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contentsimplebooks · 3 years ago

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Business ideas in Sri Lanka

Business Ideas in Sri Lanka may be a tad bit hard to come by and executing them may seem downright discouraging at times but however, nothing good ever comes without risks. Are you tired of being trapped on a systemic job? It doesn't matter what role you hold and how much money you make at your full-time work; if you look into it, in a sustained long run, becoming self-employed is even more helpful than having stable work with a mediocre salary. The majority desires are to be an entrepreneur, and the majority of people have it on their bucket list but many fall short on their own dreams.

To foreigners who are looking to invest in Sri Lanka, it is essentially a prosperous island nation situated in the Indian Oceanic region with a long line of rich history with a booming economy in the South Asia region. In general, the country's economy has grown at a rapid pace in recent years as it works to transform into an upper-middle-income nation, the government is currently concentrating on long-term strategic and operational development issues. Agriculture, plantation, export, food processing, and telecommunications are the most established business sectors.

You can become lost among so many small Business Ideas in Sri Lanka for this modern day that you don't know which ones are worth pursuing. So, when it comes to new businesses, e-commerce has played a significant role in the worldwide sector, while Sri Lanka is currently experimenting with new practices and techniques. To be an entrepreneur, you don't need high-value investments or extensive firm premises with the aid of Internet enabled facilities and in certain cases, you may be able to actually run your own business from home using your laptop or mobile phone, but in others, you will need to rent small company space which could be minimized with the pandemic has made it a practical application of Working from Home which may not only be proven efficient but also slightly more effective to a certain degree.

To lay the first foundation for your Business Ideas in Sri Lanka, you must have a well-thought-out and well-drawn up execution plan. To ensure the best possible outcomes, you should conduct a thorough market study and identify a specialized market. A thorough examination of competition analysis and marketing tactics will also pave the way for you to have a comprehensive understanding of the industry in which you will be involved.

When it comes to initial finances (which may depend on your company structure), you may usually invest your existing cash on hand, get investments from your friends & family and if your business grows, you may seek financial assistance from institutions such as Venture Capitalists, Commercial Banks and even Governmental Banks, which provides loans with lower interest rates and longer repayment periods to entrepreneurs.

An interesting ideology one can take when starting their own businesses is to solve an existing problem that Sri Lankans face in their day to day lives. Consumers will continually look for answers as long as they persist to have the same recurring issues. People will constantly seek better, quicker, and more intelligent ways to complete daily activities. And, thankfully for businesses, as evident by many real world examples, highlights that there is still a lot of space for development no matter the industry you choose to engage with or the issue you hope to tackle. However, for most entrepreneurs, the most difficult part is identifying these underlying issues and pairing them with the best available solutions in the most effective and efficient way possible.

The process of testing and evaluating a product/business concept before launching is known as idea validation. The core purpose behind idea validation is to show your future product to the end consumer and observe how they react when released. Many entrepreneurs struggle to validate their own business ideas because they tend to get fixated on the wrong aspects and nonrelevant perceptions. Rather than asking, whether my business idea is good, they should be asking if their business idea would be beneficial and important to any group of consumers out there.

A different approach to validating your business idea would be that refraining to ask yourself and your closest friends & family, But just let your market decide instead. The difficulty with our first technique is that it only works if your idea is applicable mostly to you or others within your environment. What if your idea only appeals to a certain group of people? Or demographics that are distinct from your own and those in your environment. This occurs more frequently than you may believe. So, what are you to do next? Well market research, as well as trial and error, are all part of the process.

However, if you weren’t able to come up with your own business idea, then it's time to pay a closer look at what the best in the field is doing. Here's the twist. After you've looked at what others are doing, attempt to find out what they aren't doing or figure out how you can do it better than them (more effectively or efficiently).

The process of finalizing your idea and launching a company is merely the start. It is usually a good idea to legalize your business before starting a new enterprise. As a result, it makes it easier to obtain financial and expert assistance without much difficulty. Before you spend your investments hastily, be sure you have all of the necessary skills to make it work well within the firm itself. Entrepreneurs who have tried unsuccessfully several times purely because they didn't have proper procedures and structures in place to improve their business idea along the road without adjusting to the changing market and its needs are the most typical cliché reason for failures commonly seen.

In Sri Lanka, the government law offers a variety of company types for new businesses. A sole proprietorship, partnerships, or limited liability (public or private limited) businesses are the most common among new ventures. In a sole proprietorship, you will be completely accountable for all of the firm's responsibilities. This is the simplest way to start a business in Sri Lanka but probably the most riskiest as you grow along. The business structure of a partnership is quite similar to that of a sole proprietorship with an added difference of having several owners (2-20 partners), which is a huge distinction. Another most common business form among start-ups are the limited liability companies especially Private Limited companies which allows family & friends to be the main shareholders whilst Public Limited companies could be freely traded in the Colombo Stock Market. A minimum of one director and two shareholders are allowed under this structure accompanies by a tedious process of legal procedures, agreements and documentations.

If one is serious about their business idea, their company, they should register it with the Sri Lankan Registrar of Companies and other governmental agencies associated. That would be the only way to acquire access to benefits such as business loans and establish confidence with the government and your customers.

#business #sri lanka #starup

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sareesinthewind · 4 years ago

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Photo 1: Parasakthy and Sundha 1961 in Colombo Photo 2: Parasakthy and Sundha in the 80s in Chennai Photo 3: Sundha as a BBC newsreader 1982 in London Photo 4: Sundha interviewing a young Mathematics prodigy from Tamil Nadu from Radio Ceylon studios 60s in Colombo Photo 5: Sundha was also a talented photographer, and this is one of the photos he took and cheekily edited on his film camera Photo 6: Sundha performing in one of the radio dramas, Radio Ceylon 1950s Photo 7&8: Front and back cover of ‘Mana Osai - Reminiscences of a Broadcaster’ a book about Sundha Paraskathy Sydney, Australia *note that uncle refers to Parasakthy’s husband, the late Sundharalingam. In 1948, uncle, as a young boy, had listened to the running commentary of Mahatma Gandhi’s funeral procession. Back then in Jaffna nobody had a radio at home, so the school principal hired one for the kids to be able to listen to Gandhi’s tributes. Uncle said that he and many of the children cried. Uncle was so amazed at how something happening in a distant land could move people in his village in Chavakacheri. In his wonderment at how this was possible, his dream to one day become a radio announcer was born. Sri Lanka started broadcasting in 1923, three years after Europe started the BBC. The transmitter was built using equipment from a captured German submarine. Colombo Radio, later known as Radio Ceylon, started broadcasting in English first and later added Sinhhalese and Tamil . As the station’s popularity grew in India, Hindi was introduced, which also catered for the Hindi-speaking businessmen in Colombo. While uncle was studying at Jaffna Central college, he stayed in a hostel and would listen to the 9pm All India Radio news on the public radio installed in Subramanian Park while the other students would be engrossed in their studies. At the age of 21, uncle started working in Colombo, having skipped his university entrance exam to earn money. There he found himself working in the office next to Radio Ceylon. One of his colleagues was a radio drama artist and invited uncle to join him. Uncle fell in love with the stage and soon became popular for his theatrical talents. When a vacancy opened up for a news reader, he applied and was appointed to the job. By the fifties, radio had become a big craze in Jaffna, but very few people could afford a radio and our parents also didn’t want us to get distracted by listening to film songs and dramas. Even if we could afford a radio, my family didn’t have electricity. We had a simple life and education was our main focus. Uncle’s family also didn’t have electricity and had to go to a neighbour's house to listen to his broadcasts. While at Radio Ceylon, he was seconded for a ministerial post as press officer with the option of returning to his job as a news announcer when he wished to do so.

