#Cambridge Dispensary

[saintsenara]

What are your thoughts on mediwitches and medical care in the Wizarding World?

thank you very much for the asks, @thesilverstarling and @yorickofyore, which i have handily combined into one for the chance to talk about a worldbuilding question i am legitimately obsessed with:

what the hell is going on with wizarding medicine? part one: the structure of the healthcare system

as i've said here, something which is really interesting when thinking about the wizarding healthcare system is that the signing of the statute of secrecy - the event which causes the total separation of the magical and muggle worlds - in 1689 takes place before a period of considerable advancement in western medicine.

i really like the fact that the canonical worldbuilding around potions suggests that many disciplines of wizarding science are more closely rooted in the medieval and early-modern history of science than their muggle equivalents. i also like the fact that the natural end point of the archaic muggle technology which is used in the series to make the wizarding world seem whimsical by virtue of it being old-fashioned [steam trains etc.] is to assume that wizards live in a world where cutting-edge medical technology is unheard of...

and, therefore, to think of wizarding medicine as a discipline which is meaningfully distinct from its muggle cousin.

and which isn't necessarily more advanced...

the historical context

a muggle physician working in what is now the united kingdom when the statute of secrecy was signed lacked much of what we would take to be basic medical knowledge today, even if he'd studied medicine at a university. he wouldn't know what germs were, for example, and he might still believe that the body was governed by four humours [a theory which was starting to be questioned at the time]. he would never have seen a stethoscope [not invented until 1816]. he would consider the microscope [first used in a scientific context in 1666] bizarre, new-fangled technology - and he is unlikely, especially if he worked outside of london, oxford, or cambridge, to have ever seen one.

he would have had less opportunity to learn about human anatomy, no matter the form his training took, than medical students today. dissections were fairly uncommon, for religious reasons, and surgery didn't really exist as a field... not least because anaesthesia wasn't available until the middle of the nineteenth century.

this is not to say, however, that his anatomical knowledge would have been wrong.

he would probably have relied for his understanding of the inner working of the body on a text called de humani corporis fabrica [on the fabric of the human body], published in the 1540s by the belgian surgeon andreas vesalius. this text - a detailed study of the human body [which supplanted the handbooks in use prior to the sixteenth century - those of the roman physician, galen] - was possible because vesalius managed to obtain a steady supply of executed criminals to dissect. it's a fascinating text - not least because it's still pretty accurate.

as a result, our physician would be aware of many of the major medical discoveries of the later 1500s and 1600s - such as the structure of the musculoskeletal system, the fact that blood circulates in the body, and the fact that the human lungs require the inhalation of air to function.

unless the need for a surgical treatment [such as the extraction of a tooth or the amputation of a limb] was obvious, most of the treatments he would prescribe would be herbal - and his dispensary would include not only plants from all over eurasia, but also from european colonies in the americas.

he might, for example, be found prescribing chocolate... which would make madam pomfrey happy:

“Well, he should have some chocolate, at the very least,” said Madam Pomfrey, who was now trying to peer into Harry’s eyes. “I’ve already had some,” said Harry. “Professor Lupin gave me some. He gave it to all of us.”  “Did he, now?” said Madam Pomfrey approvingly. “So we’ve finally got a Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher who knows his remedies?”

it's important to note that many of these traditional herbal remedies genuinely work. plenty of modern medicines are developed from them [the most widely known, i imagine, being aspirin], and anyone taking a herbal remedy should be aware that they need to check how this remedy interacts with any other medication or supplements they take [especially - i beg - if the herbal remedy in question is st john's wort...]

but it's also true that our early-modern physician would spend a lot of time prescribing various odd pastes, poultices, potions, and powders, made from ingredients such as stones, spiders' webs, animal blood, and human body parts.

[he might even have recommended some of his patients swallow a bezoar - even if the efficacy of these as a cure for poisoning was starting to be doubted in the seventeenth century...]

and his go-to treatment would - of course - be bloodletting, to remove "bad blood", the cause of myriad ills, from the body.

jkr is - obviously - extremely fond of using these medieval and early-modern remedies as part of the worldbuilding around magical medicine. she's also fond of extending the obsolete technology which is used to make the wizarding world feel whimsical into the realm of the body - wizards wear monocles and use ear trumpets, both of which are assistive devices, because they make the setting feel more magical to a reader in 1997 [and beyond] than glasses and hearing aids.

but there is - if one wants there to be - a sinister undercurrent to the idea that all aspects of wizarding healthcare retain a pre-modern flavour.

wizards do canonically have attitudes towards the body, illness, and disability which, when interrogated, don't seem to have moved on much from the 1680s... which is why this answer is definitely going to end up having a part two, on wizarding attitudes to the body.

for now, though, let's look at how the healthcare system is structured.

the structure of the wizarding healthcare system

the two medical institutions we see in canon - st mungo's and the hogwarts hospital wing - are whimsical pastiches of aspects of the british healthcare system: st mungo's is an nhs hospital [hence the reason it seems to be free - although i think it's interesting for authors to imagine that it isn't...] and the hospital wing is a boarding school infirmary.

st mungo's is immediately familiar to anyone who has worked in a hospital - especially characters like this patient from order of the phoenix:

“And that woman over there,” he indicated the only other occupied bed, which was right beside the door, “won’t tell the Healers what bit her, which makes us all think it must have been something she was handling illegally. Whatever it was took a real chunk out of her leg, very nasty smell when they take off the dressings.”

but the structure of the modern hospital - its departments, its staff - is a post-1689 invention, as are the non-hospital spaces [gp's surgeries, dentist's and optometrist's offices, pharmacies] in which healthcare takes place.

and so how might the places in which healing occurs differ from their muggle equivalents?

st mungo's hospital for magical maladies and injuries

like any hospital, st mungo's offers a combination of emergency and specialist treatment. it doesn't seem to offer general healthcare - such as check-ups - and it doesn't seem to offer treatment for minor-to-moderate ailments.

this makes sense given its real-world influences - in the uk, most aspects of most people's everyday healthcare are the purview of a general practitioner, and specialists tend not to be seen outside of specific, often more serious contexts.

[for example, i'm a woman in my thirties who has never had an appointment with a gynaecologist - something which shocks american friends. this is because everything to do with reproductive healthcare that i've had to do in my life so far - such as cervical screening - has been done by my gp's surgery.]

st mungo's also doesn't seem to perform general dental or optometrical services. this is also the case in the uk.

we know from canon that it has wards which treat long-term residents - such as the longbottoms. in muggle britain, this wouldn't exactly be the case - nhs trusts manage certain types of residential treatment [such as psychiatric hospitals, or brain-injury rehabilitation centres], which tend to be on separate sites to hospital buildings, but long-term care homes and assisted-living facilities are managed by private companies or local councils. the wizarding population is evidently too small to have any form of local government, so this becoming the purview of the healthcare system makes sense.

what is more interesting, though, is that st mungo's doesn't seem to treat anything which doesn't have a specifically magical cause...

community care

we see in canon that wizards prefer to treat even fairly serious magical conditions in the home [with the hogwarts hospital wing as the pseudo-domestic stand-in] - in the form of ron's fake spattergroit in deathly hallows.

we can also assume, then, that things like birth and death [as well as the treatment of non-magical conditions] also generally take place in the home - and that this is why st mungo's doesn't seem to offer any sort of obstetric care.

and this will have an impact on how wizards understand things like birth, death, and aging which - while not divergent from the muggle understanding of these things historically - would be massively at odds with the muggle attitude contemporarily. only around 2% of births in the uk take place at home, for example - and since around 43% of deaths take place in a hospital and 20% take place in a care home, it is now a minority experience to die in your own home. multi-generational living is extremely uncommon for british muggles outside of specific demographic groups. it would presumably not be - since gerontological care must take place in the home - for british wizards.

