#Christofilos

[kramlabs]

Operation Argus, the Christofilos Effect, X-17 and the orbiting space crews of 1958

http://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/1-Fact_Sheets/21_ARGUS.pdf

Argus proved the validity of Christofilos' theory: the establishment of an electron shell derived from neutron and β-decay of fission products and ionization of device materials in the upper atmosphere was demonstrated. It not only provided data on military considerations, but produced a "great mass" of geophysical data.

The tests were first reported by Hanson Baldwin and Walter Sullivan of the New York Times on 19 March 1959, headlining it as the "greatest scientific experiment ever conducted." via LINK and HERE

by the way, THIS:

https://youtu.be/vfxGMpAT7Es

…

So, explain who the “orbiting space crews” of 1958 were?

[spaceintruderdetector]

https://archive.org/details/burning-the-sky-operation-argu-mark-wolverton

1958- Tensions escalated between the United States and the Soviet Union over their respective nuclear weapons reserves, both sides desperate for a solution to the threat of the massive, instant destruction the one could cause on the other.In the midst of this rising tension, Nicholas Christofilos, an eccentric Greek-American physicist, brought forth an outlandish, albeit ingenious, idea to defend the US from a Soviet attack: launching atomic bombs from the South Atlantic Ocean, about 1,100 miles from Cape Town, to detonate in outer space to fry incoming Soviet ICBMs with an artificial radiation belt. Known as Project Argus, this plan is the biggest, most secret, and riskiest scientific experiment in history, and classified details of this operation have been long obscured. In Burning the Sky, Mark Wolverton tells the unknown and controversial story of this scheme to reveal a fascinating narrative almost completely forgotten by history—one that still has powerful resonances today. Drawing from recently declassified sources, Burning the Sky chronicles Christofilos’s unconventional idea from its inception to execution—when the so-called mad scientist persuaded the military to carry out the most grandiose scientific experiment ever conceived, using the entire Earth’s atmosphere as a laboratory. 

[madnessofmen]

My sister, a physics PhD student: "Out in the middle of space - likely no EMP because there's not a high enough density of electrons to carry the pulse wave. But the Earth is surrounded by electrons that follow Earth's magnetic field lines - the Van Allen belts are the highest concentration of these. So an EMP would propagate through the region surrounding Earth, and seriously screw up satellites. That's why there are international treaties to not test nukes in space."

Thanks so much for the info! If you don’t mind asking her, and if she doesn’t mind answering, I have a few more questions :)

I’m guessing you’re talking about the E3 component of an EMP. How does E3 propagate through the VARB? I could only find things that say E3 is similar to a geomagnetic storm, but I couldn’t find any information on what the exact mechanism is for a nuclear explosion.

How would the Christofilos effect contribute to the destruction of satellites, if at all? What altitude would you need to detonate a bomb in order to generate an artificial RB to down a satelite?

EMPs are a staple of scifi space battles. Given that a (thermo)nuclear bomb detonated in deep space wouldn’t produce an EMP, what would be viable alternatives to still allow this to happen?

declassified nuclear testing video because it’s super cool

[rajesh3135-blog]

John Christofilos, Chief Trading Officer, AGF Investments Inc. & President, Canadian Security Traders Association, Inc. (at Delta Hotels by Marriott Edmonton South Conference Centre) https://www.instagram.com/p/CjZKEBRJX8w/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[skyovereuropeldkde]

Climate Chaos?

Welcome to the history of man-made weather. Global warming alarmists and climate scientists would have you believe that destructive weather can surely be blamed on rising CO2 levels while never mentioning the effects of daily weather experiments overhead. This weather modification and geoengineering timeline will now bring clarity to the climate change and geoengineering debate. As the media distributes pro-geoengineering propaganda in a political climate ruled by fear, the Lord’s of Weather (geoengineering lobbyist’s) suggest coating our skies with sulfur, aluminum, titanium, and diamond dust to block the sun and cool our planet. While acknowledging that Geoengineering Solar Radiation Management will alter rainfall patterns worldwide and likely kill people, the Lord’s of Weather ignore the cold hard facts: after 60 years of cloud-seeding, nobody has ever produced any proof of its efficacy. Billions of dollars are spent worldwide altering clouds with silver iodide and other chemical nano-particles despite the fact that cloud seeding likely does not work. Even worse, all of the separate cloud seeding programs worldwide could be altering our weather in dangerous ways where the butterfly effects of aggravated clouds destroy property and end lives, even the CIA is worried about weather warfare. Despite numerous lawsuits over weather modification activities, most losses are blamed on “nature” as there is little transparency or accountability.  With a cloud-seeding’s terrible track record, how could anyone support geoengineering SRM’s uncontrolled global weather manipulations. To make matters worse, Bill Gate’s geoengineering money is also funding Hurricane Hacking efforts blurring the lines between Geoengineering and Weather Modification. 

