupling, they require operator time especially in test environments. It takes time to make the threaded connection and then torque the coupling prior to test. To save time and simplify the testing process, Molex has developed two versions of SMA jack to SMA slide on the plug adapter. While a floating-panel-mount version targets test fixtures (73251-2130), the knurled-body version is designed for use on the end of test cables for production testing (73251-2380).

This adapter mates with standard SMA as per MIL-STD-348A. To create constant ground, it uses a berylliumcopper (BeCu) spring on the SMA push-on side. According to the company, this 50-Ω adapter boasts a maximum VSWR of 1.25:1 to 18 GHz. Its body is stainless-steel passivated while the center contact is gold plated.

To ease interconnections in system applications, Response Microwave has launched a new line of coaxial adapters in frequency ranges from DC through 50 GHz with impedances of both 50 and 75 Ω. The 75-Ω BNC , 1.0/2.3, and 1.6/5.6 in-series adapters are specifically tailored for telecommunications and networking infrastructure, explains Peter A. Alfano, the company's Director of Business Development. Alfano points out that the in-series and between-series adapters offer popular interfaces like SMA, SSMA, SMB, 2.4 mm, 2.9 mm, 3.9 mm, SMP, N, 7/16, BNC, TNC, MCX, MMCX, 1.0/2.3, and 1.5/5.6. Plus, there are coupling options like thread-on, push-on, and quick disconnect (Fig. 2). These adapters also come in a variety of configurations, such as in-line, right angle, T, and U-link. They are available in both stainless-steel and brass housings with silver, gold, nickel, or ternary plating options.

With the proliferation of WiFi and broadband infrastructure for telecommunications and high-speed data communications, a tremendous need has arisen for a variety of connectors to test cables in the field. RF Connectors' Vice President of Marketing, Manny Gutsche, points out that the unavailability of any unique interconnection in the field can pose a problem and delay testing. To simplify this task, RF adaptors a division of RF Industrieshas crafted a universal adapter kit labeled RFA-4028-WIFI.

This kit comprises the Unidapt RF cable tester with an assortment of 30 universal adapters, which include male and female MMCX, N, reverse-polarity (RP) TNC, RP SMA, TNC, BNC, and SMA connector interfaces. By screwing any two interface adapters in this kit to a universal center, Gutsche says that scores of different adapters can be made in seconds. All adapters feature machined brass, silver-plated bodies, gold-plated contacts, and Teflon insulation. They also are sold separately. Without the tester, the universal adapter kit is labeled RFA-4024-WIFI (Fig. 3).

Other suppliers offering such universal kits include Bomar Interconnect Products and MegaPhase. To address the needs of technicians and engineers in the broadcast field, Bomar has readied a 42-piece adapter kit, called ADPT4RP, that contains the parts most often needed by technicians in on-site antenna installations. The product consists of two male and two female Type N, BNC, UHF, TNC, TNC reverse-thread (RT), TNC-RP, SMA, and SMA-RP 50-Ω coaxial parts as well as eight universal adapters and two flat wrenches. These parts are fabricated using precision-machined brass with corrosion-resistant gold bodies, Teflon insulators, and gold-plated contacts. For its part, MegaPhase's universal adapter kit includes tools to properly terminate three different-length cable sub-assemblies with various connector combinations.

An F connector is a fitting that connects a coaxial cable to an electronic device or a wall jack.

Traditional coaxial cables were once the standard means of connecting a television to an antenna or cable TV access point. But they are less common now that high-definition and ultra-high-definition televisions make prevalent use of HDMI, fiber optical, and ethernet cables for many of their connections. Still, coaxial cables have their purposes, and your video system may still use them.

A coaxial cable used to bring electronic signals to a television or other electronic device terminates in an F connector. There are several ways these F connectors can be attached to coaxial cable. Professional installers use a coaxial cable stripper, which strips all three layers of the cable at once. Then, they slip on the F connector and secure it with a coaxial cable tool, which presses the connector onto the cable and crimps it at the same time.

