#Australian Immigration Bulletin

[australianimmigrationbulletin]

Big Win for Student Visas in Australia! #australia #immigration

Big Win for Student Visas in Australia! #australia #immigration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nwm_gggP7nQ via Australian Immigration Bulletin https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4PtyJVphjHJaZZzxSGGdww December 25, 2024 at 03:00PM

[nsomniacsdream]

He's been doing this the whole time. Does anyone remember that I wanna say Australian reporter who just printed exactly what he said without editing it for some kind of clarity? and it was gibberish. This was back when he was first running.

Lenore Taylor

As a regular news reader I thought I was across the eccentricities of the US president. Most mornings in Australia begin with news from America – the bid to buy Greenland, adjustments to a weather map hand-drawn with a Sharpie or another self-aggrandising tweet. Our headlines and news bulletins, like headlines and news bulletins everywhere, are full of Trump.

As a political reporter for most of the last 30 years I have also endured many long and rambling political press conferences with Australian prime ministers and world leaders.

But watching a full presidential Trump press conference while visiting the US this week I realised how much the reporting of Trump necessarily edits and parses his words, to force it into sequential paragraphs or impose meaning where it is difficult to detect.

The press conference I tuned into by chance from my New York hotel room was held in Otay Mesa, California, and concerned a renovated section of the wall on the Mexican border.

I joined as the president was explaining at length how powerful the concrete was. Very powerful, it turns out. It was unlike any wall ever built, incorporating the most advanced “concrete technology”. It was so exceptional that would-be wall-builders from three unnamed countries had visited to learn from it.

There were inner tubes in the wall that were also filled with concrete, poured in via funnels, and also “rebars” so the wall would withstand anyone attempting to cut through it with a blowtorch.

The wall went very deep and could not be burrowed under. Prototypes had been tested by 20 “world-class mountain climbers – That’s all they do, they love to climb mountains”, who had been unable to scale it.

It was also “wired, so that we will know if somebody is trying to break through”, although one of the attending officials declined a presidential invitation to discuss this wiring further, saying, “Sir, there could be some merit in not discussing it”, which the president said was a “very good answer”.

The wall was “amazing”, “world class”, “virtually impenetrable” and also “a good, strong rust colour” that could later be painted. It was designed to absorb heat, so it was “hot enough to fry an egg on”. There were no eggs to hand, but the president did sign his name on it and spoke for so long the TV feed eventually cut away, promising to return if news was ever made.

He did, at one point, concede that would-be immigrants, unable to scale, burrow, blow torch or risk being burned, could always walk around the incomplete structure, but that would require them walking a long way. This seemed to me to be an important point, but the monologue quickly returned to the concrete.

In writing about this not-especially-important or unusual press conference I’ve run into what US reporters must encounter every day. I’ve edited skittering, half-finished sentences to present them in some kind of consequential order and repeated remarks that made little sense.

In most circumstances, presenting information in as intelligible a form as possible is what we are trained for. But the shock I felt hearing half an hour of unfiltered meanderings from the president of the United States made me wonder whether the editing does our readers a disservice.

I’ve read so many stories about his bluster and boasting and ill-founded attacks, I’ve listened to speeches and hours of analysis, and yet I was still taken back by just how disjointed and meandering the unedited president could sound. Here he was trying to land the message that he had delivered at least something towards one of his biggest campaign promises and sounding like a construction manager with some long-winded and badly improvised sales lines.

I’d understood the dilemma of normalising Trump’s ideas and policies – the racism, misogyny and demonisation of the free press. But watching just one press conference from Otay Mesa helped me understand how the process of reporting about this president can mask and normalise his full and alarming incoherence.

He always just speaks gibberish, and people take from it what they want to hear.

[aunti-christ-ine]

A foreign journalist realizes something Trump supporters don't:  Trump is a moron.

– the bid to buy Greenland, adjustments to a weather map hand-drawn with a Sharpie or another self-aggrandising tweet. Our headlines and news bulletins, like headlines and news bulletins everywhere, are full of Trump.

As a political reporter for most of the last 30 years I have also endured many long and rambling political press conferences with Australian prime ministers and world leaders. 

But watching a full presidential Trump press conference while visiting the US this week I realised how much the reporting of Trump necessarily edits and parses his words, to force it into sequential paragraphs or impose meaning where it is difficult to detect. 

The press conference I tuned into by chance from my New York hotel room was held in Otay Mesa, California, and concerned a renovated section of the wall on the Mexican border. 

I joined as the president was explaining at length how powerful the concrete was. Very powerful, it turns out. It was unlike any wall ever built, incorporating the most advanced “concrete technology”. It was so exceptional that would-be wall-builders from three unnamed countries had visited to learn from it. 