His duties included reading the papers and giving the minister a summary of daily events as well as interpreting speeches from Sinhala to English or Tamil. He also accompanied different Sinhalese ministers on their trips, bearing witness to their acts incitement of discrimination against the Tamils. He would often come home and tell me how sad he felt. His next job was as a simultaneous interpreter in parliament, a service provided for the Members of Parliament . Most of the Members spoke only Sinhalese or English and uncle worked as the Tamil translator.

Because parliament only sat for a few days a year, uncle had a lot of free time, which he filled by voicing jingles for advertising companies and performing in radio plays .

The stage was like a second home for him. He had so much confidence in all three languages. In 1969, he and another interpreter were selected to do the simultaneous interpreting for the Apollo 11 moon landing on July 20. These Sinhalese and Tamil interpretations, which were done non stop for three days, were broadcast by Radio Ceylon all around the country and region, capturing that awe-inspiring moment in history. The US Embassy in Colombo trained the team, which included Tamil and Sinhala scientists, for about a week, so that they were familiar with the technical terms. They also had to go through a simulated landing. Uncle found the American English difficult, but managed to successfully complete the task. Though Sinhala chauvinism escalated well before the eighties, we never imagined it would eventuate in the pogroms and violence that followed, culminating in the atrocities of 2009.

When the Sinhala Only Bill was passed in 56, uncle had to read it out as news on Radio Ceylon and had to cover stories of its implementation. Uncle was also a news reader during the 58 ethnic riots and the 76 and 78 pogroms.

Uncle's time at Radio Ceylon, his time in parliament and our years in India, the UK and Australia as a refugee during which time he yearned to return to our country of birth, had a profound effect on him. His resulting grief stayed with him right until his last days in Australia. In 1959, I graduated with a BA in Arts from Peradeniya University. My family never thought I would get a place in the university, as it was a difficult entrance exam. In those days, the results were announced in the English newspapers. But in our home, we only read Tamil newspapers. My father's friend saw the results and sent the paper to our home, with my name underlined, through another friend. I also had the option of entering a Teachers Training College to study teacher training, which required a less competitive mark than university studies. My school principal, the late Miss Thambiah, however encouraged me to enrol in university and promised me that I would have a job back at our school, Vembadi Girls’ High School, when I had finished my degree.

In Jaffna, education was mainly segregated into male and female schools. In certain schools, at the higher levels there was mixed education. So university was where I first met men, outside my immediate family. It was also the first time I met Sinhalese students. There were about fifty Tamil students and two or three hundred Sinhalese students. We enjoyed our single rooms and ate in a dining hall with fork and spoon. We were served a lot of beef and so I became a vegetarian. University is where I tasted cheese for the first time. Our education was free, and our living expenses were minimal. Those of us who remember the days of no ethnic divide, will remember university as a wonderful experience. Those days we had the best of everything in Sri Lanka - free education and free medical services. Everything was good, till the politicians of the majority community poisoned the minds of the people against the minorities living in the country. I think that now it's too late for change. The poison has sunk in too deep. After my studies, I returned to Jaffna and started teaching at my high school. I was so happy and I had many dreams of helping my siblings, who were excelling in their studies. But a marriage proposal to uncle came my way in 1961 and though I had a lot of ambitions and wasn’t keen on it, it was my parents wish and so I obliged. After our wedding, I joined uncle in Colombo where we had a comfortable life, like most middle class families. I got a job at the Muslim Ladies College in Bambalapitya Colombo. Teaching in a multicultural environment was another unforgettable experience. Our move to Chennai in 1980 was not my decision and nor was I in favour of it. Our only daughter Subhadra had just sat for her OL exam and was keen to continue her bharathanatyam studies, while we wanted her to attend university. It came as a rude shock when one morning in January 1980 uncle asked me to sign my retirement papers. He explained there was an option for lady teachers to retire after twenty years of service, which i had just completed, and I could avail myself of that facility. He said I could go to Chennai to educate Subhadra in the Fine Arts (music and dance), while at the same time help her to get a degree in Arts/Science. My school principal refused to endorse the papers as I was in the process of being appointed as principal of the newly built Colombo Hindu Ladies College. I was appalled! Who would throw away everything so good? I was in a dilemma but my husband solved it for me. He said “a decision has been made, let us not go back on it”. He said that Tamils couldn’t live in Sri Lanka in peace anymore and that political unrest was simmering. He said that he no longer wanted to live like a fugitive in his country of birth ‘his தாய் நாடு’ and that after translating the venomous speeches of the Sinhalese Members in parliament, he had spent many years of sleepless nights. He said that at least in Tamil Nadu we would feel a sense of familiarity and could continue to be part of the Tamil culture and language. He reminded me that we had to seek refuge in a Muslim friend’s house during the 1977 pogrom and that our daughter had no chance of entering university with the government’s standardisation policy which penalised Tamil students. So in Jan 1980 I retired and we left for Madras, our home for the next twenty years. There were only three other Tamil families from Sri Lanka who had settled down in Chennai after the first pogrom in 1958 and they all welcomed us graciously. Mr and Mrs Sivapathasundaram had made Adyar their home, the suburb which would become our home too. Mr Sivapathasundaram was a renowned broadcaster at Radio Ceylon and a popular Tamil writer on par with Indian writers. He was the one who gave the name Thamilosai to BBC Tamil Radio. We realised theirs was a life of struggle even after spending nearly three decades in Tamil Nadu. Our years in Chennai were also tough, and those who came to visit us were shocked to see how we were living in a single room annex. In 1982, we received a surprise phone call from the BBC asking uncle if he would come and work as the Tamil radio producer for one year, while Mr Shankaramoorthy, the then producer, took one year of medical leave. In uncle’s previous trips to the UK he had acted in some of the BCC Thamilosai’s radio dramas and so they were familiar with his talents. Subha had entered Stella Marie’s College, so we put her in the college hostel and set off on our year long UK adventure. We could have stayed on after our contract was over by taking part in radio programmes, however uncle said that he wanted to listen to carnatic music and hear Tamil in his ears - காதிலே தமிழும் பாட்டும் கேட்கவேணும் ! So after our stay in the UK was over, we flew straight to Colombo, with the hope of settling back there. After about 10 days of visiting our families in Jaffna, uncle, again said that he felt something bad was going to happen and he wanted to get back to Chennai. I again didn’t want to leave. I missed our family and they missed us. We had nobody in Chennai. Uncle however insisted that we had to return to see our daughter Subha and once again said “I don’t want to be a second class citizen in my own country”. We arrived back in Chennai in May 1983. In July when the pogrom against the Tamils started in Colombo, those who had money, got on planes and arrived at our doorstep. Over the following six months, at least a hundred Tamils made their way to our home straight from the airport. We helped them find temporary accommodation to begin with, then a home and a school for their children. We became local guardians to hundreds of children, as this was a government requirement. There were number of challenges we faced as guardians - illness - exam failures - two missing students - but we were thankful we could help them. Those who could afford to sent their children to other foreign countries. Thanks to the BBC, we had a telephone, which became so useful for the many Eelam Tamils who would line up outside and inside our home to use it. One night, we had more than 20 people sleep in our tiny annex. Those nights were tough, but what were we to do? Uncle, who looked to life’s positives, would often tell us that he was grateful that we got out in time and didn’t have to go through the trauma of watching our people being massacred. He was even more thankful that we were in a position to be able to help those that did escape. After hearing of the massacres and the burnings of the 83 pogrom, the people of Tamll Nadu became sympathetic to our cause and opened up their homes for rent. MGR, was the Chief Minister at the time, and said all Eelam Tamils could be accepted into schools in Tamil Nadu. For those who didn’t have money and escaped the island by boat, they were kept in refugee camps in Tamil Nadu, and their plight was and still is an incredibly sad one. Many are still there with very little protection or hope for a better future. We were the lucky few and though we never returned to live in our country, we have a lot to be thankful for. In the years that followed, uncle became BCC’s Thamilosai correspondent for Tamilnadu, which allowed us to continue living in the India and provided us with a permanent income. Thanks To BBC, we were also able to get a visa to visit our daughter in Australia. After uncle passed away in Australia after a tragic accident in 2001, I did not want to go back to India and all my family members had left Sri Lanka by then. I stayed on with my daughter's family as a refugee for 12 long years. It was a period of struggle and great uncertainty, thanks to the Australian government. I was finally granted Australian Citizenship in 2017. END In 1999 Dr Maunaguru, a close friend, turned audio recordings by uncle about his life into a book titled ‘Mana Osai -Reminiscences of a Broadcaster‘. Uncle was not keen on the book idea, but he agreed on one condition that the book when published would be distributed free - he said everyone has a story to tell so it's not fair to make money off it. Aunty’s grandson Senthan is now also a radio broadcaster and co-hosts the popular podcast Stuck in Between.

