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vedantinnovation · 1 month ago

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Namkeen Packing Machine Revolutionizing Snack Packaging Efficiency

In the bustling world of snack production, namkeen holds a special place in the hearts (and stomachs) of many. This beloved savory treat comes in various forms, from crispy chips to spicy mixtures, and its packaging plays a crucial role in maintaining freshness and appeal. Enter the namkeen packing machine—a game-changer in the snack industry that streamlines the packaging process, ensuring that each bite remains delicious and ready for consumers. In this blog, we will explore the technology behind namkeen packing machines, their benefits, and essential factors to consider when choosing one for your business.

What is a Namkeen Packing Machine?

A namkeen packing machine is specifically designed for packaging a variety of savory snacks, including namkeen mixtures, chips, and other related products. These machines automate the packing process, providing a reliable way to seal snacks in attractive packaging that preserves flavor and freshness. They can handle multiple packaging formats, such as pouches, bags, and containers, catering to the diverse needs of snack producers.

Key Components of a Namkeen Packing Machine

To understand the technology behind a namkeen packing machine, it’s essential to look at its main components:

1. Feeding System

The feeding system is the first stage in the packing process, responsible for delivering the namkeen to the packaging area. Common types of feeding systems include vibratory feeders and augers. These systems ensure a consistent flow of snacks, minimizing waste and ensuring uniformity in each package.

2. Weighing Mechanism

Precision is vital when packaging snacks. A namkeen packing machine typically includes an integrated weighing mechanism that accurately measures the quantity of namkeen before it is packed. Load cells are commonly used for this purpose, providing real-time feedback and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards for weight and quantity.

3. Filling Station

Once weighed, the namkeen moves to the filling station, where it is transferred into the packaging material. This process can be achieved using gravity filling, auger filling, or other methods, depending on the machine’s design and the type of namkeen being packed.

4. Sealing Mechanism

The sealing mechanism is crucial for maintaining the freshness of the namkeen. Various sealing methods are employed, including heat sealing, vacuum sealing, and cold sealing. Heat sealing uses heat to bond the packaging material, while vacuum sealing removes air from the package to prolong shelf life. Cold sealing utilizes pressure to seal without heat, preserving the integrity of delicate snacks.

5. Control Panel

Modern namkeen packing machines are equipped with user-friendly control panels that allow operators to manage the entire packing process. These panels display real-time data, including production rates, weight measurements, and machine diagnostics, making it easier to monitor performance and make adjustments as needed.

6. Conveyor System

The conveyor system plays a vital role in transporting namkeen from one station to another throughout the packaging process. A well-designed conveyor system ensures smooth operation, reducing bottlenecks and increasing overall efficiency.

Benefits of Using a Namkeen Packing Machine

1. Increased Efficiency

Namkeen packing machines significantly enhance the efficiency of the packaging process. By automating tasks that were previously manual, these machines can operate at high speeds, allowing for increased output and reduced labor costs.

2. Consistent Quality

Automation ensures that each package maintains a consistent weight and quality. This uniformity is essential for brand reputation and consumer satisfaction, as customers expect the same experience every time they purchase a product.

3. Extended Shelf Life

Proper sealing and packaging techniques employed by namkeen packing machines help extend the shelf life of snacks. By minimizing exposure to air and moisture, these machines preserve the freshness and flavor of namkeen for longer periods.

4. Cost Savings

While the initial investment in a namkeen packing machine may be substantial, the long-term savings can be significant. Automation reduces labor costs, minimizes waste, and increases production capacity, leading to a better return on investment.

5. Flexibility

Many modern namkeen packing machines are designed to handle a variety of bag sizes and types, providing manufacturers with the flexibility to adapt to changing market demands. This versatility is crucial in today’s dynamic snack industry.

Innovations in Namkeen Packing Technology

1. Smart Technology Integration

The integration of smart technology into namkeen packing machines is transforming the industry. IoT-enabled devices provide real-time monitoring and analytics, allowing manufacturers to optimize their production processes and quickly identify any issues.

2. Sustainable Packaging Solutions

With increasing environmental awareness, many manufacturers are looking for ways to make their packaging more sustainable. Recent innovations include the ability to use biodegradable or recyclable materials, helping brands meet consumer demand for eco-friendly options.

3. Advanced User Interfaces

Modern namkeen packing machines often feature advanced user interfaces, such as touchscreens, that simplify the operation and monitoring of the machine. These interfaces allow operators to navigate settings easily and access real-time production data.

4. Energy Efficiency

Energy-efficient namkeen packing machines are becoming increasingly important as manufacturers strive to reduce their carbon footprint. New technologies focus on minimizing energy consumption while maintaining high productivity levels.

Choosing the Right Namkeen Packing Machine

When selecting a namkeen packing machine, several factors should be considered:

1. Production Capacity

Evaluate your production needs to determine the required output. Machines vary in speed and capacity, so choose one that aligns with your business goals.

2. Type of Packaging

Consider the types of packaging materials you plan to use. Ensure the machine is compatible with the bags, pouches, or containers you intend to produce.

3. Budget

Establish a budget for your investment. While high-quality machines may require a larger upfront cost, they often provide better long-term savings through increased efficiency.

4. After-Sales Support

Look for manufacturers that offer reliable after-sales support, including maintenance and spare parts availability. This ensures your machine operates smoothly over its lifespan.

Conclusion

Namkeen packing machines are essential tools in the snack production industry, leveraging advanced technology to enhance efficiency, consistency, and product quality. By understanding the various components and benefits of these machines, manufacturers can make informed decisions that lead to better production outcomes.

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123567-9qaaq9 · 2 months ago

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Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market, Drivers, Future Outlook | BIS Research

Battery Manufacturing Equipment refers to the machinery, tools, and systems used in the production of batteries, typically for industrial, automotive, or consumer applications. This equipment encompasses the full range of processes involved in battery production, including material handling, electrode preparation, cell assembly, electrolyte filling, formation, aging, testing, and packaging.

According to BIS Research,the global battery manufacturing equipment market is projected to reach $88,093.50 million by 2031 from $9,439.22 million in 2021, growing at a CAGR of 27.12% during the forecast period 2022-2031.

Battery Manufacturing Equipment Overview

Battery manufacturing equipment plays a critical role in the production of various types of batteries, including lithium-ion, lead-acid, and solid-state batteries, among others. As demand for batteries rises due to the growth of electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy storage, and portable electronics, the need for advanced, reliable, and efficient manufacturing equipment becomes increasingly important.

Key Stages of Battery Manufacturing

Material Handling and Preparation

Electrode Manufacturing

Cell Assembly

Electrolyte Filling and Sealing

Formation and Aging

Advancements in Battery Equipement

Automated Assembly Lines

AI and Machine Learning Integration

Environmentally Friendly Manufacturing

Download the Report Click Here !

Market Segmentation

1 By Application

2 Equipment By Process

3 By Battery Type

4 By Region

Demand – Drivers and Limitations

The following are the demand drivers for the global battery manufacturing equipment market:

• Rising Demand for Electric Vehicles (EVs) • Government Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints and e-Waste

The market is expected to face some limitations too due to the following challenge:

• Rising Cost and Competitive Pressure for Battery Equipment Manufacturers • Logistics and Supply Chain Risks

Request a sample of this report on the Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market

Recent Developments in the Global Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market

• In May 2022, by aiding customers in the U.S. with battery manufacture, Xiamen Tmax Equipments maintained a favorable connection with them. It offered them the pouch cell pilot line, which comprises 52 machines ranging from mixing to testing. In accordance with the real requirements of the customer, Xiamen Tmax Equipments supplied complete solutions for the production of coin cells, cylinder cells, pouch cells, prismatic cells, and battery packs on a lab, pilot, and large-scale.

•In June 2022, Wuxi Lead Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd. signed a contract with Volkswagen to deliver 20GWh lithium battery manufacturing equipment. The company would strengthen its presence in the European market and mark a new era of its global operation.

Battery Manufacturing Equipment Future Outlook

Several key trends and advancements are expected to shape the future of this industry

Increased Automation and Digitalization

Scalability and Flexibility

Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Regionalization and Decentralization of Manufacturing

Access more detailed Insights on Advanced Materials,Chemicals and Fuels Research Reports

Conclusion

Battery manufacturing equipment is at the forefront of the global energy transformation, playing a crucial role in producing the batteries that power electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and portable devices.

