#Currency Counting Machine Rates in India

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The Growing Market for Cash Counting Machines

The cash counting machines market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for efficient cash handling solutions across various sectors. As businesses expand and cash transactions remain prevalent, the need for accurate and reliable currency counting technology becomes critical. This article explores the dynamics of the growing market for cash counting machines, highlighting key trends, technological advancements, and regional developments.

Market Overview

The global currency counting machines market was valued at approximately USD 231.4 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 373.4 million by 2033, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.9% during this period This growth is attributed to the increasing volume of cash transactions, particularly in emerging economies where cash remains a dominant payment method.

Key Drivers of Growth

Rising Cash Transactions: Despite the rise of digital payments, cash transactions continue to be significant, especially in developing regions. The demand for efficient cash management solutions is essential for businesses that handle large volumes of cash daily

Technological Advancements: The integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has enhanced the capabilities of cash counting machines. These technologies improve counterfeit detection and increase the accuracy of currency handling, making these machines indispensable in financial institutions and retail environments

Counterfeit Detection Needs: The rise in counterfeit activities globally has prompted businesses to invest in sophisticated currency counting machines equipped with advanced detection technologies. This trend is crucial for maintaining financial security and operational efficiency

Expansion of Financial Institutions: As banks and financial services expand their reach, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas, the demand for reliable cash handling solutions increases. This expansion drives the adoption of cash counting machines to streamline operations

Regional Insights

North America

North America holds a significant share of the currency counting machine market, accounting for approximately 23.4% as of 2023 The region's robust banking infrastructure and high volume of cash transactions contribute to its leading position.

Asia-Pacific

The Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate due to increasing investments in banking infrastructure and a rising number of retail outlets. Countries like China and India are at the forefront, where expanding financial services cater to a large base of rural consumers The region's focus on financial inclusion further amplifies the demand for cash counting solutions.

Technological Innovations

The market is characterized by ongoing technological advancements aimed at enhancing user experience and operational efficiency:

AI and ML Integration: Modern currency counting machines now incorporate AI algorithms that enable them to learn from previous transactions, improving their accuracy over time

Compact Designs: There is a growing trend towards portable and compact models that cater to small businesses and mobile operations, making cash handling more convenient

Eco-Friendly Initiatives: Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on energy-efficient designs and recyclable materials, aligning with global sustainability goals

Challenges Facing the Market

Despite its growth potential, the currency counting machine market faces challenges:

Competition from Digital Payments: The increasing acceptance of digital payment methods poses a threat to traditional cash handling solutions. As more consumers opt for contactless payments, the demand for cash counting machines may decline

High Maintenance Costs: The operational costs associated with maintaining currency counting machines can be significant, potentially hindering adoption among smaller businesses

Conclusion

The currency counting machine market is poised for substantial growth as businesses seek efficient solutions for managing cash transactions amidst evolving payment landscapes. With technological advancements enhancing machine capabilities and expanding applications across various sectors, the future looks promising for this industry. However, stakeholders must navigate challenges posed by digitalization while capitalizing on emerging opportunities in both developed and developing markets. As the demand for accuracy and efficiency continues to rise, investing in innovative currency counting technology will be crucial for maintaining competitive advantage in an increasingly automated world.

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The Benefits of Currency Sorting Machines: Streamlining Cash Handling Processes

In the present speedy business climate, time is money. One method for setting aside time and cash is by using a currency sorting machine. Currency sorting machines are creative gadgets that can precisely sort and count banknotes, making the handling of cash more productive and secure.

Currency sorting machines can be utilized in various settings, for example, banks, clubs, retail locations, and different organizations that handle a lot of money. The machines utilize trend-setting innovation to sort and count bills, recognizing fake cash and distinguishing various divisions. This improves the money-considering process while lowering the risk of human error and misrepresentation.

The advantages of currency sorting machines are various. Most importantly, they save time. Counting cash by hand can be a tedious interaction, particularly when managing enormous amounts of cash. Currency sorting machines can count and sort bills at a much quicker rate, which permits organizations to zero in on different parts of their tasks.

As well as saving time, currency sorting machines additionally further develop precision. A human blunder is consistently a gamble while taking care of money; however, currency sorting machines wipe out that gamble by precisely counting and sorting bills. This additionally diminishes the requirement for manual descriptions and prevents mistakes in store summaries. One more benefit of currency sorting machines is their capacity to identify fake cash. Fake bills can be challenging to detect with the unaided eye, yet sorting machines utilize trend-setting innovation to recognize fake bills and alarm the administrator. This keeps organizations from tolerating fake cash and safeguards them from likely misfortunes.

Currency sorting machines likewise advance security by decreasing the risk of robbery and extortion. The machines can be customized to monitor cash exchanges, permitting organizations to watch out for their income. This forestalls representative burglary and diminishes the gamble of deceitful exercises. Currency sorting machines are a significant instrument for organizations that handle cash. They save time, further accuracy, recognize fake cash, and advance security. Putting resources into a currency sorting machine can smooth out cash flows, take care of cycles, and assist organizations with remaining serious in the present fast-paced climate.

For More Info:-

Currency Sorting Machine India

Note Sorting Machine Importer

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Note Counting Machine with Fake Note Detector Price in India

Note Counting Machine with Fake Note Detector Price in India

Get the Best Note Counting Machine with Fake Note Detector Price in India. Buy Direct from Top Note Counting Machine Manufacturer, Wholesaler, Exporter, Distributor, Importer, and Suppliers in India. Contact us Telephone ☎️ 01140230655, Mobile 📱 & WhatsApp 9953968896 or 8587870939. Prices and More Details Visit Our Website https://www.Kavinstar.in Indian Note Counting Machine with Fake Note…

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How CoVID-19 legitimised my greatest obsession

Last year, after a prolonged period of compulsive hand-washing, I walked into my dermatologist’s clinic with an itchy red rash all over my hands. Mercifully, the rash had limited itself to the back of my palms – it hadn’t spread beyond my wrists. It was painful nevertheless, and my incessant trips to the wash basin were making it even worse.

The dermatologist, who is familiar with my skin-abuse shenanigans, took one look at the abstract art of my making and asked me, “How many times do you wash your hands with soap every day?”

It took me a whole minute of kindergarten-style finger counting to reach a figure. “About 18 to 20 times a day,” I ventured nervously.

She sighed in Dolby digital and shot me the look of a disappointed parent. “You have been torturing your poor hands,” she admonished me. “Which sane person does this? I am a doctor who deals with infections all day and even I don’t wash my hands so often!”

I gulped. I had known all along that my hand-washing was on the excessive side, bordering on maniacal. But I hadn’t anticipated that it would lead to dermatitis i.e. an actual skin ailment that requires medication to heal, not to mention enormous reserves of self-control.

I stepped out of the clinic with the guilt of an alcoholic. As instructed by the doctor, I picked up a huge-ass bottle of Cetaphil hand wash on the way home. The gratuitous soaping and foaming had to stop. It was rehab time.

Alas, this was easier said than done.

Cetaphil is, for all practical purposes, a poor step-sister of soap. It may be well-intentioned and gentle as a mother’s touch but it simply refuses to lather. No matter how much of it I poured onto my hands, it always left me feeling unaccomplished. If washing hands was my orgasm, I was pulling out too soon. It always left much to be desired.

Six months of hard work later, I had almost made truce with my OCD demons. I still hated my soulless saviour but continued to use it nevertheless. Soap had been minimised, sanitizers banished. With a little help from an imported hand cream that costs two and a half kidneys and contains organic shea butter mixed with the soul of a 14th-century saint, I had succeeded in keeping the dermatitis from making a return visit.