#TamilStories #SurvivalStories #EelamTamils

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startupbusiness10 · 4 years ago

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sbipoentranceexam · 4 years ago

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IBPS PO MAINS PREPRATION|STATIC GK|COUNTRY,CAPITAL,CURRENCY

Country – Capital – Currency

· Algeria – Algiers – Dinar

· Angola – Luanda – Kwanza

· Afghanistan – Kabul – Afghani

· Austria – Vienna – Euro

· Armenia – Yerevan – Dram

· Argentina - Buenos Aires – Peso

· Australia – Canberra – Dollar

· Botswana – Gaborone – Pula

· Bahrain – Manama – Dinar

· Bangladesh – Dhaka – Taka

· Bhutan – Thimphu – Ngultrum

· Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan – Dollar

· Belgium – Brussels – Euro

· Belarus – Minsk – Ruble

· Bulgaria – Sofia – Lev

· Bahamas – Nassau – Dollar

· Brazil – Brasilia – Real

· Chad - N’Djamena - CFA Franc

· Congo – Brazzaville - CFA Franc

· Cambodia - Phnom Penh – Riel

· China – Beijing - Renminbi (Yuan)

· Croatia – Zagreb – Kuna

· Czech Republic – Prague – Koruna

· Cyprus – Nicosia – Euro

· Canada – Ottawa – Dollar

· Cuba – Havana – Peso

· Chile – Santiago – Peso

· Denmark – Copenhagen – Krone

· Egypt – Cairo – Pound

· Ethiopia - Addis Ababa – Birr

· Estonia – Tallinn – Euro

· Ecuador – Quito - US Dollar

· Finland – Helsinki – Euro

· France – Paris – Euro

· Fiji – Suva – Dollar

· Gambia – Banjul – Dalasi

· Ghana – Accra – Cedi

· Germany – Berlin – Euro

· Greece – Athens – Euro

· Hungary – Budapest – Forint

· Indonesia – Jakarta – Rupiah

· Iran – Tehran – Riel

· Iraq – Baghdad – Dinar

· Israel – Jerusalem – Shekel

· Ireland – Dublin – Euro

· Italy – Rome – Euro

· Japan – Tokyo – Yen

· Jordan – Amman – Dinar

· Jamaica – Kingston – Dollar

· Kenya – Nairobi – Shilling

· Kazakhstan – Nur Sultan – Tenge

· Kuwait - Kuwait City – Dinar

· Kyrgyzstan – Bishkek – Som

· Libya – Tripoli – Dinar

· Laos – Vientiane – Kip

· Lebanon – Beirut – Pound

· Latvia – Riga – Euro

· Madagascar – Antananarivo – Ariary

· Mali – Bamako - CFA Franc

· Mauritius - Port Louis – Rupee

· Morocco – Rabat – Dirham

· Mozambique – Maputo – Metical

· Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur – Ringgit

· Maldives – Male – Rufiyaa

· Myanmar (Burma) – Naypyidaw – Kyat

· Mexico - Mexico City – Peso

· Namibia – Windhoek – Dollar

· Nigeria – Abuja – Naira

· Nepal – Kathmandu – Rupee

· North Korea – Pyongyang – Won

· Netherlands – Amsterdam – Euro

· Norway – Oslo – Krone

· New Zealand – Wellington – Dollar

· Oman – Muscat – Riel

· Pakistan – Islamabad – Rupee

· Philippines – Manila – Peso

· Poland – Warsaw – Zloty

· Portugal – Lisbon – Euro

· Paraguay – Asuncion – Guarani

· Peru – Lima - Nuevo Sol

· Qatar – Doha – Riyal

· Rwanda – Kigali – Franc

· Russia – Moscow – Rubble

· Seychelles – Victoria – Rupee

· Somalia – Mogadishu – Shilling

· South Africa - Pretoria, Cape Town , Bloemfontein – Rand

· Saudi Arabia – Riyadh – Riyal

· Singapore – Singapore – Dollar

· South Korea – Seoul – Won

· Sri Lanka - Colombo, Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte – Rupee