The evolution of battery technology, such as the shift towards solid-state batteries and the use of innovative materials, is reshaping the design and function of manufacturing equipment. Automation, digitalization, AI integration, and sustainable practices are expected to dominate the future of battery production, improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing quality.

#Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market #Battery Manufacturing Equipment Report #Battery Manufacturing Equipment Industry

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consciouschoice · 7 months ago

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here's the link for proper formatting of the story below (it's in google docs)

Night has spread to blanket the land, the clouds above holding back any light for which the stars or moon could provide. And yet the writer can’t sleep, no matter how tranquil the night might be. They could write of their day, of Recon, of a passing coyote. The writer always had plenty to put to words, but their crimson lamp’s cell could only last so long. And so, they chose to keep the night’s recap short, figuring it’d be best to save the light for later in the night.

Another person!

They didn’t really leave time to ask for a name, so I’ll just call ‘em Recon. They were gruff sounding. Probably another Recon specialist. Couldn’t tell what battalion they were from, but they definitely acted the part. That lot are never much for conversation. To be fair, it just makes things easier. I shouldn’t complain. Anywho, they were headed out west. Their company is probably doing another sweep along the trenches. Getting into some sorta trouble. Hope they pass by on the way back. They looked pretty cute.

And while the writer might have wished for another few moments to write, their lantern’s ruby glow was already beginning to dim. They tucked away their journal into a side pouch before snatching up the dying lantern by its handle and snuffing its light. After a few moments of adjusting to their new surroundings of shadow they scale down to the ground below in relative silence, aside from the occasional creak of a branch under their weight.

The ground below welcomed the soles of their worn boots, and before long they snuck into the embrace of a nearby bush. This bush had been the writer’s home for a good many weeks, and it certainly showed. The shrub had been mostly hollowed out and fitted with a dark olive tarp about the remaining twigs, to provide some shelter from the elements. The writer settled their chainmail adorned helm at the bedside of a small mat, the painted eyes at the front of its dome staring back through the dense shadow of the night.

Just as their back hit the mat below, the straps of their thin steel chestplate had already been stripped and tossed off to accompany the helm. Next came the secure pouches which held most of their daily tools, casually slipped away in a few swift motions and the accompanying clicks of even fewer latches. Off came the sheath and its accompanying shortsword with one last clack, the least cumbersome of the steps towards a good night’s rest. The last part of their nightly ritual was already underway as they worked away at the dense coat of their fatigues, revealing fresh bandages below. Despite getting ready for bed, they didn’t bother unstrapping their boots, knowing they’d prefer to at least have the knife within at the ready in case of some emergency.

With little more than a muffled grunt the writer curled up atop their stiff mat and worked to get some shuteye. Rest was often ill advised for such a poorly equipped Peacekeeper. But even still, they certainly had earned it on account of their previous nights of fire watch and surveillance. Yet, even in knowing that rest had been well earned, they remained awake behind closed eyelids.

In spite of what could possibly be another restless night, the writer held out some hope. Eventually exhaustion would turn them over to their dreams, and so there wasn’t any need to fight their brain on this. It will eventually give in on its own… surely. And besides, they’d never had much trouble with sleeping before their service. The recent lack of sleep was likely nothing more than some spare anxiety. Anxiety in what? They didn’t care to ponder over it. There’s plenty to be anxious over, rooted out here alone.

#writing #narative #creative writing #fiction #alt history #military #short story

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hamsterpetcaretips · 1 year ago

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Can Hamsters Eat Mangoes – 9 Facts Should You Know!

Can hamsters eat mangoes? Hamsters are omnivores, which means they can eat both meat and plant-based foods. They enjoy a variety of fruits and vegetables as a part of their daily diet. One question that hamster owners often ask is whether their pets can eat mangoes.

The answer is yes – hamsters can eat mangoes! Mango is a rich source of vitamins and minerals that are beneficial for your hamster’s overall health. You can give your hamster mango in moderation, just like any other fruits or vegetables. However, it’s important to note that hamsters have tiny cheek pouches, in which they store food for later. If they store too much food, it can cause oral problems for your hamsters such as abscesses or bloat. So, if you decide to feed mango to your hamster, make sure the pieces are small and manageable for your pet’s mouth!

Is it Safe For Hamsters To Eat Mango?

It is safe for hamsters to eat mango as long as it is given in moderation. A small piece of mango once a week is enough as a treat for your pet hamster. Hamsters will enjoy eating mango because of its sweet and juicy taste.

Make sure not to let your hamster eat too much mango as it is high in sugar and can cause health issues. Consuming excessive amounts of mango can lead to diarrhea and upset stomach in hamsters.

Are Mangos Good for Hamsters?

Mangos are a great new food to introduce to your hamster’s diet. This fruit can offer many health benefits for your little pet, as it contains vitamins A, C, and E. It also helps in boosting the immune system and improving eyesight. Additionally, feeding your hamster mango can help promote a healthy coat and skin due to the fruit’s high concentration of antioxidants. However, keep in mind that mango should only be given to hamsters in small amounts, as too much fruit can cause digestive issues.

Health Benefits of Mango for Hamsters

Mango is a tropical fruit that contains numerous health benefits, and it is also suitable for feeding to your pet hamster in moderation. Hamsters are exposed to various health issues, and providing them with the right nutrition is crucial for their overall health. Mango will help in maintaining the health of hamsters by improving their digestion and immunity. Moreover, mango is rich in Vitamin A and C, which can improve their skin and vision.

Here are some other advantages that hamsters can get from consuming mango:

1. Vitamin B

Vitamin B improves eye health and keeps your pet hamster’s cholesterol levels stable.

2. Vitamin B9

Mango contains a lot of Vitamin B9, which is good for red blood cell formation. As a result, the immune system functions properly.

3. Helps Boost Immunity

Mangos are one of the highest vitamin C food sources. This vitamin is essential for the immune system.

The vitamin C in mango will help your hamster’s immunity.

Furthermore, vitamin C is essential for muscle, tendon, and bone growth.

4. Promotes Healthy Digestive System

Mangoes are high in dietary fiber. Fiber is beneficial to the digestive system because it promotes regular bowel movements and prevents constipation.

5. High in Antioxidants

Antioxidants are essential for hamster health. This shields cells from free radicals, which can cause heart disease, cancer, and other diseases.

Free radicals are molecules that are produced when the body breaks down food or when hamsters are exposed to cigarette smoke.

How To Feed Mango To Hamsters?

First, hamsters like fresh mango without peels, so make sure you remove the mango peels.

Second, cut the mango into tiny pieces and the hamster can eat it from your hand or from a dish.

One teaspoon of mango is enough to give them a taste of sweet fruit, and they will store the food in their cheek pouches to chew later.

Can you feed mango peels and mango seed to your hamster?

Hamsters can eat dried mango, but it is recommended to give it as a treat. Mango juice or peel is not ideal for hamsters because it can be difficult for them to digest. Mango seeds should also be avoided because they can cause blockages in their digestive system.

Are dried mangos okay for your hamster to eat?

Hamsters have a habit of snacking on sweet treats, but are sugary dried mango treats okay for them? Sugar-sweet and sugary dried mango contain high amounts of sugar, which can lead to obesity and other health problems in hamsters.

How many mangoes can you give your hamster?

As a responsible hamster owner, for Dwarf hamsters, Syrian hamsters and Roborovski hamsters, Chinese hamsters, and other types of hamsters, it’s best to give them a little piece of mango every few days. So, next time you decide to feed them mango, remember to cut the mango into small piece and provide it as a treat – your hamster will thank you for it!

How Often Can Hamsters Eat Mango?

1. Syrian Hamsters

Yes, you can give your Syrian hamster mangoes as long as you only give them one or two tiny slices once or twice a week.

2. Roborovski Hamsters

They can be fed one or two teaspoons of mango once or twice a week because, like Syrian hamsters, they are giant hamsters.

3. Winter White Dwarf Hamsters

They can’t eat mango because they are also dwarf hamsters, which could be unhealthy for them. However, if you really want to feed them, just give them a slice or two of mango every two weeks.

4. Chinese Hamsters

In addition, since they are a species of dwarf hamster, they shouldn’t be given mango because it might be too sweet for them.

What Are The Risks Of Feeding Your Hamster Mangos?

Feeding mangos to your hamsters can come with certain risks. Hamster would get digestive issues, obesity because mango has a high amount of natural sugars which can lead to if overconsumed. Additionally, the skin and flesh of the fruit can be tough for a hamster to digest, leading to stomach problems such as diarrhea, constipation, or bloating. The seeds of mangos should also be avoided as they contain traces of cyanide which can be toxic to rodents.

