#CS Armstrong
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Looking back to understand where I'm at Moving forward through the corridor of becoming detached Even in an avalanche of some fabricated trash The undisputed truth always gets the last laugh That's why you see spirits that resemble shattered glass That's why the future of the world cannot be left in fragile hands That's why when you gifted, you don't even need to brag Or act like you better than anybody on God's green land To be specific, name one motherfucker that didn't start as an infant I'll wait - no I won't Ain't no human being existed that ever skipped it So next time they wanna pick up their shit and sniff it I hope they won't be surprised that it don't smell terrific
#The Koreatown Oddity#looking back from the future#baby rose#cs armstrong#little dominiques nosebleed
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New Music: Thurz - Yannick Koffi In Time LP
I first met Inglewood MC, Thurz many years ago as part of a the fresh rap duo, U-N-I.
It’s dope to see how far along he has come, not only as a musician but also as an event curator with his brand, “Party In My Living Room.” I caught a bit of their curated area at Coachella this past year and it was all the vibes!
Tap in with his new album, Yannick Koffi In Time. Spanning 20 tracks, the project includes features from Snoop Dogg, Iman Europe, CS Armstrong, Tiffany Gouche, Mr. Vegas, MEZ, GLC, Kay Franklin, Barney Bones, and GLC.
Press play above and support with a download of $7. Yannick Koffi In Time was executive produced by Ro Blvd.
#hiphop#rap#Thurz#west coast#Los Angeles#Yannick Koffi#Bandcamp#Inglewood#indie rap#Party In My Living Room#Snoop Dogg#Ro Blvd#Iman Europe#CS Armstrong#GLC#Kay Franklin#Tiffany Gouche#Barney Bones#U-N-I
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moving everything over to a new email; hopefully it goes smoothly lol :)
#just me hi#hello speaking to you from the ~+~new email~+~ lol :3#/not for any big reason really but i don't like the url of my old one lol#made it while i was feeling down and now it bothers me a little hfsvb :'3#but that's what i'm doin rn!! hello :D#i Do in fact have a system to organize my email or it'd stress me out so i'm tryna keep track of everything lol#not gonna delete the old one tho cuz there's some stuff on there that i never wanna lose#just don't wanna think abt the url everything i realize someone else can see it hfbdhsh :)#but anyway gonna get back to it!!#//computer has died so i've been having the BIGGEST brain concerning projects recently hfbsh :DD#/ride on by cs armstrong my belubbed...#i've listened to it like 15 consecutive times i love it loll 👍👍
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BRUH your tags on that CS lewis post......... are more of your thoughts/thesis musings available online anywhere because I'd love to douse my brain in that
BKbfdkasbfkaj thank you, glad it sounds interesting! I'm not from an English speaking country so my thesis materials or any adjacent content is not very approachable, but an easy entry point into the science-spirituality discussion that also features other works on the theme is Karen Armstrong's A Short History of Myth!
#eernask#eernanon#also disclaimer i am writing abt it from an educator/artist's perspective. i have no theological background or anything
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Tombsona (TLT) Master List
Master list for my Living Tombstone content; mostly art. If you follow me on IG or are on the TLT Discord; I am the guy that owns "Prometheus".
ART--newest are at the bottom of the list:
Bad Ending AU: Doc, Zero_One
First Reherseal: Main 5 Tombsonas
Primal Tombsona Sketches: Main 5 Tombsonas, Prometheus
8 Different Drawings: Main 5, Prometheus, Zhane
One Condition: Prometheus, Menoetius
Point of No Return: Phantom of the Opera using TLT Cast
What was it like?: Zero_One, Doc, Prometheus, Rust
Everyone is Hot: Rust, Zero_One, Tesla (minor appearances of: Armstrong, Doc, and Zhane)
Meme Dump + Fashion Show: Main 5 Tombsonas, Geist, Prometheus, Zhane, Menoetius
My ship in 5 Minutes: Doc x Prometheus
Prometheus Doodle: Prometheus
Eating as a Primal Tombsona (Bonus Doc Primal doodle): Prometheus, Doc
Fear.png: Doc, Zero_One
Pumpkin Carving 2023: Doc
As We Lay Here: Doc, Prometheus
WIP Color Wheel + Meme Dump 2.0: Main 5 Tombsonas, Geist, Prometheus, Zhane.
