#Bogd Khan

[famousdeaths]

Bogd Khan was the khan of the Bogd Khaganate from 1911 to 1924, following the state's de facto independence from the Qing dynasty of China after the Xinhai Revo...

Link: Bogd Khan

[travelella]

Bogd Khan Mountain, Mongolia

Degleex Ganzorig

[elrendaar]

Bogd Khan Mountain, Mongolia.

[cursedjewel]

padme historical references? i didn't know they were so close to these actual headpieces.

the first image is the Grand Duchess Xenia, sister of Tsar Nicholas II, at the 1903 costume ball. source: https://www.hoover.org/events/romanoff-album

the second image is Genepil "(1905–1938), the last queen consort of Mongolia, married to Bogd Khan." i couldn't find any good sources for more info on her but there's another portrait on her wiki: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genepil

[irithnova]

My headcanon of Mongolia and Russias relationship, more focusing on the modern day is that like. From Russias pov, of course Mongolia scared the shit out of him when he was younger but he has a weird sort of respect for him too? I think Russia also enjoyed secretly the begging from Mongolias side for help (under Qing rule Mongolians wrote letters to the Russians for help) , like this person who held such power over him is now pleading, and it made something inside of him pleased, but it was something a bit darker than being just pleased.

He did help Mongolia with independence, but he did have his own motivations for it. He saw strategic value in Mongolia being independent but also in the back of his mind, he knew he wanted Mongolia to stay around and he couldn't really put his finger on why.

Mongolia himself saw Russia as the lesser of two evils and so turned to him for help, and politically really clung to him. For example Mongolia became Asia's first socialist country after Bogd Khan's death, and Mongolia even participated in the Warsaw Pact military treaty as an observer.

I don't think Mongolia necessarily wanted to do all of this but again, he considered being a satellite of Russia the lesser of two evils and so did everything he possibly could to steer free from Chinese influence. There was a referendum held in Mongolia in Oct 1945 (I think) to do with independence from China. 100% of Mongolians who voted, voted for independence, and I'm pretty sure the turnout was close to 100%? Just to emphasise Mongolias fight to stay independent from China. Even if this statistic is not honest, its no doubt the majority of Mongols would have voted for independence from China.

I do think he is grateful that Russia helped with his independence, the Chinese government recognised Mongolias independence in 1946 based on a treaty signed with the Soviets in 1945. However Chinas nationalist government fled to Taiwan and umm basically took it back lel.

In 1955 Soviet Union even lobbied for Mongolias membership of the UN (but then there was the Taiwan problem again, they vetoed the application. lol I might make a separate post on that haha). But he isn't stupid, he knew that Russia had his own motivations for his independence and he wasn't about to just completely bend over and kiss Russias ass, though he did put on a good show (not all of the begging and vulnerability was for show though which he is embarrassed about) Mongolias ego was hurt from this and he was mentally really struggling but he knew he had to put those feelings aside and do what was the best for his people.

However initial help from Russia with Mongolian independence wasn't successful. This promised independence was turned into autonomy under China at a tripartite agreement signed in 1915. This very likely upset and frustrated Mongolia and put a bit more strain on their relationship, but all Russia could do really was shrug his shoulders and apologise.

I think Russia liked the idea of making Mongolia into a puppet state. Again to the idea that he liked seeing this vulnerable side of Mongolia. He wanted to make Mongolia an example of what he wanted other nations who were under his control to be like, almost this weird feeling of like, if I can "tame" Mongolia of all nations I can do it to anyone, it fed into his ego which is another reason why he is strangely fond of Mongolia

I think the fondness also comes from Mongolias help during world war 2 when it came to supplying the red army, which I think he feels genuine thankfulness for and there's no weird secret feelings behind that 😍 One out of 5 horses used by the red army were from Mongolia and one out of 5 jackets were made out of Mongolian wool. Mongolia knew that it was pointless sending troops over as Japan was still a threat, and so focused his efforts more on supplying the red army. Mongolia even had a programme which collected gifts and money for red army soldiers.

The amount that Mongolia gave Russia, considering that it was not a rich or powerful country at the time is honestly impressive. They gave the Russians 500,000 tonnes of meat, a little under the 665,000 tonnes of meat the Americans gave them, and 64, 000 tonnes of wool, compared to the 54,000 the Americans gave. I think Russia himself recognised this and actually felt genuine appreciation for it with no strings attached, another reason behind Russias fondness of Mongolia.

In 1989, after the Berlin wall fell, Mongolia was set free from Soviet control and democratisation was brought to Mongolia. Russian troops were fully withdrawn by 1992. I think Mongolia tried to keep his distance from Russia a little bit after that but there's only so much you can do when he's your neighbour. I think he wanted to try and have a taste of true freedom again for a bit - without Russian influence.