Can Hamsters have Mango Juice?

It is not recommended to give hamsters mango juice or any juice. This is because hamsters have a very delicate digestive system and too much sugar can upset their delicate balance.

Other Fruits That Hamster Can Eat

Orange.

Banana.

Apple.

Grapes.

#hamsters

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gastroenterologyucgconferences · 1 year ago

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Esophageal Disorders: Types, Risks, Symptoms and Causes-To know more Attend the 13th World Gastroenterology, IBD & Hepatology Conference 2023

Esophageal Cancer:

Causes: Chronic irritation and inflammation of the esophagus, often due to Barrett's esophagus, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or certain genetic factors.

Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing, unintentional weight loss, chest pain, and hoarseness.

Risks: Smoking, heavy alcohol use, obesity, GERD, and a family history of esophageal cancer increase the risk.

Achalasia:

Causes: Achalasia is a rare disorder where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax properly, causing difficulty in food and liquid passage into the stomach.

Symptoms: Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), chest pain, regurgitation, and weight loss.

Risks: The exact cause is unknown, but it may involve autoimmune factors.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE):

Causes: EoE is an allergic condition where the esophagus becomes inflamed due to the presence of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell.

Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing, food impaction, and chest pain.

Risks: Allergies and a family history of EoE may contribute.

Esophageal Strictures:

Causes: Narrowing of the esophagus can result from chronic irritation (e.g., from GERD), scar tissue formation, or external compression.

Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing, sensation of food sticking in the throat, and chest pain.

Risks: Chronic GERD is a common cause.

Diverticula:

Causes: Diverticula are small pouches that can form in the esophagus, sometimes due to increased pressure during swallowing.

Symptoms: Often asymptomatic but can cause difficulty swallowing and regurgitation.

Risks: Risk factors are not well-defined.

It's important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if you suspect you have an esophageal disorder. The management of these conditions varies depending on the specific disorder and its underlying causes. Lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical interventions may be recommended to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

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xiaozb · 1 year ago

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Get the right eye care done

The importance of eye care:

The skin around the eyes is particularly soft, thin, and has many wrinkles, making it the most prone area to aging and problems. There are many wrinkles around the eyes, so the moisture evaporation rate of the skin around the eyes is faster; At the same time, sweat glands and Sebaceous gland of the skin around the eyes are less distributed, which is particularly easy to dry and lack water, resulting in eye aging. Generally, the skin around the eyes begins to decline after the age of 25, with problems such as Periorbital dark circles, crow's feet, pouch, granulation, edema, etc. So, prevention and care are very important.

What are the eye problems?

one ⃣ dark under-eye circles

Periorbital dark circles are caused by staying up late, high mood fluctuations, eye fatigue and aging, which lead to the formation of stagnant blood flow in the skin blood vessels of the eyes; Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues, excessive accumulation of metabolic waste in blood vessels, resulting in pigmentation of the eyes.

two ⃣ Fine lines around the eyes

Eye fine lines refer to the small lines and wrinkles formed by the skin around the eyes due to the influence of external environment, which forms free radicals and damages the collagen, active substances, and oxidized cells in normal cell membrane tissues

three ⃣ Adipose granules

Fat particles are irritating ingredients in cosmetics that cause damage to the skin, and during the process of skin self repair, a small white cyst is formed. It is also possible that cosmetics are too greasy, and sebum is covered by keratin, which cannot be discharged to the epidermis normally, resulting in the accumulation of white particles inside the skin.

four ⃣ Eyebags

Bags under the eyes refer to the sagging, bloated, and baggy skin on the lower face. Bags under the eyes can be divided into two categories based on their etiology: primary and secondary. Primary eye bags often have a family genetic history and are common in young people. Secondary facial pouches are more common in middle-aged and elderly people.

Ten Benefits of Eye Care

✔ Fade Periorbital dark circles

✔ Solve the problem of dry glasses

✔ Eliminate eye bags

✔ Fade fine lines

✔ Relieve vision

✔ Eliminate swelling

✔ Inhibiting the growth of fat particles

✔ Restore skin elasticity

✔ Eliminate granulation

✔ Delaying aging

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dracademy · 1 year ago

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Humans are viviparous, meaning they give birth to children. Human reproduction involves a series of processes. The process of creating sperm and eggs is known as gametogenesis. Transfer of male gametes to the female vaginal tract, fertilization, blastocyst, implantation, gestation, and parturition are all examples of insemination. The structure, function, and development of male and female reproductive organs differ.

Male Reproductive System- The male reproductive system comprises the testis, accessory ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia (Penis).

Testis- The testes are located in a pouch known as the Scrotum. Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm in the testis, which requires 2-2.5 degrees Celsius less body temperature than normal body temperature, and the scrotum maintains a low temperature to generate spermatogenesis. The testis are densely coated. Testis can be 4-5 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. Each testis contains 250 Testicular- Lobules, each lobules contains 1-3 Seminiferous- Tubule, that is lined from inside by 2 types of cells- Male germ cell and Sertoli cells.

Male Accessory Glands- Seminal vesicles (2), prostate (1), and Bulbourethral (2) are the male accessory glands. Seminal vesicle secretion is rich in fructose, calcium, and other enzymes, while bulbourethral secretion aids in penis lubrication.

Male External Genitalia (Penis)- It is made up of a type of tissue known as erectile. The glans-penis is an enlarged end of the penis that is covered by loose skin called the foreskin.

Female Reproductive System- Female reproductive system consists of Ovaries, Fallopian, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina and External Genitalia.

Overy is a primary sex organ that produces ovum & ovarian hormones. It can be 2-4 cm in length and connected to pelvic walls & uterus by ligament. In Fallopian tube, fimbriae collects ovum and travels to infundibulum, then ampulla (wider part) and then isthmus. Isthmus joins the uterus and travels to the cervix and at last in release through vagina.

Layer which undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle called Endometrium and layer which exhibits strong contraction during childbirth called Myometrium. Female external genitalia consists of mons pubis (Cushion of fatty tissue), labia majora (Fleshy fold of tissue), labia minora (Paired fold of tissue), hymen and clitoris. Female reproductive parts along with a pair of mammary glands that are integrated structurally & Functionally to support ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, birth and child care. Mammary glands consist of Glandular tissues that form milk and variable amounts of fat for support.

Spermatogenesis- Formation of sperm is called spermatogenesis. If forms by following steps- Spermatogonia (Mitosis)

Primary Spermatocytes (Mitosis 1)

Secondary Spermatocytes (Mitosis 2)

Spermatids (Do not have tail)

Spermatozoa (Do have tail)

Process of making spermatids to spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis. Release of the sperm from the seminiferous tubule is called spermiation.

When a human male ejaculates once, it releases 200-300 million of sperm/coitus. For a fertile human male should have at least 60% normal shape & size of sperm and at least 40% of vigorous motility.

Oogenesis- It forms by following steps-

Oogonia (Mitosis)

Primary-Oocyte

Primary-Oocyte (arrested in prophase-1, until meiosis-1 completed prior to ovulation)

Secondary-Oocytes

Secondary-Oocyte (arrested in metaphase- 2, meiosis completes at the time of fertilization)

Ovum

Menarche is when first menstruation begins at puberty in females and Menopause is called when the menstruation cycle ceases around 50 years of age in females.

Fertilisation- When semen released by penis in vagina is called insemination. Matile sperm swims rapidly and reaches Ampulla of the fallopian tube through cervix and uterus ovum released by ovary also transported to Ampula for fertilisation. Fertilisation takes place only if both sperm and ovum simultaneously reach the Ampulla region.

Human reproduction is an important but broad topic to study for NEET preparation. The best NEET coaching in Bangalore and Hyderabad provides students preparing for the NEET with comprehensive advice and notes to help them grasp the topics better.

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researchvishal · 2 years ago

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Electric Vehicle Battery Housing Market Latest Advancements And Business Opportunities up to 2033

According to ESOMAR-certified Future Market Insights’ (FMI) - Over the forecast period, the global electric vehicle battery housing market demand is expected to grow at a rapid CAGR of 31.8%. The market is expected to reach US$ 1,531.1 Mn in 2023. The market is anticipated to reach US$ 24,219.1 Mn by 2033.

The battery housing in an electric vehicle (EV) is the compartment that contains the battery pack. The battery pack is a critical component of the EV, providing the electrical energy to power the electric motor.