Geoengineering the sky has been a worldwide phenomenon since the start of commercial aviation. Ships and jet aircraft are covering our skies in man-made clouds.  Despite 60 years of jet planes making clouds, aviation-induced cloudiness, persistent contrails, contrail cirrus, and aerosol-cloud interaction are barely understood with today’s best supercomputers and are not properly accounted for in IPCC models.  The aviation industry knows this, and jet aircraft-produced contrail cirrus clouds are now being actively experimented on using two main concepts: doping jet fuel with sulfur and cirrus cloud seeding to melt these clouds away.  Contrail cirrus clouds trap heat and likely are a greater threat than CO2 so scientists are experimenting with jet biofuels and flight routing to engineer clouds that cool the planet. This active experiment goes on everyday, over your heads, with over 100,000 flights a day worldwide and zero accountability.

Space Weather Modification is also gaining more publicity.  When upper atmospheric nuclear explosions were banned back in the 1950’s, the U.S. military still hell bent on replacing our fickle ionosphere with something more reliable decided to dump millions of needles in space to create their own.  The West Ford Needles project failed, and to this day millions of needles can be found floating in space or buried in ice at our poles.  Next the military began using sounding rockets and satellites to create heavy ion clouds in space by dumping Barium, Strontium, and Sulfur Hexaflouride into our ionosphere.  Military radio technicians could heat these chemical releases in space with the ionospheric heater at Arecibo, Puerto Rico and “see” our ionosphere.  Today, the top ionospheric heater worldwide HAARP fires electromagnetic missiles into our Van Allen belts and scrapes out radiation using the “Christofilos Effect” learned back in the 1950’s nuclear blasts. Dubbed “radiation belt remediation” ionospheric heaters are sold to politicians and the public as a back up plan for Solar Flares or High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse attacks, however foreign governments are very concerned about the military capabilities of these ionospheric heaters, with the Russian government going as far as to say HAARP could “have a negative impact on the mental health of people populating entire regions.” Despite these dire warnings, the practice of heating chemical releases in space is just “a conspiracy theory.”

The weather modification and geoengineering timeline below was created to document the little known history of weather control. The contents of this timeline will be updated regularly. We encourage you to participate by submitting your rainmaking and geoengineering links, letting us know if corrections are needed, and sharing this page with your friends and family. Knowing is half the battle. “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” George Santayana

Thank you for visit my Blog ☢ ☠ ☢ 💉Skygazer 💨💨 ✈✈

[enzorochafotografia]

Cinturão de Van Allen

Definição

Um cinturão de radiação refere-se a uma camada de partículas carregadas e energéticas que é mantida pelo campo magnético do planeta ao redor do planeta.

O cinturão de Van Allen refere-se especificamente aos cinturões de radiação ao redor da Terra.

O cinturão de Van Allen é um cinturão de radiação intensa na magnetosfera composto de partículas carregadas energéticas presas pelo campo magnético da terra também: um cinturão semelhante em torno de outro planeta

O cinturão de Van Allen é uma das duas regiões de partículas carregadas de alta energia ao redor da Terra, a região interna centralizada a uma altitude de 3200 km e a região externa a uma altitude entre 14.500 e 19.000 km.

O que são os cinturões Van Allen?

Os cinturões de Van Allen, também chamados de cinturões de radiação de Van Allen, são dois grandes toruses de partículas carregadas ao redor do planeta, mantidas no lugar pelo campo magnético da Terra.

Os cinturões de Van Allen existem por causa de “pontos cegos” no campo magnético da Terra causados por sua compressão e alongamento do vento solar.

O campo magnético da Terra serve como um espelho magnético, saltando partículas carregadas para frente e para trás ao longo de linhas de força que se estendem entre os pólos magnéticos norte e sul.

Os cinturões de Van Allen estão intimamente associados à aurora boreal e à aurora austral, belas cortinas de partículas carregadas visíveis em locais na superfície da Terra, onde os cinturões de Van Allen se cruzam com a atmosfera superior. As correias Van Allen também são relevantes para os satélites e as estações espaciais em órbita, que devem evitar as correias devido aos danos que suas partículas carregadas causariam.

No final do século 19 e início do século 20, vários cientistas – Carl Størmer, Kristian Birkeland e Nicholas Christofilos – especularam sobre a possibilidade de um cinturão de partículas carregadas em torno da Terra, mas não foi até 1958, quando sua existência era confirmado por alguns dos primeiros satélites americanos, Explorer 1 e Explorer 3. Os projetos foram liderados pelo Dr. James Van Allen, da Universidade de Iowa, após o qual os cinturões foram nomeados. O Explorer 1, uma sonda espacial de 14 kg (30 lb), foi lançada para o Ano Geofísico Internacional, e os dados científicos que ele retornou sobre o espaço imediatamente fora da atmosfera da Terra foram inestimáveis.