[i am aware of the wizarding care home in the cursed child, but i think we can either ignore this as not-canon, or imagine it working as an almshouse - such as the royal hospital, chelsea, founded in 1682 - the early-modern equivalent of a care home]

similarly, the treatment of chronic illnesses must generally take place in the home - which offers a really interesting insight into why, for example, remus lupin appears so much less healthy than werewolves like fenrir greyback, who live in quasi-familial community groups.

so too must the care of the terminally ill - which means that wizards would retain a relationship with death that muggles are increasingly detached from. i was struck when talking about deathly hallows with some friends that they were surprised that fleur delacour can see thestrals - and they automatically assumed that she must have witnessed some sort of traumatic death for this to be the case. but if her grandmother [who seems, as of goblet of fire, to be dead] went through the process of dying [which is not immediate!] at home, she would probably have been there to witness and understand it. this is an entirely natural part of the human experience.

and this means - as we'll come to in part two - that who doesn't get treated in the home becomes an interesting question...

healers and their training

the stringent academic requirements for healing training in canon are a pastiche of those needed for a medical degree in muggle britain. medicine is an extremely competitive subject [as in many places worldwide, the number of places is capped] and all uk medical schools require top a-level [the final-year exams which newts are a mirror of] grades.

in the wizarding world - since university education doesn't appear to exist - the subject is taught by apprenticeship. this makes sense - all muggle medical degrees have a considerable practical component, and i think we can easily imagine that trainee healers are also required to attend lectures etc.

however, since there doesn't appear to be general medicine in the wizarding world, healers seem to apprentice from the off in specific specialities.

similarly, on their wards, they seem to function as a combination of all the levels of staff you would find in a muggle hospital - a doctor would not, for example, hand out christmas gifts on a ward - and there doesn't seem to be any hierarchy post-qualification. you can only be an apprentice or a healer - instead of a junior, registrar, consultant etc. [or the american near-equivalents - intern, resident, attending etc.]

but all of this makes sense if we consider it alongside the fact that a lot of treatment must take place in the home. healers are - by their very nature - advanced specialists in a specific [and apparently narrow] range of magical illnesses and injuries, who presumably deal with such a small number of patients [arthur weasley is on a ward with only three people, supervised by two healers - i think many of us who've worked in muggle hospitals would kill for that ratio...] that they are able to take the holistic role they do in canon.

other medical staff

and so most aspects of wizarding medicine must be administered by people who are not [by virtue of formal training] healers - both within the home and outside it.

madam pomfrey, for example, seems to have a different, lower level of training than a healer - not least because her title, which she shares with other non-academic staff like madam hooch, is intended to indicate that she is below the hogwarts professors in terms of qualification [however wizards understand this when it comes to fitness to teach]. we see in canon that she needs to send patients to st mungo's for specific magical injuries which she doesn't have the training and/or equipment to treat [mcgonagall after she's stunned in order of the phoenix, katie bell after she's cursed in half-blood prince], but that she's able to treat most magical injuries which are non-life-threatening, and most non-magical injuries and minor illnesses.

in the uk, a school matron would generally be qualified as a nurse - and madam pomfrey reflects this. obviously, this is primarily a narrative detail which helps the [british] reader understand the wizarding world by referencing something with which they are familiar, but from an in-world perspective it suggests that there is a hierarchy of medical training which we don't hear about in canon.

perhaps even because it would be considered beneath the alumni of as elite a boarding school as hogwarts to go into the equivalent of nursing...

[indeed, the apparent absence of credentialism in the presentation of healing being revealed to be a lie would fit the way the series approaches class... and the class distinctions, not only in terms of post-qualification social status, but in terms of background - in 2016, 61% of people studying medicine or dentistry were privately educated - between doctors and nurses in the uk are significant.]

and so i imagine that general medical treatment - as well as more specialised disciplines like midwifery, dentistry, and optometry - is available in the wizarding world [for a fee?] from licensed [anyone offering medical care in england has required a license since the 1520s] community-based practitioners such as madam pomfrey, with people only seeking treatment at st mungo's for urgent magical cases.

there must also be a voluntary aspect to this community-based medical system - i've always assumed that the people who bring arthur weasley to st mungo's are volunteers rather than professional paramedics, for example - and treatment must also be available from shops - such as apothecaries, which can presumably diagnose ailments as well as sell the treatments for them - which provide medical services alongside various other functions.

[maybe the people who make objects such as james and sirius' two-way mirrors are also responsible for lens-crafting and other aspects of optometry.]

this can be a fun worldbuilding detail - historically, surgery [and most dental care] was provided by barbers. clearly, molly doesn't cut her sons' hair at home for financial reasons, but because the one time she let bill go to the barber's on his own, he came back with a gold tooth...

the medical research sector

while the wizarding world doesn't appear to have universities - or other research institutions which look familiar to the modern reader - it clearly has some sort of scientific infrastructure, within which medical and pharmaceutical research [such as the development of the wolfsbane potion in the early 1990s] takes place.

and we can very easily imagine what this infrastructure is...

the statute of secrecy is signed after the emergence in britain of learned societies - essentially, research organisations, which are modelled on the college fellowships of oxford and cambridge [with a little bit of the medieval guild thrown in]. they function as academic networks, peer-review groups, and professional bodies.

in the medical field, the royal college of physicians - which is still going! i'm a member! - was founded in 1519. in the natural sciences more generally, the royal society - probably the most famous learned society in the world - was officially established in 1663.

we know of at least one wizarding learned society from canon - the most extraordinary society of potioneers, founded by hector dagworth-granger - and we know that there are academic journals - such as transfiguration today - which can be presumed to be published by others.

it makes absolute sense that there would be a learned society which focused on the science of healing, and offered publications, lectures, demonstrations [imagine how horrendous the first demonstration of the wolfsbane potion might have been...], research funding, and so on to professionals working in the discipline. it also makes sense that there would be a college or guild for apothecaries.

the real question, though, is what these would be called... after all, the wizarding world tends to have a touch of whimsy to it, but since there's literally a clinical body in the uk called "nice", the muggles might have won this round...

[iliiuan]

Epic Fantasy through the Ages

A Chronology of Story

This is a work in progress, but here is my list as of 6 July 2023. Please feel free to send me additions or corrections. I have focused on epic (works that are long and took a long time to create) and fantasy (works that include an element of magic, the supernatural, or superpowers). Some of the list could be categorized as myth, some as Literature™️, some as science fiction, but beyond these categories are the two main criteria of epic and fantasy. I also don't fully know what all of the ancient to modern works encompass, but that's the fun of read and find out. I probably have added some things that don't properly meet my criteria, and that's fine with me. 🌺

Works by Mesopotamian Bards (3100 BC - 539 BC)

Enumah Elish (Epic of Creation)

Atrahasis (The Flood)

Epic of Gilgamesh

Descent of Ishtar

Epic of Erra

Etana

Adapa

Anzu

Nergel and Ereshkigal

Avesta by Zoroastrian Bards (1500 BC)

Ramayana by Valmiki (750+ BC)

Mahabharata by Vayasa (750+ BC)

The Illiad and the Odyssey by Homer (650+ BC)

Thoegeny; Works and Days by Hesiod (650+ BC)

Popol Vuh (4th century BC)

The Torah and other Jewish stories (4th century BC)

Argonautica by Apollonius of Rhodes (270 BC)

Bellum Punicam by Gnaeus Naevius (200 BC)

Annales by Ennius (170 BC)

De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (50 BC)

Poem 64 by Catullus (50 BC)

The Aenid by Virgil (19 BC)