The Electric Vehicle Battery Housing can be made from various materials, including aluminum, steel, or composite materials. Some manufacturers also use materials such as carbon fiber to reduce weight and improve performance.

The design of the battery housing is also critical to ensure safety in the event of a collision or impact. Manufacturers design the housing to absorb and distribute energy in a crash, reducing the risk of battery damage or fire.

Overall, the battery housing is an essential component of an EV, protecting the battery pack and ensuring optimal performance, safety, and longevity."

Europe is leading the global electric vehicle battery housing market as a result of growing government support for the EV market, despite the fact that electric vehicles are currently expensive. Furthermore, the significant concentration of OEMs in the region encouraged market development.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

The UK electric vehicle battery housing market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 28% over the forecast period.

The German electric car battery housing market is expected to hold 11.2% of the global market over the forecast period

During the projection period, the Chinese electric vehicle battery housing market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 26.4% through 2032.

Japan is expected to hold 1.1% of the global market over the forecast period.

The Indian electric vehicle battery housing market is expected to have the highest global market share, growing at a CAGR of 42.2%.

Over the projected period, the US electric vehicle battery housing market is expected to hold 9.3% of the global market.

For more information: https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/electric-vehicle-battery-housing-market

COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Key players operating in the electric vehicle battery housing market are SGL Carbon, Novelis Inc., Nemak S.A.B. de C.V, Constellium SE, Gestamp Automocion, UACJ Corporation, GF Linamar LLC, Hanwha Advanced Materials, Minth, Continental Structural Plastics, Thyssenkrupp AG, TRB Lightweight, Hitachi Metals Ltd., POSCO, Norsk Hydro ASA and other major players.

These companies have used a variety of techniques to improve their market share for electric vehicle battery housing. To widen their client base and increase revenue, they have used both organic and inorganic growth techniques, such as new product launches, acquisitions, corporate expansions, and collaborations.

Key Segmentation of the Electric Vehicle Battery Housing Market

By Material:

Metallic

Non-metallic

By Application:

Passenger Vehicle

Commercial Vehicle

By Cell Format Type:

Pouch Cell

Cylindrical Cell

Prismatic Cell

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writinginthedarkwood · 5 years ago

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Alien! Kirishima x Reader: Better With You

Warning: NSFW, ovipositor kink, implications of past abuse (not done by our shark toothed boy)

I recommend checking out some of the other parts to this AU! MY MASTERLIST

You can enjoy this without it, but reading the other parts might answer some questions you have. :)

The tornado siren wailed. It’s a sound I’ve heard my entire life, but it’s taken on a completely new meaning.

Before, we’d run to the middle of the park and take shelter with our neighbors. I remember being little, and hiding under the ground from the violent winds that would tear through our community.

The piercing sound stirred all the sleeping bodies around, the light flicked on in my neighbors trailer. I watched her shadow hurry and throw things into a bag through her window. She pushed her small son out of the door as they ran to take shelter.

Everyone in the park jolted awake, panicking and running in fear.

Everyone but me, and my father.

My father whistled through his nose as he slept. He turned only slightly in that worn down chair, his foot kicking the pile of aluminum cans over, but otherwise completely unconscious. The T.V. was a loud rerun of a crime show, but it suddenly switched over to the emergency broadcast.

The male anchor spoke with a shaking voice. “Paris is falling.” He swallowed hard. “Please take shelter immediately....” He held the paper holding his cues and set it down before reading the next line. “A craft was spotted over Lexington... may God have mercy on us.” The camera cut to the sound of the emergency alarm. I rushed and shut the T.V. off, my heart pounding. My father didn’t stir, still sleeping like the dead.

This was it, it was finally my turn.

I ran to the front door and opened it slowly, closing it behind me as quietly as possible. I climbed onto our garbage can, using the gutter to stable myself before jumping onto the roof.

I used to sit out here when I was little, breathing air that wasn't heavy with cigarette smoke.

The sky looks different to me now, like the stars were actually thousands of eyes looking down at me. Or that it might actually crack open, spilling thousands of bug like aliens down to the ground like in the movies. Even though people are terrified, cities are going up in flames and families are being separated. The footage they catch of girls being taken, they always go with a smile on their face.

Whatever was coming for me, had to be better than here.

"Wow the sky looks really cool from down here." A male voice startled me, I gasped and stared at an interesting looking soldier stood behind me. He had no shirt on, but a sash going over his chest was decorated with patches and medals. His black pants almost seemed a bit big on him, and one pant leg was tucked into his boots. He had brilliant and striking red hair, sticking out of his head like a spikey rock formation with just as incredible red eyes to match.

His teeth were sharp, but his face was gentle and kind.

He smiled at me and sat down beside me. "I wish I had more time to look around..." My breath was stuck in my chest, my hands were shaking.

Is this... man the alien? He dug in a pouch on his hip and pulled out a clay figurine. "I found this. I just think it looks awesome, it's for you." I didn't reach out to take it, my body feeling frozen with shock. He gently grabbed my wrist and flipped my palm over, placing a little frog statue in my hand. It was warm from him holding it. It must have came from someone's garden in the park. "I-..." The little frogs paint was chipped, but it was cute. "Thank you. I like it." I kind of smiled at him, not entirely sure how I'm supposed to feel. "I was hoping you would! You've probably guessed who I am." He said with a hint of blush on his cheeks like he was shy. "I was surprised to find you out here in the open." He thought for a moment. "Are you alright?"

I looked at him, his face was sweet and filled with concern.

Hot tears stung my eyes and I buried my head between my knees and tried to hold back a sob.

"Hey, hey don't be upset... I promise I'm not here to hurt you." His touch surprised me. His hand pulled my head out of my hands and turned my face to look at him better.

"Your cheek is swollen. Are you injured?"

I said nothing and his eyes narrowed. "Come here, come here everything is okay now..." He stood and helped me stand to my feet. He placed his lips on my cheek and parted his mouth, his spit making a small space sticky and wet.

A pleasant sensation came over my tired body. He pulled me into his arms, lifting my feet off of the ground and holding me bridal style. I laid my head on his chest, feeling warm and comfortable. I closed my eyes and rested on him.

Is this why all that footage from fallen cities had girls with smiling faces? They suspected brain washing. I don't feel brainwashed.

I feel good.

I opened my eyes to look at him and saw that we were somewhere completely different.

We were in some type of hallway. There were a lot of people here, couples walking together. Some girls looked a bit like me, wearing normal clothes. They looked a bit shaken up, and clung onto their accompanying alien tightly. Other girls were human, but something was different. They were smiling brightly, wearing all the same dress but in different colors and patterns.

A lot of them had small pregnant bellies.

He set me down on my feet and took my arm to keep me steady. "Welcome home! The ship is designed to look like a neutral place our humans would enjoy vacationing too."

It did sort of look like a hotel.

He opened a sliding door by placing his palm on the wall and we stepped inside. "You know you're a little quiet, which surprises me. But I'm hoping you'll warm up... you still have what I gave you?"

I held out the little frog and he took it, setting it on a plain white table. "Our first decoration!" He leaned against the table and crossing his arms, making the medals on his sash jingle. "You probably have a lot of questions. I am Captain Kirishima Eijiro. You can just call me Eijiro, but if you don't like that name you can call me something else!" He nervously laughed. "Wait that's weird. Am I blowing this? I feel like I'm messing up."

"I'm Y/N... it's nice to meet you." I stood there awkwardly and looked around the room. It was pretty plain, a small bed in the corner. A kitchen without any utensils. "So you're not going to... kill me?" I asked feeling like my tears might come back.

He looked at me funny. "No not at all. Did you think that and you didn't fight me?" Eijiro's face was very concerned. "How about you take a hot shower and afterwards we get you something to eat."

The bathroom was small, and the shower wasn't too difficult to figure out how to turn on, but I couldn't get the steamy water to shut off. I wrapped myself in a soft towel and just about opened the door when I heard his voice.

"Yes I'm worried about the wellbeing of my mate. Her wellness scan says her brain is imbalanced. I think she's been emotionally injured." He was speaking to someone, I didn't hear another voice. "Yes sir. Thank you your Highness. I'll give her nutrition and treat her with the medical aide you're sending by. I'll give you a report after a few days to see if her conditions improved."

I opened the door and he smiled at me, looking up from a watch on his wrist. "I can't get the shower to turn off." I said quietly. He happily walked into the bathroom and showed me how to work everything. He turned the water off, and showed me how to open the cabinet and get toiletries. "And if you ever just want to relax you can change what oils go into the water. They're good for stress, sleep, and even waking you up in the morning."