WIP Color Wheel: Hosted Doc
WIP Color Wheel: Doc's hat feather
Color Wheel Finished: Main 5 Tombsonas (hosted and primal), Geist, Prometheus, Zhane
Eating Together: Zero_One, Rust
Zero_One reference photo (shitpost)
Small lovey doodle: Zero_One, Rust
How would you shush Rust anyway? (WIP): Zero_One, Rust
Drunk Music: Drunk Guy, W.I.W. Guy
I'm not calling you "Good Boy": Rust, Zero_One
Washer (Animation--flash warning): Rust
Sketch Dump: Rust, Zero_One
Beach Sketches WIP: Main 5 Tombsonas, Zhane
Primal nap WIP: Tesla, Armstrong
Top Surgery Meme Comic: Tesla, Zero_One, Rust
Bunting: Doc, Prometheus
Tombstober 2024- Days: 4, 5, 7, 21, 31: Prometheus, Zero_One, Menoetius, Doc
Pumpkin carving 2024: Doc!!
Random Sketches from 2024: Rust, Zero_One, Tesla, Doc, Prometheus, Menoetius, Zhane
Comfort (sketch): Doc
TEXT POSTS--Stories, H/Cs, etc.
Tesla Log 1: Rust's immune system
Body hair (just me babbling)
Doc Skull Poll
Heights-- Primal Tesla is tiny omfg
Bones?: Doc, Zelimir, Tesla
#Master List#TLT#The Living Tombstone#Tombsona#Primal Tombsona#Primordial Tombsona#Zero_One#Zero One#Rust#Armstrong#Tesla#Doc#Giest#Custom Tombsona#Prometheus#Menoetius
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C.S. Armstrong — FWYALL
C.S. Armstrong — FWYALL
https://soundcloud.com/lifeofarmstrong/fywall-1?in=lifeofarmstrong/sets/cs-armstrong-the-blue-tape-prod-by-shungu C.S. ARMSTRONG — FWYALL What is it? The song FWYALL by C.S. Armstrong from his music album The Blue Tape (TheBlueTape). https://soundcloud.com/lifeofarmstrong/fywall-1?in=lifeofarmstrong/sets/cs-armstrong-the-blue-tape-prod-by-shungu C.S. ARMSTRONG — FWYALL Continue reading
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#C.S. Armstrong#C.S. Armstrong FWYALL#CS Armstrong#CS Armstrong FWYALL#FWYALL#Hip Hop#Music#Shungu#Song#SoundCloud#The Blue Tape#TheBlueTape
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C.S. Armstrong linked with TDE's Jay Rock for a new one, stream Own Two now!
#cs armstrong#c.s. armstrong#jay rock#own two#tde#top dawg ent#top dawg#top dawg entertainment#new music#spotify#soundchxck
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Released 4 Sep, 2020 (NESOLA GmbH) facebook.com/joydenalane facebook.com/lifeofarmstrong
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Aha finished my six fanart :D
#riza hawkeye#ivy cs#olivier armstrong#korra#blake belladonna#kassandra#fullmetal alchemist#fma#carmen sandiego#witwics#rwby#where in the world is carmen sandiego#assassin's creed odyssey#art#artists on tumblr#six fanarts#my art#kuki
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Unexpectedly, Brother Ali releases new Evidence-produced album...
Posted on https://www.thewordisbond.com/unexpectedly-brother-ali-releases-new-evidence-produced-album/
Unexpectedly, Brother Ali releases new Evidence-produced album...
Rhymesayers' labelmates Brother Ali and Evidence have planned a collaborative West Coast/Midwest tour a couple of weeks back. But what no one expected to happen was for them to collaborate in secret on a new album, which dropped on Friday. Brother Ali took the wheel as Evidence took the
#Brother Ali#CS Armstrong#DJ Last Word#evidence#Midwest Tour#Nur-D#pharoahe monch#Talib Kweli#tour#West Coast Tour#AUDIO#WIB Daily News
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C.S. Armstrong Is Creating Timeless Rhythm And Blues [NEW ARTIST DISCOVERY]
C.S. Armstrong is endurance personified. The self-taught multi-instrumentalist stirs together a jambalaya of soul, blues and hip-hop that utilizes the new while resonating with the old. This special concoction of sound is priming him for something truly special, all we have to do is wait and watch.
The Houston, Texas, native grew up around music, from playing piano in his grandmother’s church to saxophone in multiple jazz bands, C.S. Armstrong was a natural. Unfortunately, his time in Houston also exposed him to a life of gang-banging that would grow increasingly dangerous for the then 19-year-old. In an attempt to escape the growing dangers of the city, Armstrong enlisted in the Army serving for eight years before landing in New York City. The Big Apple became his new home and jumping-off point for his long-awaited pursuit of a music career.