But I think he did cave in and began to regularly check in on Russia after the fall of the USSR as he himself knows what its like to lose everything and just.. That old kind of mentor mindset coming back but obviously this time round Russia is a grown man and a more powerful nation so he definitely was not bossing him around haha.

Another part of Russias strange fondness is that, ringing back to the Mongol invasions, though the Mongol invasions traumatised him, he sees it as partly what made him who he is today? Mongolia wasn't sadistic towards Russia when they interacted. I think Mongolia wanted to be an older mentor figure towards Russia, like he was with the Koreas. But because Russia was a bit more sensitive and shy compared to the Koreas, he was a little more harsh towards him? I'm not sure if that's the correct word to use. Perhaps slightly more curt/blunt? But he did this out of some genuine want to help him, "how can you survive as a country if you cry at such small things?".

Nowadays, they're good with each other but there is definitely some tension, especially with Mongolia being landlocked by two giants and trying to balance that out. Also Mongolia is still sore about Lake Baigal tbh lol. There's also the treatment of Mongolic ethnic minorities in Russia (like the Buryats) which is a complicated issue.

I love seeing fanart of them when its like. Russia grabbing Mongolia by the hand and enthusiastically dragging him somewhere and Mongolia just looking so done haha I've seen quite a few of those, their relationship nowadays in a nutshell.

They definitely go drinking with each other and show their friendship towards each other in subtle ways, like sliding a small gift to the other if its nearing a national holiday. There is the altargana festival that is held in which Russia, Mongolia and China which aims to bring Buryats from these 3 countries together. The first one was held in 1993 in Mongolia, and it moves around nations. I think thet have fun attending that together and helping with organising it.

Depending on their work schedules sometimes they invite each other over for some holidays too. Also, I headcanon that Mongolia is one of the only nations whos like. Not afraid or creeped out by Russia so Russia finds it easy to just gravitate towards Mongolia when he is bored and needs someone to talk to during meetings and nation get togethers and whatnot because he knows he won't run away hahah. Both are aware of the weird dynamic between them but kinda just go with it.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.21 (before 1950)

1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdinand of Majorca and the forces of Matilda of Hainaut, ends in victory for Ferdinand. 1371 – Robert II becomes King of Scotland, beginning the Stuart dynasty. 1495 – King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne. 1632 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, the dedicatee, receives the first printed copy of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. 1651 – St. Peter's Flood: A storm surge floods the Frisian coast, drowning 15,000 people. 1744 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Battle of Toulon causes several Royal Navy captains to be court-martialed, and the Articles of War to be amended. 1770 – British customs officer Ebenezer Richardson fires blindly into a crowd during a protest in North End, Boston, fatally wounding 11-year-old Christopher Seider; the first American fatality of the American Revolution 1797 – The last Invasion of Britain begins near Fishguard, Wales. 1819 – By the Adams–Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million U.S. dollars. 1847 – Mexican–American War: The Battle of Buena Vista: Five thousand American troops defeat 15,000 Mexican troops. 1848 – The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins. 1856 – The United States Republican Party opens its first national convention in Pittsburgh. 1862 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated for a six-year term as the President of the Confederate States of America in Richmond, Virginia. He was previously inaugurated as a provisional president on February 18, 1861. 1872 – The Prohibition Party holds its first national convention in Columbus, Ohio, nominating James Black as its presidential nominee. 1879 – In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many of five-and-dime Woolworth stores. 1881 – Cleopatra's Needle, a 3,500-year-old Ancient Egyptian obelisk is erected in Central Park, New York. 1889 – President Grover Cleveland signs a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states. 1899 – Filipino forces led by General Antonio Luna launch counterattacks for the first time against the American forces during the Philippine–American War. The Filipinos fail to regain Manila from the Americans. 1904 – The United Kingdom sells a meteorological station on the South Orkney Islands to Argentina; the islands are subsequently claimed by the United Kingdom in 1908. 1909 – The sixteen battleships of the Great White Fleet, led by USS Connecticut, return to the United States after a voyage around the world. 1921 – After Russian forces under Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg drive the Chinese out, the Bogd Khan is reinstalled as the emperor of Mongolia. 1942 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as the Japanese victory becomes inevitable. 1943 – World War II: Members of the White Rose resistance, Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, and Christoph Probst are executed in Nazi Germany. 1944 – World War II: American aircraft mistakenly bomb the Dutch towns of Nijmegen, Arnhem, Enschede and Deventer, resulting in 800 dead in Nijmegen alone.[ 1944 – World War II: The Soviet Red Army recaptures Krivoi Rog. 1946 – The "Long Telegram", proposing how the United States should deal with the Soviet Union, arrives from the US embassy in Moscow.

[ask-but-beware-the-consequences]

The best places to find out about mongolian fashion is museum. The mongolian history museum, bogd khan musuem, chinghis khan museum are reliable sources, but i don't know how good their site is, you'll have to find out yourself.