There were inner tubes in the wall that were also filled with concrete, poured in via funnels, and also “rebars” so the wall would withstand anyone attempting to cut through it with a blowtorch. 

The wall went very deep and could not be burrowed under. Prototypes had been tested by 20 “world-class mountain climbers – That’s all they do, they love to climb mountains”, who had been unable to scale it. 

It was also “wired, so that we will know if somebody is trying to break through”, although one of the attending officials declined a presidential invitation to discuss this wiring further, saying, “Sir, there could be some merit in not discussing it”, which the president said was a “very good answer”. 

The wall was “amazing”, “world class”, “virtually impenetrable” and also “a good, strong rust colour” that could later be painted. It was designed to absorb heat, so it was “hot enough to fry an egg on”. There were no eggs to hand, but the president did sign his name on it and spoke for so long the TV feed eventually cut away, promising to return if news was ever made. 

He did, at one point, concede that would-be immigrants, unable to scale, burrow, blow torch or risk being burned, could always walk around the incomplete structure, but that would require them walking a long way. This seemed to me to be an important point, but the monologue quickly returned to the concrete. 

In writing about this not-especially-important or unusual press conference I’ve run into what US reporters must encounter every day. I’ve edited skittering, half-finished sentences to present them in some kind of consequential order and repeated remarks that made little sense. 

In most circumstances, presenting information in as intelligible a form as possible is what we are trained for. But the shock I felt hearing half an hour of unfiltered meanderings from the president of the United States made me wonder whether the editing does our readers a disservice. 

I’ve read so many stories about his bluster and boasting and ill-founded attacks, I’ve listened to speeches and hours of analysis, and yet I was still taken back by just how disjointed and meandering the unedited president could sound. Here he was trying to land the message that he had delivered at least something towards one of his biggest campaign promises and sounding like a construction manager with some long-winded and badly improvised sales lines. 

I’d understood the dilemma of normalising Trump’s ideas and policies – the racism, misogyny and demonisation of the free press. But watching just one press conference from Otay Mesa helped me understand how the process of reporting about this president can mask and normalise his full and alarming incoherence. 

           • Lenore Taylor is the editor of Guardian Australia. 

[ reader comments ] 

[australianimmigrationbulletin]

Self-Employment in Australia: A Visa Advantage! #australia #immigration

Self-Employment in Australia: A Visa Advantage! #australia #immigration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0hUSawDeJo via Australian Immigration Bulletin https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4PtyJVphjHJaZZzxSGGdww December 24, 2024 at 03:00PM

[hijavonline-blog]