I stood there, feeling a bit exposed in my towel. Eijiro tried to discretely look at my body. His eyes darted over me quickly, but he managed to mostly hold eye contact. "I should probably let you get dressed. I have some clothes for you."

Eijiro gave me a red dress to put on. It had pretty flower patterns sewn into it, giving the fabric just a bit of texture. It was lightweight and comfortable like a night gown. "Before we get some food in you, I'm going to offer some first aid okay?" He opened the front door and grabbed a package that was sitting outside. He unwrapped a vial and prepped a syringe.

He sat down beside me. "Things are going to better for you now. I'm going to keep you safe." He kissed my exposed arm, dragging his tongue across my skin and leaving a sticky trail. The saliva sizzled and absorbed into my skin.

My whole body felt warm. My skin erupted in tingles and chills. The needle entering my arm didn't hurt. "That didn't hurt did it?" He rubbed the injection spot tenderly. "No, what was that?"

"Your wellness scan came back showing some light damage to your lungs, as well as some sort of chemical imbalance in your brain. A few injections should clear up any damaged cells and get the hormones flowing correctly."

Could he really be curing my asthma? I've had issues my whole life with breathing. Nobody seemed to care enough to stop smoking in the house, or even roll the windows down in the car while I'm in there.

"You can make my depression go away?" I looked down at my hands. My finger nails are always picked down to the nub.

"If that's what your imbalance is called, yes."

Eijiro made a meal for me out of a tan powder and some type of hot green liquid. It reminded me of oats, but was very sweet. After eating together in the relative quiet, a sudden drowsiness came over me. He pulled the blanket over my shoulders and tucked me. I was asleep before I could even count to ten.

I rolled over, groggy and still feeling a bit tired. My arms hit something hard, and my eyes shot open. I gasped and almost fell out of the bed at the sight of sleeping Eijiro. He was breathing out of his mouth softly, a bit of drool falling onto his pillow.

I sat up on my elbow and his left arm flopped over me, pulling me back down on the bed with a loud exhale of air leaving my chest. "Hey!"

Kirishima lazily opened one eye before snuggling into my neck. "Good morning Y/N... ready to start the day?"

For some reason I feel a bit more comfortable today. After getting dressed, I had a lot of questions. He explained why I'm here, how the two of us will be living together from now on. "See I don't know how ready I am to start a family." He smiled and put a hand over mine. "I figured we could spend our time on the ship getting to know each other. Our culture is a little different than yours, we usually start a family right away once we find a mate."

I felt a bit of panic rise in my chest. A family? Is that what the rumors meant about the aliens needing DNA? "But I think you could use some time to heal and adjust. What do ya think?"

"I... I don't even know what to say. I feel like I walked into a dream world." It felt too good to be true. There must be more to this I'm not seeing, people aren't whisked away from our troubles to paradise. Maybe I died, and he's really my guardian angel?

"Does that make me your dream guy?" He gave me a wink and I smiled at him.

"So down this way we have all these resteraunts that we can stop by for lunch." Outside of the hotel like halls were more sterile looking, white halls that lead to different sections of the ship. "Before that I thought maybe we could take a look at the gardens." I held his hand while we walked through rows and rows of gorgeous, vibrant flowers. Tree's grew tall and made beautiful shade for us to sit under. We leaned against the cool bark, I rested my head on his shoulder. Kirishima told me stories about Home World and what our lives will look like when we get there.

"I feel like I'm talking a lot. Why don't you tell me about your life on Earth?"

My smile fell and I tried to think of something, anything positive about my child hood. "Well Earth wasn't that interesting. Home World sounds so beautiful and incredible. I mean, no human has any type of power like you do." He held up his hand and flexed, his skin hardening like rock. I giggled and he kissed my cheek.

We spent time like this together, building some type of routine. Wake up together, and then spend the day having fun and eating.

Every night he would give me an injection, and we'd fall asleep holding each other closely.

On my seventh night, I sat up in the dark gasping for air. My heart was pounding against my chest and I let out a terrible choking sob. Kirishima woke up immediately, hopping out of bed and searching the room for some type of threat. The light flicked on and after a few seconds of looking for an attacker he turned back to me and pulled me into his lap. "Y/N what's happening?" His voice was panicked and I tried gulping down air. "I had a nightmare." I pushed my words out with a shaking voice. He grabbed his watch he always wears off of the night stand and put it on. Holding my hand, a holographic screen appeared from the watch. "Your heart rate is rapid, and your endocrine system is pumping a lot of adrenaline." He moved me off of his lap and started digging in the kitchen. He pulled a medical kit out and starting prepping a syringe. "No! No I don't need any medicine." Tears stung my eyes and I took a deep breath. "It's just a panic attack."

He set the med kit down and looked at me strange. "A what?"

"A panic attack. Sometimes I have bad dreams, and they make me freak out." I pushed some of my hair behind my ears and started to settle myself. Usually they last a lot longer than this, but I feel like I have slightly more control than usual.

"What kind of horrible thing in your dreams made you wake up like that?" He sat down beside me and took my hands in his. His hands are callused and warm. I wanted to tell him, tell him anything and everything.

The years and years of living in hell, always being told that I'm nothing and deserve nothing.

"Your injections you've been giving me... they help a lot with-" I took another deep breath. "They help me to not feel like I'm always drowning." He started rubbing my back, just letting me talk. "Does your species have medicine that can make me forget Earth?" My voice cracked and he pulled my head to rest on his shoulder. "I just want to forget everything." I let my walls fall just a bit and cried into his shoulder. "Hey I've got an idea. How about we go for a walk?"

It was dark in the gardens. The artificial sky was lit up with a beautiful display of soft twinkling starry lights. Nobody is around but the two of us.

We laid down in a clearing and just looked up, staring at the beautiful lights like we're stargazing. He let me just enjoy the quiet, holding my hand beside me.

After a little bit he broke the silence.

"You know, I'm a pretty positive guy." He chuckled a bit. "But I'm also a soldier, I've seen a lot of messy and terrible things. Lost organisms that I was supposed to save. Kill organisms because I was ordered too." He spoke seriously, but still managed to have an air of kindness behind his tone. "I think I understand what's going on with you. You've been through war. I can't make the things you've seen and been through go away..." he rolled to his side and touched my face gently. "But I can fill the rest of your life with new memories..." I looked at his face and couldn't help but smile. "And be here for you when the old ones creep back up. You'll never have to go through anything alone again."

I grabbed both sides of his face and kissed him. His eyes were huge with shock, but he leaned into my kiss. He hovered over me, trying to keep his muscular body from pressing down on me too hard. He swirled his tongue past my lips and I shuddered, waves of heat washing over me and pulsing in my core. I gasped and pulled him down on top of me harder, a slight moan leaving the corners of my mouth. He pulled away from me slightly with a nervous laugh. "A-are you alright?"

I kissed his nose. "Your kiss made me lose my breath."

"Well that's because of my spit. It makes you... comfortable." He looked down at me with a smile. "Ready to go back home?"

The next morning I woke up and stared dreamily at Eijiro's face. He looked so much different to me today. His gorgeous face, his toned body. I ran my finger down his chest and my touch caused him to flutter his eyes open. "Good morning baby girl..." He yawned and stretched out his arm. His stretch had him flex all of his muscles and I pushed myself a little closer to him. "Good morning, I was going to hop in the shower..." I tried to lace my voice with lust so he would take the hint that I wanted him to join me. "Okay! While you're showering I'll cook us up some breakfast."

Lightly disappointed I stepped into the bathroom and undressed. I turned the water on and let it run for a moment before wrapping a towel around me. "Eijiro?" I called out and he quickly opened the door and stepped in the steamy shower. "You alright Y/N?" I dropped my towel and stepped in the water. "Oh I'm fine. Could you hand me more body wash?" Eijiro stood stunned for a moment. "Of course I can." He cleared his throat and got into the cabinet. I took the bottle from him and rubbed the soap on myself. "Would you mind washing my back?" I bat my eyelashes at him and he quickly stripped his shorts off and joined me in the water. He slammed his lips against mine and I wrapped my arms around his neck. He pressed my back against the cool tile and his hips pressed against mine. His fingers combed down my back, his nails dragging against my skin and scratching me. I moaned into his mouth. "Please Eijiro... I want you." I whined. He pressed two fingers against my folds and swirled around, feeling my wetness stretch around him. "Are you sure about this Y/N?" I looked down and noticed his member was strange. His member was large, and the tip was rounded and closed off. The veins stood out against his pale skin, because they were maroon instead of a light purple or blue. "Yes please..."