Armstrong, who went by Rocki Evans at the time, met Cobaine Ivory and formed the groundbreaking duo CharlieRED in 2012. The pair’s motley blend of electrified soul, rock, hip-hop and blues garnered them attention from industry insiders and even landed them an opening tour spot for Action Bronson. Together they released two projects; their Religion EP, shared during the year of their formation, and full-length follow-up, MUSE, in 2013.
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After a few years on the East Coast, Armstrong chose to relocate to Los Angeles in search of new inspirations and a solo career. He found himself in the studio with the likes of Dr. Dre, Terrace Martin and Taz Arnold, soon after his arrival, needless to say the move out West paid off. Armstrong would go on to share a barrage of singles and covers within the coming months gaining traction for his live recording sessions at Truth Studios. The powerful vocalist was sharpening his craft, making his growing fanbase salivate with each release.
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Armstrong would then spend five years confined in a studio recording and preparing for the release of new original music. The fruits of his labor would manifest itself as his two-track release, Good Times, released in late November of 2018. The double release featured a more hip-hop sensibility from the singer-songwriter utilizing upbeat R&B production to convey his longing for the days of old. One of the songs included in the release, “City in Ruins,” caught the attention of COLORS Studios, granting Armstrong a platform to captivate a larger audience and build on an already impressive resume of live recordings.
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The start of the new year marked the continuation of his multi-song releases, sharing his three-track collection, Chauncy, in early February 2019. The bit-sized pack of singles furthered proved the gifted vocalist’s ability to peak and dive through varied orchestration. His soul-riddled brand of music was becoming increasingly difficult to ignore, especially with what Armstrong had planned next.
A month after the release of Chauncy, Armstrong shared his long-awaited album debut, Truth Be Told. The album, a 10-track collaboration with Berlin-based producer Torky, is a powerful and emotional showcasing of soul. Armstrong chronicles his upbringing, step-fathers abuse, time in the military and the systemic injustices towards black men and women in America. His utter transparency and vulnerability on the sample-laced record creates an intimate connection between the artist and the listener.
The road to where C.S. Armstrong is now has been a long and winding one but proves an unparalleled conviction to his craft. His timeless mixture of blues, soul, hip-hop and gospel precursors longevity. The music is something to grow old with to revel in the now while glimpsing into the future. C.S. Armstrong will continue to endure, and we cannot wait to see what time has in store for him.
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Check out my cover of The Sonic's “Have Love, Will Travel” as apart of @amazonmusic #openroad playlist! http://amazon.com/OpenRoad 💪🏽⚡️🙏🏽
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masterlist
here you can find all my works listed by driver! happy reading! key: ᡣ𐭩 - fluff | ✧˖ - smut | ☾ - instagram au/smau | ꕤ - angst
CARLOS SAINZ
good night's sleep (18+) ✧˖ you wake up feeling more than a little needy, luckily your sweet doting boyfriend is there to help
CHARLES LECLERC
the playlist series masterlist ᡣ𐭩 (future✧˖ ) (partially ☾ ) surely travelling the world means you won’t bump into the same person twice right? wrong. everywhere you go, charles is right there and as he keeps appearing in front of you, he keeps appearing in your thoughts and eventually your heart… (or, the one in which your manager is a big F1 fan and decides to plan your world tour to match the F1 calendar and your bandmates like to play cupid) (singer!reader)
bear hugs au masterlist (bearman!oldersister!reader) ᡣ𐭩 ✧˖ ☾ ꕤ step into the world of you and ollie bearman and your boyfriend charles leclerc. a selection of longer fics and shorter drabbles with a sprinkling of social media chapters. the original fic can now be found on the masterlist!
love letters (a two part fic) ☾ ꕤ to ᡣ𐭩dear... (part 1): after you breakup with your boyfriend rather publicly, you struggle to compose your new album, until you hear this mysterious guy's music on spotify... with love from (part 2): it's been a year since you released your breakup album and now everyone is eagerly awaiting your new love songs about your new man
GEORGE RUSSELL
blooming soon!
LANDO NORRIS
tour diaries ᡣ𐭩 ☾ lando is the most supportive boyfriend while you're on your world tour with your band (singer!reader)
red carpet ᡣ𐭩 ☾ lando joins the spoilers club, learning scripts means you take over the apartment and the internet loses their minds over your red carpet look (actress!reader)
LEWIS HAMILTON
blooming soon!