Choosing the proper BNC connector to suit the cable for your project usually comes with a price. The price typically needs to be an appropriate assessment of the intending cable. A major issue plaguing most corporate organizations and teams is choosing the right cable. BNC cables remain one of the most used cable types across different industries. This article presents all you need to know about the BNC cable. You will learn about Siamese cables, connectors, benefits, and applications of other types of cables.

There are many definitions of the BNC acronym. Other names include Barrel Nut connector, Bayonet Navy connector, Bayonet Nipple connector, and British Naval Connector. Nevertheless, they are popularly known as the “Bayonet Neill-Concelman.”

Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) is used as a socket and plug for video signals, audio signals, power, and networking systems. These devices are known to offer the best connection to devices. They have a powerful bond with any device of choice.

An IEC connector refers to a type of electronic cable that meet the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. The specification for IEC connectors is IEC-60320. The connectors mount with cables are commonly referred to as female connectors or sockets, whereas the connectors mount with panels are known as male connectors or plugs. IEC-60320 is a standard for male and female connectors used in cables and electric devices such as computers, workstations, laptops, printers and so on. Note that the IEC-60320 standard applies to different range and types of electrical devices. There is a range of standardized connectors that differ in regards to current capacities, temperature ratings and number of conductors. The main purpose of these cables is to attach an electronic appliance to its power source.

The RCA connector was invented in the 1940s and was first used to connect an amplifier to a phonograph. They are sometimes referred to as phono connectors due to this original purpose, even though they can be used to carry both audio and video from many different devices. By the 1950s, the RCA connector had largely replaced the tip ring sleeve (TRS) connector in most high fidelity audio systems, and they remained popular even after the introduction of digital audio and video. Most audio-visual equipment comes equipped with RCA connectors, and some speakers do as well.

There are two types of RCA connectors that are used together to make solid electrical connections. Female RCA connectors are typically located on devices. These connectors typically protrude from a device and have one contact on the exterior surface and another in the center. Male RCA connectors are typically found on cable ends and contain an outer sleeve contact in addition to a central pin connection. There are also numerous other configurations, such as extension cables that have one male and one female RCA connector, splitters that can connect a monaural output to a stereo input, and converters that include female RCA connectors and a male TRS connector.

Do you find it difficult to identify what RF connector type you're going to use in an application? If so, don’t worry. In this article, you will learn about the different types of RF connectors and what applications they are commonly used for.

RF connectors are connectors that are designed to work at radio frequencies for signal transmission of products like radios, antennas, coaxial cables, etc. However, these connectors have a variety of types.

The Type N connector is a threaded, weatherproof, medium sized connector for durable applications that can easily handle frequencies up to 11 Ghz. This type of connector follows MIL-STD-348 and widely used in lower frequency microwave systems where ruggedness and low cost are needed.

DIN Connectors were originally brought into line in the 1970s. It is an electrical connector, and its architecture has multiple pins that are under a protective circular sheath. Normally, a full-sized DIN Connector contains three to 14 pins with a diameter of 13.2 millimetres.

The term Din connector doesn’t refer to a specific cable. Instead, it requires all the connectors that meet the Din standard.

The circular connector is another name for Din Connector in computer electronics. It’s also used for a digital interface such as musical instrument digital interfaces MIDI.

There are mainly two types of DIN connector. We will discuss them briefly one by one.

? Circular connector

? Loudspeaker connector

CIRCULAR CONNECTOR

Circular connectors consist of a family of male plugs. They have the same feature of 13.2 diameter metal shield with a notch that limits the orientation in which the plug and socket can connect.

There are seven common patterns, which can be any number from three to eight pins. When some high range equipment uses seven-pin connectors, then the outer two carries digital system data. If the equipment is incompatible, then the outer two pins from plug should unscrew. That is why we fit them into standard five pins 180” sockets without data connections. We are going to produce more new products.

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