· Syria – Damascus – Pound

· Serbia – Belgrade – Dinar

· Slovakia – Bratislava – Euro

· Spain – Madrid – Euro

· Sweden – Stockholm – Krone

· Switzerland – Bern – Franc

· Tanzania – Dodoma – Shilling

· Taiwan – Taipei – Dollar

· · Tajikistan – Dushanbe – Somoni

· Thailand – Bangkok – Baht

· Turkey – Ankara – Lira

· Turkmenistan – Ashgabat – Manat

· Uganda – Kampala – Shilling

· Unites Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi – Dirham

· Uzbekistan – Tashkent – Som

· Ukraine – Kiev – Hryvnia

· United Kingdom – London – Pound

· United States - Washington, D.C – Dollar

· Uruguay – Montevideo – Peso

· Vietnam – Hanoi – Dong

· Venezuela – Caracas – Bolivar

· Yemen – Sana – Riel

· Zambia – Lusaka – Kwacha

· Zimbabwe – Harare–Dollar

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ibpsclerkexam · 4 years ago

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IBPS CLERK 2021 |STATIC GK|COUNTRY-CURRENCY-CAPITAL

Country – Capital – Currency

Algeria – Algiers – Dinar

Angola – Luanda – Kwanza

Afghanistan – Kabul – Afghani

Austria – Vienna – Euro

Armenia – Yerevan – Dram

Argentina - Buenos Aires – Peso

Australia – Canberra – Dollar

Botswana – Gaborone – Pula

Bahrain – Manama – Dinar

Bangladesh – Dhaka – Taka

Bhutan – Thimphu – Ngultrum

Brunei - Bandar Seri Begawan – Dollar

Belgium – Brussels – Euro

Belarus – Minsk – Ruble

Bulgaria – Sofia – Lev

Bahamas – Nassau – Dollar

Brazil – Brasilia – Real

Chad - N’Djamena - CFA Franc

Congo – Brazzaville - CFA Franc

Cambodia - Phnom Penh – Riel

China – Beijing - Renminbi (Yuan)

Croatia – Zagreb – Kuna

Czech Republic – Prague – Koruna

Cyprus – Nicosia – Euro

Canada – Ottawa – Dollar

Cuba – Havana – Peso

Chile – Santiago – Peso

Denmark – Copenhagen – Krone

Egypt – Cairo – Pound

Ethiopia - Addis Ababa – Birr

Estonia – Tallinn – Euro

Ecuador – Quito - US Dollar

Finland – Helsinki – Euro

France – Paris – Euro

Fiji – Suva – Dollar

Gambia – Banjul – Dalasi

Ghana – Accra – Cedi

Germany – Berlin – Euro

Greece – Athens – Euro

Hungary – Budapest – Forint

Indonesia – Jakarta – Rupiah

Iran – Tehran – Riel

Iraq – Baghdad – Dinar

Israel – Jerusalem – Shekel

Ireland – Dublin – Euro

Italy – Rome – Euro

Japan – Tokyo – Yen

Jordan – Amman – Dinar

Jamaica – Kingston – Dollar

Kenya – Nairobi – Shilling

Kazakhstan – Nur Sultan – Tenge

Kuwait - Kuwait City – Dinar

Kyrgyzstan – Bishkek – Som

Libya – Tripoli – Dinar

Laos – Vientiane – Kip

Lebanon – Beirut – Pound

Latvia – Riga – Euro

Madagascar – Antananarivo – Ariary

Mali – Bamako - CFA Franc

Mauritius - Port Louis – Rupee

Morocco – Rabat – Dirham

Mozambique – Maputo – Metical

Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur – Ringgit

Maldives – Male – Rufiyaa

Myanmar (Burma) – Naypyidaw – Kyat

Mexico - Mexico City – Peso

Namibia – Windhoek – Dollar

Nigeria – Abuja – Naira

Nepal – Kathmandu – Rupee

North Korea – Pyongyang – Won

Netherlands – Amsterdam – Euro

Norway – Oslo – Krone

New Zealand – Wellington – Dollar

Oman – Muscat – Riel

Pakistan – Islamabad – Rupee

Philippines – Manila – Peso

Poland – Warsaw – Zloty

Portugal – Lisbon – Euro

Paraguay – Asuncion – Guarani

Peru – Lima - Nuevo Sol

Qatar – Doha – Riyal

Rwanda – Kigali – Franc

Russia – Moscow – Rubble

Seychelles – Victoria – Rupee

Somalia – Mogadishu – Shilling

South Africa - Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein – Rand

Saudi Arabia – Riyadh – Riyal

Singapore – Singapore – Dollar

South Korea – Seoul – Won

Sri Lanka - Colombo, Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte – Rupee

Syria – Damascus – Pound

Serbia – Belgrade – Dinar

Slovakia – Bratislava – Euro

Spain – Madrid – Euro

Sweden – Stockholm – Krone

Switzerland – Bern – Franc

Tanzania – Dodoma – Shilling

Taiwan – Taipei – Dollar

· Tajikistan – Dushanbe – Somoni

Thailand – Bangkok – Baht

Turkey – Ankara – Lira

Turkmenistan – Ashgabat – Manat

Uganda – Kampala – Shilling

Unites Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi – Dirham

Uzbekistan – Tashkent – Som

Ukraine – Kyiv – Hryvnia

The United Kingdom – London – Pound

United States - Washington, D.C – Dollar

Uruguay – Montevideo – Peso

Vietnam – Hanoi – Dong

Venezuela – Caracas – Bolivar

Yemen – Sana – Riel

Zambia – Lusaka – Kwacha

Zimbabwe – Harare–Dollar

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ghostcradle · 5 years ago

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instructions: tag ten people you’d like to know better

i was tagged by @rhymaes who somehow knew my love for oversharing on the internet thank you <33

name: دولت or dolly

starsign: half my chart is leo and yes i know what my chart looks like and yes that probably says more about me than any personality attributive ever could

hogwarts house: i don’t go here anymore but apparently it’s hufflepuff

height: 5��0-5’2 (?) i haven’t measured myself in awhile and when you’re short other people have a lot of opinions about your height (but if i were to embellish, i’d go taller)

favorite animal: giraffe

dogs of cats: cats but i’ve never owned either

when you made your blog: idk a couple years ago

reason for your url: i like women and so does lyra his dark materials

what am i wearing: blue checkered pajamas

dream vacation: ever since i went to sri lanka i have been dreaming of taking my best friend there with me and having fun while being totally disconnected from our western lives

instruments: unfortunately i play the cello

celebrity crushes: when i see a celebrity i floor it

(but perhaps lee joo-young is too pretty for that)

random facts:

what’s your job: hating capitalism

if you could go back to school would you: i am in school

a job you had that would surprise people: overthrowing the government

do you think aliens are real: yes read animorphs

what’s your guilty pleasure: unreasonably expensive boba drinks

tattoos: none

any phobias: i used to think it was just claustrophobia but listening to tma has made me think otherwise

do you talk to yourself: sometimes. it’s only child syndrome

what movie do you adore: ek ladki lo dekha toh aisa laga is the only film to successfully make me cry but that’s only bc i was Going Through my lesbian realization at the time that i watched it. also the half of it was a masterpiece

the first thing you remember you wanted to be when you grew up: actress. that’s still daydream material job

this was fun i’ll tag @irishsolo @crawdadluvr @werecat @syrejaden and anyone else who wants to do it

#thanks rhymes <33 #tagged

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aerticle365 · 2 years ago

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Global Partnerships and Acclaim For NCBN

The Chandrababu Naidu’s government TDP has ambitious plans to develop Andhra Pradesh into a booming state and rank it among the top three in the country by 2022.