But, but, but – guess what was fated to happen just as I was learning to make peace with my wash-time nemesis? The coronavirus outbreak.

That’s right. There is a potent virus in the air now, people are rushing to make their wills, supermarkets have run out of toilet paper, and it is suddenly okay to soap away to glory.

After spending six months trying to break my cray-cray habit of turning my hands into sandpaper, I am now told that I can happily revert to my masochistic ways. Wash your hands with soap, often and thoroughly, says the PSA pasted outside my dermatologist’s clinic – the same dermatologist who had warned me that my skin would peel away if I did not stop tormenting it with antibacterial concoctions.

Life has taken a U-turn.

For years now, I have suffered from an overwhelming urge to wash my hands at the smallest pretext. Dumped a day-old laundry in the machine? Wash hands. Touched an elevator grill? Wash hands. Picked up a pair of (clean) socks? Wash hands. Touched my scalp? A currency note? The laptop keypad? The screen of my phone? Wash hands.

I generally wash my hands before dinner, and after dinner, and then again after cleaning the kitchen slab, and then one last time after dumping the dishes in the sink. If a stroke of bad luck (such as our domestic help Sakubai’s quarterly home trip) requires me to do the dishes, add in another couple of rounds of hand washing. Add to this the monthly annoyance of my period or seasonal troubles such as the flu and you have a frenzied woman who’ll spend half her waking hours rigorously disinfecting her palms.

I have always been aware that though this affliction of mine sounds amusing to hear of, it has the potential to snowball into a chronic disorder and reduce me to dysfunction. I have read accounts of people grappling with extreme OCD who find it impossible to conduct even the most mundane tasks without sanitizing and re-sanitizing their environs. I have always feared that if my reflexes are not consciously rewired, I might end up just like them.

And this fear was exactly the reason why I worked diligently over six months to tackle my misophobia. Because, what if I eventually morphed into a female Sheldon Cooper? What if being a germaphobe led me to fixing a ‘spot’ on the couch, or eating spaghetti every Thursday for the rest of my life, or worse still, creating bowel movement schedules? Holy crap on a cracker, I did not want to become that person.

So here I am now, freshly reformed. But in a curious twist of fate, I am now being encouraged to walk right back into my addiction.

All around me, I see people feverishly rubbing their palms with scented alcohol. My neighbours are moving around in N95 masks. The soap dispenser in our bathroom is perpetually in need of a refill. Even the security guard downstairs, who used to make a trip to the toilet and back in three minutes flat, now takes a good quarter of an hour.

Where does this leave me? Had I been the old me, I might have ripped the skin off my bones by now. But in my born-again avatar, I am no longer paranoid like I used to be. I still wash my hands more often than the average person does, but I am no longer precariously close to sanitary insanity.

It is difficult to predict how the CoVID-19 situation is likely to evolve in India in the coming weeks. But if the rate at which cases are presently mounting is any indication, things are likely to hit their peak in a matter of days. John Keynes did mention that in the long run we are all dead, but did he define exactly how long the run was going to be? For all we know, the run has run its course and we are about to be clean-bowled.

Given how uncertain our future is, just how much sense would it make to resist soapy temptations at this juncture? Should I maintain my newfound resist-dermatitis-till-I-die stance when I may actually die of resisting dermatitis? Wouldn’t it be more prudent to surrender to the lure of foam and froth if that is more likely to keep me alive, itchy blisters notwithstanding?

I have been mulling over this predicament for a bit, and have finally come to the conclusion that if my life risks being truncated by a rogue virus, abstinence is pointless. What use are pretty hands on a dead woman? If I am to die soon, I would rather soak in the soapgasms while I can.

Throwing caution to the virus-infested wind, I enter the bathroom now. I see the soap dispenser winking at me, turning me on harder than a porn star would an incel. Cetaphil is sulking from a distance but I ignore its death stare. I walk up to the basin, reach out for the soap – 100% chemical-laced, with all the sulfates and parabens in the world – and press hard, rubbing my hands in unrestrained glee.

My palms are soon covered with a familiar foam that my senses have long been lusting for. A feeling of total satiation takes over my senses, combined with a heady sense of release relief. I haven’t felt this excited disinfected in months.

As the great Rumi once said:

I’ll submit happily to the dance of death, I don’t want a second chance.

But while we wait for the end of the world, please let me wash my hands.

[cashcountingmachinebybankomat]

The Future of Cash Counting Technology

The future of cash counting technology is poised for significant advancements, driven by the increasing need for efficiency, accuracy, and security in financial transactions. As businesses and financial institutions continue to rely on cash handling, innovations in cash counting machines, including note ginne ki machine, handy counters, and advanced note counting machines, will transform how cash is processed.

Technological Advancements

Smart Features

Modern cash counting machines are integrating smart technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance their functionality. These machines are not only capable of counting cash but also detecting counterfeit notes with greater accuracy. For instance, advanced models utilize multiple detection technologies, including ultraviolet (UV) light and magnetic sensors, to identify fake currency effectively. This capability is crucial in a world where counterfeit production is on the rise.

Automation and Speed

The demand for speed in cash handling processes has led to the development of high-speed note counting machines that can process thousands of notes per minute. These machines are designed for high-volume environments like banks and retail outlets where time is money. The automation of cash counting reduces human error and increases productivity, allowing staff to focus on customer service rather than manual counting.

Market Trends

Growth in Demand

The global market for currency counting machines is expected to grow significantly over the next decade. According to market research, the industry is projected to reach approximately $373.4 million by 2033, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.9% from 2023 to 2033. This growth is fueled by the increasing number of financial transactions and the need for efficient cash management solutions in various sectors.

Adoption in Emerging Markets

Emerging economies like India and China are witnessing a surge in the adoption of cash counting technology. The proliferation of retail outlets and banking services in rural areas has created a demand for reliable handy counters that can simplify cash handling processes. As these regions continue to develop, the reliance on efficient cash processing solutions will only increase.

Future Innovations

Integration with Digital Solutions

As digital payments become more prevalent, the future of cash counting technology will likely see integration with digital financial systems. For example, note ginne ki machine could be designed to interface with point-of-sale systems or mobile payment platforms, allowing for seamless transactions that combine both cash and digital currencies.

Enhanced User Experience

User-friendly designs will be a focus for manufacturers looking to attract a broader customer base. Features such as touch screens, intuitive interfaces, and customizable settings will make note counting machines easier to use for all types of businesses. Additionally, portable models will cater to mobile businesses or those with limited space.

Conclusion

The future of cash counting technology is bright, with innovations aimed at improving efficiency, accuracy, and user experience. As businesses adapt to changing consumer behaviors and technological advancements, cash counting machines, including advanced note ginne ki machine and handy counters, will play an essential role in modern financial operations. With ongoing developments in automation and counterfeit detection technologies, these machines will not only streamline cash handling but also enhance security measures across various industries.

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Currency Count Machines Market: Quantitative Analysis From 2020 To 2027

The Global Currency Count Machines Market has enlisted a noteworthy CAGR during the most recent decade. It is relied upon to arrive at higher yearly development in the imminent years. Strength, hearty monetary framework, crude material opulence, taking off worldwide Currency Count Machines request are boosting market advancement. So also, mechanical headways, advancements, expanding industrialization, and urbanization in the creating and created areas are probably going to maintain the Currency Count Machines market income during forecast 2020-2027

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Market Research Explore distributed a broad investigation of the worldwide Currency Count Machines market thinking about different significant components of the market. The exploration study includes precise and credible evaluations of the past just as the future pace of the market. The report contains indispensable assessments dependent on creation, deals volume, income, and yearly development rates. The report likewise expounds on current market contention, industry condition, fragments, and driving rivals in the worldwide Currency Count Machines market. It helps key players, partners, industry specialists, analysts, and friends authorities in increasing profound understanding of the market.