Metamorphoses by Ovid (2 AD)

Punica by Silius Italicus (50 AD)

Satyrica by Petronius (60 AD)

Pharsalia or Bellum Civile by Lucan (62 AD)

Argonautica by Valerius Flaccus (70 AD)

Thebaid by Statius (90 AD)

The Irish Myth Cycles: Mythological, Ulster, Fenian, and Kings (3rd Century AD)

The Bible and other Christian stories (5th century AD)

Dionysiaca by Nonnus of Panopolis (500 AD)

The Quran and other Muslim stories (7th century AD)

Arabian Nights (7th century AD)

Hildebrandslied and other German heroic lays by Bards (830 AD)

Shahnameh by Ferdowsi (977 or 1010 AD)

Chanson de Roland (1125 AD)

Cantar de Mio Sid (1200 AD)

The Dietrich Cycle (1230 AD)

Poetic Edda and Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson and others (1270 AD)

Beowulf by Old English Bards (11th century AD)

Nibelungenlied by Middle High German Bards (1200)

Amadís de Gaula (13th century AD)

The Divine Comedy by Dante Alghieri (1308)

Teseida by Bocaccio (1340 AD)

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Middle English Bards (14th century)

The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1392)

Morgante by Luigi Pulci (1483)

Le morte d'Arthur by Thomas Mallory (1485)

Orlando Innamorato by Boiardo (1495)

Orlando Furioso by Ariosto (1516)

Os Lusiadas by Camoes (1572)

Gerusalemme Liberata by Tasso (1581)

Plays and Poems by William Shakespeare (1589)

The Faerie Queen by Edmund Spencer (1590)

Discourses on the Heroic Poem by Tasso (1594)

Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (1614)

L'Adone by Marino (1623)

Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained by Milton (1667)

Le Lutrin by Boileau (1674)

Order and Disorder by Lucy Hutchinson (1679)

Mac Flecknoe; Aenid English translation by Dryden (1682)

The Dispensary bu Samuel Garth (1699)

The Battle of the Books; A Tale of a Tub by Swift (1704)

The Rape of the Lock; Illiad and Odyssey English translations; Dunciad by Pope (1714)

The Vanity of Human Wishes by Samuel Johnson (1749)

Scribleriad by Richard Owen Cambridge (1751)

Faust by Goethe (1772)

The Triumphs of Temper; Essay on Epic Poetry by William Hayley (1782)

The Task by William Cowper (1785)

Joan of Arc; Thalaba the Destroyer; Madoc; The Curse of Kehama by Southey (1796)

The Prelude; The Execution by Wordsworth (1799)

Jerusalem by Blake (1804)

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Coleridge (1817)

Laon and Cythna; Peter Bell the Third; Prometheus Unbound by Shelley (1817)

Hyperion: A Fragment; The Fall of Hyperion by Keats (1818)

Don Juan by Byron (1819)

The Kalevala by Elias Lonnrot (1835)

Sohrah and Rustum by Matthew Arnold (1853)

Hiawatha by Longfellow (1855)

Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman (1855)

Idylls of the King by Lord Alfred Tennyson (1859)

Cantos by Ezra Pound (1917)

The Wasteland by T.S. Eliot (1922)

Ulysses by James Joyce (1922)

The Hobbit/The Lord of the Rings/The Silmarillion etc. by J.R.R. Tolkien (1937)

Gormenghast by Mervyn Peake (1946)

The White Goddess by Robert Graves (1948)

Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell (1949)

The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis (1950)

Anathemata by David Jones (1952)

Dune by Frank Herbert (1965)

The Dark Is Rising Sequence by Susan Cooper (1965)

Briggflatts by Basil Bunting (1965)

Earthsea by Ursula K. LeGuin (1968)

Dragonriders of Pern by Anne McCaffrey (1968)

The Chronicles of Amber by Roger Zelazny (1970)

The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice (1976)

The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant by Stephen Donaldson (1977)

The Magic of Xanth by Piers Anthony (1977)

Book of the New Sun by Gene Wolf (1980)

The Dark Tower by Stephen King (1982)

Belgariad and Mellorean by David Eddings (1982)

The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley (1982)

Shannara by Terry Brooks (1982)

The Riftwar Cycle by Raymond E. Feist (1982)

Discworld by Terry Pratchett (1983)

Mythago Wood by Robert Holdstock (1984)

Neuromancer by William Gibson (1984)

The Black Company (1984)

Redwall by Brian Jaques (1986)

Valdemar by Mercedes Lackey (1987)

Memory, Sorrow, Thorn by Tad Williams (1988)

Sandman by Neil Gaimon (1989)

The Wheel of Time by Robert Jordan (1990)

Queen of Angels by Greg Bear (1990)

Newford by Charles de Lint (1990)

Omeros by Derek Walcott (1990)

The Saga of Recluse by L.E. Modesitt, Jr. (1991)

The Witcher by Andrzej Sapkowski (1993)

Sword of Truth by Terry Goodkind (1994)

Realm of the Elderlings by Robin Hobb (1995)

His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman (1995)

Old Kingdom by Garth Nix (1995)

A Song of Ice and Fire/Game of Thrones by George R.R. Martin (1996)

Animorphs by H.A. Applegate (1996)

Crown of Stars by Kate Elliott (1997)

Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling (1997)

The Malazan Book of the Fallen by Steve Erickson (1999)

The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher (2000)

The Inheritance Cycle by Christopher Paolini (2002)

Prince of Nothing by R. Scott Bakker (2003)

Bartimaeus by Jonathan Stroud (2003)

The Gentlemen Bastard Sequence by Scott Lynch (2004)

Twilight by Stephanie Meyer (2005)

Percy Jackson and the Olympians by Rick Riordan (2005)

Temeraire by Naomi Novik (2006)

The First Law by Joe Abercrombie (2006)

Mistborn by Brandon Sanderson (2006)

The Kingkiller Chronicle by Patrick Rothfuss (2007)

Shadows of the Apt by Adrian Tchaikovsky (2008)

The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins (2008)

Graceling by Kristin Cashore (2008)

Riyria Revelations by Michael J. Sullivan (2008)

Night Angel by Brent Weeks (2008)

The Demon Cycle by Peter V. Brett (2008)

Inheritance by N.K. Jemisin (2010)

The Lightbringer by Brent Weeks (2010)

The Stormlight Archive by Brandon Sanderson (2010)

The Expanse by James S.A. Corey (2011)

The Broken Empire by Mark Lawrence (2011)

The Lunar Chronicles by Marissa Meyer (2012)

Throne of Glass by Sarah J. Maas (2012)

Grishaverse by Leigh Bardugo (2012)

The Traitor Son Cycle by Miles Cameron (2012)

Worm by Wildbow (2013)

The Powder Mage by Brian McClellan (2013)

The Broken Earth by N.K. Jemisin (2015)

Shards of Heaven by Michael Livingston (2015)

The Green Bone Saga by Fonda Lee (2017)

The Band Series by Nicholas Eames (2017)

Winternight by Katherine Arden (2017)

The Folk of the Air by Holly Black (2018)

The Founders by Robert Jackson Bennett (2018)

The Locked Tomb by Tamsyn Muir (2019)

Grave of Empires by Sam Sykes (2019)

Djeliya by Juni Ba (2021)

[healthcare-updates-with-sns]

Medical Marijuana Market Growth Drivers and Challenges 2024-2032

The Medical Marijuana Market was valued at USD 16.1 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 72.1 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 18.1% during the forecast period. Increasing recognition of cannabis-based treatments for various medical conditions and expanding legalization efforts worldwide are driving market growth.