Mongolia is multi ethnic, over twenty something and each ethnicity has their own unique fashion--don't mix them. Pay attention to their unique designs and you'll be golden. Also like all countries we had fashion changes over the years. Дээлтэй монгол өдөр (day of mongolia with deel? Dunno how to translate it) is good event to see these deels in motion.

And yeah, find books about them, ask mongolians, follow modern mongolian designers/brands, heck even mongolian marketplaces have stuff in them. Goodluck.

Oh that's very kind of you! Thanks for your help, I always loved researches

[tikhanovlibrary]

Asian Odyssey by Dmitri Alioshin

Baron Ungern-Sternberg was a violent warlord who fought for Mongolian Independence under the Bogd Khanate in the 1920s. He quickly made a name for himself for both his fearlessness and ruthless cruelty. Believing himself to be the reincarnation of Genghis Khan, the Baron wanted to unify Buddhist Asia under a single banner, and then march on the West in a messianic war against the modern world. An article titled "The vanishing fascination of truly anonymous authors" which appeared on The Guardian in 2011 makes the claim that "Alioshin disappeared after the first world war, and since his publisher's records were destroyed by a bomb, it is unknown what became of him, or whether in fact that was his real name." In the English speaking world, Dmitri Alioshin stands in almost total obscurity, without a single scrap of secondary literature. Much more famous is the mad warlord he served under, Baron Ungern-Sternberg. Despite that, without Dmitri Alioshin, there would be no Baron Ungern-Sternberg. Asian Odyssey remains the only dependable source on the Baron's activities in Mongolia, and describes in detail the events of his life during the war as well as his eventual death. Asian Odyssey is out now in paperback, and available for free in epub format: https://tikhanovlibrary.com/asian-odyssey.html

[concupiscience]

Ladies of the Khalkha Mongol Nobility at Bogd Khan

[ainews]

Mongolia's Altai Tavan Bogd National Park is home to one of the country's most spectacular natural wonders — the Olgii Khairkhan Mountain.

The mountain is the highest peak in Mongolia's westernmost province, the Bayan Ulgii, and stands at a mighty 4374 meters (14,348 feet). Its summit is often covered in snow, even during the warmest months of summer, making it an ideal spot for hikers and photographers alike.

The mountain's striking beauty is enhanced by the mix of rocky terrain and grassy plains surrounding it. In the spring, the plains are painted with vibrant wildflowers and the area is abundant with wildlife. Visitors may catch a glimpse of ibex, argali sheep, and other animals that call the mountain home.

The mountain is also steeped in history and culture. It is said to be the burial site of the ancient Mongolian leader, Genghis Khan. A nearby monastery, Olgii Khairkhan Monastery, is a popular destination for pilgrims and tourists alike.

For those looking to explore the mountain, there are several hiking trails that lead to its summit. The trails vary in difficulty and can take anywhere from a few hours to several days to complete.

No matter how you decide to experience Olgii Khairkhan Mountain, it's sure to be an unforgettable experience.

[travelella]

Bogd Khan Mountain, Mongolia

Degleex Ganzorig

[flagzworld]

Flag Of Mongolia

The practice of the Flag of Mongolia stretches out back for about 100 years. The verifiable scenery of the Mongolia flag follows as far as possible back to the Bogd Khan Domain, which procured independence from China in 1911. He remembered the picture of Soyombo for the domain flag. By 1940, the present-day Mongolian flag was first introduced. Despite the continuous flag, there was a star over the soyombo picture on the flag.

https://flagzworld.wordpress.com/2022/12/28/flag-of-mongolia/

[gouachevalier]

22 February 1921: Restoration of the Bogd Khanate

On this day in 1921, the Bogd Khan was restored to the throne of Mongolia. As the highest ranking religious figure in Mongolia, he had declared the independence of Outer Mongolia from the Qing Empire during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911. The Bogd Khan had then ruled the country for the next eight years before being ousted from power by the Chinese, who reoccupied the country in 1919. 

In 1920, the White Russian Asiatic Cavalry Division under the command of Major General Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg swept into Mongolia from the north and fought many battles with the Chinese garrison stationed in the Mongol capital of Urga (present day Ulaanbaatar). When Baron Ungern’s forces failed to seize Urga in late 1920, the Bogd Khan was confined to Manjusri Monastery; he was then freed and reinstated by Ungern shortly before taking Urga on 4 February 1921.

Baron Ungern, accompanied by local Mongol lamas and princes, escorted the Bogd Khan to Urga on 21 February 1921. The next day a solemn ceremony took place, reinstalling the Bogd Khan as ruler of Mongolia. For his service, Baron Ungern was promoted to Lieutenant General by Grigory Semyonov, Ataman of the Baikal Cossacks, and the Bogd Khan granted him the high hereditary title of Darkhan Khoshoi Chin Wang. 