The worldwide Currency Count Machines advertise has been separated into a few essential sections, for example, item types, applications, areas, and end-clients. Moreover, it investigates locales including North America, Europe, South America, the Middle East, Asia, and the remainder of the world while performing provincial examination. The division investigation helps key players correctly focusing on the real market size and choosing suitable sections for their Currency Count Machines organizations.

The most significant players coated in global Currency Count Machines market report:

Glory, Giesecke & Devrient, LAUREL, Baijia Baiter, Cummins Allison, Konyee, SBM, Renjie, Henry, weirong, Gu-ao, CBPM-Xinda, Speed

Types is divided into:

Banknote Counter

Coin Counter

Applications is divided into:

Financial

Commercial

Others

Global Currency Count Machines Market Regional Segmentation:

North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico) Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain, etc.) Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, etc.) South America (Brazil, Argentina, etc.) Middle East & Africa (South Africa, Saudi Arabia, etc.)

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Additionally, the report reveals insight into the market competition circumstance and execution of driving Currency Count Machines makers. The report has contemplated ongoing advancements performed by driving makers in the worldwide Currency Count Machines indusrty which incorporates item exploration, developments, and improvement. Their vital moves were likewise inspected in the report, including mergers, adventures, associations, item dispatches, and brand advancements that helped organizations extend their administration zones.

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Best Cash Counting Machine with Fake Note Detector in India

Best Cash Counting Machine with Fake Note Detector in India

Buy Best Cash Counting Machine with Fake Note Detector in India at Reasonable Price from top Note Counting Machine Manufacturers, Wholesalers, Exporters, Distributors, Importers, and Suppliers Delhi, India. Contact us ☎️ 01140230655, 📱 & WhatsApp 9953968896 or 8587870939. Prices and More Details Visit Our Website https://www.Kavinstar.in Looking for some of the best cash counting machines in…

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NCERT Class 12 Macro Economics Chapter 10 Balance of Payment

NCERT Class 12 Micro Economics Solutions

Chapter 10 Balance of Payment

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Question 1. Differentiate between Balance of Trade and Current Account Balance. [3 Marks] Or Distinguish between BOT and Balance on current account.[AI 2008, CBSE 2013, Sample Paper 2013]

Answer:

Question 2. Should a current account deficit be a cause for alarm? Explain.[1 Mark]

Answer: No, if deficit in current account is offset by the capital account, otherwise such deficit has to be met by following which is a cause for alarm. Depleting Foreign Exchange reserves Taking foreign Loans. Value: Analytic. Question 3. If inflation is higher in country A than in country B, and the exchange rate between the two countries is fixed. What is likely to happen to the trade balance between the two countries?[1 Mark]

Answer: The exports from country B to country A will go up in this situation resulting in improvement or surplus trade balance for B. But due to higher price in country A, its imports will increase for country B and it will lead to deficit in trade balance for country A.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED I.Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1. What does balance of payments account of a country record? [CBSE 2007]

Answer: Balance of payments is an accounting statement that provides a systematic record of all the economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world during a given period of time. Question 2. What is meant by visible items?

Answer: Visible items include material goods [such as sugar, cloth, machines etc.] which can be seen or touched, counted, measured and weighted and which are duly recorded at the custom barriers. Question 3. What is the meaning of invisible items?

Answer: Invisible items, on the other hand, refer to different kinds of services such as transport, banking, insurance etc. Question 4. Why are imports entered as negative items in the balance of payments account?

Answer: Imports lead to an outflow of foreign exchange in the country. Thus, they are recorded as negative (debit) items. Question 5. What is meant by balance of trade? [CBSE 2005, Sample Paper 2010]

Answer: The term “balance of trade” denotes the difference between the exports and imports of goods in a country. Question 6. Name the items included in balance of trade account. [CBSE 2007]

Answer: Exports of visible items (goods); Imports of visible items (goods). Question 7. When will balance of trade show a deficit? [CBSE 2006]

Answer: When imports of visible items are more than exports of visible items. Question 8. How is a deficit or a surplus on the current account restored?

Answer: Deficit on the current account is restored through the surplus on capital account and surplus on the current account is restored through the deficit on capital account. II. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.——————–is a systematic record of all the economic transactions between one country and rest of the world. (a) Balance of trade (b) Balance of transactions (c) Budget (d) Balance of payments

Answer: (d) Question 2. If India exports goods worth Rs 20 crore and imports goods worth Rs 30 crore, it will have a———————-. (a) surplus of Rs 10 crore in balance of trade (b) deficit of Rs 10 crore in balance of trade (c) deficit of ? 50 crore in balance of trade (d) can’t say

Answer: (b) Question 3. Which one of the following items is an intangible item in balance of payments statement?

(a) Export of food grains (b) Import of crude oil (c) Banking services provided in other countries (d) Import of steel by steel industry

Answer: (c) Question 4. Which one of the following statements deals with debts and claims of a country? (a) Balance of capital account (b) Balance of trade account (c) Balance of current account (d) Balance of services

Answer: (a) Question 5. Name the economic transactions which are undertaken to make equilibrium in balance of payment, (a) Autonomous items (b) Accommodating items (c) Invisible items (d) None of them

Answer: (b) Question 6. Current account of BOP records transactions is relating to——————.

(a) exchange of goods (b) exchange of services (c) unilateral transfers (d) all of them

Answer: (d) Question 7. Current transactions are of————-.nature.

(a) flow (b) stock (c) both flow and stock (d) none of the above

Answer: (a) Question 8. Capital account may be ————–. (a) private capital (b) banking capital (c) official capital (d) all of them

Answer: (d) III.Short Answer Type Questions (3-4 Marks)

Question 1. State four items of current account of BOP account.[CBSE 2004, 08, 08C, 09; AI 05] Or Name the broad categories of transactions recorded in the Current account of the balance of payment accounts. [CBSE 2015]

Answer: Current account records imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfers. Components of Current Account The main components of Current Account are:

Export and Import of Goods (Merchandise Transactions or Visible Trade): A major part of transactions in foreign trade is in the form of export and import of goods (visible items). Payment for import of goods is written on the negative side (debit items) and receipt from exports is shown on the positive side (credit items). Balance of these visible exports and imports is known as balance of trade (or trade balance).

Export and Import of Services (Invisible Trade): It includes a large variety of non-factor services (known as invisible items) sold and purchased by the residents of a country, to and from the rest of the world. Payments are either received or made to the other countries for use of these services. Services are generally of three kinds: (a) Shipping (b) Banking, and (c) Insurance. Payments for these services are recorded on the negative side and receipts on the positive side.

Unilateral or Unrequisted Transfers to and from abroad (One sided Transactions): Unilateral transfers include gifts, donations, personal remittances and other ‘one-way’ transactions. These refer to those receipts and payments, which take place without any service in return. Receipt of unilateral transfers from rest of the world is shown on the credit side and unilateral transfers to rest of the world on the debit side.