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Regional Analysis

North America: Widespread legalization and increasing patient adoption have significantly contributed to market expansion. Several regions have reported substantial sales growth, reflecting rising demand.

Europe: Established medical cannabis programs and progressive regulatory frameworks are fostering industry development, with key markets expanding access to patients.

Asia-Pacific: Traditionally conservative markets are beginning to explore legalization, indicating future growth potential. Emerging policies are expected to create new opportunities in this region.

Market Segmentation

By Product Type:

Flower: Preferred for smoking or vaporization.

Oils & Tinctures: Used in oral consumption and infused products.

By Application:

Chronic Pain Management: Increasingly replacing traditional pain medications.

Neurological Disorders: Effective in treating epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions.

Mental Health Treatment: Recognized for benefits in managing anxiety, depression, and PTSD.

Key Players

Key Service Providers/Manufacturers

Canopy Growth Corporation (Tweed, Spectrum Therapeutics) – (Smiths Falls, Canada)

Aurora Cannabis (Aurora Sky, Aurora Drift) – (Edmonton, Canada)

GW Pharmaceuticals (Epidiolex, Sativex) – (Cambridge, UK)

Tilray (Tilray THC, Tilray CBD) – (Nanaimo, Canada)

Cronos Group (Cove, Spinach) – (Toronto, Canada)

Charlotte's Web (Charlotte's Web Hemp Extract, CBD Oil) – (Boulder, USA)

Green Thumb Industries (Incredibles, Dogwalkers) – (Chicago, USA)

Aphria Inc. (Alcanna, Apollon) – (Leamington, Canada)

Hexo Corp. (Hexo Extracts, Redecan) – (Gatineau, Canada)

Columbia Care (Columbia Care CBD) – (New York City, USA)

Organigram Holdings (OGI CBD, Edison Cannabis Co.) – (Moncton, Canada)

MedMen (MedMen Premium Cannabis, MedMen Dispensaries) – (Los Angeles, USA)

Cureleaf (Curaleaf Cannabis, Select CBD) – (Wakefield, USA)

Cronos Group (Peace Naturals, Good Buds) – (Toronto, Canada)

Vireo Health International (Vireo, Mary’s Medicinals) – (Minneapolis, USA)

Trulieve (Trulieve THC, Trulieve CBD) – (Tallahassee, USA)

Liberty Health Sciences (Liberty Dispensary, Liberty CBD) – (Gainesville, USA)

The Green Organic Dutchman (TGOD Organic Cannabis, TGOD CBD) – (Headquarters: Oakville, Canada)

Icanic Brands Company (CaniBrands, Icanic THC) – (Los Angeles, USA)

Harvest Health & Recreation (Harvest CBD, Beekeeper's Naturals) – (Tempe, USA)

Key Market Insights

The number of medical cannabis patients continues to grow, with chronic pain being a leading reason for use.

Studies indicate a reduction in opioid prescriptions due to medical marijuana adoption.

Government initiatives and regulatory advancements are expanding accessibility and market opportunities.

Future Outlook

The medical marijuana market is on a strong upward trajectory, supported by ongoing research, product innovation, and increasing societal acceptance. As legalization progresses across more regions, demand is expected to rise significantly. Advances in cultivation, extraction technologies, and new product formulations will further enhance the industry’s potential.

Conclusion

The medical marijuana industry is witnessing remarkable growth, driven by evolving regulatory landscapes and increasing awareness of its therapeutic benefits. With expanding legalization and continuous research, the market is set to offer diverse opportunities for both businesses and consumers in the coming years.

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[aleesblog]

Yorkshire's contribution to British Neurology

Occasional essay

1Department of Neurology, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK 2National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK

3Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, UCL, London, UK

Correspondence to

Professor Andrew J Lees, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N3BG, UK;

andrew.lees@ucl.ac.uk

Received 16 May 2012 Revised 10 August 2012 Accepted 21 August 2012 Published Online First

28 September 2012

John M S Pearce,1 Andrew J Lees2,3

INTRODUCTION

In a paper to the Royal Society in 1939, Lord Adrian (1889–1977) described the era between 1870 and 1900 as ‘a classical period in the history of medicine, the period when neurology became a science.’1 Spillane similarly referred to ‘ a memor- able decade [1874–84] in the history of Neurology.’2 3

Although the birth of modern British Neurology is justifiably linked with the opening of the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic in 1860, scientific neurological research could fairly be stated to have begun in Yorkshire. Compston observed:

In many respects, the modern study of disordered brain function in Britain has its origins in Wakefield, Yorkshire. This was where James Crichton-Browne turned the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Asylum [WRPLA] into a research institute that attracted, amongst others, Sir David Ferrier and John Hughlings Jackson.4

In this paper, we would like to suggest that the influence of Yorkshire in the history of British Neurology actually began before this period with Thomas Laycock at the York Medical School. A remarkable concatenation of events stemming from the pioneering work in mental illness of the Tukes in York, the confirmation of cerebral localisa- tion in the West Riding Pauper Lunatic Asylum (WRPLA), and crucially Laycock’s romantic neuro- science paved the way for a major leap forward in the study of nervous disease in England in the nineteenth century. Many of the leading Yorkshire lights in this movement were members of a Nonconformist minority and contributed to both the lasting neurological tradition of the Royal London Hospital and the success in establishing the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic as a cradle for neurological thought in England.

THOMAS LAYCOCK (1812–1876) Thomas Laycock is remembered today by neurolo- gists as one of the formative influences5 behind the neurological inclinations of Jonathan Hutchinson and John Hughlings Jackson during his time in York, and later in Edinburgh, on David Ferrier and James Crichton-Browne.

Laycock was the son of a Wesleyan Methodist preacher, born in Wetherby on 12 August 1812, a small Yorkshire market town on the Great North road (A1.) He attended the Methodist Woodhouse Grove School, and at the age of 15 years served as apprentice surgeon-apothecary to the Spence brothers in Bedale with the Wesleyan family

connection covering his indenture fees. In 1833, he left Yorkshire for the newly opened University College, London (UCL) to complete his medical education.

Referred to by Thomas Arnold as ‘that Godless institution in Gower Street’, London University had resulted from strong pressure and financial support from Nonconformists. These ‘Dissenters’ had planned a university for those excluded by Oxford and Cambridge, but also to offer subjects not previ- ously recognised in the university curriculum.

After his studies in London, Laycock spent 3 months in Paris with Pierre Louis and then a spell in Göttingen where he received his doctorate degree, summa cum laude, in 1839. On his return to the York County Hospital, he was appointed lec- turer at York Medical School and physician to the York Dispensary. At this time, York had a highly competitive medical establishment, but Laycock’s teaching skills were admired at the medical school and at Yorkshire’s many medical societies (figure 1).

In York, he had contact with Daniel Hack Tuke (1827–1895) at the Quaker-founded Retreat. Laycock’s studies led to papers on the reflex func- tion of the brain and periodic illness (proleptics). He also wrote articles on hysteria emphasising the ovarian influence. Following Robert Whytt, Johann August Unzer (1727–1799) and Jirí Procháska (1749–1820), Laycock considered that the nervous system was a continuous series of structures that obeyed the laws of reflex function:

The brain, although the organ of consciousness, was subject to the laws of reflex action and in this respect it did not differ from other ganglia of the nervous system.6

This revolutionary idea supported by the experi- ments of Sechenov can be later traced in the experiments of Pavlov, Ferrier and Sherrington. From his Museum Street home, Laycock sent this paper to William Alison, of Edinburgh. A decade later he was appointed Alison’s successor.

After his controversial appointment to the Chair in Edinburgh in 1855, he met David Ferrier (1843��� 1928). Laycock’s notions of the unconscious would influence Ferrier’s own ideas expressed in The Functions of the Brain (1876).