LOGAN SARGEANT
unpacking ✧˖ ᡣ𐭩 moving into your new place with your boyfriend has some interesting consequences when he finds one of his favourite boxes when unpacking
MAX VERSTAPPEN
flowers are a language of their own ᡣ𐭩 ꕤ four times max gives you flowers through your lives and the first time you give them to him (childhood friends to lovers)
girl dad ᡣ𐭩 max verstappen is such a girl dad and everyone knows it, especially you... (snapshots into max's life as a girl dad)
OSCAR PIASTRI
i told the stars about you (royalty au) ᡣ𐭩 ꕤ no matter how much this romance was fated to fall apart from the start, you still find yourself longing to tell the stars about how oscar makes you feel pretty girl (18+) ꕤ ✧˖ everyone needs a reminder when they feel insecure sometimes, luckily oscar knows just what to do to help anxiety gremlin ꕤ ᡣ𐭩 your anxiety gets the best of you and you finally open up to your boyfriend about your diagnosis, he just wants to know how he can help welcome home (18+) ✧˖oscar comes home after a triple header and catches you in a rather compromising position... he might as well take advantage of that, right?
MISCELLANEOUS names they would call their partner (ln.4, op.81, ls.2, cs.55, cl.16, gr.63, lh.44) ᡣ𐭩
DRIVERS I DON'T USUALLY WRITE FOR — unless requested
MARCUS ARMSTRONG
sparks fly ᡣ𐭩 a timeline of your friends to lovers relationship with marcus, based on taylor swift's song "sparks fly"
MICK SCHUMACHER
matcha latte ᡣ𐭩 you're crushing hard on the cute barista at your friend's cafe and he's crushing on you too. the problem? neither of you will admit it (cafe/barista!au)
FELIPE DRUGOVICH
la vie en rose ᡣ𐭩 you perform a song to show your boyfriend just how much he means to you (singer!reader)
PIERRE GASLY
holiday ᡣ𐭩 ☾ snaps from your summer vacation with pierre
home weekends ᡣ𐭩 ✧˖ weekends with pierre are your favourite, they're his favourite too. especially when he gets to wake up to you wearing nothing but his shirt and the marks from the night before
DANIEL RICCIARDO
sunlight ᡣ𐭩 the sunlight marks your favourite times with daniel; dawn, morning, midday, afternoon, sunset
oh, baby! ᡣ𐭩 ☾ you announce your new addition to the world!
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I've resolved to study and re-read more spiritual texts this year (starting 2022), and share quotes I like. (note that this isn't meant to be a list of recommendations, just a record. not all of these have been spiritually edifying to me.) List of what I've read so far:
Anglicanism/ Episcopalianism
The Book of Common Prayer
Buddhism
The Dhammapada- translation by Eknath Easwaran
Peace is Every Step- Thich Nhat Hanh
Radical Acceptance- Tara Brach
Catholicism
The Faith Explained- Leo J Trese
Theology For Beginners- Frank Sheed
True Devotion to Mary- Louis de Montfort
The Modern Saints- Gracie Morbitzer
The Secret of the Rosary- Louis de Montfort
The Catechism of the Catholic Church
This is My Body, This is My Blood- Bob & Penny Lord
Good News About Sex & Marriage- Christopher West
The Story of A Soul- St Therese of Lisieux
Christianity (general)
The New Testament
The Screwtape Letters- CS Lewis
The Heart of Christianity- Marcus J Borg
God Can't- Thomas J Oord
Mere Christianity- CS Lewis
The Wisdom Jesus- Cynthia Bourgeault
The Universal Christ- Richard Rohr
The Case For Christ- Lee Strobel
The Great Divorce- CS Lewis
Sacred Earth, Sacred Soul- John Philip Newell
Searching for Sunday- Rachel Held Evans
Unlearning God- Phillip Gulley
Saving Jesus From the Church- Robin R Meyers
Christianity (biblical analysis)
Inspired- Rachel Held Evans
What is the Bible? - Rob Bell
The Uncensored Bible- Kaltner, Kilpatrick, & McKenzie
The Gay Gospels- Keith Sharpe