[theres-something-complicated]

Latest wife of Bogd Khan about to be killed during great repression of Mongolia.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.22

1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdinand of Majorca and the forces of Matilda of Hainaut, ends in victory for Ferdinand. 1371 – Robert II becomes King of Scotland, beginning the Stuart dynasty. 1495 – King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne. 1632 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, the dedicatee, receives the first printed copy of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1651 – St. Peter's Flood: A storm surge floods the Frisian coast, drowning 15,000 people. 1744 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Battle of Toulon causes several Royal Navy captains to be court-martialed, and the Articles of War to be amended. 1797 – The last Invasion of Britain begins near Fishguard, Wales. 1819 – By the Adams–Onís Treaty, Spain sells Florida to the United States for five million U.S. dollars. 1847 – Mexican–American War: The Battle of Buena Vista: Five thousand American troops defeat 15,000 Mexican troops. 1848 – The French Revolution of 1848, which would lead to the establishment of the French Second Republic, begins. 1856 – The United States Republican Party opens its first national convention in Pittsburgh. 1862 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated for a six-year term as the President of the Confederate States of America in Richmond, Virginia. He was previously inaugurated as a provisional president on February 18, 1861. 1872 – The Prohibition Party holds its first national convention in Columbus, Ohio, nominating James Black as its presidential nominee. 1879 – In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many of five-and-dime Woolworth stores. 1881 – Cleopatra's Needle, a 3,500-year-old Ancient Egyptian obelisk is erected in Central Park, New York. 1889 – President Grover Cleveland signs a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states. 1899 – Filipino forces led by General Antonio Luna launch counterattacks for the first time against the American forces during the Philippine–American War. The Filipinos fail to regain Manila from the Americans. 1901 – San Francisco: Pacific mail steamer sinks in Golden Gate harbor; 128 passengers killed. 1904 – The United Kingdom sells a meteorological station on the South Orkney Islands to Argentina; the islands are subsequently claimed by the United Kingdom in 1908. 1909 – The sixteen battleships of the Great White Fleet, led by USS Connecticut, return to the United States after a voyage around the world. 1921 – After Russian forces under Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg drive the Chinese out, the Bogd Khan is reinstalled as the emperor of Mongolia. 1942 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as the Japanese victory becomes inevitable. 1943 – World War II: Members of the White Rose resistance, Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, and Christoph Probst are executed in Nazi Germany. 1944 – World War II: American aircraft mistakenly bomb the Dutch towns of Nijmegen, Arnhem, Enschede and Deventer, resulting in 800 dead in Nijmegen alone. 1944 – World War II: The Soviet Red Army recaptures Krivoi Rog. 1946 – The "Long Telegram", proposing how the United States should deal with the Soviet Union, arrives from the US embassy in Moscow. 1957 – Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam survives a communist shooting assassination attempt in Buôn Ma Thuột. 1958 – Following a plebiscite in both countries the previous day, Egypt and Syria join to form the United Arab Republic. 1959 – Lee Petty wins the first Daytona 500. 1972 – The Official Irish Republican Army detonates a car bomb at Aldershot barracks, killing seven and injuring nineteen others. 1973 – Cold War: Following President Richard Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China, the two countries agree to establish liaison offices. 1974 – The Organisation of the Islamic Conference summit begins in Lahore, Pakistan. Thirty-seven countries attend and twenty-two heads of state and government participate. It also recognizes Bangladesh. 1974 – Samuel Byck attempts to hijack an aircraft at Baltimore/Washington International Airport with the intention of crashing it into the White House to assassinate Richard Nixon, but is killed by police. 1979 – Saint Lucia gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1980 – Miracle on Ice: In Lake Placid, New York, the United States hockey team defeats the Soviet Union hockey team 4–3. 1983 – The notorious Broadway flop Moose Murders opens and closes on the same night at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. 1986 – Start of the People Power Revolution in the Philippines. 1994 – Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged by the United States Department of Justice with spying for the Soviet Union. 1995 – The Corona reconnaissance satellite program, in existence from 1959 to 1972, is declassified. 1997 – In Roslin, Midlothian, British scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly has been successfully cloned. 2002 – Angolan political and rebel leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in a military ambush. 2005 – The 6.4 Mw  Zarand earthquake shakes the Kerman Province of Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 612 people dead and 1,411 injured. 2006 – At approximately 6:44 a.m. local Iraqi time, explosions occurred at the al-Askari Shrine in Samara, Iraq. The attack on the shrine, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, caused the escalation of sectarian tensions in Iraq into a full-scale civil war. 2006 – At least six men stage Britain's biggest robbery, stealing £53m (about $92.5 million or €78 million) from a Securitas depot in Tonbridge, Kent. 2011 – New Zealand's second deadliest earthquake strikes Christchurch, killing 185 people. 2011 – Bahraini uprising: Tens of thousands of people march in protest against the deaths of seven victims killed by police and army forces during previous protests. 2012 – A train crash in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 51 people and injures 700 others. 2014 – President Viktor Yanukovych of Ukraine is impeached by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine by a vote of 328–0, fulfilling a major goal of the Euromaidan rebellion. 2015 – A ferry carrying 100 passengers capsizes in the Padma River, killing 70 people. 2018 – A man throws a grenade at the U.S embassy in Podgorica, Montenegro. He dies at the scene from a second explosion, with no one else hurt.