As correias de Van Allen foram descobertas inicialmente quando o equipamento de detecção de raios cósmicos nos satélites ficou temporariamente morto, sobrecarregado pela radiação local.

Existem duas correias Van Allen distintas – a correia Van Allen interna e a correia Van Allen externa.

O cinturão de Van Allen interno, estendendo-se de 0,1 a 1,5 raios terrestres da superfície, consiste em prótons altamente carregados, capazes de penetrar até um milímetro de chumbo e danificar os astronautas e os equipamentos espaciais.

O cinturão externo de Van Allen, localizado entre 3 e 10 raios terrestres da superfície, com sua maior intensidade entre 4 e 5 raios terrestres, consiste em elétrons energéticos.

A fonte das partículas energéticas varia de acordo com a correia – as correias internas de Van Allen consistem em produtos de decomposição dos impactos dos raios cósmicos na atmosfera superior, enquanto as correias externas de Van Allen são produzidas a partir de influxos de partículas carregadas de tempestades geomagnéticas, que são produzidos pela influência do Sol nos campos magnéticos da Terra.

Por que estudar os cinturões de radiação?

Compreender o ambiente da cinta de radiação e sua variabilidade é importante por dois motivos.

Primeiro, avança o conhecimento fundamental da física sobre os processos espaciais e, em segundo lugar, permitirá a mitigação do clima espacial em áreas de design e operações de espaçonaves, planejamento de missões e segurança de astronautas.

Esses processos de aceleração de partículas se aplicam não apenas aos cinturões, mas a outros objetos e eventos em todo o sistema solar e universo.

O clima espacial pode alterar a dose de radiação ionizante em voos de aeronaves polares, desativar satélites, causar falhas na rede elétrica e interromper os sinais do sistema de posicionamento global, televisão e telecomunicações.

Compreender a ciência do clima espacial pode levar a uma capacidade de previsão, o que permitirá um melhor gerenciamento e proteção de tecnologias espaciais ou afetadas.

Cinturão de Van Allen – História

Duas faixas gigantes de radiação, conhecidas como cinturões de Van Allen, ao redor da Terra foram descobertas em 1958.

Em 2012, observações das sondas de Van Allen mostraram que um terceiro cinturão às vezes pode aparecer.

Gigantes faixas em forma de rosca de partículas carregadas magneticamente e altamente energéticas cercam a Terra.

James Van Allen, físico da Universidade de Iowa, descobriu esses cinturões de radiação em 1958 após o lançamento do Explorer 1, o primeiro satélite dos EUA. Os cinturões de radiação foram finalmente nomeados em homenagem a ele.

O experimento de Van Allen no Explorer 1, lançado em 31 de janeiro de 1958, teve um experimento simples de raios cósmicos que consistia em um contador Geiger (um dispositivo que detecta radiação) e um gravador. Os experimentos de acompanhamento em três outras missões em 1958 – Explorer 3, Explorer 4 e Pioneer 3 – estabeleceram que havia duas faixas de radiação circulando a Terra.

Embora as observações tenham continuado por décadas, nosso conhecimento dos cinturões tornou-se mais aprimorado quando as sondas Van Allen foram lançadas em 2012. Eles descobriram que os cinturões eram mais complexos do que se imaginava anteriormente. As sondas mostraram que o formato das correias depende de qual partícula está sendo estudada.

Eles também descobriram informações sugerindo que há menos radiação do que se imaginava em certas partes dos cinturões de Van Allen, o que significa que naves espaciais e humanos não precisariam de tanta proteção contra radiação se estivessem viajando naquela região.

No 60º aniversário do Explorer 1, a NASA disse que os estudos sobre os Cinturões de Van Allen são ainda mais importantes hoje. ���Nossa tecnologia atual é cada vez mais suscetível a essas partículas aceleradas porque mesmo um único golpe de uma partícula pode perturbar nossos instrumentos e eletrônicos cada vez menores”, disse David Sibeck, cientista da missão Van Allen Probes no Goddard Space Flight Center (Van Allen não detecta nenhum centro de voo espacial Goddard) da NASA em Maryland, em um Declaração de 2018. “À medida que a tecnologia avança, torna-se ainda mais premente entender e prever nosso ambiente espacial”.

Cinturão de Van Allen

Cinturão de Van Allen

Os cinturões de Van Allen ajudam a criar a aurora boreal e sua contraparte sul, aurora

Fonte:https://ift.tt/2Bo5Esd

O post Cinturão de Van Allen apareceu primeiro em Portal São Francisco.