The Bible Doesn't Say That- Joel M Hoffman
The Sins of Scripture- John Shelby Spong
Paul and Jesus- James D Tabor
Reclaiming the Bible for a Non-Religious World- John Shelby Spong
Forged- Bart D Ehrman
Jesus, Interrupted- Bart D Ehrman
Zealot- Reza Aslan
Jezebel- Lesley Hazleton
101 Myths of the Bible- Gary Greenberg
Divine Feminine
The Way of the Rose- Clark Strand & Perdita Finn
Missing Mary- Charlene Spretnak
Circle of Mysteries- Christine Lore Weber
The Goddess in the Gospels- Margaret Starbird
Now is the Hour of Her Return- Clark Strand
Waking Up to the Dark- Clark Strand
Wild Mercy- Mirabai Starr
The Woman With the Alabaster Jar- Margaret Starbird
Goddess: 50 Goddesses, Spirits, Saints and Other Female Figures Who Have Shaped Belief- Ramírez & Walsh
Druidry/ Celtic Paganism
The Book of Hedge Druidry- Joanna van der Hoeven
The Druidry Handbook- John Michael Greer
The Druid Path- John Michael Greer
The Book of Celtic Myths- Jennifer Emmick
Ecospirituality
Sacred Nature- Karen Armstrong
Filianism/ Déanism
The Gospel of Our Mother God
Hellenistic Paganism
The Iliad- Homer
The Odyssey- Homer
Mythology- Edith Hamilton
D'Aulaires' Book of Greek Myths- Ingri and Edgar Parin D'Aulaire
Hinduism
The Bhagavad Gita- translation by Barbara Stoler Miller
The Upanishads- translation by Eknath Easwaran
The Complete Illustrated Guide to Hinduism- Rasamandala Das
Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction- Kim Knott
Islam
The Qur'an- translation by Abdullah Yusufali
Judaism
The Tanakh
When Bad Things Happen to Good People- Harold S Kushner
Mormonism
The Book of Mormon
Norse Paganism/ Heathenry
Norse Mythology- Neil Gaiman
Hávamál- from the Poetic Edda
D'Aulaire's Book of Norse Myths- Ingri and Edgar Parin D'Aulaire
Paganism (general) / Wicca
The Spiral Dance- Starhawk
Paganism- Joyce & River Higgenbotham
Drawing Down the Moon- Margot Adler
The Path of a Christian Witch- Adelina St Clair
Tarot Fundamentals- Sasha Graham
Astrology- Carole Taylor
Tarot Magic- Donald Tyson
Wicca: A Guide For the Solitary Practitioner- Scott Cunningham
Cunningham's Book of Shadows- Scott Cunningham
The Witch's Book of Power- Devin Hunter
The Deep Heart of Witchcraft- David Salisbury
Quakerism
Faith and Practice- Baltimore Yearly Meeting
A Testament of Devotion- Thomas R Kelly
Living the Quaker Way- Philip Gulley
A Quaker Book of Wisdom- Robert Lawrence Smith
Letters to a Fellow Seeker- Steve Chase
Sikhism
Poems from the Sikh Sacred Tradition- Guru Nanak
Taoism
The Tao Te Ching- translation by Stephen Mitchell
The Tao of Pooh- Benjamin Hoff
Other/ Interfaith/ General Theism
A World of Prayer- edited by Rosalind Bradley
The Interfaith Prayer Book- compiled by Ted Brownstein
God of Love- Mirabai Starr
A New Earth- Eckhart Tolle
How to Believe in God- Clark Strand
Holy Envy- Barbara Brown Taylor
The Power of Now- Eckhart Tolle
Atheism
Atheism and the Case Against Christ- Matthew S McCormick
Letter to a Christian Nation- Sam Harris
Why I Became an Atheist- John W Loftus
God is Not Great- Christopher Hitchens
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Noticed your requests beeing open, I rarely ask these cs too shy but would you be cool drawing Olivier Mira Armstrong? :3
A closeup of the ice queen is the coolest thing i could think of
#azzy art#art#fan art#ice queen#olivier mira armstrong#olivier armstrong#fullmetal alchemist#fullmetal alchemist brotherhood#fort briggs#sketch#doodle#art requests#spectra answers#hornsda#fma
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• Light Tank Mk VII Tetrarch
The Light Tank Mk VII (A17), also known as the Tetrarch, was a British light tank produced by Vickers-Armstrongs in the late 1930s and deployed during the Second World War.