Jilbab oleh negara

U.S. After the song is finished, one of the three women asks the other women on the subway train to clap in honor of "having lived and fought all their lives against all kinds of discrimination, violence, humiliation, and insults." At the end of the video, one of the protestors is heard saying "Happy Women's Day to all of you."[108] That same day, Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, made a speech during a gathering of religious poets in Tehran, posting a series of tweets in response to the series of peaceful hijab protests.[109]Khamenei defended the dress code, praising Islam for keeping women "modest" and in their "defined roles" such as educators and mothers. Retrieved 10 March 2011. ^ Euronews (08.10.2013) The headscarf ban in public institutions in Turkey was officially lifted ^ "Removing Hijabs and Discarding Prejudice: Yemeni Women Abroad". The New York Times. CBC News. "Under that burqa, lipstick and high heels". 13-43, London; New York: I.B. 15 June 2018. ^ "MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!". 2017-06-14. Married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, snoods, berets, or, sometimes, wigs.[159][160] Gaza Strip See also: Islamization of the Gaza Strip Arab woman and man chatting in 1890-the woman is wearing a hijab. Successful informal coercion of women by sectors of society to wear Islamic dress or hijab has been reported in the Gaza Strip where Mujama' al-Islami, the predecessor of Hamas, reportedly used a mixture of consent and coercion to "'restore' hijab" on urban-educated women in Gaza in the late 1970s and 1980s.[161] Similar behavior was displayed by Hamas during the First Intifada.[162] Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures, including insisting that women stay at home, they should be segregated from men, and for the promotion of polygamy. 31. ^ Fernandez, Celine. For example, men are no longer allowed to be shirtless in public.[167] Northern Cyprus Muslim Turkish-Cypriot women wore traditional Islamic headscarves.[168] When leaving their homes, Muslim Cypriot women would cover their faces by pulling a corner of the headscarf across their nose and mouth, a custom recorded as early as 1769.[169] Their head dress...consists of a collection of various handkerchiefs of muslim, prettily shaped, so that they form a kind of casque of a palm's height, with a pendant behind to the end of which they attach another handkerchief folded in a triangle, and allowed to hang on their shoulders. BBC News. ^ "Covered women decreased, we do not look like Malaysia". www.facebook.com. www.amnesty.org. Des Moines.[204] As such, a ban on Islamic clothing is considered presumptively invalid by U.S. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. ^ "Hijab and the Maldives: stigma, shaming and the struggle to take it off". Many veiled women in Iran also find the compulsory imposition of the veil to be an insult. The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ Milani, Farzaneh (1992). (Law as passed.)" [L 219 Motion to amend the penal code. CNN. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ a b The Full Face Covering Debate: An Australian Perspective by Renae BARKER ^ "China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Muslim province". ^ Mansfield, Katie (1 April 2017). Website of The Danish Parliament (in Danish). ^ Staff, Our Foreign (2018-05-31). Just a headscarfh Tehran Times. Washington Post. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Correspondent, By Ramadan Al Sherbini, (20 January 2010). The Wall Street Journal. 21 July 2015. CBC. A&G research company. By 2012 some businesses had established bans on veils, and Egyptian elites supported these bans.[67] In 2016 and 2017 the Government of Egypt and parliament made moves to ban the burqa with leading politicians arguing the full-face veil is neither an Islamic tradition, nor required in the Koran.[68] Indonesia The traditional dress of Indonesian Minang women includes elaborate head-covering In Indonesia, the term jilbab is used without exception to refer to the hijab.[69] Under Indonesian national and regional law, female head-covering is entirely optional and not obligatory. In 2008, Indonesia had the single largest global population of Muslims. BBC News. Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, pp. "A Comparative Analysis on Hijab Wearing in Malaysian Muslimah Magazines" (PDF). HuffingtonPost.com. However, the Indonesian Constitution of Pancasila provides equal government protection for six state-sanctioned religions (namely Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Confucianism), without any one supreme or official state religion. Women Islamic street fashion in Bandung Some women may choose to wear a headscarf to be more "formal" or "religious", such as the jilbab or kerudung (a native tailored veil with a small, stiff visor). www.msn.com. "Varadkar rules out burqa ban, calls for women in priesthood - BusinessPost.ie". ^ http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-'burqa-ban' ^ "Norway proposes ban on full-face veils in schools". ^ "Norway votes in favour of banning burqa in schools and universities". ^ "Norway bans burqas and niqabs at schools". ^ "Marks & Spencer criticised for stocking hijabs in 'school essentials' section". 84, ISBNh9781889999265 ^ a b "The 'Girls of Revolution Street' Protest Iran's Compulsory Hijab Laws h Global Voices". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ a b c "Feminist Trio Takes Defiant Song To Tehran's Subway, Video Goes Viral". 27 October 2017. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as an issue of civil liberties, as a slippery slope leading to further restrictions on private life. "68% of Canadians want Quebec's face-coverings ban in their province". For example, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas a minority of the women wear the full head-to-toe black burqa/chador while in the rest of the provinces, including Azad Kashmir, most of the women wear the dupatta (a long scarf that matches the woman's garments). Retrieved 31 October 2006. ^ Ranyah Sabry (17 April 2007) Egypt anchorwomen battle for hijab BBC News (BBC). ISSNh0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ Cunningham, Erin (2018-03-08). Quebec soccer referees also ejected an 11-year-old Ottawa girl while she was watching a match, which generated a public controversy.