[matarifes]

UNGERN-STERNBERG: EL BARON SANGUINARIO. Vía Cultura Transversal.

por Claudio Mutti – En un discurso pronunciado en Hamburgo el 28 de abril de 1924, Oswald Spengler evocó la figura del Barón von Ungern-Sternberg, que cuatro años antes había reunido un ejército “con el que en un breve tiempo se había asegurado del Asia Central.  Este hombre – dice Spengler – logro atraerse a las poblaciones de extensos parajes en forma incondicional y si lo hubiese pretendido y si los bolcheviques no logran suprimirlo, no es posible esbozar el aspecto que afectaría el mapa de Asia[1].  EL Barón Ungern-Sternberg ya había pasado a la historia.  Y a la leyenda.

Del conocido libro de Fernando Ossendowski: Bestias, hombres y dioses[2], a las noveladas biografías de Vladimir Pozner[3] y Berndt Krauthoff[4], que atrajeron respectivamente la atención de René Guénon[5] y de Julius Evola[6]; de la película soviética Ego zovut Suche Batur, dirigida en 1942 por Alexandr Zarchi y Josif Chejfiz (con Nikolaj Cerkasov en el rol negativo del héroe Ungern) a los cómics de Hugo Pratt[7] de la serie “Corto Maltés”; desde las novelas de Jean Mabire[8] y de Renato Monteleone[9] hasta la pintura de la artista siberiano Evgenij Vigiljanskij, la leyenda del “Barón sanguinario” ha continuado a ejercitar su fascinación.  En la Rusia postsoviética, donde Leonid Juzefovich[10] ha publicado la más reciente biografía del Barón, el mito de Ungern está particularmente vivo en las actuales corrientes eurasiatistas y neoimperiales, que miran a este personaje como uno de sus precursores[11].

Según la Gran Enciclopedia Soviética, Roman Fedorovich Ungern von Sternberg nació el 10 (22) de Enero de 1886 en la isla de Dago (hoy Hiiumaa Saar, en Estonia) y muere el 15 de septiembre 1921 en Novonikolaevsk (hoy Novosibirsk).  Algunas fuentes “occidentales”, sin embargo, lo hacen nacer el 29 de diciembre de 1885 en Austria, en Graz; en relación a su muerte, oscilan entre el 17 de septiembre y el 12 de diciembre de 1921 y proponen Novonikolaevsk o Verkhne-Udinsk (Ulan Ude, entre la costa sureste del Baikal y la frontera mongola).

En cualquier caso, la familia del barón Roman Fedorovich (emparentada entre otras con la del conde Hermann Keyserling) pertenecía a la nobleza báltica de lengua alemana y estaba presente sea en Estonia como en Letonia: en 1929 un miembro de la familia recordaba sus vicisitudes en Riga, durante la invasión bolchevique[12] .  El Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels se ocupa ampliamente de los Ungern-Sternberg[13], identificando al fundador en un Johannes de Hungría (“Her Hanss v. Ungernn”), cuya existencia está atestiguada en un documento con fecha de 1232.  Sobre el dato del origen magiar, se insertaron algunas leyendas: una que vinculaban a los Ungern con los Hunos, otra que les hacía descender de un nieto de Genghis Khan que en el siglo XIII se había ceñido el cinto de Buda.

Y precisamente del fundador del Imperio mongol, Roman Fedorovic habría heredado un anillo de rubí con la esvástica y, según otra versión, le habría consignado el Kutuktu, el Buda viviente de Urga, tercera autoridad en la jerarquía lamaísta después del Dalai Lama de Lhasa y el  Panchen Lama de Tashi-lhumpo.

Completados los estudios en la Escuela de Reval, el Barón asistió a la escuela de cadetes de San Petersburgo; en 1909 pasó un breve período de tiempo con un regimiento de cosacos con sede en Chita, en Transbaikalia, luego se dirigió a Mongolia.  Aquí, gracias a su afiliación budista, que le fue transmitida por su abuelo paterno, Roman Fedorovic pudo entrar en relación con el Buda Viviente.  En 1911, cuando los chinos son expulsados de Mongolia y el Buda Viviente se convierte en el soberano del país, el Barón recibe un puesto de mando en la caballería mongola.  En aquel período, un oráculo shamánico le revela que en él se deberá manifestar una divina potencia guerrera.