The prototype of the Light Tank Mk VII (A17), nicknamed 'Purdah', was first developed in 1937 by Vickers-Armstrongs as a private venture, and was intended to be sold either to the British Army or to foreign militaries. It was to be the latest in a series of light tanks produced by the company. The tank was designed to overcome the shortcomings of insufficient armament in earlier light tanks that were fitted only with machine guns. Vickers-Armstrong installed on the Mk VIIs a 2-pounder 40-millimetre (1.6 in) main gun paired with a 7.92-millimetre (0.312 in) Besa machine gun, and mounted the two guns in a two-man turret. The prototype weighed approximately 16,800 pounds (7,600 kg) and was powered by a 165-horsepower (123 kW) Meadows engine. Suspension was on eight road wheels, four per side, with no separate driver or idler wheels and it was capable of a 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) top speed. The Mk VII design relied on an unusual steering method and a mechanical system incorporated into earlier Vickers models. The front wheels could be steered to allow for gentle turns by bending the tracks. For sharper turns, the system returned to the conventional method of braking one track to turn the tank; the dual system of turning was designed to lessen mechanical strain on the MkVII and reduce its power wastage. The War Office examined the design and put the prototype through a series of trials during May and June 1938; the model was tested as a possible "light cruiser" since War Office light tank needs were already met by its predecessor, the Mark VI. The War Office then took the view that the tank was not acceptable as a light cruiser because the Nuffield A13 offered better speed and obstacle crossing performance. Despite this, it was decided that it was essential for some Tetrarchs to be produced, and it was suggested that they be brought in at the end of the light tank program.
Accordingly, the War Office gave the Tetrarch the official General Staff specification number A17, and, in November 1938, accepted it for limited production after requesting a few minor changes which included the fitting of an external fuel tank to increase the tank's range. The number to be produced was subject to fluctuation as the War Office vacillated in their demand; in July 1938, it requested that 70 of the tanks be produced, then increased the request to 120 after a three-day conference in November. Production began in 1940, the request number further increased to 220 after Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon, a company part owned by Vickers-Armstrong that would be producing the tanks, indicated it had already ordered armour plating for that many tanks. Production of the tank was delayed by a number of factors. The War Office put their order on hold in a post-Battle of France decision to focus military production on infantry and cruiser tanks, due to the poor performance of British light tanks during that battle. Due to the shortage of more suitable tanks, light tanks that were not designed for use against German armour, were nevertheless deployed against them; the resulting high casualties led the War Office to re-evaluate the suitability of the light tank design. Further delays were caused by the bombing raids of the Luftwaffe during May 1941 against the factories where the tanks were assembled. The cumulative effect of these delays resulted in the production of only a small number of Mk VIIs; estimates place the final total produced to be between 100 and 177. The name 'Tetrarch' was given to the Mk VII, on September 22nd, 1941, on the orders of the War Office. The last of the tanks were built in the first quarter of 1942 and delivered at the end of the year.
The War Office and the Army were concluding, at this point, that light tanks were a liability and too vulnerable for use in further combat, and the Tetrarch was considered to be obsolete. This decision may have marked the end for the Tetrarch in active service; several of the tanks destined to be deployed to the Eighth Army in the Middle East for the North African Campaign were left in Britain when their cooling systems were determined to be unable to cope with the intense North African heat. The demise of Tetrarch was prevented by a decision made by the War Office in mid-1941, as it was considering the equipment to be used by Britain's fledgling airborne forces, formed in June 1940 under the orders of the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. When selecting the equipment for the airborne forces, officials at the War Office concluded that gliders would be an integral component; gliders would transport troops and heavy equipment, which, by 1941, was to include artillery and some form of tank. By May 1941, the feasibility of a 5.5 metric tons (5.4 long tons) tank to be carried for 350 miles (560 km) in a glider was accepted, although the aircraft would have to be specifically designed for the task. In a conference held on January 16th, 1941, it was decided that the General Aircraft Hamilcar, currently under development, would be used to transport a single Tetrarch tank or two Universal Carriers. The Tetrarch was chosen because it was an obsolete design, and was therefore available to be used by the airborne forces.
Beginning in January 1944, training exercises were conducted carrying the Tetrarchs and their crews inside Hamilcar gliders. These exercises were successful; during the training by 'C' Squadron of the Glider Pilot Regiment, which specialised in flying the Hamilcars, over 2,800 lifts were made with an average of 50 lifts per crew. When the Tetrarch was re-designated as an airborne tank, several changes were made to its design. A number of tanks had their 2 pounder guns replaced with a 76.2-millimetre (3.00 in) infantry support howitzer; these tanks were then designated as Tetrarch 1 CS (Close Support). Additionally, Littlejohn adaptors were added to those Tetrarchs which still possessed their 2 pounders to increase their muzzle velocity and armour penetration. The Tetrarch experienced several setbacks throughout its development and deployment with the Army and airborne forces. One of the major problems was the limited number of these tanks that existed after production ended in 1942, which particularly affected the airborne forces. The transport of 20 of the tanks to the USSR under the Lend-Lease Act depleted the number available for use by airborne forces, as did the loss of several more during the invasion of Madagascar. This lack of sufficient replacement reserves, combined with a War Office report that some 287 airborne tanks would be required for the 1st Airborne Division and an unnamed airborne division to be formed in India, led to the Tetrarch's eventual replacement by the US M22 Locust.