Cinturão de Van Allen Publicado primeiro em https://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/

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[audiopedia2016]

What is CHRISTOFILOS EFFECT? What does CHRISTOFILOS EFFECT mean? CHRISTOFILOS EFFECT meaning - CHRISTOFILOS EFFECT definition - CHRISTOFILOS EFFECT explanation. Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under http://ift.tt/yjiNZw license. The Christofilos Effect refers to the entrapment of charged particles along magnetic lines of force that was first predicted in 1957 by Nicholas Christofilos. Christofilos suggested the effect had defensive potential in a nuclear war, with so many beta particles (electrons) becoming trapped that warheads flying through the region would see electrical currents so great that their trigger electronics would be damaged. The concept that a few friendly warheads could disrupt an enemy attack was so promising that a series of new nuclear tests was rushed into the schedule before a testing moratorium came into effect in late 1958. These tests demonstrated that the effect was not nearly as strong as predicted, and not enough to damage a warhead. However, the effect is strong enough to be used to black out radars and disable satellites. Among the many different types of energy released by a nuclear explosion are a large number of beta particles, or high energy electrons, created by the nuclear fission reactions used in a typical nuclear bomb design. Because these particles are charged, they induce electrical currents into atoms as they pass them by at high speed, causing the atom to ionize while causing the beta to slow slightly. In the lower atmosphere this reaction is so powerful that the betas slow to thermal speeds within a few tens of meters at the most, but at high altitude they are free to travel long distances. If a bomb is exploded above the atmosphere, those betas travelling downward will continue to do so until the atmosphere reaches a critical density, typically between 50 and 60 km. This causes a large disk of ionized air to form under the explosion point, causing nuclear blackout. A similar number, travelling upwards, will be lost to space. The Christofilos effect concerns those betas travelling roughly parallel to the Earth's magnetic field at the point of explosion. These betas, being charged, become trapped within the field and begin to travel north and south along the lines of force. Since these are curved and meet the ground near the north and south magnetic poles, these particles eventually hit the atmosphere as well, causing similar ionization disks to form. The basic idea of the Christofilos effect is that the ionization disk can be created long distances from the explosion. For every possible detonation point in the southern hemisphere, for instance, there is a point in the northern hemisphere that is its magnetic conjugate area where the disk will form. Christofilos suggested the possibility that the betas could be used defensively. While flying through the beta cloud a reentry vehicle encounters the same sort of ionization effect as the air, but being metal, the resulting electron movement becomes an electrical current within the structure. If this effect is strong enough, the resulting currents within the warhead might damage it, especially its electronics. This could, in theory, be used as a defensive measure by setting off a series of bombs over the south Pacific, creating a blanket over most of the United States while not having to deal with any nuclear fallout or electromagnetic pulse from the bombs. Just as interesting to military planners was the possibility of using this as an offensive weapon. In the case of an attack by US forces on the Soviet Union, the southern conjugate locations are generally in the Indian Ocean, where they would not be seen by Soviet early warning radars. A series of such explosions at low altitude over the Indian Ocean would cause a massive radar blackout over Russia, degrading their ABM system, without any warning. As these effects last as long as five minutes, about the amount of time that a line-of-sight radar in Russia would have of the warheads, careful timing of the attack could render the ABM system useless.

[kramlabs]

More on Ascension Island and the south Atlantic anomaly LINK

[spaceintruderdetector]

Operation ARGUS Report

This film is about Operation Argus, a series of three high-altitude nuclear tests conducted by the Atomic Energy Commission in the South Atlantic Ocean in August and September 1958. The results of Operation Argus proved the validity of the Christofilos theory. This theory proposed that a radiation belt is created in the upper regions of the Earth’s atmosphere by high-altitude detonations. The radiation belt affects radio and radar transmissions, damages or destroys the arming and fuzing mechanisms of Intercontinental Ballistic Missile warheads, and endangers crews of orbiting space vehicles that might enter the belt. The tests, conducted in complete secrecy, were not announced until the following year. Low-yield devices were carried to an altitude of approximately 300 miles by rockets before being detonated. More than 4,500 military personnel and civilian scientists participated in the test operation. The tests comprising 1958 Operation Argus were as follows: ARGUS I, August 27, South 38.5 degrees, West 11.5 degrees, South Atlantic, rocket, weapons effects, 1-2 kt ARGUS II, August 30, South 49.5 degrees, West 8.2 degrees, South Atlantic, rocket, weapons effects, 1-2 kt ARGUS III, September 6, South 48.5 degrees, West 9.7 degrees, South Atlantic, rocket, weapons effects, 1-2 kt