Income receipts and payments to and from abroad: It includes investment income in the form of interest, rent and profits. Question 2. What do you mean by capital account and what are its components? Or State four items (components) of capital account of BOP account.[CBSE 2004, 11, AI 05] Or Name the broad categories of transactions recorded in the Capital account of the balance of payment accounts. [CBSE 2015]

Answer: Capital account is that account which records all such transactions between residents of a country and rest of the world which cause a change in the asset or liability status of the residents of a country or its government.

Components of Capital Account The main components of capital account are: Loans: Borrowing and lending of funds are divided into two transactions:

(a) Private Transactions

These are transactions that are affecting assets or liabilities by individuals, businesses, etc. and other non-government entities. The bulk of foreign investment is private.

For example, all transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by private sector and similarly repayment of loans by foreigners are recorded on the positive (credit) side.

All transactions of lending to abroad by private sector and similarly repayment of loans to abroad by private sector is recorded as negative or debit item.

(b) Official Transactions

Transactions affecting assets and liabilities by the government and its agencies.

For example, all transactions relating to

borrowings from abroad by government sector and similarly repayment of loans by foreign government are recorded on the positive (credit) side.

All transactions of lending to abroad by government sector and similarly repayment of loans to abroad by government sector is recorded as negative or debit item.

Foreign Investment (Investments to and from abroad) It includes: (a) Investments by rest of the world in shares of Indian companies, real estate in India, etc. Such investments from abroad are recorded on the positive (credit) side as they bring in foreign exchange.

(b) Investments by Indian residents in shares of foreign companies, real estate abroad, etc. Such investments to abroad are recorded on the negative (debit) side as they lead to outflow of foreign exchange.

Change in Foreign Exchange Reserves (a) The foreign exchange reserves are. the financial assets of the government held in central bank. A change in reserves serves as the financing item in India’s BOP.

(b) So, any withdrawal from the reserves is recorded on the positive (credit) side and any addition to these reserves is recorded on the negative (debit) side.

(c) It must be noted that ‘change in reserves’ is recorded in the BOP account and not ‘reserves’. Question 3. Distinguish between current account and capital account of BOP account.[AI 2004, 06 C]

Answer:

Question 4. Distinguish between balance of trade and balance of payment. [AI 2004, 06C]

Answer:

Question 5. Distinguish between autonomous and accommodating transactions of BOP account. ” [AI 2010; CBSE 10, 13C]

Answer:

Question 6. Where is ‘borrowings from abroad’ recorded in the Balance of Payments Accounts? Give reasons. [AT 2015]

Answer: Borrowing from abroad is a part of Capital Account. Borrowing from abroad can be private transactions or official transactions.

For example: (a) All transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by private sector are recorded on the positive (credit) side as it is inflow of foreign currency.

(b) Similarly, transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by government sector are recorded on the positive (credit) side as it is inflow of foreign currency. Question 7. Where will sale of machinery to abroad be recorded in the balance of payment accounts? Give reasons. [CBSE 2015]

Answer: Sale of machinery to abroad is a part of Current accounts. Current account records imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfers. Sale of machinery to abroad leads to inflow of foreign currency and receipt from exports is shown on the positive side (credit items). Question 8. What is meant by ‘official reserve transactions’? Discuss their importance in Balance of Payments.[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Answer: Official reserve transactions are those transactions by a central bank that cause changes in its official reserves.

It is sale or purchase of its own currency in the exchange market in exchange for foreign currencies. So, any withdrawal from the reserves is recorded on the positive (Credit) side and any addition to these reserves is recorded on the negative (debit) side.

They may be Autonomous and Accommodating Transactions. IV. True Or False Giving reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1. In balance of payments, repayment of loans by Indian Government to American Government will be reflected as debit item.

Answer: True. It is so because it leads to outflow of foreign exchange. Question 2. Accommodating items of trade are undertaken in order to maintain the balance in the BOP account.

Answer: True. Accommodating transactions are net consequences of autonomous transactions that are undertaken to correct disequilibrium in autonomous items of BOP. Question 3. Excess of foreign exchange payments on account of accommodating transactions equals deficit in BOP.[CBSE 2011 ]

Answer: False. Excess of foreign exchange payments on account of autonomous transactions equals deficit in BOP. Question 4. Export and import of machines are recorded in capital account of BOP account. [CBSE 2011 ]

Answer: False. Export and import of machines are considered as export and import of goods, that comes under current account of BOP account. Question 5. Foreign exchange received on account of export of sugar will be X’ecorded in current account.

Answer: True. It is so because export of sugar is a export of goods which is a component of current account. Question 6. Accommodating items are also known as ‘above the line’ items.

Answer: False. Accommodating items are also known as ‘below the line’ items. (Autonomous items are also known as ‘above the line’ items.) Question 7. Unilateral transfers received from abroad will be recorded as a credit item of BOP on current account.

Answer: True. It leads to inflow of foreign exchange. Question 8. Borrowing by government from World Bank to finance the BOP deficit will be recorded in the capital account.

Answer: True. Borrowing by the government is a accommodating transaction and it is recorded in the capital account only. Question 9. Autonomous transactions take place in current account only.

Answer. False. Autonomous transactions take place in both current and capital accounts. Note: As per CBSE guidelines, no marks will be given if reason to the answer is not explained. V. Higher Order Thinking Skills

Question 1. What does deficit in a current account indicate? [1 Mark]

Answer: A deficit in a current account indicates that the inflow of foreign currencies from exports of goods and services is less than the outflow of foreign currencies on account of import of goods and services. Question 2. What does deficit in capital accounts indicate? [ 1 Mark]

Answer: A deficit in capital accounts indicates that the inflow of foreign currencies by purchase of an assets by a foreign country in home country is less than the outflow of foreign currencies on account of purchase of assets abroad by home country. Question 3. Explain the meaning of deficit in BOP. [CBSE 2010, AI 13] [3-4 Marks]

Answer: The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions between the residents of foreign countries during a given period of time.

The transaction in the balance of payment account can be categorized as autonomous transactions and accommodating transactions.

Autonomous transactions are transactions done for some economic consideration such as profit. When the total inflows on account of autonomous transactions are less than total outflows on account of such transactions, there is a deficit in the balance of payments account.

Suppose, the autonomous inflow of foreign exchange during the year is $500, while the total outflow is $600. It means that there is a deficit of $100. Question 4. The balance of trade shows a deficit of Rs 5,000 crore and the value of imports are Rs 9,000 crore. What is the value of exports? [CBSE 2004] [3 Marks]

Answer: Balance of Trade = -Rs 5,000 crore Value of Imports = Rs 9,000 crore Balance of trade (Deficit) = Value of Exports – Imports Value of Exports = Balance of trade (Deficit) + Imports = -Rs 5,000 crore + Rs 9,000 crore = Rs 4,000 crore Question 5. The balance of trade shows a deficit of Rs 300 crore. The value of exports is Rs 500 crore. What is the value of imports? [CBSE 2004][3 Marks]

Answer: Balance of Trade = -Rs 300 crore Value of exports = Rs 500 crore Balance of trade (Deficit) = Value of Exports – Imports Imports = Exports – Balance of trade ((deficit) = Rs 500 crore – (-Rs 300 crore)= Rs 800 crore VI. Application Based Questions

Question 1. How can increase in foreign direct investment affect the price of foreign exchange? [CBSE 2013 (Set I)][l Mark]

Answer: Increase in foreign direct investment can affect the price of foreign exchange because increase in foreign direct investment raises the supply of foreign exchange that lowers the price of foreign exchange. Question 2. State whether the following transactions will be recorded on debit or credit side of BOP. [3-4 Marks]