He was an idealist by disposition whose specula- tions generated much controversy, but there is no doubt about his abilities to teach and inspire his students at York Medical School (opened in 1834 and closed in 1862). Two of his protégés, Jonathan Hutchinson and Hughlings Jackson would follow in his footsteps in studying the workings of the brain when they later moved from York to the capital.

THE WRPLA, WAKEFIELD

Dismayed by the death of one Hannah Mills in appalling conditions in the York Lunatic Asylum in 1790, the Quaker, York coffee and tea merchant William Tuke (1732–1822) and the Society of Friends, founded The Retreat in 1792, which led the world in the humane treatment of the mentally ill. Many of its inmates harboured organic brain diseases although the idea of brain disease causing mental symptoms was not generally recognised.7

The WRPLA was sited in Wakefield, on East Moor; Samuel Tuke gave advice about its planning and management. On 20 October 1814, the Leeds Magistrates resolved that an ‘Asylum for the Lunatic Paupers’ of the Riding should be built as speed- ily as possible in the neighbourhood of Wakefield. It opened on 23 November 1818, housing about 450 lunatics and epileptics (figure 2).

However, it was not until James Crichton-Browne (1840– 1938) was appointed as its fifth Director in 1866 that it became a vibrant and innovative focus for neurological research. Nineteenth century ‘alienists’ (psychiatrists or ‘mad doctors’) were regarded as second-rate physicians by the London medical establishment, so that apart from a few physicians, like Bentley Todd, Marshall Hall and Russell Reynolds, interest in diseases and the functions of the brain was not fashionable in the capital. Crichton-Browne was born in Edinburgh, son of WAF Browne, first superintendent of Crichton Royal Asylum, Dumfries, and read Medicine at Edinburgh. At the early age of 26 years, he was appointed director of the West Riding Lunatic Asylum, by which time Hughlings Jackson had already pro- pounded the concept of cerebral localisation. Like Jackson, Crichton-Browne had been exposed to the teachings of Laycock; both regarded cerebral asymmetry as an evolutionary achievement, distorted in insanity.

In Wakefield, Crichton-Browne established a pathology laboratory and started annual open days and ‘conversaziones’ with distinguished visiting speakers. Most importantly, he provided Ferrier with a laboratory and a rich supply of primates, pigeons, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and cats to test, experimentally, Jackson’s views on hemiplegia and epilepsy. At this time, Ferrier was at King’s College as professor of Forensic Medicine and assistant physician at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic working alongside Jackson.

He used low-intensity faradic stimulation on the cortices of rabbits, cats, dogs and macaques, and provided a precise map of motor functions. When he ablated the same cortical area, loss of the function elicited by stimulation occurred. High-intensity stimulation of the motor cortex evoked repetitive movements in the neck, face and limbs resembling epilepsy, probably due to spread of the focus of stimulation: an interpretation identi- cal to the clinical deductions of Jackson in his patients with epilepsy. Within a remarkable few months of his arrival in Wakefield in the spring of 1873, Ferrier had established localisa- tion of cerebral motor ‘centres’ by experiments of cortical stimulation and ablation. The results were rapidly published in the West Riding Lunatic Asylum Reports, in the British Medical Journal, and at the Royal Society in 1874.11 Later, in 1876, Ferrier dedicated his book ‘The Functions of the Brain’ to:

... Dr Hughlings Jackson, who from a clinical and pathological standpoint anticipated many of the more important results of recent experimental investigation into the functions of the cere- bral hemispheres, This work is dedicated as a mark of the author’s esteem and admiration.

Extending the work of Fritsch and Hitzig,12 it was Ferrier’s critical experiments in Wakefield that were to provide the scien- tific basis for cerebral localisation and led him to observe in 1883

... we are within measurable distance of the successful treat- ment by surgery of some of the most distressing and otherwise hopeless forms of intracranial disease.

Such was the impact of the Wakefield research that between 1871 and 1876, 62 of the 79 articles published in Crichton-Browne’s newly established West Riding Medical Reports came from work conducted at the Asylum itself. It included contributions on epilepsy from John Hughlings Jackson, and on cerebral localisation from David Ferrier. Allbutt published his work on ophthalmoscopy at the asylum and his use of brief electrical stimulation on the head and neck of around 20 inmates. Following Crichton-Browne’s resignation and move to London in 1876 to become Lord Chancellor’s Visitor in Lunacy, the West Riding Medical Reports ceased but a meeting in the capital attended by Crichton-Browne,13 Ferrier, Jackson, and the alienist Bucknill led to the creation of the world’s first neuroscientific journal, Brain, in April 1878.

Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913), can be considered a founder of neurological research at the London Hospital, Whitechapel. He was born at Red House, Quayside—within a stone’s throw of Selby Abbey, the second of 10 children born to the Quaker, Jonathan Hutchinson, a middleman in the flax trade. Hutchinson was apprenticed in 1845 to Caleb Williams of York, an apothecary and surgeon; He attended York Medical School between 1846 and 1850, (7 years before Jackson). After graduation, Hutchinson wrote of his teacher:

Dr Laycock: a real treat to listen to—some good observations against materialism.

In 1859, he moved south as assistant surgeon to the London Hospital, and helped found the New Sydenham Society. His inspiration in the capital was James Paget. For a time he shared lodgings in Charterhouse Square with fellow Quaker, Daniel Hack Tuke. Later, Hutchinson and his wife took Jackson into their home at 14 Finsbury Circus and the two men became life- long friends14 Hutchinson also helped Jackson, co-opting him as a medical journalist reporting meetings and cases for the Medical Times and Gazette.

Hutchinson earned eponymous fame with Hutchinson’s triad: nerve deafness, keratitis, pegged incisors, which character- ise congenital syphilis, and Hutchinson’s fixed dilated pupil of temporal lobe coning. He also gave one of the earliest accounts of cranial arteritis, as well as detailing some previously unde- scribed skin and eye diseases.

He became President of the Royal College of Surgeons and was knighted, but never forgot his roots, and forged links in London with several other colleagues born in Yorkshire including Ramskill, the first physician to be appointed to the National Hospital, Queen Square and Broadbent. After both he and Jackson had achieved glittering success he revealingly wrote:

Our lives were in many features remarkably parallel. We were both of us born in country districts in Yorkshire, and were both educated, so to speak, on the spot. This applies not only to school teaching but to professional matters, for in each case all that sufficed for our examinations for diplomas was obtained at the medical school which then existed in the city of York. In this city each of us served his apprenticeship, and in each case, after a very brief stay in London for the purpose of obtaining the diploma, we went back to our native city, ...

THE WHITE ROSE CONNECTION AT THE NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR THE CURE OF THE PARALYSED AND EPILEPTIC In the second half of the nineteenth century there was a prolif- eration of small specialist hospitals in central London, most were denigrated by the medical establishment and by the editor of the Lancet. The Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic at 24, Queen Square, opened in March 1860 with only six beds,15 but differed from most of these other boutique hospitals in that it was a charitable institution, founded by two sisters with no medical connections. Jabez Ramskill (1825–1897) had looked after one of the Chandler sisters and was appointed in 1860 as one of the first two physicians to the new hospital. Born in Leeds and trained at Guys Hospital, he had already worked with Hutchinson at the Metropolitan Hospital and London Hospital. Ramskill was instrumental in persuading the management of the new hospital to open its doors to epileptics. Two years after his appointment, he also recommended his younger colleague, Jackson, for the post of assistant physician at Queen Square. Ramskill was a competent clinician, and enabled Jackson to develop an interest in aphasia and epilepsy by allowing access to his patients. The other first staff appointment was the Mauritian, Charles Brown-Séquard (1817–1894), whose appointment to the new hospital gave it a cachet that would attract other neuroscientists like Jackson and Ferrier to follow in his footsteps and consolidate the hospital as a clinical research centre.