En 1912 Roman Fedorovic está en Europa.  Al estallido del conflicto, deja París para unirse bajo los estandartes del Zar, con el Barón va una muchacha llamada Daniela, quien perecerá en un naufragio en el Mar Báltico.  En 1915 combate en Galicia y en Volinia, reportando cuatro heridas y ganando dos de las más altas condecoraciones: la Cruz de San Jorge y la Espada de Honor.  En 1916 está sobre el frente armenio, donde se rencuentra con el atamán (jefe cosaco) Semenov, a quién había conocido en Mongolia.  En agosto de 1917, partió después a Reval para organizar algunos destacamentos Buriatos y utilizarlos contra los bolcheviques, Ungern alcanza a Semenov en Transbaikalia; aquí se convierte en el Jefe de Estado Mayor del primer ejército “blanco” y organiza una División Asiática de Caballería (Aziatskaja konaja divizija) en la que confluyen mongoles, buriatos, rusos, cosacos, caucásicos, también tibetanos, coreanos, japoneses y chinos.  La División Asiática de Caballería opera por todo el año de 1918 en los territorios orientales de la Siberia, entre el Baikal y la Manchuria.

Después de la evacuación japonesa de la Transbaikalia, la sucesiva ocupación china de la Mongolia y la instauración de un soviet “mongol”, bajo la dirección de un judío de nombre Scheinemann y de un pope renegado llamado Parnikov, el general Ungern se dirige hacia la Mongolia a la cabeza de sus caballeros.  El 3 de febrero de 1921 arremete contra Urga, obligando a huir a la guarnición china, despedazando a un refuerzo enemigo de seis mil hombres y barriendo al soviet local.  El Buda Viviente Jebtsu Damba, liberado de la cárcel y reintegrado en su reino, confiere a Ungern, que de ahora en adelante será Ungern Khan, el título de “Primer Señor de la Mongolia y Representante del Sacro Monarca”.  El tercer jerarca del Budismo Lamaísta reconoce en Ungern una cratofanía (manifestación de poder) proveniente del mismo principio espiritual.

Ungern había declarado desde el 25 de febrero de 1919, en la Conferencia de Panmongola di Chita, su propia intención de restaurar la teocracia lamaísta, creando una Gran Mongolia desde Baikal al Tíbet y convirtiéndola en punto de partida para una gran cabalgata contra occidente, sobre las huellas de Gengis Khan.  El verdadero objetivo de Ungern Khan no era una pura y simple destrucción del poder soviético, sino una lucha general contra el mundo nacido de la Revolución Francesa, hasta la instauración de un orden teocrático y tradicional en toda Eurasia.  Esto explica, por un lado, la falta de simpatía que gozó Ungern entre los ambientes “blancos” y, por otro lado, el gran interés que suscitó su proyecto también fuera de los círculos lamaístas, especialmente entre los musulmanes de Asia Central.

Vistiendo la túnica amarilla bajo su manto de oficial imperial, a la cabeza de un ejército a caballo y elevando como propia insignia el estandarte con el zócalo y la esvástica, el 20 de mayo de 1921 Ungern Khan deja Urga y penetra en territorio soviético en Troitskosavsk (Kiakhta), bordeando las defensas bolcheviques.  Luego imparte la orden aparentemente insensata de ejecutar un viraje hacia el occidente y luego hacia el sur, en dirección hacia los Altai y Zungaria.  Su intención, como él mismo declara a su único amigo, el general Boris Rjesusin, es cruzar el Hsin Kiang para alcanzar a la “fortaleza espiritual tibetana”.  “Él – escribe Pío Filippani Ronconi – se mueve solitario hacia una dirección que no tenía más relación con la realidad geográfica del lugar y militar de la situación, en el postrero intento, no de salvar la vida, sino de religarse, antes de su muerte, con el propio principio metafísico: el Rey del Mundo”[14].

El 21 de agosto, el bandido calmuco Ja Lama, después de haber hospedado a Ungern en su propia yurta, le entrega a “los partidarios de Jenisej” de P. E. Shcetinkin.  El general Bljucher, comandante del ejército revolucionario del pueblo de la República del Extremo Oriente y futuro mariscal de la URSS, trata en vano de convencerle para que se incorpore al ejército soviético.  El 15 de septiembre Ungern es juzgado en Novonikolaevsk por el tribunal extraordinario de la Siberia.  Declarado culpable por haber querido crear un Estado asiático vasallo del Imperio nipón y haber preparado el derrocamiento del poder soviético para restaurar la monarquía de los Romanov, es condenado a muerte por fusilamiento.  Después de la muerte de Ungern, el anillo con la esvástica habría terminado en posesión de Bljucher.  Se dice que después del fusilamiento de este último, producido en 1936, el anillo habría pasado a manos del mariscal Zhukov.