Loan from IMF to cover deficit of BOP. Indian Government repays loan taken from IMF. Purchase of shares of Infosys by a Japanese resident. Export of Jute to Sri Lanka. Acquisition of a foreign company by Tata. Purchase of toys from China. Answer: Transactions relating to inflow of foreign exchange will be recorded on the credit side and outflows of foreign exchange on the debit side. Debit Side: (2), (5), (6); and Credit Side: (1), (3), (4). Question 3. Identify the following items as visible items or invisible items. [3-4 Marks} Export of computer software Import of LCD screen from Malaysia Banking service to NRI Export of Tea to Thailand Consultancy services of TCS used by a foreign firm Answer: Visible Items: (2), (4); Invisible Items: (1), (3), (5). Question 4. Classify whether the following transactions will be recorded in current account or capital account. [3-4 Marks]

Purchase of shares of Tata by Microsoft. Imports of computer spare parts from America. Borrowings from World Bank. Repayment of loan by Indian Government taken from Japan. Gifts received from a relative in Australia. Purchase of Land in China. Import of machinery. Answer: Current Account: (2), (5), (7); Capital Account: (1), (3), (4), (6).

from Blogger http://www.margdarsan.com/2020/08/ncert-class-12-macro-economics-chapter.html

[ideaofentrepreneur-blog]

33 New Business Ideas That Make Money

Here are some useful business ideas which can help entrepreneur to start the business in this competitive world.

Blogging Blogging is an amazing job but, you have to have passion for writing. For most of the people, blogging is a boring job. If you really love writing, this is one of the low-cost business ideas.

You just need to spend around $200 to buy domain make a basic website and all set. You can earn by putting advertising on your blog

Website design This field is booming recently, No matter your business is small or big, you need a website for your business. You can work full time or as a freelancer. This is one of the top money making business with a minimum investment. You just need a laptop and internet connection.

However, not everyone can do this business; you need to have some developing skills to make a well-optimized website. Once you make it, you can charge for maintenance every year.

SEO expert Just making a website is not enough. The real work starts after that. Online presence is the key thing for every successful business. To become an SEO expert you don't require any college degree. You should know key skills to rank website top on Google.

However, nowadays SEO algorithm is changing a lot. So, you need to keep yourself update with SEO guideline.

Social media expert Nowadays social presence is the key thing for business. One can drive a lot of traffic by social media marketing. If you are expert in using social sites like Facebook. Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr, and much more, start this business part time or full time

Youtube video making Some YouTubers are making millions from videos and some of them are struggling a lot. This is totally depending on your skill and knowledge. The amount of money you make depend on a number of views you get. Become a youtube celebrity is not the overnight process.

You need to have a patience and passion for keep moving in this industry. You can record your video by using smartphone or camera. This is one of the low cost business ideas that might make you millionaires.

Photographer You just need to buy a good camera and other equipment. If you have a good sense of photography, this business can generate side income for you. First, you start shooting with friends and family for free then, build a strong portfolio. After that, charge the reasonable amount to become famous. Once you become famous, people will pay extra amount just by your name.

Used Items Buying and selling You can buy and resell stuff like television, laptops, furniture, toys etc. You can do this commission based. Be genuine with this business. If customers satisfied they will come again. You need zero investment for this business, however, you have to spend time for market research.

Home Fitness Trainer There are a lot of people who do not want to go gym and prefer to do the workout at home. If you are in good shape and you know how to exercise properly, it is a good idea to become a fitness expert.

Dietary consultancy services Everyone wants to stay in a good shape.  Most of the people have very less knowledge about healthy diet. You can provide valuable information about daily food intake. Keep reminding them about their diet, schedule food intake. If you can provide a sound customer satisfaction, this could be one of the profitable business ideas.

Health Club Day by day people is becoming health conscious. You cannot ignore this business. It will give you a sound amount of ROI. You can get initial help by the bank as you require buying a lot of equipment. In many cities, this business has high amount of competition.

Dance class If you are skilled dancer you can start dance class which is a unique business idea option. Nowadays, youngsters like to learn dance as a hobby or to stay fit. This could be zero investment business idea; you can start from your home too.

Food Truck You can start a food truck which is specially design for morning breakfast. You can include a wide variety of option. People love to eat healthy food in the morning. You can arrange a mobile truck outside public places like a park, gym or sports ground.

For this, you may not need to rent a place for the restaurant. This is mobile if it doesn't work at one place you can try the second location.

Food Catering Services If you know how to cook and you have a good sense of taste, this business idea can make money for you. People need catering services in the birthday party, marriage, festival or other family occasions. You need around $500 for the initial grocery and kitchen equipment expenses.

Organic Food Service This is new business ideas that make money for you. Organic farming is innovative business idea. It becomes popular as people becomes very health conscious nowadays. Organic farming restricts certain pesticides and fertilisers in farming. This kind of farming practice may be expensive than general farming. You need sale this food where people can afford to buy.

Cooking class If you are a good cook and you are passionate about cooking. You can consider this business, a lot of housewives started online cooking course and they are earning very well. You can start your own YouTube channel and earn money.

Event Planning Event management is one of the booming business ideas. Nowadays, people do not want the headache of arranging everything for an occasion. You need to plan and coordinate the event. There are so many universities who offers event management course. If you educate yourself, that would be an advantage for you.

This can be huge business once you develop contacts and relation with your client.

Cloth pressing service This business needs very low investment at initial stage. You just need to buy a pressing machine. You do not need to rent a space for that, you can start from home.

Medical tour services This is a very booming business industry if you are living in a developing country like India and China. Compare with other developed countries, medical expenses are very less in India. Also, in India, very experienced doctors are available who can provide cheap and quality services.

Babysitting This is very popular business in developed countries. Usually, women are workaholic in metro cities. They don't have time to take care of their kids, you could charge money per hour or day for taking care of their kids.

Pet Care If you love an animal this idea might work for you. This could be a perfect business model for urban areas. Rich people don't have to time to take care their pets. They will definitely pay you if you keep their pets for some time.

Driving School This can be evergreen business as day by day cars are increasing a lot. You do not need much investment if you are a skilled driver. You can start by your own car when you started to get customers, you can buy your own car

Security Agency Security is requiring for almost every business. This is high-skilled good business ideas. If you are well experienced security officer, this business becomes easy for you to start because it requires a certain amount of skills and need to follow rules and regulations.

Toy Shop This is one of the profitable business ideas, you can import toys from china with very low rate and resale it to your local area. Also, you can keep high quality handmade toys. Children love toys and you can definitely earn by this business.

Uber Driver This is one of the part time businesses you can start on weekends. You can drive a car whenever you want. If you want to earn extra just, register your car with Uber and start earning. A lot of people are doing this business full-time.

Buy and sell domain name Some of the companies are very picky when it comes to the domain name. You can buy domain names from godaddy.com or namecheap.com and generate future valuation. Buy a domain name and wait for a buyer to pay you extra. You cannot start this business full time as little effort requires and it's a chance that you would not get buyer in near future.

Buy and sell Website Some existing website has a huge amount potential in future. If you are confidence about website revenue, you can buy from Flippa. Make sure, you do enough research before buying a site; owner can lie to you about revenue generation and website traffic.

Buy and sell Bitcoin This is one of the risky but high profitable business ideas. Bitcoine is decentralized digital currencies, the price of bitcoin increased 10 times over the year. If you got some spare money to invest, you can definitely think to buy bitcoin as it is gained a lot of popularity over the year. This is one of the new business ideas that make money.