The development of minor and 14 major ports, surpassing Singapore on the maritime front, 14 domestic airports and three international airports, three "megacities" and 11 "smart cities," and 28 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are top priorities for the government in order to make Andhra Pradesh an "air and marine hub" and elevate economic development.

As a consummate statesman,Nara Chandrababu Naiduhas gained the respect of world leaders like Shinzo Abe, the Prime Minister of Japan; Lee Hsien Loong, the Prime Minister of Singapore; and Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He has also gained the support of western leaders like Bill Gates, the former CEO and chairman of Microsoft. Nara Chandrababu Naidu with a vision for the future of the state and made it possible for future generations with the help of many Top TDP Leaders and the Best TDP MLA Candidates.

Along with prominent nations like China, Japan, Singapore, Russia, the United States, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the United Kingdom, he also helped establish alliances and partnerships that consolidated Andhra Pradesh’s predominance. According to Aparisim Ghosh of TIME Asia magazine, Mr. Chandrababu Naidu was named the South Asian of the year in 1999. The development of inland waterways in the state, as well as a National Waterway connecting the coastal port of Kakinada with Puducherry, is also on the agenda. When the five "grids" and seven "missions" are added together, the plans appear huge for a state attempting to rebuild itself in the midst of the bifurcation.

The government is considered five grids such as water, power, highways, gas, and fiber optics. The primary sector, social empowerment, skill and knowledge development, urban development, industry sector, and infrastructure sector are among the seven missions. These missions will have specific goals such as accelerating the government's growth plans, creating jobs, and assisting in poverty alleviation. These missions will have defined goals, such as advancing the government's growth plans, creating jobs, and assisting in poverty alleviation.

"A society free of poverty, a technologically advanced state. And happy people that are optimistic about their future. That is my overarching goal for Andhra Pradesh "Naidu comments. These astronomicalTDP Contributionsmade by the government have become Top TDP Achievements. TDPis an ambitious party of making our society a better one, they are striving hard and also spreading awareness of the greatness of our country with TDP Latest news, and more.

#LatestTDPNews #LatestPoliticalNews

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good-times-with-theo · 5 years ago

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Black Gold (Chapter Three)

Sydney Boutique Hotel; Sydney, Australia, 3:39 A.M.

Another day, another dollar, as they said. Australia was so uncomfortable with wearing suits and ties, as according to the UN and the Commonwealth of Nations dress code, so the second he always got home, he changed into his usual outfits. The outfits consisted of shorts, t-shirts, and savannah hats. Boots and socks, occasionally. Of course, since he was still trying to find a house for himself, he had to live in a hotel room by himself. The Australian States, or his kids, were all grown up and had their own houses. Mainly because they had the chance to go to college at a young age, unlike their father, who had to fight in both World Wars before even considering university so he could get a well-paying job to support his kids. That was well over 70 years ago now, and here he was: a broke college student trying to find a home so he can stop living at this cursed hotel. Australia sat down on his couch and grabbed his phone, immediately getting a call that was rather coincidental to when he always grabbed his phone out. He answered the phone, only to be greeted by a scream and then the line going dead. “What in the bloody..?” Australia muttered, looking at his phone to see who the caller really was. He felt his heart drop to his stomach when he saw it was from his older brother, New Zealand. What had happened? Australia quickly changed before heading outside, only to find his brother surprisingly okay. “Zealand? What even happened?” Australia asked worriedly. “I heard a scream and--” New Zealand couldn’t help but chuckle. “Australia. That was my Halloween voicemail. Sorry about that.”

“You can’t scare me like that, mate! Do you know how terrified I was?!”

“Haha, yeah, I know. Sorry. I’ll change it. Anyway, we have to go to the Commonwealth of Nations building. Again.”

Australia sighed in annoyance. He didn’t even bother changing back into his suit, mainly because he knew that doing such a task would just delay him and his brother from getting there on time. He got into the passenger seat of his brother’s car, which was a 2010 Ford colored in navy blue that their father had given New Zealand.

Commonwealth of Nations, London, United Kingdom; 7:19 P.M.

After a long drive to the airport, plus a 23-hour long flight from Sydney to London, Australia and New Zealand finally made it in time for the meeting. Of course, they had to stay with their parents until that Sunday, which meant that they would be in their childhood bedroom that they shared for about three to four whole days, plus today, making it five. “Ah, hello, Australia and New Zealand,” Brunei greeted them formally at the door. The two brothers greeted Brunei as they kept walking. Of course, due to Australia’s much taller height than his brother, he saw their father first. “What’s been going on?” Australia immediately asked. “Mom said that you left for London after America had a World War I bomb in his house, then you went missing for three days.” The UK sighed. “Yeah, I know. I went on a secret mission in Buenos Aires with Argentina to figure out certain fault lines. I just returned an hour ago, and now I have a meeting to attend despite my lack of sleep and energy,” the Brit replied, looking at his son.

“Well, what’s going on anyway? You know, with China and Southeast Asia?”

“It’s a long story. Basically, China’s power over the world has been increasing tensions within Asia, Europe, and even North and South America. Even Central America is starting to grow uneasy with China’s growing power. Though, little can be done to stop such a global superpower. The Middle East has been getting worse with the tensions, especially between Bangladesh and Pakistan. The two, once united as father and son, have been arguing due to India’s grip on Bangladesh. I’m sure you know of China’s intentions with the Philippines and North Korea. If not, then that’s a whole other story I’d rather not get into at the moment. In other words besides my own, the world is going on complete lockdown, and that’s all because of Russia and other OPEC members trying to gain Wyomingite oil for their own profits.”

Australia couldn’t believe what he was hearing. Though, China had the tightest grips on himself, his father, and Canada. The three had all been easily manipulated into thinking that China could do no wrong, even when he had been one of the reasons the Cold War even began back in the late 1940s. “Wow,” was all the Australian would say to such a situation. “Mr. UK, Mr. Australia,” Sri Lanka suddenly said to the two. “You’re both needed in Pakistan’s office immediately.” The two nodded, quickly walking to Pakistan’s office in the Middle Eastern section of the Asian Wing. They both hoped it was nothing serious, but who knows. They could both be in deep, deep trouble the second they enter that office.

After a 10-minute elevator ride from the Oceania and European Wings, the two swiftly made their way to Pakistan’s office, knocking on the door before entering. “Pakistan. You called us?” The UK asked firmly. “Yes, yes. Come in. The door isn’t locked,” Pakistan replied from the office. Australia walked in with his father. “What seems to be the issue?” Australia asked.