Sea dicho también que por varios años circuló entorno a la muerte de Ungern Khan una versión muy diversa.  “En los años cincuenta –escribe Sergio Canciani in Roulette russa, Castelvecchi Rx, Roma 2012, p. 160- algunos periódicos vieneses escribieron que von Ungern, no tan envejecido,  habría sido reconocido por un veterano de la Legión Checa mientras bebía un schnaps en el Café Mozart, frente a la Albertina, siempre con prestancia como corresponde a un oficial de sangre báltico-prusiana”.

Sobre el fusilamiento de Ungern se mostró incrédulo René Guénon, en la citada recensión del libro de Pozner, aparecida en el número de “Estudios Tradicionales” de enero de 1938.  La traducción va a continuación:

Este libro es un relato “novelado” y demasiado “lúgubre”, por un evidente espíritu de hostilidad partidista, de la agitada carrera del barón von Ungern-Sternberg, de quien ya se había tratado hace tiempo, por lo demás bajo un aspecto diferente, en la obra de Ferdinand Ossendowski, Bêtes, Hommes et Dieux. Lo verdaderamente curioso es que la propia existencia del personaje fue entonces puesta en duda por algunos, y lo mismo se produce de nuevo esta vez; no obstante, perteneció a una familia del Báltico muy conocida, emparentada con la del conde Hermann Keyserling, una carta del cual se reproduce en el libro. Puede no carecer de interés, para algunos, que aclaremos un poco las cosas y elucidemos una historia que parece haber sido conscientemente manipulada; con este propósito, citaremos los principales pasajes de algunas cartas escritas en 1924 por el mayor Antoni Alexandrowicz, oficial polaco que estuvo, como comandante de la artillería mongola, bajo las órdenes directas del barón von Ungern-Sternberg entre 1918 y 1919, ya que nos parece que ofrecen en este punto la idea más justa: “El barón Ungern era un hombre extraordinario, de una naturaleza muy complicada, tanto desde el punto de vista psicológico como político. Por indicar de una manera muy simple sus rasgos característicos, podríamos formularlos así: 1º, era un enconado adversario del bolchevismo, en el que veía un enemigo de la humanidad y de sus valores espirituales; 2º, despreciaba a los rusos, que a sus ojos habían traicionado al Entente, habiendo roto durante la guerra su juramento de fidelidad al Zar, y después a los dos gobiernos revolucionarios, habiendo aceptado a continuación el gobierno bolchevique; 3º, apenas se relacionaba con ningún ruso, y solamente frecuentaba a los extranjeros (y también a los polacos, a quienes estimaba a causa de su lucha contra Rusia); entre los rusos, prefería las gentes simples a los intelectuales, al estar menos corrompidos; 4º, era un místico y un budista; abrigaba el pensamiento de fundar una orden de venganza contra la guerra; 5º, consideraba la fundación de un gran imperio asiático en lucha contra la cultura materialista de Europa y la Rusia soviética; 6º, estaba en contacto con el Dalai-Lama, el “Buda viviente”, y con los representantes del Islam en Asia, y poseía el título de sacerdote y de Khan mongol; 7º, era brutal y despiadado como sólo un asceta y un sectario pueden serlo; su falta de sensibilidad superaba lo imaginable, y en su presencia uno parecería encontrarse frente a un ser incorpóreo, con un alma fría como el hielo, que no conocía ni el dolor, ni la piedad, ni la alegría, ni la tristeza; 8º, poseía una inteligencia superior y de extensos conocimientos; no existía tema alguno sobre el cual no pudiera emitir una opinión juiciosa; de un golpe de vista, juzgaba el valor del hombre que tenía enfrente… A principios de junio de 1918, un Lama predijo al barón Ungern que sería herido a finales de ese mismo mes, que encontraría la muerte después de que su ejército hubiera entrado en Mongolia y que su gloria se extendería por todo el mundo. Efectivamente, al amanecer del 28 de junio, los bolcheviques atacaron la estación de Dauria… y el barón resultó herido de bala en el costado izquierdo, cerca del corazón. Igualmente, la predicción se realizó en lo que concierne a su muerte: ésta se produjo en el momento en el que la gloria de su victoria recorría el mundo entero”.

La última frase es quizá excesiva, a juzgar por las discusiones a las que hemos aludido en un principio; pero lo que parece seguro es que nunca fue capturado por los bolcheviques y que, aunque muy joven todavía, murió de muerte natural, contrariamente a la versión de Vladimir Pozner. Los lectores de éste podrán además ver, después de estas indicaciones, si un personaje semejante pudo no haber sido en el fondo, como él insinúa, más que un simple agente al servicio de Japón, o si verdaderamente actuó movido por influencias de un orden muy distinto; añadiremos a propósito de esto que él no fue precisamente lo que podría llamarse un “neo-budista”, pues, según algunas informaciones que nos han llegado por otras fuentes, la adhesión de su familia al Budismo se remontaba a tres generaciones. Por otra parte, se ha señalado recientemente que ciertos fenómenos de “obsesión” se produjeron en el castillo de Ungern; ¿no se trataría de la manifestación de algunos “residuos psíquicos” en conexión más o menos directa con toda esta historia?