Modelling If you are confident and have a attitude, you can definitely think for this unique business. Big brands need someone to promote their brand with the good personality. First, you can start yourself, after that, you can hire model to work for you. First of all, built attractive portfolio may give you good start.

Advertising on Vehicle Yes, you can turn you car to money making assets. Big brands pay vehicle to advertise their business into their vehicle. You do not require any effort to earn this kind of money. They will pay you monthly on the basis of size of poster.

Rent your space People are always looking for a place for the party, function or personal meetings. You can rent out your place on hourly basis. This can generate extra income for you especially; you are living in a downtown area.  If you own a unique site, for example studio, boat, a company like tagvenue can help you to connect with clients.

Flea Market Shop People are spending weekend on shopping. You can sell some unique items like old coins, ancient toys, video games, bags etc. It is important that costumer come back again and again. You need to sell items in reasonable price and keep unique items only. This is you can count as a weekend business or part time business.

Solar energy consultant This is one of the booming industries; you can conduct home inspection and suggest solar option. Solar option might be cheaper for long term and good for the environment. You can directly charge fees and commission from the company. Nowadays, government is helping to install solar panel by giving subsidies.

Used Book buy and Sale People sale books after reading. You can start this business online or by physical shop. Just, buy used book from readers and resale it. You can target specific kind of books like related to history, business or fiction to target niche market. If you can collect books which are rarely available and sale, you can generate huge amount of profit.

These are the new business ideas that make money; you can brows latest business ideas from entrepreneurs who are seeking for investors at Idea Of Entrepreneur

Source: http://ideaofentrepreneur.com/new-business-ideas-that-make-money/

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Global Currency Count Machine Market 2019 Analysis Size, Share, Overview, Scope, Revenue, Gross Margin, Segment and Forecast 2024

Acquire Market Research has announced a new report titled “Global Currency Count Machine Market 2019 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2024” to their offerings

The worldwide market for Currency Count Machine is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly xx% over the next five years, will reach xx million US$ in 2024, from xx million US$ in 2019, according to a new study.

Currency Count Machine is a machine that can count money including stacks of banknotes or loose collections of coins. Counters may be purely mechanical or use electronic components. The machines typically provide a total count of all money, or count off specific batch sizes for wrapping and storage. They are commonly used in vending machines to determine what amount of money has been deposited by customers.

Request Sample Report@ https://www.acquiremarketresearch.com/sample-request/1375

Scope of the Report:

In the coming years the demand for currency count machine in financial and commercial segment that is expected to drive the market for more advanced currency count machine. Increasing of commercial and industrial used fields expenditures, more-intense competition, launches in introducing new products, retrofitting and renovation of old technology, increasing adoption of currency count machine of developing countries will drive growth of the market.

This report focuses on the Currency Count Machine in global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.

Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers

Glory, Giesecke & Devrient, LAUREL, Baijia Baiter, Cummins Allison, Konyee, SBM, Renjie, PRO Intellect Technology, Henry, Weirong, Hitachi-Omron Terminal Solutions, Gu-ao, CBPM-Xinda, KISAN Electronics, BILLCON CORPORATION, Speed, Magner International

Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.)

Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

More Info and TOC @ https://www.acquiremarketresearch.com/industry-reports/global-currency-count-machine-market-2019-by-manufacturers/1375/

Market Segment by Type, covers

Banknote Counter

Coin Counter

Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into

Financial

Commercial

Retail and Supermarket

Others

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe Currency Count Machine product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.

Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Currency Count Machine, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Currency Count Machine in 2017 and 2018.

Chapter 3, the Currency Count Machine competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4, the Currency Count Machine breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2019.

Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2014 to 2019.

Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2014 to 2019.

Chapter 12, Currency Count Machine market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2019 to 2024.

Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Currency Count Machine sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

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Acquire Market Research is a shrine of world-class research reports from around the world and we offer you only the best in the Industry when it comes to research. At Acquire, every data need will be catered to and met with a powerful world of choices. "We understand the integral role data plays in the growth of Business empires."

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Note Counting Machine Price in Kota, Rajasthan

Note Counting Machine Price in Kota, Rajasthan

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NCERT Class 12 Macro Economics Chapter 10 Balance of Payment

NCERT Class 12 Micro Economics Solutions

Chapter 10 Balance of Payment

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Question 1. Differentiate between Balance of Trade and Current Account Balance. [3 Marks] Or Distinguish between BOT and Balance on current account.[AI 2008, CBSE 2013, Sample Paper 2013]

Answer:

Question 2. Should a current account deficit be a cause for alarm? Explain.[1 Mark]

Answer: No, if deficit in current account is offset by the capital account, otherwise such deficit has to be met by following which is a cause for alarm. Depleting Foreign Exchange reserves Taking foreign Loans. Value: Analytic. Question 3. If inflation is higher in country A than in country B, and the exchange rate between the two countries is fixed. What is likely to happen to the trade balance between the two countries?[1 Mark]

Answer: The exports from country B to country A will go up in this situation resulting in improvement or surplus trade balance for B. But due to higher price in country A, its imports will increase for country B and it will lead to deficit in trade balance for country A.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED I.Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1. What does balance of payments account of a country record? [CBSE 2007]

Answer: Balance of payments is an accounting statement that provides a systematic record of all the economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world during a given period of time. Question 2. What is meant by visible items?

Answer: Visible items include material goods [such as sugar, cloth, machines etc.] which can be seen or touched, counted, measured and weighted and which are duly recorded at the custom barriers. Question 3. What is the meaning of invisible items?

Answer: Invisible items, on the other hand, refer to different kinds of services such as transport, banking, insurance etc. Question 4. Why are imports entered as negative items in the balance of payments account?

Answer: Imports lead to an outflow of foreign exchange in the country. Thus, they are recorded as negative (debit) items. Question 5. What is meant by balance of trade? [CBSE 2005, Sample Paper 2010]

Answer: The term “balance of trade” denotes the difference between the exports and imports of goods in a country. Question 6. Name the items included in balance of trade account. [CBSE 2007]

Answer: Exports of visible items (goods); Imports of visible items (goods). Question 7. When will balance of trade show a deficit? [CBSE 2006]

Answer: When imports of visible items are more than exports of visible items. Question 8. How is a deficit or a surplus on the current account restored?

Answer: Deficit on the current account is restored through the surplus on capital account and surplus on the current account is restored through the deficit on capital account. II. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1.——————–is a systematic record of all the economic transactions between one country and rest of the world. (a) Balance of trade (b) Balance of transactions (c) Budget (d) Balance of payments

Answer: (d) Question 2. If India exports goods worth Rs 20 crore and imports goods worth Rs 30 crore, it will have a———————-. (a) surplus of Rs 10 crore in balance of trade (b) deficit of Rs 10 crore in balance of trade (c) deficit of ? 50 crore in balance of trade (d) can’t say

Answer: (b) Question 3. Which one of the following items is an intangible item in balance of payments statement?

(a) Export of food grains (b) Import of crude oil (c) Banking services provided in other countries (d) Import of steel by steel industry

Answer: (c) Question 4. Which one of the following statements deals with debts and claims of a country? (a) Balance of capital account (b) Balance of trade account (c) Balance of current account (d) Balance of services

Answer: (a) Question 5. Name the economic transactions which are undertaken to make equilibrium in balance of payment, (a) Autonomous items (b) Accommodating items (c) Invisible items (d) None of them

Answer: (b) Question 6. Current account of BOP records transactions is relating to——————.