“Well, I called you two here specifically because of China’s tight, tight grip on us all. Firstly, with the UK. His grip on you is the tightest; always has been, always will be. If you disobey anything he says, your economy will collapse, and so will your nation.”

The UK visibly flinched at the thought. “I know. He also owns half of Australia’s land and helps with his economy as well, whilst he is merely your ally whom you have been having particularly horrid tension within recent years,” he said.

“I know, which is what I would like to acknowledge. His grip on Australia is almost as tight as yours, whilst his on me is hardly even considered a grip. Merely, I am just a puppet for his control. Australia must do everything China says, or else his economy will suffer greatly, but could possibly recover if Australia was forgiven by China for certain actions that he could possibly commit. For example, Australia could make propaganda about China’s communist government, which means that Australia is speaking out against a government that forbids such an act of treason against the Supreme Leader, or the dictator as many other democratic nations refer to them as. If that were to be the case of a situation, China could cut off all trade within Australia’s land, shut down factories, and stop network services, which could cause banks to close and many other tragic collapses in the government. The Australian stock market could collapse, and your own son would be in so much debt that he would never be able to pay it back,” Pakistan said.

Australia stepped a small bit closer to the UK. “Well, what about you?” Australia finally said with enough effort to speak once again. “What will happen if you disobey China?” “Simple,” Pakistan replied. “I will be executed in front of my daughters, Islamabad and Karachi, and my daughters will suffer greatly because of my own actions that were intended to be against China himself, or his government. I do not wish to die in front of my young daughters when even they cannot grasp the idea of death nor grief at such a young age.”

The UK sighed. “We need to deal with China before it’s too late. He could go to America next or even France. He could even reach U.S cities and states,” he said firmly. “He already has,” Australia replied quietly. “Georgia and a few other U.S States rely on China to live. He is their best trading partner. I mean, it’s better than who Louisiana trades with.”

“Who does that boy trade with?” The UK asked hesitantly.

“Saudi Arabia. One of the worst countries ever. He only asks for sand and weapons, which Louisiana, along with Uncle Scotland and a few others, are struggling to keep as their main exports to Saudi Arabia. Especially now since Riyadh, who is Saudi’s son, is now in charge whilst his father is in custody,” Australia answered. Now, it was up to those three to lead a revolution, whether they died in it, or died after it. They needed to break China’s control.

This is only because China is the reason as to why families are being ripped apart, why children are becoming orphans like Riyadh, and even why brothers and sisters are betraying one another for land, just like China had done to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War.

It was their job to either save the world or let everyone become puppets to China.

Cape Town, South Africa; 5:24 P.M.

Even African countries had fallen prey to China’s manipulation. Well, most of them except for a few others. South Africa was one of them. He was the most famous of the African continent and knew exactly why. Though, he hardly spoke and had a rather formal nature to him, possibly because of the British influence on his country. “Greetings, South Africa!” Egypt said proudly, taking a formal bow to the man. “I’m sure you have heard of recent news involving our dear neighbors in the Middle East; Pakistan if I may specify.” South Africa looked up from his work. “Let me guess: China’s taken control again and is causing tension within Southeast Asia and the rest of the world?” He asked in a formal tone. “Good guess! A correct one indeed, Sir!” Egypt replied happily. “Well, I have come to inform you that the United Nations leaders have called you and Somalia to represent all of Africa. Of course, I envy you, but I do not wish to cause sabotage upon you nor our dear Somalian friend!” The two countries suddenly heard a car rolling up in the driveway. Somalia’s car. “Ah! Speaking of our Somalian buddy!” Egypt said with a bright smile, going to the door and letting Somalia in with a bow. “Greetings, Somalia, sir!” Egypt said proudly. Somalia just nodded and went to South Africa. “Hey. I’m sure our messenger here told you about the recent news and the calling of our presence for the representation of the entire continent, right?” Somalia said formally. South Africa nodded. “How will we represent 54 total countries on a supercontinent, though? All of them have different opinions, different claims, and even different ideologies,” he said. Somalia sighed. “I’m not sure,” he replied quietly. “We could ask all of them about the current situation and see which decision has the most. In that case, then we go with that.” South Africa got a pen, paper, and a clipboard. He quickly put the piece of paper on the clipboard and held his pen in his hand. “That’s the best option we have,” he said. “Egypt!” The South African said firmly. Egypt looked up from getting the mail. “Get one of the cars. One of the business ones. I’m sure you know which airport to take us to by now,” South Africa commanded. Egypt nodded, swiftly going out to the garage with a pair of car keys. After a few more minutes, the car that was perfect to arrive at the airport was in their driveway with South Africa and Somalia entering. Now, they had a long drive ahead of them to the nearest airport. A long, quiet drive with nothing but their thoughts.

Cape Town International Airport; 6:24 P.M.

The two countries were now waiting for their flight to Manhattan, New York, so they could attend the United Nations meeting they never thought would happen in their own lifetimes. “I can’t believe what’s going on… First, China’s manipulating everyone, now he’s causing nothing but tensions throughout the world? Soon enough, we’re gonna be hearing about Russia and North Korea’s relations strengthening into a global superpower relations rank,” Somalia said, looking at the news articles on his phone. “Yeah… It’s getting much, much worse ever since China’s population reached one billion,” South Africa replied. “And that’s mere because of the taxes in his own country. They’re high, and they’re giving him nothing but money to him and his government, yet he claims he cannot feed his own children nor his own brother. He also claims that the Hong Kong protests aren’t happening, even though protestors within his daughter’s own country have been getting beaten and arrested by Chinese police officers who work for China.” Somalia knew how serious the situation was getting, and what it could mean for the future of the world. Especially Africa. Most of the countries had some sort of trading route with China, but Somalia never knew if South Africa himself had ties with the communist. The PA System announced that their flight was boarding and the two stood up with their carry-on bags. “You got first class, right? I don’t want to be sitting next to a crying baby the entire flight,” Somalia said to his friend. “Of course I got first class. Who do you think I am, Central African Republic?” South Africa retorted, looking at Somalia. Somalia chuckled. “No, of course not. Besides, being rich is better than being poor. We can laugh in the faces of those poor imbeciles and watch their countries collapse into chaos, war, and even protests. Like Europe’s current condition,” the Somalian said, a proud grin on his face. South Africa fell silent as he boarded onto the plane. Sure, he was rich and kind of a snob, but that doesn’t mean he was rude and arrogant like many people thought he was. He always offered his help to the other countries of Africa, and even on other continents like Oceania and North America (even though North America didn’t really need his help anymore. Well, Mexico does but he prefers not to speak of it.) After they got situated on the flight, they were offered food and drinks, which the two politely declined for the first half of the flight. Oh, how they regretted it later. As they were flying over the Indian Ocean, they felt an unusual amount of turbulence. It caused people's carry-on bags to fall out of their compartments and spill all over the floor. “What’s happening?” Somalia asked nervously, looking at South Africa. “We have to jump out of this plane. It’s going down,” South Africa replied, only loud enough for Somalia to hear. Somalia was shocked as most people would be, but he nodded in agreement not a moment later, grabbing out the life jackets and raft from his carry-on bag. “I keep these on me at all times. I always come prepared,” Somalia said when South Africa looked at him weirdly. South Africa just nodded and they went to the back of the plane, opening the cargo door as some cargo fell into the Indian Ocean. “Push the life raft into the water after you get your life jacket on!” Somalia shouted over the roaring plane engines next to him and South Africa. They felt a jolt and the life raft suddenly fell out with Somalia still in it. “Somalia! Are you okay?” South Africa asked from the cargo door. “Yeah! I think,” Somalia replied. “Jump down! The boat’s drifting away too quickly for me to try and stop it with the ore!” Somalia then shouted up. South Africa took a running start and jumped into the life raft, landing on the boat safely. “Thank the Gods,” Somalia muttered. “You alright?” He then asked South Africa. “Yeah. I’m fine. What should we do now?”