He turned me around and bent me against the wall. I pressed my hands against the glass to steady myself and he backed my hips up to meet him. His tip pushed into my walls, my body eager to meet him. I gasped as he started to move, letting my body adjust slowly at first before gaining speed. His fingers dug into my hips as he groaned while thrusting into me. The bathroom echoing the sound of his body hitting mine. He bounced me off of his pelvis over and over again, I just moaned and cried out his name over and over again. "Eijiro please I'm going to cum-"

"I wanna make you feel so good baby- hold on-" His member shifted in my body, I felt him pulse as something moved through him. He pushed himself against the very tip of my cervix. Something moved up into my body, it felt like a jelly substance for just a moment before dissolving.

I felt fire run down my spine and erupt. I cried out, my orgasm rocking my body. He wrapped an arm around my waist to keep me steady as his cock shifted again. Another dissolving sensation, and then another. I cried out, shaking. My hands fell off of the wall and Ejiro held me close to him, keeping me from slipping in the water. "You alright baby?" I nodded yes, my chest heaving.

We laid snuggled together on the bed for most of the afternoon. He traced shapes on my back, giving me kisses on my head while we talked between naps.

I could get used to this, being touched with such gentleness. "I love you Eijiro." I whispered to him. I snuggled into his chest further. "I love you too Y/N. I always will."

#inthewoods bnha alien au #Kirishima Eijirou #kirishima x reader #ovipositor kink #ovipositor #BNHA au #bnha fanfiction #bnha fic #bnha imagines #my hero fanfic #my hero academia #my hero fan fiction #bnha monster fic #bnha monster au #bnha monster boy #mha kirishima #kirishima x fem

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123567-9qaaq9 · 2 months ago

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Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market, Drivers, Future Outlook | BIS Research

Battery Manufacturing Equipment Overview

Key Stages of Battery Manufacturing

Material Handling and Preparation

Electrode Manufacturing

Cell Assembly

Electrolyte Filling and Sealing

Formation and Aging

Advancements in Battery Equipement

Automated Assembly Lines

AI and Machine Learning Integration

Environmentally Friendly Manufacturing

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Market Segmentation

1 By Application

2 Equipment By Process

3 By Battery Type

4 By Region

Demand – Drivers and Limitations

The following are the demand drivers for the global battery manufacturing equipment market:

• Rising Demand for Electric Vehicles (EVs) • Government Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints and e-Waste

The market is expected to face some limitations too due to the following challenge:

• Rising Cost and Competitive Pressure for Battery Equipment Manufacturers • Logistics and Supply Chain Risks

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Recent Developments in the Global Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market

Battery Manufacturing Equipment Future Outlook

Several key trends and advancements are expected to shape the future of this industry

Increased Automation and Digitalization

Scalability and Flexibility

Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Regionalization and Decentralization of Manufacturing

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Conclusion

#Battery Manufacturing Equipment Market #Battery Manufacturing Equipment Report #Battery Manufacturing Equipment Industry

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f107group4 · 4 years ago

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ɴᴏᴡ ᴘʟᴀʏɪɴɢ: Fireflies by Owl City

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◄◄⠀▐▐ ⠀►►⠀⠀ ⠀ 1:17 / 3:48 ⠀ ───○ 🔊⠀ ᴴᴰ ⚙ ❐ ⊏⊐

Can you believe that these glowing light in the waters are sea fireflies? Everything is indeed never as it seems.

I bet you were awestruck[cod]!

Now, these millions of sea fireflies would like to wave “Hi!” as you go through the blog and get to know the bioluminescent ostracods under genus Vargula.

CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Bilateria

Infrakingdom: Protostomia

Superphylum: Ecdysozoa

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Ostracoda

Subclass: Myodocopa

Order: Myodocopida

Suborder: Myodocopina

Superfamily: Cypridinoidea

Family: Cypridinidae

Genus: Vargula

Species Name: Vargula annecohenae

(ITIS nd ; Cohen and Morin, 2010)

BIOLOGY

Cod you see me?

Ostracods can be found in basically every aquatic environment ranging from marine, freshwater, and estuarine habitats. These organisms are either swimming in the surface waters or crawling on the sea bed and moist land. Their distribution depends on their adaptations to environmental parameters, mainly salinity and water temperature. Vargula species inhabit the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea coastal landmasses (Wilkinson, 1996; Ogoh & Ohmiya, 2005).

Although they are everywhere, ostracods rarely grow to a few millimeters long; small but (Pechenik, 2015). A single organism can’t be easily seen unless we look closely. Still, they’re small but widespread.

What do you mistake me as?

Ostracoda is an ancient group of crustaceans. Surprised?

The unsegmented external feature separates them from other crustaceans (Pechenik, 2015). Besides this, they resemble bivalves by having their entire body laterally enclosed inside a pair of partially calcified carapace or shells held by adductor muscles, even during early development; hence, the common name — mussel shrimp (Moore, 2006).

They are also similar to branchiopods Conchostraca (clam shrimps) such as water fleas, but the appendages, lack of growth rings, and smooth swimming of mussel shrimps gave it away. Another feature that differentiates both is the carapace formation. Clam shrimps add material to their carapace as they grow, while mussel shrimps shed their carapace with each molt (UC Museum of Paleontology, 1995).

Mussel shrimps are mostly head which means that the other body parts are greatly reduced. Their trunk is merged to the head. Usually, they have seven pairs of appendages adapted for locomotion, grasping, feeding, cleaning the carapace, or as sense organs. Vargula uses two pairs of antennae for swimming, some species only utilize one pair or the other. Notably, they have setae or tiny hairs protruding through the carapace pores that function for sensory mechanisms (Wilkinson, 1996; Pechenik, 2015).

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A light show to remember

Bioluminescence is often used, but only by males of the species V. annecohenae, for mating displays. Males of each species, like fireflies on land, use distinct patterns of light flashes (seen as a series of dots) that only attract females of the same species. By performing brief dances in which they release short bursts of light as they pass towards the surface of the water, males show off just how sparkling they can be. They start their "dance," which lasts 45 minutes on average, with a stationary period in which brief (second-long or shorter) flashes of bright blue light are produced, attracting the interest of possible female mates. Then in the next process, males spiral up the water column vertically, producing quicker light bursts that are less bright (Gonzales, 2017).

(Courtesy of Gretchen Gerrish)

We compete to procreate

The male grabs onto his newfound partner with his antennae if a male is successful and an interested female arrives, and the pair will mate. Competition is intense, sometimes a woman's attention is won by the brightest male, but males can also impress by synchronizing their lighting display with other males or creeping up and taking a mate from another male (Gonzales,2017).

Life cycle

V. annecohenae has a long life cycle of up to about 1 year. It typically develops slowly for 3 months before adulthood. It has several broods of a few offspring numbering between 10-15, and has no free-living larval stage (Gerrish and Morin, 2008).

Five juvenile instars constitute the life cycle of Photeros annecohenae The life cycle of an ostracod in the genus Vargula (now Photeros) are divided by molts (that occur by the ecdysis) as well as an adult instar that is followed by a final molt (Gerrish and Morin, 2008).

The total growth period of ostracod eggs and embryos in females was 26 days, with an average of 7.84 days for the interval between mating and brood deposition, and an average of 18.4 days for the eventual release from the brood chamber. Eggs initially become evident within the female's body during development. While inside the mother's body, eggs increase in size but exhibit no other noticeable morphological changes. Females discharge fertilized embryos as translucent, spheroidal, or ovoidal masses into the marsupium or brood chamber (Gerrish and Morin, 2008).

(a) One egg of this female has been released into the marsupium and the four remaining eggs are visible in the female ovary. (b) The eggs are extruded into a marsupial brood pouch after 7-8 days. Each egg consists of a large yolk mass at this stage, and the cells inside are barely visible. C) Cell division has created a defined, cloudy cellular mass that fills the egg by day nine in the brood pouch. D) The first apparent structures include the naupliar eye, a red speck, and the intestine as the embryo develops its organs. E) The embryos appear as A-V instars with a large brown eye spot and a fully developed and functioning light organ just before release (Gerrish and Morin, 2008).

I have a sperm bank?

Female V. annecohenae can produce several broods without male re-exposure. suggesting that sperm is stored between broods (Gerrish and Morin, 2008).