A number of design faults of the Tetrarch were revealed through its operational use. Its size limited the possible crew to three, a driver in the hull and a gunner and commander in the turret, resulting in too few crew members to operate the Tetrarch effectively. The gunner or commander, in addition to his own duties, had to act as loader for the 2 pounder, which caused delays in combat. A report on the tank written in January 1941 stated that as the commander had to both fight and control the tank, controlling a troop of Tetrarchs during combat would be almost impossible. Problems were also found with the Littlejohn adaptor fitted to the 2-pounder to increase its range and penetration power; after they had been fitted the adapters could not be removed, and could only fire specially designed armour-piercing rounds, which took time to manufacture. The War Office also considered the Tetrarch's cooling system faulty, making the tank unsuitable for service in hotter climates, such as the Middle East and North Africa. The first Tetrarchs were delivered to the Army in November 1940, and were initially deployed with the 1st Armoured Division (which was being refitted after losing the majority of its previous tanks during the Battle of France) and the newly formed 6th Armoured Division. However, the faults discovered with the Tetrarch cooling system precluded them from being integrated into units in North Africa Campaign. Shortly after, all light tanks were discarded from the establishments of British armoured divisions as not suitable for further service. The Tetrarchs remained in Britain, and would probably have been used as training vehicles before being retired from service, but in June 1941 the German invasion of the USSR, Operation Barbarossa began, and the USSR became an ally of Britain. As part of the lend-lease program, the British government began supplying war materials to the USSR, which in early 1942, included a shipment of 20 Tetrarchs, as well as a number of Valentine and Matilda Mk I Infantry tanks. The Soviet military utilised a greater number of light tanks than the British, and so could use the Tetrarchs. When the tanks arrived in the USSR, however, it was apparent that the design problems with the cooling system were also present in cold conditions; additionally, the cold weather had a deleterious effect on the tank's suspension and tracks. Additional testing of the Tetrarchs was conducted by the Soviet military and the design was admired for its controllability, manoeuvrability, and speed, as well its ability to run on low-quality fuel, unlike contemporary Soviet designs. The thinness of the Tetrarch's armour was found to be a problem and one which could not be solved, as the weight of extra armour plating caused an unacceptable reduction in the tank's speed.
Despite these drawbacks in the Tetrarch's design, Soviet authorities believed it to be comparable to the T-70 light tank in use at the time, and decided that it was suitable to be used in combat. in September 1943 two were assigned to the 132nd Separated Tank Battalion, which was attached to the 5th Guards Tank Brigade; both tanks were destroyed in combat. Several were also used for propaganda purposes, appearing in photographs of Soviet troops who were fighting in the Caucasus region. In mid-1941, the Royal Armoured Corps in Britain created three tank squadrons for special overseas operations, known as 'A', 'B' and 'C' Special Service Squadrons. Both 'A' and 'B' Squadrons were equipped with Valentine Infantry tanks and Mark VIc light tanks, but 'C' Squadron was equipped with twelve Tetrarchs transferred from the 2nd Armoured Brigade, 1st Armoured Division. All three squadrons were transported to Inverary in Scotland for intensive training that focused on embarkation and disembarkation from ships and landing craft to prepare them for action in potential amphibious operations. Operation Ironclad, was the invasion of Madagascar, the third largest island in the world and then under Vichy French control. The 29th Brigade formed the core of the invasion force due to its training in amphibious operations, and under its command was 'B' Special Service Squadron, created by amalgamating six Valentines from 'B' Squadron and six Tetrarchs from 'C' Squadron into a single unit. The squadron was formed into four troops, one Headquarters troop of three Valentines and one Tetrarch, one of four Valentines, and two formed from the remaining five Tetrarchs. The invasion force assembled off the west coast of the northern tip of Madagascar on May 4th, near Antsirane and the bay of Diego Suarez. The French line was eventually broken by 29th Brigade, aided by an amphibious assault by Royal Marines; the remaining tanks of 'B' Squadron, two Valentines and three Tetrarchs. The squadron played no further part in the battle, as the Vichy French authorities negotiated a formal surrender the following day, although French troops would continue to engage the British occupying force in guerrilla warfare until late November. 'C' Squadron suffered heavy casualties during the invasion; only one Valentine and three Tetrarchs out of twelve tanks were functional by May 7th, and the squadron had suffered seven killed and six wounded. It remained in Madagascar until early 1943, when it was shipped to India and took part in the Burma Campaign as part of 29th Brigade.