[187] In November 2013, a bill commonly referred to as the Quebec Charter of Values was introduced in the National Assembly of Quebec by the Parti Quhbhcois that would ban overt religious symbols in the Quebec public service. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or "hijab" may be used as general terms for the debate, representing more than just the veil itself, or the concept of modesty embodied in hijab. Although the Balkans and Eastern Europe have indigenous Muslim populations, most Muslims in western Europe are members of immigrant communities. What Is Veilingh. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Cypriot Attire Project, Cyprus History in Brief ^ "GIOVANNI MARITI. 3, 13-16, 130, 174-176, ISBNh9781859739242 ^ Fatemi, Nasrallah Saifpour (1989). "A Religious Tangle Over the Hair of Pious Hindus" (JULY 14, 2004). Retrieved in February 2009. ^ a b "Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools". There are reports of women being pressured into covering themselves by close relatives;[121] conversely, the American U.S. CBC. The women are filmed singing while grasping each other's hands and holding up pictures of what appears to be a photograph of a previous protest by a group of women's rights activists. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ a b Leong, Trinna. The song, "I am a Woman" calls upon women to join efforts, fight injustice, and create "another world" of "equality". The New York Times. In more formal settings such as weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac, which is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of cotton or polyester that is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Retrieved 19 July 2010. ^ Harriet Agerholm (1 September 2017). Riza Shah's Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921-1941" in Cronin, Stephanie: The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921-1941, p. Burqas are mainly worn in the Swat Valley and tribal areas, however, they can be seen throughout the country including in urban population centers. Westerners are also expected to dress modestly too. Retrieved 18 October 2018. ^ "Maldives". "2. The Globe and Mail. ^ "Ontario, Quebec differ over soccer head scarf ban". The Christian Science Monitor. Newsweek. "Second Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban". He also lashed out at the Western World for, in his view, leading its own women astray.[110] "The features of today's Iranian woman include modesty, chastity, eminence, protecting herself from abuse by men," Khamenei tweeted. Mehr News Agency. 2014-09-23. navideshahed.com. ^ a b c d Hoodfar, Homa (fall 1993). 113, 268, ISBNh9780934211789 ^ a b c d Chehabi, Houchang Esfandiar (2003): "11. The Great Satan vs. However, wearing Islamic attire to Christian relatives' funerals and weddings and entering the church is quite uncommon. Culturally to the Javanese majority, plain, Saudi-style hijab, the niqab or socially worse yet the indigenous peasant kerudung (known in North Sumatran languages as tudung) is considered vulgar, low-class and a faux pas - the traditional Javanese hijab are transparent, sheer, intricately brocaded or embroidered fine silk or lace tailored to match either their sarung or kebaya blouse. Young girls may also elect to wear the hijab publicly to avoid unwanted low-class male attention and molestation and thus display their respectability as "good Muslim girls": that is, they are not "easy" conquests.[70] Additionally, Islamic private school uniform code dictate that female students must wear the jilbab (commonly white or blue-grey, Indonesia's national secondary school colours), in addition to long-sleeved blouse and ankle-length skirt. Government bans on wearing the niqab on college campuses at the University of Cairo and during university exams in 2009 were overturned later.[62][63][64][65] Minister Hany Mahfouz Helal met protests by some human rights and Islamist groups. In 2010, Baher Ibrahim of The Guardian criticized the increasing trend for pre-pubescent girls in Egypt to wear the hijab.[66] Many Egyptians in the elite are opposed to hijab, believing it harms secularism. Retrieved 2 June 2008. ^ Munajjid (7 March 2008). ISSNh2229-872X. Women are not expected to wear a hijab or scarf in public,[126][127] but many women in Pakistan wear different forms of the hijhb and it varies for rural and different urban areas. InsideIndonesia.org. (2003). Retrieved 16 September 2010. ^ Guardian: Livingstone decries vilification of Islam, 20 November 2006. ^ Ipsos MORI Muslim Women Wearing Veils. ^ "Atlantic Council". (Some countries already have laws banning the wearing of masks in public, which can be applied to veils that conceal the face). During the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets".[163] Following the takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, Hamas has attempted to implement Islamic law in the Gaza Strip, mainly at schools, institutions and courts by imposing the Islamic dress or hijab on women.[164] Some of the Islamization efforts met resistance. But there are many Muslim women, including Saudis, who only wear a headscarf without the niqab, similarly to most non-Muslim women who use only a headscarf or no face covering at all. Kuwait Times. The Arab Weekly. Due to Sudan's vaguely worded Public Order law, there are no delineated parameters of what constitutes immodest dress. 30 December 2010. ^ a b Abdelhadi, Magdi Tunisia attacked over headscarves, BBC News, 26 September 2006. In the big cities, some women wear jeans and khakis, especially in casual settings, shopping malls and around picnic spots. Others would also argue that the increase of laws surrounding the banning of headscarves and other religious paraphernalia has led to an increase in not just the sales of headscarves and niqabs, but an increase in the current religiosity of the Muslim population in Europe: as both a product of and a reaction to westernization.