“We wait until we see land. It’ll be a long, long drift to New York’s coast.”

“Okay. I understand.”

The two countries started their long journey to the United States coastal line. It would be a long, cold road ahead of them. But they had each other. For now.

Mexico City, Mexico; December 16th, 2019

Christmas was always hectic for Mexico. Of course, so was Mexico City, but that was normal for his capital. He had just gotten out of the local cafe shop when he was called by America. “Hola?” Mexico said as he answered. “USA, why are you calling me? Aren’t you busy with the current situation between you and OPEC?” America sighed. “I was, but then South Africa and Somalia washed up on New York’s shore. Now I have to take care of their injuries,” he replied.

“Let me guess; you called me so I could go over and take care of them while you deal with a possible third World War on your hands?”

“Yeah! That would be great! Could you come over right now if that’s possible?”

Mexico was a little concerned. He still had to finish wrapping gifts for his kids, and if he stopped, they could find them and it would no longer be a surprise. “USA, it’s almost Christmas! I cannot take care of them while I still have a family to care about!” Mexico said, clearly upset.

“Fine, fine, fine. When you’re done wrapping gifts, get over here. Or else I’m telling Argentina of what happened with you and Brazil,” America replied as he hung up. Mexico immediately knew he couldn’t let Argentina know how he actually broke his arm back in September. He quickly drove up to America’s border and got in, meeting America there.

“Wrapping gifts didn’t really seem that important after all, huh?”

“Oh shut it, you American idiot.”

Long Island, New York; 11:23 A.M.

“So what exactly happened? Do either of you remember anything?” Canada asked the two African countries. “I remember hearing that the plane was coming down, jumping out of the cargo door, and landing in this life raft,” Somalia replied. “Canadá, just give up already,” Mexico said, looking at the Canadian. “Somalia is the only one that can still be considered alive, whilst South Africa could die at any moment if we don’t get a blood transfusion in the next hour.” Canada just sighed, pulling a chair from the dining room table and sitting down, staring at the ground. “USA, you should call Switzerland. He’s the only doctor around for miles,” Greenland chimed in, looking at America. The American shrugged. “Does it look like I would have the number for that Swiss?” America said firmly.

“Well, isn’t he one of your closest allies, like that Italian?”

“What did you just say about Italy?!”

Canada grabbed America and made him sit down. “I know I have Switzerland’s number, so let me call him.” He then turned to America. “Don’t attack Greenland unless you wanna get on Denmark’s bad side. You know fully well how he can get if you attack his territory that is already beginning to melt because of your pollution.” He swiftly left the room, his snow boots clicking on the hallway floor as he dialed Switzerland’s number. “Hey, Switz? You got a moment or two?” The Canadian asked.

“Yes, why? Did America run out of medication?” Switzerland asked.

“No, no. America is fine. He’s been taking his BPD meds. It’s about South Africa. We found him and Somalia stranded on Long Island’s beach after New York called us, demanding we rush over there immediately.”

There was a moment of hesitation before Switzerland answered. “I’ll be right there,” he then said with a sigh. He then hung up.

Canada walked back out of the other room. “Switzerland is on his way. We can also assume that Austria might be brought over as well,” he said to the others. America visibly flinched at the mention of Austria, for Austria had been the person to approve of the oil heist. “I know you don’t want him to come, but I still want so save South Africa. He doesn’t deserve to die because of him trying to escape a crashing plane,” Canada then said. He then heard knocking and let Switzerland inside. “He’s upstairs in the guest room. Somalia is fine,” Mexico said to Switzerland, looking at him. Switzerland nodded, and Austria soon followed him upstairs. The Austrian felt America’s eyes on him the whole way. He was honestly nervous to be in the same house as someone whom he had tried to steal from. Now, they had to deal with not just the crisis, but two African countries found injured on American soil. That added more tension, and now European countries were beginning to get involved.

#country humans #countryhumans #countryhuman #ch #countryhumans mexico #countryhumans somalia #countryhumans south africa #countryhumans canada #countryhumans america #countryhumans switzerland #countryhumans austria #statehumans #statehumans new york #countryhumans egypt #countryhumans australia #countryhumans new zealand #countryhumans pakistan #countryhumans china #xountryhumans uk

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psychodollyuniverse · 5 years ago

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D.H.Lawrence

Playwright, Poet, Author, Journalist (1885–1930)

D.H. Lawrence is best known for his infamous novel 'Lady Chatterley's Lover,' which was banned in the United States until 1959. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century.

Born in England in 1885, D.H. Lawrence is regarded as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. He published many novels and poetry volumes during his lifetime, including Sons and Lovers and Women in Love, but is best known for his infamous Lady Chatterley's Lover. The graphic and highly sexual novel was published in Italy in 1928, but was banned in the United States until 1959, and in England until 1960. Garnering fame for his novels and short stories early on in his career, Lawrence later received acclaim for his personal letters, in which he detailed a range of emotions, from exhilaration to depression to prophetic brooding. He died in France in 1930.

Early Life

Author D.H. Lawrence, regarded today as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century, was born David Herbert Lawrence on September 11, 1885, in the small mining town of Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, England. His father, Arthur John Lawrence, was a coal miner, and his mother, Lydia Lawrence, worked in the lace-making industry to supplement the family income. Lawrence's mother was from a middle-class family that had fallen into financial ruin, but not before she had become well-educated and a great lover of literature. She instilled in young D.H. a love of books and a strong desire to rise above his blue-collar beginnings.

Lawrence's hardscrabble, working-class upbringing made a strong impression on him, and he later wrote extensively about the experience of growing up in a poor mining town. "Whatever I forget," he later said, "I shall not forget the Haggs, a tiny red brick farm on the edge of the wood, where I got my first incentive to write."