Other early appointments at the new hospital included Charles Bland Radcliffe (1822–1889) who trained in Leeds, and the Nonconformist, John Russell Reynolds (1828–1896), who had worked in Leeds and had strong family connections there. They were followed by another Yorkshireman, the antievolu- tionist, Charles Elam (1824–1889), who had been born in Birstall, West Yorkshire and studied at the Medical School, and Sir William Gowers (1845–1915) whose mother was from Bentley near Doncaster, and whose wife, Mary Baines, an in-law of Reynolds, was born in Leeds. In addition to their Yorkshire connections, a number of these early Queen Square staff appointments, including Gowers and Reynolds, came from Nonconformist backgrounds.

John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911)16 is the foremost figure in 19th century British Neurology. Although not always understanding his ideas, his younger colleagues at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic revered him and he became known as the ‘Father of British Neurology.’17 Jackson was born on 4 April 1835 at Providence Green, Green Hammerton, a small homestead between York and Knaresborough.18 The youngest of four children, his father, Samuel Jackson (1806–1858), was a yeoman farmer and brewer. His mother, Sarah Hughlings (1807/1808–1836), was daughter of a Welsh tax collector from Llanfintangel Rhyithon. Aged just 15, he began his studies at York Medical School, apprenticed on 20 October 1850 to Dr William Charles Anderson at 23, Stonegate. There, Jackson was exposed to the ‘romantic science’ of Thomas Laycock which led to his lifelong love for philosophy and the study of neurology. His later excur- sions into the relation between brain physiology and mental illness (‘insanity ’) may also have stemmed from another teacher, Daniel Hack Tuke, grandson of William Tuke who founded the York Retreat.

Jackson’s early clinical experience was gained in the York County Hospital and Dispensary. He completed his training at London’s St Bartholomew’s Hospital and qualified LSA on 10 April 1856. He returned to the York Dispensary in 1856, as a house surgeon before moving back to London in 1860. Brown Séquard advised him that ‘if he wished to attain anything he must keep to the nervous system.’20 In 1862, he was appointed assistant physician to The National Hospital, and in 1863 assistant physician to the London Hospital, and full Physician in 1874. He was much gratified by election as FRS in 1878. Hutchinson significantly recalled:

The fact that he was remembered by the University of Leeds in his later life was one of which he frequently reminded me and which added I am sure, much to his happiness in old-age.21

His papers on epilepsy, the hierarchical dissolution of nervous system functions, localisation of brain functions and aphasia have been widely praised and most of their key findings accepted.20 His reflections always stemmed from his minute analysis of clinical phenomena, and it is inaccurate to look upon him as a thinker rather than a doer, and equally wrong to paint him as an unexceptional clinician.

Hughlings Jackson, writing of insanity said in 1881: ‘We require a rational generalisation so wide as to show on the physical side relations of diseases of the mind, which are for physicians nothing but diseases of the highest centres, to all other diseases of the nervous system.” Despite Jackson’s advice, many at Queen Square seemed to abhor investigation into disorders of the mind, and a schism between neurology and psychiatry emerged in England.

Henry Maudsley (1835–1918), however, shared Jackson’s views.22 Born on an isolated farm near Settle in the North Riding of Yorkshire, he studied at Giggleswick School and grad- uated at UCL, winning 10 gold medals. After qualification, Maudlsey worked briefly at the West Riding Lunatic Asylum. In 1865, he obtained a position as physician to the West London Hospital. Maudsley was later appointed professor of Medical Jurisprudence at UCL in 1869.

Throughout his life, he considered himself a physician rather than a ‘mad doctor’. He was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and delivered the Goulstonian Lectures in 1870, on ‘Body and Mind.’ This influenced Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).

He published20 many highly regarded books. His name is per- petuated by his collaboration in 1907 with the London County Council to found the Maudsley Hospital to which he gave £40 000. It was completed in 1915, and in 1948, merged with Bethlem Royal Hospital.

Born in the same year as Jackson, both men were introverts and became rather reclusive in later life, both were criticised for

impenetrable prose, and yet, 100 years after their death their respective legacies continue to inform current thinking and practice in the neurosciences.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The inspirational teaching of Thomas Laycock in York, and the crucial confirmation of cerebral localisation by one of his stu- dents, David Ferrier at the WRPLA, were important landmarks relating the county of Yorkshire to the development of neurology as a science in Britain. Some of Laycock’s other Yorkshire-born students, such as Jackson and Hutchinson, were also highly influential in the development of neurology at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic and the London Hospital.

Author note Based on an invited paper (author JMSP) given to the Association of British Neurologist’s meeting, Newcastle upon Tyne, October 2011 and inspired by the 150th anniversary of the National Hospital, Queen Square in 2010. This is an attenuated version of a longer essay, available from the authors.

REFERENCES 1. Adrian ED. The localization of activity in the brain. Ferrier lecture. Proc Roy Soc

1939;126:433–49. 2. Spillane JD. A memorable decade in the history of neurology 1874–84. Br Med J

1974;4:701–6. 3. Spillane JD. A memorable decade in the history of neurology 1874–84. Br Med J

1974;4:757–9. 4. Compston A. From the archives. (On the weight of the brain and its component

parts in the insane. By J. Crichton-Browne, MD, FRSE, Lord Chancellor’s Visitor.

Brain 1879;1:514–18 and 1879;2:42–67.) Brain 2007;130:599–601. 5. Pearce JMS. Thomas Laycock (1812–1876). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

2002;73:303. 6. Laycock T. On the reflex function of the brain. Br Foreign Med J

1845;19:298–311. 7. Pearce JMS. Brain disease leading to mental illness: a concept initiated by the

discovery of general paralysis of the insane. Eur Neurol 2012;67:272–8. 8. Pearce JMS. Sir David Ferrier MD, FRS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

2003;74:787. 9. Ferrier D. “Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and Pathology,” West

Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports, 1873;3:30–96. 10. Ferrier D. Experimental researches in cerebral physiology and pathology. BMJ

1873;1:457. 11. Ferrier D. The localisation of functions in the brain. Proc Royal Society

1874;229–32. http://rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/148-155/228.full.pdf 12. Fritsch G, Hitzig E. Uber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirn. Archive Fur

Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medicin 1870;37:300–32. 13. Pearce JMS. Sir James Crichton-Browne 1840–1938. J Neurol Neurosurg

Psychiatry 2003;74:949. 14. Hutchinson J. The Late Dr. Hughlings Jackson: recollections of a lifelong friendship.

BMJ 1911;2:1551–4. 15. Critchley M. The beginnings of the National Hospital, Queen Square (1859–1860).

BMJ 1960;2:1829–37. 16. York GK, Steinberg DA. An introduction to the Life and Work of John Hughlings

Jackson. Med Hist Suppl 2007;26:3–157. 17. Critchley M, Critchley E. John Hughlings Jackson: father of English neurology.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 18. Taylor J. Biographical memoir. In: Hughlings Jackson J. Neurological fragments.

Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press, 1925:1–27. 19. Hale-White W. Great doctors of the nineteenth century. London: Arnold,

1935:268–89. 20. Collie M. Henry Maudsley: Victorian psychiatrist. A bibliographical study.

Winchester: St Paul’s Bibliographies, 1988. 21. Brain R. Neurology: past, present and future. BMJ 1958;1:358. 22. Lewis A. J. Henry Maudsley: his work and influence. J Ment Sci 1951;97:259.