(a) exchange of goods (b) exchange of services (c) unilateral transfers (d) all of them

Answer: (d) Question 7. Current transactions are of————-.nature.

(a) flow (b) stock (c) both flow and stock (d) none of the above

Answer: (a) Question 8. Capital account may be ————–. (a) private capital (b) banking capital (c) official capital (d) all of them

Answer: (d) III.Short Answer Type Questions (3-4 Marks)

Question 1. State four items of current account of BOP account.[CBSE 2004, 08, 08C, 09; AI 05] Or Name the broad categories of transactions recorded in the Current account of the balance of payment accounts. [CBSE 2015]

Answer: Current account records imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfers. Components of Current Account The main components of Current Account are:

Export and Import of Goods (Merchandise Transactions or Visible Trade): A major part of transactions in foreign trade is in the form of export and import of goods (visible items). Payment for import of goods is written on the negative side (debit items) and receipt from exports is shown on the positive side (credit items). Balance of these visible exports and imports is known as balance of trade (or trade balance).

Export and Import of Services (Invisible Trade): It includes a large variety of non-factor services (known as invisible items) sold and purchased by the residents of a country, to and from the rest of the world. Payments are either received or made to the other countries for use of these services. Services are generally of three kinds: (a) Shipping (b) Banking, and (c) Insurance. Payments for these services are recorded on the negative side and receipts on the positive side.

Unilateral or Unrequisted Transfers to and from abroad (One sided Transactions): Unilateral transfers include gifts, donations, personal remittances and other ‘one-way’ transactions. These refer to those receipts and payments, which take place without any service in return. Receipt of unilateral transfers from rest of the world is shown on the credit side and unilateral transfers to rest of the world on the debit side.

Income receipts and payments to and from abroad: It includes investment income in the form of interest, rent and profits. Question 2. What do you mean by capital account and what are its components? Or State four items (components) of capital account of BOP account.[CBSE 2004, 11, AI 05] Or Name the broad categories of transactions recorded in the Capital account of the balance of payment accounts. [CBSE 2015]

Answer: Capital account is that account which records all such transactions between residents of a country and rest of the world which cause a change in the asset or liability status of the residents of a country or its government.

Components of Capital Account The main components of capital account are: Loans: Borrowing and lending of funds are divided into two transactions:

(a) Private Transactions

These are transactions that are affecting assets or liabilities by individuals, businesses, etc. and other non-government entities. The bulk of foreign investment is private.

For example, all transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by private sector and similarly repayment of loans by foreigners are recorded on the positive (credit) side.

All transactions of lending to abroad by private sector and similarly repayment of loans to abroad by private sector is recorded as negative or debit item.

(b) Official Transactions

Transactions affecting assets and liabilities by the government and its agencies.

For example, all transactions relating to

borrowings from abroad by government sector and similarly repayment of loans by foreign government are recorded on the positive (credit) side.

All transactions of lending to abroad by government sector and similarly repayment of loans to abroad by government sector is recorded as negative or debit item.

Foreign Investment (Investments to and from abroad) It includes: (a) Investments by rest of the world in shares of Indian companies, real estate in India, etc. Such investments from abroad are recorded on the positive (credit) side as they bring in foreign exchange.

(b) Investments by Indian residents in shares of foreign companies, real estate abroad, etc. Such investments to abroad are recorded on the negative (debit) side as they lead to outflow of foreign exchange.

Change in Foreign Exchange Reserves (a) The foreign exchange reserves are. the financial assets of the government held in central bank. A change in reserves serves as the financing item in India’s BOP.

(b) So, any withdrawal from the reserves is recorded on the positive (credit) side and any addition to these reserves is recorded on the negative (debit) side.

(c) It must be noted that ‘change in reserves’ is recorded in the BOP account and not ‘reserves’. Question 3. Distinguish between current account and capital account of BOP account.[AI 2004, 06 C]

Answer:

Question 4. Distinguish between balance of trade and balance of payment. [AI 2004, 06C]

Answer:

Question 5. Distinguish between autonomous and accommodating transactions of BOP account. ” [AI 2010; CBSE 10, 13C]

Answer:

Question 6. Where is ‘borrowings from abroad’ recorded in the Balance of Payments Accounts? Give reasons. [AT 2015]

Answer: Borrowing from abroad is a part of Capital Account. Borrowing from abroad can be private transactions or official transactions.

For example: (a) All transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by private sector are recorded on the positive (credit) side as it is inflow of foreign currency.

(b) Similarly, transactions relating to borrowings from abroad by government sector are recorded on the positive (credit) side as it is inflow of foreign currency. Question 7. Where will sale of machinery to abroad be recorded in the balance of payment accounts? Give reasons. [CBSE 2015]

Answer: Sale of machinery to abroad is a part of Current accounts. Current account records imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfers. Sale of machinery to abroad leads to inflow of foreign currency and receipt from exports is shown on the positive side (credit items). Question 8. What is meant by ‘official reserve transactions’? Discuss their importance in Balance of Payments.[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Answer: Official reserve transactions are those transactions by a central bank that cause changes in its official reserves.

It is sale or purchase of its own currency in the exchange market in exchange for foreign currencies. So, any withdrawal from the reserves is recorded on the positive (Credit) side and any addition to these reserves is recorded on the negative (debit) side.

They may be Autonomous and Accommodating Transactions. IV. True Or False Giving reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false.

Question 1. In balance of payments, repayment of loans by Indian Government to American Government will be reflected as debit item.

Answer: True. It is so because it leads to outflow of foreign exchange. Question 2. Accommodating items of trade are undertaken in order to maintain the balance in the BOP account.

Answer: True. Accommodating transactions are net consequences of autonomous transactions that are undertaken to correct disequilibrium in autonomous items of BOP. Question 3. Excess of foreign exchange payments on account of accommodating transactions equals deficit in BOP.[CBSE 2011 ]

Answer: False. Excess of foreign exchange payments on account of autonomous transactions equals deficit in BOP. Question 4. Export and import of machines are recorded in capital account of BOP account. [CBSE 2011 ]

Answer: False. Export and import of machines are considered as export and import of goods, that comes under current account of BOP account. Question 5. Foreign exchange received on account of export of sugar will be X’ecorded in current account.

Answer: True. It is so because export of sugar is a export of goods which is a component of current account. Question 6. Accommodating items are also known as ‘above the line’ items.

Answer: False. Accommodating items are also known as ‘below the line’ items. (Autonomous items are also known as ‘above the line’ items.) Question 7. Unilateral transfers received from abroad will be recorded as a credit item of BOP on current account.

Answer: True. It leads to inflow of foreign exchange. Question 8. Borrowing by government from World Bank to finance the BOP deficit will be recorded in the capital account.

Answer: True. Borrowing by the government is a accommodating transaction and it is recorded in the capital account only. Question 9. Autonomous transactions take place in current account only.

Answer. False. Autonomous transactions take place in both current and capital accounts. Note: As per CBSE guidelines, no marks will be given if reason to the answer is not explained. V. Higher Order Thinking Skills

Question 1. What does deficit in a current account indicate? [1 Mark]

Answer: A deficit in a current account indicates that the inflow of foreign currencies from exports of goods and services is less than the outflow of foreign currencies on account of import of goods and services. Question 2. What does deficit in capital accounts indicate? [ 1 Mark]

Answer: A deficit in capital accounts indicates that the inflow of foreign currencies by purchase of an assets by a foreign country in home country is less than the outflow of foreign currencies on account of purchase of assets abroad by home country. Question 3. Explain the meaning of deficit in BOP. [CBSE 2010, AI 13] [3-4 Marks]

Answer: The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions between the residents of foreign countries during a given period of time.