I’m a natural

15-17 days after a previous cohort was released new broods can be formed (Gerrish and Morin, 2008).

ECOLOGY

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Ostracods are considered to be useful paleoenvironmental indicators because their ecology is often reflected in the shape and structure of their carapaces and also considering their wide distribution in aquatic environments. They can range from warm waters of the tropics to very cold environments such as polar seas and are found from intertidal zones to many thousands of meters depth in the deep sea. They can also thrive in freshwater niches such as rivers, lakes, and even temporary ponds (Brandão & Karanovic, 2020). Generally, ostracods are characterized as omnivorous scavengers because they mainly feed on tiny organisms like algae, diatoms, bacteria, molds, and pieces of organic detritus that are present in the water or on vegetation. Some ostracods are also predatory. Being relatively smaller, they attack their prey in groups so that they can eat organisms larger than them. However, ostracods are also often preyed by small fishes (MESA, 2020).

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Freshwater ostracods usually have smooth, thin, weakly calcified simple bean-shaped carapaces and feed on diatoms, bacteria, and detritus. On the other hand, pelagic ostracods may also have thin, smooth shells but they have long powerful swimming appendages or antennules. The formation of rostral incisures at the anterior of the carapace of pelagic ostracods allowed freer movement of these appendages. Furthermore, benthic ostracods are commonly detritivores or filter feeders. Their carapace is usually smooth, small, robust, and sometimes elongated because they tend to burrow into the substrate. Epifaunal ostracods have flattened ventral surfaces sometimes with projecting alar wings, frills, keels, or lateral spines while those found on coarser substrates in higher energy environments tend to have more robust heavily ribbed or reticulated carapaces (Olney, 2002).

RELATIONSHIP TO HUMANS

Generally, ostracods are useful for scientific purposes. According to Boomer et al. (2013), ostracods are being used in studies of earth science and related disciplines such as archaeology, ecology, and genetics. This is because ostracods are widely distributed and are easily preservable. Their assemblage and morphology are some of the important ecological proxies. For instance, in recent research conducted by McCormack et al. (2018) wherein ostracods are being used as a bioindicator. Their research has shown the sensitivity of ostracods’ faunal assemblage (Candona sp.) to changes in water salinity and alkalinity in Lake Van.

Next, valves of ostracods are also being used in paleoenvironmental studies. Valves of ostracods are said to absorb trace elements from host waters (Palacios-Fest et al., 1994). This characteristic makes these microcrustaceans ideal models for reconstructing and analyzing past environments that could range from deep-seas to small lakes. Aside from this, the diversity and variety of reproductive modes of ostracods are also one of the main reasons why they are being used as model organisms for laboratory and research studies (Martens & Hornes, 2009).

Moreover, laboratories have started culturing bioluminescent ostracods. The culture of these organisms is done to determine the biosynthetic pathways of bioluminescent substrates that could lead to the discovery of new tools for biotechnology and biomedicine. For instance, in the study conducted by Goodheart et al. (2019) wherein they cultured California Sea Firefly (V. tsuji) for studies regarding the biosynthetic pathway of cypridinid luciferin and genomic manipulation of an autogenic bioluminescent system.

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Serve the Teaaaaa!

The T in Osctracod means Teaaaaa! 5 amazing facts you need to know about ostracods.

1. OLD BUT GOLD

Colymbosathon ecplecticos, a species of ostracod, holds the record of oldest known fossil penis. The historical penis was discovered from a 425 million-year-old rock in England. It was said that a wide variety of animals living in the sea 425 million years ago were killed by an ash fall from a volcanic eruption. However, the ash preserved the animals, including their soft parts. Through technology, the painstaking 3-D reconstructions of a preserved male ostracod revealed amazing details such as the hairs on limbs, gills, and a penis.

2. LIGHT IT UP LIKE A DYNAMITE

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Some species of Myodocopida ostracods produce a bright blue light. These are known in Japan as Umi-Hotaru or sea-fireflies. The light is produced by mixing two chemicals together in the presence of oxygen and is for mating displays. Each species flash at different rates to stop any confusion in the dark. Japanese army collected Umi-Hotaru in baited traps during the Second World War. They dry them out and ground them down to a powder. Adding a small amount of water to the powder produces a low-intensity light used by soldiers to read orders or maps without giving their position away to the enemy during battles.

3. ULTIMATE SURVIVOR

Ostracods can survive being eaten by fish. Experiments with the ostracod Cypridopsis vidua showed that 26% of specimens eaten by small bluegill sunfish came out the other end alive and unharmed. This is possible because ostracods can close their shells very tightly inside their carapace to survive passage through the gut of the fish eventually to be excreted out by the fish.

4. OSTRACODS ARE OMNIPRESENT

Ostracods are found in almost every aquatic habitat, even in some very small and isolated places. They are found deep in the sea, on the shore, on wet leaf litters, springs, groundwaters, puddles, small pools, rice fields, ponds, lakes, and rivers. Some species have a global distribution and are found from the subarctic to the tropics. Their dispersal abilities caused this massive distribution of ostracods. For example, the eggs and adults can hitch a lift on the feet of birds and are displaced because of migration.

5. WE DON’T DIE, JUST DRY

The ostracod eggs can be viable many years after being dried. This is the reason why many freshwater ostracods can be found in temporary water bodies, such as puddles and rice fields. These eggs start to develop and hatch when water is already available in their environment

References

Boomer, I., et al. (2003). The Use of Ostracods in Palaeoenvironmental Studies, or What can you do with an Ostracod Shell? The Paleontological Society Papers. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1089332600002199

Brandão, S.N.; Karanovic, I. (2020). World Ostracoda Database. Accessed at http://www.marinespecies.org/ostracoda on 2020-11-15. doi:10.14284/364

Cohen, A. C.; Morin, J. G. (2010). Two New Bioluminescent Ostracode Genera, Enewton And Photeros (Myodocopida: Cypridinidae), with Three New Species from Jamaica. Journal of Crustacean Biology. 30(1): 1-55., https://doi.org/10.1651/08-3075.1

Gonzales, M.R. (2017). You Light Up My World! Smithsonian. https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/you-light-my-world

Goodheart, J., et al. (2019). Laboratory culture of the California Sea Firefly Vargula tsujii (Ostracoda: Cypridinidae): Developing a model system for the evolution of marine bioluminescence. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334600678_Laboratory_culture_of_the_California_Sea_Firefly_Vargula_tsujii_Ostracoda_Cypridinidae_Developing_a_model_system_for_the_evolution_of_marine_bioluminescence

Gretchen A. Gerrish, James G. Morin, Life Cycle of a Bioluminescent Marine Ostracode, Vargula Annecohenae (Myodocopida: Cypridinidae), Journal of Crustacean Biology, Volume 28, Issue 4, 1 October 2008, Pages 669–674, https://doi.org/10.1651/07-2934.1

Horne, D. J. & Smith, R. J. (2004). First British record of Potamocypris humilis (Sars, 1924), a freshwater ostracod with a disjunct distribution in northern Europe and southern Africa. Bollettino della Societe Paleontologica Italiana, 43 (1-2), 297-306.

Laessle, A. M. 1961. A micro-limnological study of Jamaican Bromeliads. Ecology, 42, 499-517.

Martens, K., and Horne, D.J. (2009). Ostracoda. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00184-8

McCormack, J., et al. 2019. Ostracods as ecological and isotopic indicators of lake water salinity changes: the Lake Van example. Biogeosciences, 16, 2095–2114, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2095-2019

MESA. 2020. Ostracods. Marine Education Society of Australia. http://www.mesa.edu.au/crustaceans/crustaceans03.asp

Moore, J. (2006). An Introduction to the Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Morin, J. G. and Cohen, A. C. 1991. Bioluminescent displays, courtship, and reproduction in ostracodes. In R. Bauer and Martin, J. (Eds.), Crustacean Sexual Biology:1 16. New York:Columbia University Press.

Ogoh, K. Ohmiya, Y. (2005). Biogeography of Luminous Marine Ostracod Driven Irreversibly by the Japan Current. Molecular Biology Evolution, 22(7):1543-1545. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msi155]

Olney, M. (2002). Ostracods. Microfossil image recovery and circulation for learning and education. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ostracod.html

Palacios-Fest, M.R., et al. (1994). Use of ostracodes as paleoenvironmental tools in the interpretation of ancient lacustrine records. Revista Espanola de Paleontologia 9(2):145-164. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291990499_Use_of_ostracodes_as_paleoenvironmental_tools_in_the_interpretation_of_ancient_lacustrine_records

Pechenik, J. A. (2015). Biology of Invertebrates (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Sars, G. O. 1895. On some South-African Entomostraca raised from dried mud. Skrifter i Videnskabs-selskabet. I. Mathematisk-Naturvidenskabs Klasse 1895 (8): 1-56.