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J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303248 on 28 September 2012. Downloaded from http://jnnp.bmj.com/ on February 3, 2025 at UCL Library Services . Protected by copyright, including for uses related to text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

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Behind the Scenes of La Qchara’s Brick and Mortar and Mobile Food Truck

What was originally a simple coffee shop in Melrose, Massachusetts is now both brick and mortar and an on the go food truck. Owners Lorenzo and Emily Tenreiro of La Qchara explain their journey through restaurant hospitality.

Emily Tenreiro (left) and her husband Lorenzo Tenreiro (right) at the Crane Estate in Ipswich Ma featuring their sister store Tahpas 529.

This couple had a shared love for bonding with others through food. They had started out with a tight budget and decided to open a small cafe in Melrose, Massachusetts called Coffee Tea and Me.

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The signature logo of La Qchara resembles the love for food and eating healthy, hearty meals. Each location has its signature spoon wall (bottom) which captures the values held within.

Stack of beautiful menus filled with amazing homemade meals cooked with all fresh ingredients and made with love.

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Photo of the food truck during an event, which shows the food table and unique color combinations that embrace the cuisines being served.

La Qchara famous venezuelan eggs benedict which substitutes the traditional english muffin with a homemade corn arepa and chorizo.

This amazing opportunity has brought La Qchara huge success out of a depressing time period in everyone's lives. This couple was able to bring long lasting memories and joy on the go to their strong customer base. The food truck serves large events, parties, graduations, food festivals, taco tuesday at a local dispensary, and MIT open space in Cambridge, Ma.

La Qchara restaurant opens its door with welcoming arms. This brick and mortar restaurant encapsules Central and South American cuisine. They offer gluten free and vegetarian options of coffee, smoothies, puddings, tacos, arepas, burritos, and many more.

La Qchara’s dining room inside of the Beverly, Massachusetts location on Cabot street.

Emily and Lorenzo share great pride around their employees. “They are passionate, energetic, and knowledgeable about the menu and the culture we share. They are there to break down the menu to customers and teach them about each item” said the couple.

Two beautifully welcoming employees ready to answer any questions. These bars offer a long range of drinks, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. This restaurant also offers partnerships with Endicott College as a chance for students to use their off campus flex dollars to enjoy their delicious cuisines.

The majority of the hospitality business is positive, but there are downsides to owning a food truck. Tenreiro discusses the logistical challenges that running a truck has.

“The downfalls are things that people don’t always understand, " she said. “Our truck has a propane tank, it has to be refilled. There is a generator if the place you're at doesn’t have electricity, you rely on your generator. If your generator goes, you have to know what to do to fix it.”

When asked about what her advice would be to someone who is interested in starting their own food truck journey, she simply stated, “The best thing to do is find a niche, in which you can separate yourself from the other food trucks.” She goes on to emphasize the importance of trial and error with the truck surrounding the customization of the equipment, location of everything in the truck, and building your brand based on your own values. Tenreiro sighed, “We initially had a fryer on our truck and we quickly realized that was a terrible idea. Driving with the hot oil is a recipe for disaster.”

She takes a lot of consideration into the practicality of the truck, the safety of herself and her employees, and disposing of the resources used.

Resourcing La Qchara’s food truck is easier than most. The advantage of having a brick and mortar location comes in help as Tenreiro and her team prep and heat the food for events in the kitchen of their stores. She said, “Our truck is only a holding and serving unit.” The truck has its own steam table which its only purpose is to hold and keep food warm until served.

The food truck has grasped all of the strong values the couple wanted the public to perceive them as. “Food trucks generally have a very happy vibe, because where you end up going is usually a celebration” she said. La Qchara’s website shares some of their core values, “We believe that healthy, hearty food is the key to a happier life and from the first bite, you’ll understand why.” Providing healthy, hearty food on wheels has empowered the couple in many ways.

Homemade coffee and chia seed pudding for breakfast (top) and for lunch or dinner, homemade tacos (bottom).

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Navigating Health and Wellness: Cambridge's Eclectic Pharmacy Scene

Cambridge, renowned for its academic brilliance and cultural diversity, houses a captivating pharmacy landscape that caters to the unique healthcare needs of its vibrant community. The pharmacies in Cambridge go beyond the conventional role of prescription dispensaries, weaving a tapestry of services and offerings that reflect the city's commitment to holistic well-being.

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Premise: La Première Dame takes place in an alternate universe from the original Black Panther film and the original Kompound universe created. In this universe, Erik only has 5 wives, and Hennessy’s upbringing is drastically different. La Première Dame follows Hennessy’s life as she grows from gifted child prodigy to free spirited artist and marijuana dealer and finally to one of five Princesses of the wealthiest nation in the world.

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Darnell “Stunna” Jeffries: Known as Big Stunna to the city of Cambridge, Jeffries is local drug dealer known for having the best green in Cambridge.. That is until Nola Ivy (his pet name for her) popped up on the scene. Initially jealous of the tiny beauty for taking his highest paying customer, he, much like the rest of campus, becomes captivated by her naturally raspy voice and southern charm. The pair have a brief fling before she leaves for California and later reconnect to open their dispensary chain.

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Angéle Duplessis: A literal angel on earth. Nola discovers her music one late night on YouTube and immediately becomes a fan of her soft, sensual voice. After attending a concert at Echoplex, in which Angéle performed, it becomes apparent that Nola has more than a little crush. After a brief meet and greet backstage, the pair become fast friends, bonding over the parallels of their lives (shared interest in the arts and music, both being born and raised in New Orleans, etc). Though she’d never been with a woman before, Nola made Angéle safe enough to let her guard down and experiment. The two share more than a few “intimate” moments while Erik is away on deployment, but things change drastically when he returns stateside.

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Erik Stevens: Nola’s super secretive weed client turned best friend. The two cross paths when Erik tries one of her strains with his battles. Initially turned off by the girly, Kawaii packaging, he quickly gets over the disdain when he realizes her green is better than his usual supplier, Big Stunna. The two keep in touch after graduation, and become an item after he retires from the Navy SEALS.

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Thomas “Black Mamba” Williams: A New Orleans native, Williams found his way to MIT to study mechanical engineering when he and Erik crossed paths. The pair hit it off, both coming from traumatic childhoods. It is Williams that introduces Erik to Nola, having gotten him addicted to one of her sativa strains. He too has a crush on Nola, but chooses not to act on it once he learns that she’s Stunna’s girl.

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Giséle Baptiste & Leonard Baptiste: Nola’s parents; Giséle was born in Saint-Marc, Haiti and moved to New Orleans with her parents as a child. She met Leonard when they were both in college and it was love at first sight. Leonard is of Bahamian descent. At the time of Hennessy’s birth, Giséle worked as a pediatric nurse at Tulane Medical Center while Leonard was an entertainment lawyer. They both nurtured their daughter’s intellectual abilities and embraced her free-spirited nature. She learned hoodoo and voodoo practices from her maternal grandmother Cecilé Devereaux.