As a child, Lawrence often struggled to fit in with other boys. He was physically frail and frequently susceptible to illness, a condition exacerbated by the dirty air of a town surrounded by coal pits. He was poor at sports and, unlike nearly every other boy in town, had no desire to follow in his father's footsteps and become a miner. However, he was an excellent student, and in 1897, at the age of 12, he became the first boy in Eastwood's history to win a scholarship to Nottingham High School. But at Nottingham, Lawrence once again struggled to make friends. He often fell ill and grew depressed and lethargic in his studies, graduating in 1901 having made little academic impression. Reflecting back on his childhood, Lawrence said, "If I think of my childhood it is always as if there was a sort of inner darkness, like the gloss of coal in which we moved and had our being."

In the summer of 1901, Lawrence took a job as a factory clerk for a Nottingham surgical appliances manufacturer called Haywoods. However, that autumn, his older brother William suddenly fell ill and died, and in his grief, Lawrence also came down with a bad case of pneumonia. After recovering, he began working as a student teacher at the British School in Eastwood, where he met a young woman named Jessie Chambers, who became his close friend and intellectual companion. At her encouragement, he began writing poetry and also started drafting his first novel, which would eventually become The White Peacock.

'The White Peacock' & 'The Trespasser'

In the fall of 1906, Lawrence left Eastwood to attend the University College of Nottingham to obtain his teacher's certificate. While there, he won a short-story competition for "An Enjoyable Christmas: A Prelude," which was published in the Nottingham Guardian in 1907. In order to enter multiple stories in the competition, he entered "An Enjoyable Christmas: A Prelude" under Jessie Chambers's name, and although it was published as such, people soon discovered that Lawrence was its true author.

In 1908, having received his teaching certificate, Lawrence took a teaching post at an elementary school in the London suburb of Croydon. He also continued to write, and in 1909 he received his big break when Jessie Chambers managed to get some of his poems published in the English Review. The publishers at the English Review took a great interest in Lawrence's work, recommending his draft of The White Peacock to another publisher, William Heinemann, who printed it in 1911. Set in his childhood hometown of Eastwood, the novel foreshadowed many of the themes that would pervade his later work, such as mismatched marriages and class divides.

A year later, Lawrence published his second novel, The Trespasser, a story based on the experiences of a fellow teacher who had an affair with a married man who then committed suicide. Around the same time, Lawrence became engaged to an old friend from college named Louie Burrows.

'Sons and Lovers'

However, in the spring of 1912, Lawrence's life changed suddenly and irrevocably when he went to visit an old Nottingham professor, Ernest Weekley, to solicit advice about his future and his writing. During his visit, Lawrence fell desperately in love with Weekley's wife, Frieda von Richthofen. Lawrence immediately resolved to break off his engagement, quit teaching, and try to make a living as a writer, and, by May of that year, he had persuaded Frieda to leave her family. The couple ran off to Germany, later traveling to Italy. While traveling with his new love, Lawrence continued to write at a furious pace. He published his first play, The Daughter-in-Law, in 1912. A year later, he published his first volume of poetry: Love Poems and Others.

Later in 1913, Lawrence published his third novel, Sons and Lovers, a highly autobiographical story of a young man and aspiring artist named Paul Morel, who struggles to transcend his upbringing in a poor mining town. The novel is widely considered Lawrence's first masterpiece, as well as one of the greatest English novels of the 20th century.

'The Rainbow' & 'Women in Love'

Lawrence and Frieda von Richtofen soon returned to England, where they married on July 13, 1914. That same year, Lawrence published a highly regarded short-story collection, The Prussian Officer, and in 1915 he published another novel, The Rainbow, which was quite sexually explicit for the time. Critics harshly condemned The Rainbow for its sexual content, and the book was soon banned for obscenity.

Feeling betrayed by his country but unable to travel abroad because of World War I, Lawrence retreated to Cornwall at the far southwestern edge of Great Britain. However, the local government considered the presence of a controversial writer and his German wife so near the coast to be a wartime security threat, and it banished him from Cornwall in 1917. Lawrence spent the next two years moving among friends' apartments. However, despite the tumult of the period, Lawrence managed to publish four volumes of poetry between 1916 and 1919: Amores (1916), Look! We Have Come Through! (1919), New Poems (1918) and Bay: A Book of Poems (1919).

In 1919, with the First World War finally ended, Lawrence once again departed England for Italy. There, he spent two highly enjoyable years traveling and writing. In 1920, he revised and published Women in Love, which he considered the second half of The Rainbow. He also edited a series of short stories that he had written during the war, which were published under the title My England and Other Stories in 1922.

Determined to fulfill a lifelong dream of traveling to America, in February 1922, Lawrence left Europe and traveled east. By the end of the year—after stays in both Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and Australia—he landed in the United States, settling in Taos, New Mexico. While in New Mexico, Lawrence completed Studies in Classic American Literature, a book of highly regarded and influential literary criticism of great American authors such as Benjamin Franklin, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville.

Over the next several years, Lawrence split his time between a ranch in New Mexico and travels to New York, Mexico and England. His works during this period includes a novel, Boy in the Bush (1924); a story collection about the American continent, St. Mawr (1925); and another novel, The Plumed Serpent (1926).

'Lady Chatterley's Lover' & Final Works

Having fallen ill with tuberculosis, Lawrence returned to Italy in 1927. There, in his last great creative burst, he wrote Lady Chatterley's Lover, his best-known and most infamous novel. Published in Italy in 1928, Lady Chatterley's Lover explores in graphic detail the sexual relationship between an aristocratic lady and a working-class man. Due to its graphic content, the book was banned in the United States until 1959, and in England until 1960, when a jury found Penguin Books not guilty of violating Britain's Obscene Publications Act and allowed the company to publish the book.

At the highly publicized British obscenity trial, the prosecuting attorney infamously asked the jurors, "Is it a book that you would have lying around the house? Is it a book you would wish your wife or servants to read?" The jury's decision to allow publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover is considered a turning point in the history of freedom of expression and the open discussion of sex in popular culture. As British poet Philip Larkin quipped in one of his poems, "Sexual intercourse began/In 1963/Between the end of the 'Chatterley' ban/And the Beatles' first LP."

Increasingly hobbled by his tuberculosis, Lawrence wrote very little near the end of his life. His final works were a critique of Western religion titled Apocalypse and Last Poems, both of which were published in 1930.

Death and Legacy

D.H. Lawrence died in Vence, France, on March 2, 1930, at the age of 44.

Reviled as a crude and pornographic writer for much of the latter part of his life, Lawrence is now widely considered—alongside James Joyce and Virginia Woolf—as one of the great modernist English-language writers. His linguistic precision, mastery of a wide range of subject matters and genres, psychological complexity and exploration of female sexuality distinguish him as one of the most refined and revolutionary English writers of the early 20th century.

Lawrence himself considered his writings an attempt to challenge and expose what he saw as the constrictive and oppressive cultural norms of modern Western culture. He once said, "If there weren't so many lies in the world . . . I wouldn't write at all."

from https://www.biography.com/writer/dh-lawrence

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