Sars, G. O. 1896. On some west Australian Entomostraca raised from dried sand. Arch. Math. Naturv. 18, 1-35.

Seidel, B. 1989. Phoresis of Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine) (Ostracoda, Podocopida, Cyprididae) on Bombina variegata (L.) (Anura, Amphibia) and Triruris vulgaris (L.) (Urodela, Amphibia). Crustaceana 57, 171-176.

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#bioluminescence #seafirefly #ostracods #microcrustaceans

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mcatmemoranda · 4 years ago

Text

Reviewing questions:

Non-caseating granulomas with multinucleated giant cells (macrophages that fuse together and therefore the multinucleated giant cells have multiple nuclei) and increased serum calcium are seen in pts with sarcoidosis. You see bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Activated macrophages make 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-> increased Ca2+. I remember posting about why sarcoidosis causes increased calcium before. Here's what I said:

I wasn’t understanding how/why sarcoidosis causes hypercalcemia. It’s because the epithelioid histiocytes [macrophages in the epithelial tissue] of the granulomas have alpha 1 hydroxylase, which converts vitamin D to the active form, which makes you absorb more calcium. I know alpha 1 hydroxylase is in the kidney. Apparently, it’s also in the noncaseating granulomas you see in sarcoidosis.

Glucocorticoids can be given to treat sarcoidosis in the short term. Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation by decreasing transcription of proinflammatory genes-> decreased macrophage and lymphocyte activation, so no inflammatory mediators (IL-1, IFN-gamma). Glucocorticoids also prevent endothelial cells from expressing selectins, which are necessary for neutrophils to leave the blood and go to sites of cytokine release. Glucocorticoids basically prevent margination and emigration of neutrophils-> increased neutrophil count in the blood. IL-8 = inflammatory cytokine that summons neutrophils; reduced by steroids. IL-10 = anti-inflammatory cytokine; increased by steroids. Steroids also cause apoptosis of eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphs-> susceptibility to infection. Steroids inhibit phospholipase A2-> decreased PGEs and leukotriene. Adverse effects of steroids include weight gain and glucose intolerance.

DiGeorge syndrome-> no thymus, so no T cells-> recurrent sinopulmonary infections. The structures that derive from the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (i.e., thymus) don't develop. Specifically, the ventral wings of the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to the thymus gland. In DiGeorge syndrome, this fails. Without a thymus, T cells can't mature and pts are susceptible to bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal pathogens. T cells are in the paracortex of lymph nodes (the cortex contains the naive B cells and the medulla contains the memory B cells). The paracortex of lymph node is undedeveloped in pts with DiGeorge syndrome (because there are no T cells to inhabit the paracortex).

Eosinophils respond to IgG and IgA on parasites by releasing their granules (e.g., major basic protein) and reactive oxygen species, which kill the parasites. This is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Th2 and mast cells make IL-5, which stimulates eosinophil activation and proliferation.

The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is made with complement factors C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9. The MAC kills bacteria such as N. meningitidis. If you lack complement factors C5b through 9 (terminal complement deficiency), you can't make MAC and thus are susceptible to N. meningitidis meningitis. The petechial rash (on palms and soles, among other places) that you may see in N. meningitidis meningitis is due to vasculitis of small blood vessels due to N. meningitidis.

SCID = Sever Combined Immunodeficiency; can be X-linked recessive or AR; T cells don't develop; B cells also don't function normally; pts present with failure to thrive, recurrent viral, fungal, and opportunistic infections, and diarrhea. Pts will have hypogammaglobulinemia (not enough immunoglobulins) and lymphopenia (not enough B cells and T cells). When you do candidal antigen skin testing, these pts don't respond (no induration at site). In the candidal antigen skin test, you are trying to elicit the cell-mediated immune response of the type IV HSR, which involves not only CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, but also CD4+ helper T cells and macrophages. Macrophages are APCs, which present candida Ag to helper T cells, who then release cytokine to activate cytotoxic T cells, which destroy infected cells. IFN-gamma from both helper and cytotoxic T cells enhances macrophage phagocytosis of candida. Tx of SCID = stem cell transplant. Must r/o congenital HIV.

CD14 is the cell marker for macrophages. I didn't know that and that's what a question was asking. -_-

I answered a question where an old man got the flu even though he was vaccinated. The reason he got the flu was because of impaired naive B cell production. Vaccines expose you to antigens and your B cells should respond by making antibodies to the antigen. Vaccine failure will occur if the pt has atopy, uses steroids, or has impaired naive B cell production due to aging (called immunosenescence). So immunosenescence makes an older pt less likely to respond to a vaccine. Apparently, chronic inflammation with aging causes the B cells and T cells to respond to antigens the pt has already encountered and makes the pt less likely to respond to new Ags (e.g., those presented to the immune system in a flu vaccine).

From Wikipedia:

Immunosenescence refers to the gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by natural age advancement. The adaptive immune system is affected more than the innate immune system.

Immunosenescence involves both the host's capacity to respond to infections and the development of long-term immune memory, especially by vaccination.[2] This age-associated immune deficiency is ubiquitous and found in both long- and short-living species as a function of their age relative to life expectancy rather than chronological time.[3] It is considered a major contributory factor to the increased frequency of morbidity and mortality among the elderly.

T cells are made in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus, hence T cells are also called "thymocytes." He explained T cell maturation with positive and negative selection really well in OnlineMedEd, so I won't go over it again here. I get it. Hopefully I will remember it.

Macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens (like mycobacterium tuberculosis) release IL-12-> T cells and NK cells release IFN-gamma-> macrophages become activated and increase phagocytosis; macrophages also release TNF-alpha, which leads to granuloma formation. IFN-gamma binds the IFN-gamma receoptor on macrophages-> receptor dimerization-> activation of Janus kinase 1 and 2-> STAT1 translocated to nucleus-> increased macrophage phagocytosis and killing of bacteria. Problems with the IFN-gamma pathway-> inability to kill M. tuberculosis-> disseminated infection.

From Wikipedia:

The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death and tumour formation. The pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus, resulting in the activation of genes through a process called transcription. There are three key parts of JAK-STAT signalling: Janus kinases (JAKs), signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs), and receptors (which bind the chemical signals).[1] Disrupted JAK-STAT signalling may lead to a variety of diseases, such as skin conditions, cancers, and disorders affecting the immune system.[1]

The JAK-STAT pathway in cytokine receptor signalling can activate STATs, which can bind to DNA and allow the transcription of genes involved in immune cell division, survival, activation and recruitment. For example, STAT1 can enable the transcription of genes which inhibit cell division and stimulate inflammation.

IFN-apha and beta are made by cells infected by viruses; the interferons prevent protein synthesis in virally infected cells. Specifically, IFN-alpha and beta cause cells to make enzymes that degrade viral proteins (e.g., RNAse L).

Neutrophils respond to IL-8, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Pus = liquor puris + leukocytes (mostly neutrophils). So pus is basically dead neutrophils and a proteinaceous fluid called liquor puris. Chemotaxis = IL-8 released by macrophages at site of infection summons neutrophils. Other chemokines = leukotriene C4, C5a, 5-HETE.

TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6 induce inflammation during sepsis. TNF-alpha from macrophages summons neutrophils and more macrophages.

In chronic lung transplant rejection, small airways become inflamed due to lymphocytes-> scar tissue blocks small airways (bronchiolitis obliterans).

Wiskott Aldrich syndrome = X-linked recessive mutation of genes coding for cell cytoskeleton proteins; pts present with thrombocytopenia (low platelets) + eczema + B cell and T cell deficiency (presents as recurrent infections). Platelets will be abnormal-> petechiae, epistaxis. No B cells-> pyogenic infections; no T cells-> opportunistic infections. Tx = bone marrow transplant.

HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR are the genes that encode MHC Class II. In bare lymphocyte syndrome type II, you lack MHC Class II, so you can't activate B cells and T cells (normally, APCs present foreign antigens to naive B cells on their MHC-II receptors; this then causes B cells to activate T cells, which give the costimulatory signal to B cells, allowing the B cells to proliferate and class switch).

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