[21] Employers in the EU may restrict the wearing of religious symbos if such regulations on appearance are applied in a consistent manner, according to a ruling by the European Court of Justice in a case involving two Belgian women.[22] The two women in the ECJ case were supported by the Open Society Justice Initiative, a group backed by financier George Soros.[22] Belgium As of 2015, Belgium has specific bans on face-covering dress, such as the Islamic niqab or burqa. MercuryNews.com. Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, p. The video then shows a man in a police uniform tackling the woman to the ground.[107] Shortly after the video went viral on Twitter, the Ministry of Interior (Iran) scolded police for using physical force against the woman protesting. Gazan anchorwomen interviewed by Associated Press said that they were frightened by the Swords of Truth statement.[166] In February 2011, Hamas banned the styling of women's hair, continuing its policy of enforcing Sharia upon women's clothing.[167] Hamas has imposed analogous restrictions on men as well as women. "Headscarf issue challenges Turkey". 106-107, 214-215, 218-220, ISBNh9780521473408 ^ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). New York Times. 98-99, 104, ISBNh9780415774628 ^ a b Floor, Willem M. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Iran lawyer raises concern over missing hijab protester". In the Indonesian Aceh province, women are required to wear the hijab[1] and all women are required to do so in Iran.[2] France has banned overt religious symbols, including many religious head coverings, in public schools and universities or government buildings.[3]Kosovo (since 2009),[4]Azerbaijan (since 2010[5]), Tunisia (since 1981,[6] partially lifted in 2011) and Turkey (gradually lifted)[7][8] are the only Muslim-majority countries which have banned the hijab in public schools and universities or government buildings, while Syria banned face veils in universities from July 2010.[9] In other Muslim states such as Morocco,[10] there have been complaints of restriction or discrimination against women who wear the hijab. 17 January 2018. The mainly Christian country said it was prompted to do so because of the attacks in Cameroon.[176] Asia-Pacific Australia Main article: Burka ban in Australia In September 2011, Australia's most populous state, New South Wales, passed the Identification Legislation Amendment Act 2011 to require a person to remove a face covering if asked by a state official. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Maria Omar, director of media relations for the Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America (IFANCA), has advised Muslim women to avoid these complexes entirely. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Finn, Christina. The Economist. The Washington Post. National Review. shame or morals". He had reportedly asked a student to take off her niqab when he spotted her in a classroom, and he told her that the niqab is a cultural tradition without Islamic importance.[56] It is widely believed that the hijab is becoming more of a fashion statement than a religious one in Egypt, with many Egyptian women, influenced by social peer pressure, wearing colorful, stylish head scarves along with western style clothing. "Why Morocco's burqa ban is more than just a security measure". The Veil in Their Minds and On Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women, Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche fhministe (DRF), Vol. In private, in governmental institutions and universities they can wear manteaux which could be long or short with a scarf covering the head. 19 July 2010. the Crescent in Europe". The proposed ban was extremely controversial, with both sides of the political spectrum being split on the issue, some people arguing that the law goes against religious freedom and is racist because it affects mostly Muslim women and Jewish men. In 2010, a ban on face covering,[32] targeting especially women wearing chador and burqa, was adopted by the French Parliament. Retrieved 9 October 2009. ^ a b "A look at the wearing of veils, and disputes on the issue, across the Muslim world". When describing the West, he said, "the most sought after characteristics of a #woman involve her ability to physically attract men."[111] Iraq In south Iraq, particularly in the Shi'a holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, custom requires women to wear hijab. 8 October 2009. ^ "EGYPT: Controversial ban on niqab in dorms - University World News". ^ "Egypt court upholds niqab ban for university examinations". Yemeni women who choose to not cover themselves with any Islamic headscarf are at risk of facing oppression.[156] When Nobel Peace Laureate Tawakkol Karman was asked about her hijab by journalists and how it is not proportionate with her level of intellect and education, she replied, "Man in early times was almost naked, and as his intellect evolved he started wearing clothes. www.iranhrdc.org. It's the removal of clothes again that is regressive back to ancient times."[157] Israel Further information: Islam in Israel Mannequins with traditional Muslim veil and hoods at Tira's (Israel) Saturday's market In July 2010, some Israeli lawmakers and women's rights activists proposed a bill to the Knesset banning face-covering veils. CNN. When Palestinian Supreme Court Justice Abdel Raouf Al-Halabi ordered women lawyers to wear headscarves and caftans in court, attorneys contacted satellite television stations including Al-Arabiya to protest, causing Hamas's Justice Ministry to cancel the directive.[165] In 2007, the Islamic group Swords of Truth threatened to behead female TV broadcasters if they didn't wear the hijab. "Head scarves to topple secular Turkeyh". The University of North Carolina Press (Kindle edition). Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili [Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi'ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi'ah Shinasi, ISSNh1735-4730 ^ a b c d e f g Milani, Farzaneh (1992). Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "On Wednesday we wear white: Women in Iran challenge compulsory hijab". News24.com. Berkeley: University of California Press. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Iranian Police Arrest 29 Women Protesting Against Veiling Law". Tauris, p. CBC News. The government described the headscarf as a sectarian form of dress which came uninvited to the country.[144] As of 14 January 2011, after the Tunisian revolution took place,[145] the headscarf was authorized and the ban lifted. "Integration: hsterreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe". Retrieved 2011-12-21. ^ "Muslim group calls for burka ban". Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Publicradio.org". Retrieved 27 July 2011. ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Pakistan has no laws banning or enforcing the hijhb. In Pakistan, most women wear shalwar kameez, a tunic top and baggy or skintight trouser set which covers their legs and body. This Acehnese Hukum Syariah and the reputedly over-bearing "Morality Police" who enforce its (Aceh-only) mandatory public wearing are the subject of fierce debate, especially with regard to its validity vis-a-vis the Constitution among Acehnese male and female Muslim academics, Acehnese male and female politicians and female rights advocates. Female police officers are not allowed to wear hijab, except in Aceh. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 26 February 2007. 6 (1): 79-96. "Woman faces whipping over refusal to cover hair in Sudan". ^ "Syria bans face veils at universities". pp.h44-56. The first article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States protects people against discrimination based on several matters including religion, ethnic origin and national origin.[200] Article 6 of the Constitution grants Libertad de Expresihn (freedom of expression) to all Mexicans which includes the way people choose to dress.[200] The Muslim community is a minority; according to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life there were about 3,700 Muslims in Mexico as of 2010, representing 0.003 percent of the total population.[201] There is an almost complete lack of knowledge of Islam in Mexico, and any interest is more out of curiosity and tolerance than hatred or racism.[202] Some Muslims suggest that it is easier to fit in if they are lax with the rules of their religion, for example by wearing regular clothing.[203] Muslim women's clothing can vary from non-Muslim clothing to a hijab or a chador. United States See also: Islam in the United States The people of the United States have a firm First Amendment protection of freedom of speech from government interference that explicitly includes clothing items, as described by Supreme Court cases such as Tinker v. "1. www.expatwoman.com. Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921-1941, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, p. Huffington Post. "Unveiled: Afghan women past and present". The official stated that the face veils ran counter to secular and academic principles of Syria.[142] Tajikistan Tajik woman wearing a Hijabs In 2017 the government of Tajikistan passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind the head.[143] Tunisia Tunisian authorities say they are encouraging women, instead, to "wear modest dress in line with Tunisian traditions", i.e. 108, 152, ISBNh9780226041476 ^ Ramezani, Reza (2008). (Law as passed.)] (PDF). 160-180, Los Angeles: Society of the Friends of the Persian Culture, ISSNh0742-8014 ^ Beeman, William Orman (2008). Note- Women who appear in public places and roads without wearing an Islamic hijab, shall be sentenced to ten days to two months' imprisonment or a fine of fifty thousand to five hundred Rials."[105] After this change, any woman found without an islamic veil in a public space, will be charged according to article 639 of the Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which states: "The following individuals shall be sentenced to one year to ten years imprisonment and in respect to paragraph (A), in addition to the punishment provided, the relevant place shall be closed temporarily at the discretion of the court. BBC News. In some areas, the hijab has become a formal part of school uniforms. "Ban on outdoor music concerts in West Aceh due to Sharia law". 203-221, London; New York: Routledge; Taylor & Francis, ISBNh9780415302845 ^ Bullock, Katherine (2002). 2016-04-13. ISSNh0190-8286. In 2013, the headscarf ban in public institutions was lifted through a decree, even though the ban officially stands through court decisions.[155] The ban on wearing hijab in high schools was lifted in 2014.[8] Yemen Although there is no dress code that legally forces veiling upon women in Yemen, the abaya and niqab are considered social norms in Yemen and are imposed on girls at a young age. Hijab dar Iran, dar doure-ye Pahlavi-ye dovvom [Hijab in Iran, the second Pahlavi era] (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi'ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi'ah Shinasi, ISSNh1735-4730 ^ a b Algar, Hamid (2001). 2018-01-22. Travels in the Island of Cyprus. Echols, Hassan Shadily, An English-Indonesian dictionary: Kamus Inggris-Indonesia Kamus Inggris-Indonesia University Press: 1975, ISBNh0-8014-9859-7, 660 pages ^ S. NJ.com. "France's burqa ban upheld by human rights court". Jerusalem Post. ^ RAI, SARITHA (2004). 2018-02-25. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ a b "Iran Human Rights Documentation Center - Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran - Book Five". Turbans have been worn by Cypriot men since ancient times and were recorded by Herodotus, during the Persian rule of the island, to demonstrate their "oriental" customs compared to Greeks.[171] Following the globalisation of the island, however, many younger Sunni Muslim Turkish-Cypriots abandoned wearing traditional dress, such as headscarves.