[whatdoesshedotothem]

Monday 22 February 1836

7 25

11 ¾

No kiss ready in 50 minutes damp small rainy morning and F38° at 8 50 at which hour went down to speak to Drake (joiner) of Northowram who had been waiting ¼ hour - came to take the top of Godley field for his son a butcher - I said it was not to let - should not have taken it from Mr. Carr if I had not wanted it for my own especial purposes - out 20 minutes with Robert Mann + 3 levelling down against the new road up to farmyard doors - breakfast at 9 in 35 minutes - a little while with A- had Marian about ½ hour in my study - another complaint against John the footman - paying court to Sarah the kitchen maid - all this is abomination - a few minutes with A- she gave me £295 + the £5 borrowed on Saturday to put into the bank till 1 May - 4p.c. to be thus made of it to help towards the charge of 4 ½ p.c. to be made on what the bank advances for me - on consideration determined not to take it to the bank this  morning but 1st see how my banking book stood - down the old bank to H-x and called at the vicarage to see the plans of the new Dispensary and shew Mr. Musgrave the plan (vid. Friday last) - Mr. M- out but came in in a few minutes - and staid only about ¼ hour or 10 minutes altogether - had just glanced at the plans shewn me by Mrs. Musgrave and shew the plan of the York country hospital - Mr. Musgrave - he had proposed on Friday after throwing the thing open to general competition, and advertising for a site, too, if that could not be agreed upon - the 2 next best plans next to the plan adopted to have a premium - they had done so at Cambridge and the 2 next best plans had a premium of £100 and ---- (something less) the sentence not finished for I thought this would alarm 1 of the subscribers here - would they name any certain n° of architects - it was Mr. M-‘s manner of saying no to this, that brought to my mind the conviction that his manners were not always courtly - I mentioned that all the unsuccessful workmen who estimated for Northgate had £2 each - Mr. M-  said he could make no use of his own plans or that of the country hospital as the building was to be throw open - I said I did not mean the plan of the York country hospital to be shewn - it was my own private plan which I would leave with Mr. M- that in drawing up for the advertisement a sketch of what they wanted - perhaps he (Mr. M-) might find something or other a bath or what not in the York country hospital that might be useful here - the plan was mine and I would just write my name on it, which I did, and begged Mr. M- to return it when he found it could be no use to him - on this I came away, merely wishing good morning to Mr. and Mrs. M- and bowing to Mr. Daly (the Irish association clergyman whom Mrs. M- had introduced to me on his coming in) - the vicar shewing me to the outdoor and doing all that was civil - the sexton of the old church - he said Mr. Mitchell wanted to know if he was to pay his rent to him the sexton - yes! said I but I will send for you by and by, and settle about all the pew rents - then to Whitley’s ordered [Whewell] on German churches and then to Mr. Parker’s - paid £20 + Nelson on Saturday - to come and speak to A- between 5 and 6 pm tomorrow - then returned up the old bank and nearish home met Empsall and his brother wanting to take the top Godley field - said not to let - they asked the rent of Hilltop farm - I said £42 per annum taking it as it is - but nothing could be in worse condition - I thought of farming it myself for a year - not anxious about letting it till I could get a tenant to my mind - did not want to strain anybody’s conscience, but wanted a vote and would make the place worth £50 per annum - stood some while talking to Mark Hepworth about this - he said might get the rent out of the farm even this year - M. Hepworth began again this morning carting - but it would cost £10 per D.W. to get the land into right condition .:. 9+3D.W. (the latter the clover lay) at £10 = £120 + £50 laid out upon the buildings would make the farm worth £50 per annum - came in about 1 or before - sometime with A- talked over Mr. Musgrave and read from p. 52 to 85 Bayldon - wrote all the above of today till 2 50 - A- off to Cliff Hill at 2 40 - thinking about arranging my accounts - looking into Bonnycastles’ arithmetic etc - had John the footman - told him of the complaint against him - the poor fellow seemed so [simple] and sorry and said he never knew of or intended paying any attention to Sarah that I really felt sorry for him and suggested his speaking to Miss Marian - what terrible pother! out at 4 ½ - no! A- returned then and stood talking ½ hour to her - then a few minutes with Robert Mann + 3 and Frank helping them and with Mark Hepworth - began again this morning carting soil from Northgate - laid it over the stuff brought from Whiskum quarry forming the hill up against the great embankment near the present approach doors - then at Listerwick engine pit - Joseph Mann not there - up at Walker pit - have began pheying again - stopt for some weeks on account of the pit standing 2 or 3 ft. deep in water from the brook at Sam Holdsworth Salterley mill (ever since the new new water wheel began to work) getting it the old coal-works - returned along my walk - came in at 6 - dinner at 6 ¼ - coffee - A- did her French - A- and I 20 minutes with my father and Marian till 8 (Miss Sarah Inman with them - she arrived about 1 today) then with my aunt - A- staid about ½ hour and I 20 minutes longer - doing sums on the slate come tonight for A- then wrote the last 10 lines till 9 55 at which hour F39° fine day - asked Miss I- how she did on entering the room and wished her goodnight on coming away and addressed nothing more to her A- said about as much to her conversation with my father and Marian was kept up - settling accounts and looking into German Grammar till 10 25.

[ontariobusiness]

Revitalizing Health Care: The Role of Cambridge's Pharmacies

In the shadow of Cambridge's spires, where education has thrived for centuries, local pharmacies play a crucial role in upholding the community's health. Far more than mere dispensaries, they are vibrant hubs of wellness, seamlessly blending with the historic and intellectual landscape of the city.

Cambridge’s pharmacies are intimate community spaces where the pharmacists know their patrons by name, understanding their health histories as well as their preferences. This personal touch is the cornerstone of the service they provide, ensuring that every interaction is tailored to the individual. From allergy advice to heart health, these pharmacists offer comprehensive care that extends well beyond the scope of a typical pharmacy.

These community beacons prioritize accessibility and convenience, aligning their services with the lifestyles of Cambridge’s diverse population. They offer extended hours to accommodate the bustling life of students and professionals, home delivery for those who can’t step out, and private consultations for sensitive health matters. In an age where health care can feel impersonal, Cambridge’s pharmacies maintain a warm, approachable atmosphere that is reminiscent of a bygone era.

Furthermore, Cambridge's pharmacies are active participants in public health discourse, not just as establishments for sickness but as centers for wellness and prevention. They organize free health checks and educational seminars, recognizing the power of information and proactive health management.

In an effort to cater to the eco-conscious ethos of Cambridge, many pharmacies have also begun to stock sustainable health products and promote eco-friendly practices, dovetailing the city’s academic penchant for innovation with a commitment to environmental responsibility.

Cambridge’s pharmacies represent a synergy of historical context and modern health care, where each service rendered contributes to a larger narrative of community vitality. They are not only places where prescriptions are filled but also where health literacy is fostered, and wellness is cultivated.

In essence, the pharmacies of Cambridge are emblematic of the city itself: steeped in history, yet forward-thinking, always evolving to meet the health needs of its people. They stand as quiet guardians of health, offering a reassuring blend of care, counsel, and community service that is the lifeblood of this iconic city.

[ydecelis18]

Yvonne Decelis filmed this when she was walking to a bus stop from a dispensary near Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts - https://youtu.be/xV95dwVZALc #healthcare #dispensary #motivation #near #walking #success #stop #harvard #training #facebook #blog #massachusetts #inspiration #howto #square #cambridge #abus #instagramanet #insta #instagram https://www.instagram.com/p/Bxw1F9mgYRP/?igshid=111q6co76f6op

[jewfrogs]

my mom just told me abt a dispensary thats opening in harvard square and said she would have to go next time she visits me in cambridge?? slightly concerned that she may have been replaced by a very convincing body double

[schlesingerlibrary]

Dr. Mary Crutchfield Thompson (1902-1985) graduated from Tufts University Dental School during the Great Depression and was one of the first African American women to practice dentistry in the Boston area.  Initially she volunteered at the Boston Dispensary while building a private practice. Committed to community service, she also formed the Children's Dental Clinic, which she operated from her Cambridge, Massachusetts home to keep prices low. In addition to community work, during the 1970s, Thompson and her husband Oscar formed one of the first fair housing committees in the United States and received an NAACP award in recognition of their work. This portrait is part of Women of Courage: an exhibition of photographs based on the Black Women Oral History Project, by Judith Sedwick. For additional details see: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/images/olvwork570587/catalog