Because of a lack of equipment training facilities in mid-1940, when the British airborne establishment was formed, the War Office was able to accept only 500 volunteers for training as airborne troops. Progress in setting up proper training facilities and acquiring suitable transport aircraft was so slow that the first British airborne operation, Operation Colossus, was conducted by a retrained Commando unit. The 1st Airborne Division, and on January 19th, 1942 the War Office decided that a light tank unit would be one of the support units attached to the division. This unit, designated the Light Tank Squadron, was to be formed of nineteen light tanks and would operate to the fore of the division, using their tanks' speed to capture objectives and then holding them until relieved by other units. The unit immediately began training, but was not attached to the 1st Airborne Division for long; during mid-1943, the division was transported to the Middle East so it could participate in the Allied invasion of Sicily. The squadron was transferred to the 6th Airborne Division, which had been raised in April 1943, and 'C' Squadron remained with it for the rest of the conflict. The squadron continued to train as an air-portable unit, and participated in a number of exercises to prepare for its new duties, including reconnaissance of enemy positions and counter-attacking enemy infantry and armour. In December 1943, the War Office decided to expand the squadron into a regiment equipped with a combination of light tanks and conventional reconnaissance vehicles such as scout cars, and on April 1st, 1944, it was re-designated as the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment. In May 1944, after participating in a further series of exercises and manoeuvres, 'A' Squadron moved from their training area to a transit camp at Tarrant Rushton airfield, while the rest of the regiment moved to RAF Brize Norton airfield the next day; from these two airfields, the regiment would be transported from to participate in the British airborne landings in Normandy. It was tasked with protecting the eastern flank of the Allied seaborne landings, securing strategically important areas east of Caen, capturing several important bridges over the Caen Canal and River Dives, and destroying a coastal artillery battery. Insufficient transport aircraft were available to land all three of the division's brigades simultaneously; one would have to be landed in a second lift later. The Tetrarchs of 'A' Squadron were to play an integral part in this reconnaissance role due to their speed, but the squadron's strength of twenty tanks was severely depleted by the time it landed in Normandy. The squadron's strength was further weakened when two gliders collided with each other in the landing zone, destroying themselves and the Tetrarchs they carried; a third Hamilcar hit another Tetrarch as it was being unloaded and flipped the tank upside down, rendering it unusable, although the crew escaped without injury. The surviving tanks were then rendered temporarily immobile when parachute rigging lines became tangled in their suspensions, forcing their crews to cut the lines away with welding torches.
The squadron retrieved all of the remaining Tetrarchs and advanced to the south of the landing zone to link up with the rest of the regiment; there, they received orders to support the 8th Parachute Battalion in the Bois de Bavent area and conduct reconnaissance duties. The division was reinforced by British troops who were advancing from the invasion beaches and it began to push through Normandy, while the squadron continued its reconnaissance duties. Instead, when the division required armoured support, it summoned it from armoured units outside the division, and the Tetrarchs were used to support infantry patrols and provide fire support. By August, in the division's preparation for the planned breakout from the Normandy bridgehead, the majority of Tetrarchs in 'A' Squadron were replaced with Cromwell fast cruiser tanks; only three Tetrarchs remained, assigned to the Headquarters troop of 'A' Squadron. Operation Tonga was the last that Tetrarchs saw of active combat. During the first week of October 1944, the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment underwent an extensive reorganization, in which it was completely restructured, and all the remaining Tetrarchs were retired.
They were replaced with the M22 Locust, a purpose-built airborne light tank of American design; eight Locusts were used by the regiment in March 1945 during Operation Varsity, the airborne operation to cross the river Rhine. A report issued by the Director (Air) of the War Office in January 1946 confirmed that the Tetrarch design was considered obsolete, and any light tanks used in post-war airborne formations would be entirely new in design. A small number of Tetrarchs remained in service with the 3rd Hussars until 1949; a Hamilcar glider flight was stationed at RAF Fairford, and a troop of Tetrarchs was kept by the regiment for training exercises with the gliders. However, glider training by the regiment was stopped in 1950 and the Tetrarchs withdrawn from service. Surviving Tetrarch are on display at Bovington and Kubinka.
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