The transaction in the balance of payment account can be categorized as autonomous transactions and accommodating transactions.

Autonomous transactions are transactions done for some economic consideration such as profit. When the total inflows on account of autonomous transactions are less than total outflows on account of such transactions, there is a deficit in the balance of payments account.

Suppose, the autonomous inflow of foreign exchange during the year is $500, while the total outflow is $600. It means that there is a deficit of $100. Question 4. The balance of trade shows a deficit of Rs 5,000 crore and the value of imports are Rs 9,000 crore. What is the value of exports? [CBSE 2004] [3 Marks]

Answer: Balance of Trade = -Rs 5,000 crore Value of Imports = Rs 9,000 crore Balance of trade (Deficit) = Value of Exports – Imports Value of Exports = Balance of trade (Deficit) + Imports = -Rs 5,000 crore + Rs 9,000 crore = Rs 4,000 crore Question 5. The balance of trade shows a deficit of Rs 300 crore. The value of exports is Rs 500 crore. What is the value of imports? [CBSE 2004][3 Marks]

Answer: Balance of Trade = -Rs 300 crore Value of exports = Rs 500 crore Balance of trade (Deficit) = Value of Exports – Imports Imports = Exports – Balance of trade ((deficit) = Rs 500 crore – (-Rs 300 crore)= Rs 800 crore VI. Application Based Questions

Question 1. How can increase in foreign direct investment affect the price of foreign exchange? [CBSE 2013 (Set I)][l Mark]

Answer: Increase in foreign direct investment can affect the price of foreign exchange because increase in foreign direct investment raises the supply of foreign exchange that lowers the price of foreign exchange. Question 2. State whether the following transactions will be recorded on debit or credit side of BOP. [3-4 Marks]

Loan from IMF to cover deficit of BOP. Indian Government repays loan taken from IMF. Purchase of shares of Infosys by a Japanese resident. Export of Jute to Sri Lanka. Acquisition of a foreign company by Tata. Purchase of toys from China. Answer: Transactions relating to inflow of foreign exchange will be recorded on the credit side and outflows of foreign exchange on the debit side. Debit Side: (2), (5), (6); and Credit Side: (1), (3), (4). Question 3. Identify the following items as visible items or invisible items. [3-4 Marks} Export of computer software Import of LCD screen from Malaysia Banking service to NRI Export of Tea to Thailand Consultancy services of TCS used by a foreign firm Answer: Visible Items: (2), (4); Invisible Items: (1), (3), (5). Question 4. Classify whether the following transactions will be recorded in current account or capital account. [3-4 Marks]

Purchase of shares of Tata by Microsoft. Imports of computer spare parts from America. Borrowings from World Bank. Repayment of loan by Indian Government taken from Japan. Gifts received from a relative in Australia. Purchase of Land in China. Import of machinery. Answer: Current Account: (2), (5), (7); Capital Account: (1), (3), (4), (6).

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[mfinoltd-blog]

MINING NON-TRADITIONAL DATA IS KEY TO BRIDGING INDIA’S CREDIT GAP

A less discussed side effect of demonetization is that banks are now sitting on an unprecedented sum of surplus deposits, an amount they are struggling to deploy efficiently. Since demonetization,the central bank has amassed a total of Rs.15.28 lakh crores by the last count in June, meaning that 99 percent ofscrapped currency notes have been deposited. To spur more borrowing, banks have cut interest rates for deposits and loans – even the humble savings account has not been spared, with interest rates being reduced for the first time in six years, from 4 to 3.5 percent.

With the voracious appetite for credit in both India’s MSME sector and the large unbanked/underbanked retail segments, it might seem like a relatively straightforward exercise to match this excess money supply with pent-up demand. But historically, credit has never been readily accessible to the masses. One of the reasons is that processes and regulations, though well-intentioned, have made catering to these segments rather difficult.

Both business and retail consumers suffer as a result of this regulatory bottleneck. India’s 57 million MSMEs employ 120 million people and contribute 45 percent of the nation’s industrial output, but a lack of financing proves to be the biggest impediment to their growth, with the estimated credit gap hovering around Rs 2.93 trillion.

Information asymmetry: A challenge for banks

Though India has established itself as one of the world’s largest emerging markets in the last decade, its informal economy continues to play an essential role in its growth. Since most businesses in the informal economy are cashbased, they have little to none of the paperwork creditors traditionally rely on to assess the risk of the loan. Thus, lenders are unable to resolve the information asymmetry they face and refuse to provide the necessary credit.

Even the few businesses that do keep the required records struggle to generate the cash flow necessary to prove their credibility and offer up collaterals. The lack of traditional documentation makes them unattractive for lenders who are likely to prioritize borrowers who can offer proof of their ability to repay these loans.

The challenges are no different when it comes to procuring a personal loan. The credit risk of an individual borrower is measured based on a CIBIL score range between 300 and 900 – primary indicators being the applicant’s employment stability, monthly salary, and most importantly, documented credit-related activities from formal lenders. EMI and credit card payments, outstanding balance, pending loans on the borrower’s name; these are some of the details used by potential lenders to create a snapshot of a person’s credit-worthiness, all of which an individual in a cash-based economy is unlikely to have.

Alternative data – A new approach to underwriting loans

While it is impossible to guarantee a borrower’s intention to repay a loan, lenders can look beyond financial data and utilize an applicant’s non-traditional data to assess a borrower’s credit risk better. Non-traditional data points from an applicant’s digital footprints include information from social media platforms, e-commerce transactions, bill payments, telecom data, location history, etc… Big data analytics and machine learning can leverage the contextual information and provide insights into the creditworthiness of borrowers. For instance:

• Electricity bills, internet bills or house rental receipts- timely payments suggest the potential borrower has a strong sense of responsibility and is unlikely to be a wilful defaulter • Social media posts that borrowers write/like/share allow banks to understand borrowers’ interests and thoughts – posts that reflect irresponsible behavior, for example, are potential red flags for lenders • LinkedIn profiles can help identify a potential borrower’s stability based on the number of jobs held and the time spent at each job • Consumers’ transaction histories on e-commerce platforms can help banks get a grasp of users’ lifestyle patterns and discretionary incomes • Psychometric profiles help lenders assess borrowers’ personality traits and indicate their willingness to repay loans • Digital wallets used by merchants have a trove of data, like the volume and value of their sales, the level of repeat customers, and the number of daily transactions processed – these trends can indicate the long-term viability of a business. • Social media interactions between a small business and its target audiences demonstrate the quality of relations businesses maintain with their customers.

Ushering in growth

Alternative data has emerged as a promising method of verifying borrowers’ identities as well as their intent and ability to repay. This new age lending process enables traditional lenders to access previously untapped lending opportunities while expanding credit to underserved segments.

Easy access to formal and low-cost credit will contribute significantly to GDP, economic growth and a rise in standard of living. MSMEs currently contribute to 8 percent of GDP, but with access to finance and technology, their contribution is estimated to more than double to 20 percent.The Indian economy is expected to be the world’s second largest by 2040, and financial inclusion will play a crucial role in attaining this growth.

Fintech start-ups in the past few years have started to intervene on multiple levels to bridge the credit gap and redefine the underwriting process to assess credit risk. Banks and fintech start-ups working together can make huge strides in solving existing bottlenecks, putting assets in the hands of those who can create change in the communities that have invested in them.

Mobile Banking

[steve-daniel]

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