Traducción del texto del prof. Claudio Mutti: Francisco de la Torre

NOTAS

[1] O. Spengler: Seis Ensayos, Editorial Mundo Nuevo, Santiago de Chile, 1937, p. 72

[2] F. Ossendowski:  Bestias, hombres y dioses, M. Aguilar, Madrid, s.a.

[3] V. Pozner, Le mors aux dents, Denoël, Paris 1937.

[4] B. Krauthoff, Ich befehle. Kampf und Tragödie des Barons Ungern-Sternberg, Carl Schünemann Verlag, Bremen 1938. Este libro, come también aquel de Pozner, reelabora a partir de los datos provistos por un testigo: Essaul Makejev, Bog voiny, Baron Ungern (Il dio della guerra, il Barone Ungern), Shangai 1926.

[5] R. Guénon, Rec. en Le Théosophisme, Éditions Traditionnelles, Paris 1978, p. 411-414.

[6] J. Evola, Rec. in Esplorazioni e disamine. Gli scritti di “Bibliografia Fascista”, vol. I, Edizioni all’insegna del Veltro, Parma 1994, pp. 249-253.

[7] El Barón Ungern es también uno de los principales personajes de la novela de Hugo Pratt: Corto Maltés. En Siberia, Norma Editorial, Barcelona, 2000

[8] J. Mabire, Ungern, le dieu de la guerre, Art et Histoire d’Europe, París 1987.

[9] R. Monteleone, Il quarantesimo orso, Gribaudo, Torino 1995

[10] L. Juzefovich, Samoderzhec pustyni (El autócrata del desierto), Ellis luck, Moskva 1993.

[11] Ungern Khan: un “eurasista in sella”?  Éste es el título que Aldo Ferrari dio a un subcapítulo de su estudio sobre las corrientes eurasiatistas rusas y concluye reconociendo como el Barón Ungern-Sternberg “se ha convertido en la cultura rusa post-soviética en una especie de personaje totémico del renacimiento eurasiatista, por lo menos en su tendencia radical y esotérica”. (A. Ferrari, La foresta e la steppa. Il mito dell’Eurasia nella cultura russa, Scheiwiller, Milano 2003, p. 240).  Aldo Ferrari cita después estas palabras del exponente más conocido del eurasiatismo ruso moderno, Aleksandr Dugin: “En la persona de Ungern-Kan de nuevo se unieron en una sola las fuerzas secretas que animaban las formas supremas de la sacralidad continental: los ecos de la alianza entre Godos y Hunos, la fidelidad rusa a la Tradición Oriental, el significado geopolítico de las tierras de Mongolia, patria de Gengis Kan” (A. Dugin, Rusia, El Misterio de Eurasia, Grupo Libro 88, S.A., Madrid, 1992, p. 148). (En 1991, bajo el seudónimo de “Leonid Ochotin”, Aleksandr Dugin publicó en el N° 1 de “Giperboreja”, págs. 87-92, un artículo sobre Ungern Sternberg: Bezumny bog voiny).  Un parangón de esta imagen de Ungern Khan, aparece a un cuanto infeliz, por reductiva y banal, bajo el título por el cual han sido recogidos recientemente en Hungría algunos escritos de diversos autores concernientes al personaje en cuestión: Az antikommunista. Roman Ungern-Sternberg barorol. Válogatott tanulmányok [El anticomunista. Sobre el Barón Roman Ungern-Sternberg. Estudios seleccionados], Nemzetek Europaja Kiadó, Budapest 2002.

[12] A. v. Ungern-Sternberg, Unsere Erlebnisse in der Zeit der Herrschaft Bolschewiken in Riga vom 3. Januar bis zum 22. Mai 1919, Kommissions Verlag von Ernst Plates, Riga 1929.

[13] Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, bearbeitet unter Aufsicht des Ausschusses fur adelsrechtliche Fragen der deutschen Adelsverbande in Gemeinschaft mit dem Deutschen Adelsarchiv, Band 4 der Gesamtreihe, Verlag von C.A. Starke, Glucksburg/Ostsee 1952, pp. 457-479. En 1884 apareció en Alemania una publicación dedicada específicamente a los Ungern-Sternberg (Nachrichten uber des Geschlecht Ungern-Sternberg), que reproduce escudos, insignias, signos y las firmas autógrafas de varios miembros de la familia.

[14] Filippani Ronconi, Un tempo, un destino, “Vie della Tradizione”, n. 82, aprile-giugno 1991, p. 59

Extraído de: Eurasia. Rivista di studi geopolitici