[172] Yet they are still worn by older Muslim Cypriot women. Until the removal of ban on headscarf in universities in Turkey in 2008,[173] women from Turkey moved to study in Northern Cyprus since many universities there did not apply any ban on headscarf.[174] Whilst many Turkish Cypriot women no longer wear headscarves, recent immigrants from Turkey, settled in villages in northern Cyprus, do.[175] Former USSR The word "hijab" was used only for the middle-eastern style of hijab, and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the USSR. Retrieved on 13 February 2009. ^ "Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity" news.bbc.co.uk 24 August 2010. [...] I believe in the freedom of religion. Some women decide to wear something colloquially known as the "sports hijab". "Turkey's high court overrules government on head scarves". Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Khamenei.ir (@khamenei_ir) | Twitter". State and Society under Reza Shah" in Atabaki, Touraj; Zhrcher, Erik-Jan: Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918-1942, p. Retrieved 26 October 2017 - via www.Welt.de. ^ "Burqa ban takes effect in Austria". Pakistani society observes traditional dress customs and it is advisable for women to wear long skirts, trousers which cover majority of legs and tops which don't show a lot of cleavage in public. The Guardian. n-tv.de. Retrieved 1 July 2014. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (2016-04-13). Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ Marfuqi, Kitab ul Mar'ah fil Ahkam, pg 133 ^ Abdullah Atif Samih (7 March toko hijab temanggung 2008). Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places, Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016. ^ "Denmark is about to ban the burqa". ^ Pilditch, David (9 October 2017). (The word is used with that meaning in other contexts, e.g. "Why Some Women Wear a Hijab and Some Don't" (Archive). 28, London; New York: I.B. 2018-10-12. "Peace In Afghanistan At What Cost To Its Womenh". In 2004, France passed a law banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" (including hijab) in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools,[3] but this law does not concern universities (in French universities, applicable legislation grants students freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved[17]). On Tuesday 11 July 2017 the European Court of Human Rights upheld Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face Islamic veils. "Cairo's 'hijab-free' zones trigger cries of hypocrisy." The Globe and Mail. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. ^ a b c Boo, Su-lyn. 1, p. Retrieved 14 July 2010. ^ LaFranchi, Howard (23 June 2009). Agence France-Presse. Global Voices. The Telegraph. Express.co.uk. There has been some unofficial relaxation of the ban under governments led by the conservative party AKP in recent years,[57] for example the current government of the AKP is willing to lift the ban in universities, however the new law was upheld by the constitutional court. Some researchers claim that just about 35% of Turkish women cover their heads; even though that is a low number for a mostly Muslim country. Sarasota Herald-Tribune (114): 28. "A Saudi woman tweeted a photo of herself without a hijab. al madaniya. "Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban". Darul Ifta. Iran: A Country Study, 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, p. "Malaysian Women Face Rising Pressure From Muslim 'Fashion Police'" (Archive). Agriculture in Qajar Iran, Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, p. Ban the Burqa Tooh". Flight attendants are not allowed to wear hijab except during flights to the Middle East. Compounding the friction and often anger toward baju Arab (Arab clothes), is the ongoing physical and emotional abuse of Indonesian women in Saudi Arabia, as guest workers, commonly maids or as Hajja pilgrims and Saudi Wahhabi intolerance for non-Saudi dress code has given rise to mass protests and fierce Indonesian debate up to the highest levels of government about boycotting Saudi Arabia - especially the profitable all Hajj pilgrimage - as many high-status women have been physically assaulted by Saudi morality police for non-conforming head-wear or even applying lip-balm - leading some to comment on the post-pan Arabist repressiveness of certain Arab nations due to excessively rigid, narrow and erroneous interpretation of Sharia law.[71][72] Iran An Iranian girl wearing a headscarf (rusari) In Iran, since the 1979 Iranian revolution, the Hijab has become compulsory. "Los musulmanes de Monterrey (Mhxico) - Webislam". ^ juntaislamica.com. According to the Jerusalem Post, the measure is generally "regarded as highly unlikely to become law." Hanna Kehat, founder of the Jewish women's rights group Kolech, criticized a ban and also commented "[f]ashion also often oppresses women with norms which lead to anorexia." Eilat Maoz, general coordinator for the Coalition of Women for Peace, referred to a ban as "a joke" that would constitute "racism".[158] In Israel, orthodox Jews dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. 5-18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), ISSNh0707-8412 ^ a b c Paidar, Parvin (1995): Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran, Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. That cultural headscarf is used by women that work under the sun to protect their heads from sunburn.[146] This is often misinterpreted by some, who instead assume that the headscarf in Turkish research only represents the hijab and not the cultural derivation. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity news.bbc.co.uk 24 August 2010. An outfit colloquially known as the burqini allows Muslim women to swim without displaying any significant amount of skin.[207] Compared to Western Europe, there have been relatively few controversies surrounding the hijab in everyday life, and Muslim garb is commonly seen in major US cities. Counterpunch.org. Legifrance.gouv.fr. The veilh: women writers on its history, lore, and politics. In Baghdad and Iraqi Kurdistan, women are free to choose whether or not to wear the hijab. Jordan There are no laws requiring the wearing of headscarves nor any banning such from any public institution. Retrieved 14 July 2010. ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). U.S. "2. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ "Aceh-eye.org". ^ Ramezani, Reza (2010). These bans also cover Islamic headscarves, which in some other countries are seen as less controversial, although law court staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of 'state neutrality'. An apparently less politicised argument is that in specific professions (teaching), a ban on "veils" (niqab) is justified, since face-to-face communication and eye-contact is required. Vest tops, bikinis and mini-skirts in public are considered immodest and are thus a social taboo.[126][127] Saudi Arabia Saudi woman wearing a Niqab. While most versions of Islamic law suggests that women should dress modestly, Saudi Arabian dress code legally requires all women, local and foreign, to wear an abaya, a typically black garment that covers everything except the face, hands, and feet, in public.[128][129] According to most Saudi Salafi scholars, a woman is to cover her entire body, including her face and hands, in front of unrelated men. Islam Q&A. A judgment from the then-Supreme Court of Malaysia in 1994 cites that the niqab, or purdah, "has nothing to do with (a woman's) constitutional right to profess and practise her Muslim religion", because Islam does not make it obligatory to cover the face.[115] Although wearing the hijab, or tudung, is not mandatory for women in Malaysia, some government buildings enforce within their premises a dress code which bans women, Muslim and non-Muslim, from entering while wearing "revealing clothes".[116][117] As of 2013 most Muslim Malaysian women wear the tudung, a type of hijab. socio-political commentators such as Mona Charen of National Review.[205] Journalist Howard LaFranchi of The Christian Science Monitor has referred to "the traditional American respect for different cultural communities and religions under the broad umbrella of universal freedoms" as forbidding the banning of Islamic dress. tudung saji, a dish cover for food.) Muslim women may freely choose whether or not to wear the headscarf. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ "FATAH: The Cross vs. 19, 34-37, ISBNh9780815602668 In the early 20th century, Iranians associated not covering the hair as something rural, nomadic, poor and non-Iranian. On 8 January 1936[81], Reza Shah issued a decree, banning all veils.[82][74][83][84][85] Many types of male traditional clothing were also banned in order that "Westerners now wouldn't laugh at us",[86][87][88] the ban humiliated and alienated many Iranian women.[89][75][79][83][89][86][87][88] To enforce this decree, police were ordered to physically remove the veil off of any woman who wore it in public. A public opinion poll in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of all persons to dress in accordance with their religious beliefs".[18] In another poll in the United Kingdom by Ipsos MORI, 61 percent agreed that "Muslim women are segregating themselves" by wearing a veil, yet 77 percent thought they should have the right to wear it.[19] In a later FT-Harris poll conducted in 2010 after the French ban on face-covering went into effect, an overwhelming majority in Italy, Spain, Germany and the UK supported passing such bans in their own countries.[20] The headscarf is perceived to be a symbol of the clash of civilizations by many. 24 January 2014. Hence, the vast majority of traditional Saudi women are expected to cover their faces in public.[130][131][132][133][134] The Saudi niqhb usually leaves a long open slot for the eyes; the slot is held together by a string or narrow strip of cloth.[135] Many also have two or more sheer layers attached to the upper band, which can be worn flipped down to cover the eyes. Retrieved 2018-07-22. ^ Abedi, Maham (27 October 2017). Retrieved 2018-08-04. ^ a b The Telegraph Netherlands to Ban the Burka ^ WELT, DIE (16 May 2017). 18 April 2011. 23, p. What I am today and what I'm wearing represents the highest level of thought and civilization that man has achieved, and is not regressive. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Eicher, Joanne Bubolz, Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time, p.35, 1995 ^ Irwin, Elizabeth K., Reading Herodotus: A Study of the Logoi in Book 5 of Herodotus' Histories, p. L811-1 h2" (in French). "Tudung industry in Malaysia: Cashing in on conservative Islam" (Archive). 17 October 2006. ^ "Education Code. Map current as of 2018 The word hijab refers to both the head-covering traditionally worn by some Muslim women and Islamic styles of dress in general. The garment has different legal and cultural status in various countries. Angus Reid. "We will cut throats, and from vein to vein, if needed to protect the spirit and moral of this nation," their statement said. Retrieved 14 July 2010. ^ "Paris pool bans Muslim woman in 'burqini'". Retrieved 2013-04-24. ^ "20/21 May 2006 "Uproar in Turkey Over the Hijab." Headscarf By Michael Dickinson". "Iran's supreme leader in tweetstorm: Western countries lead women to 'deviant lifestyle'". Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ a b c d Gerretsen, Isabelle (2018-02-01). 66, 252-253, 256, 260, ISBNh9780520255180 ^ a b Keddie, Nikki R. Following the attacks, since 16 July, Cameroon banned the wearing of full-face Islamic veils, including the burqa, in the Far North region. International Herald Tribune. News. The Telegraph. 15 June 2018. ^ "Wife of jailed Saudi blogger Raif Badawi calls for burqa ban in Ontario". ^ "Ensaf Haidar: Ban The Burqa - The Post Millennial". 21 April 2016. "Could the U.S. Women in public places usually wear abaya which is a long black cloth that covers the whole body except the face and the hands, in addition to the scarf that only covers the hair. Retrieved 2008-08-04. ^ Clark-Flory, Tracy (2007-04-23). Twitter. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as shash, and also often cover their upper body with a shawl known as garbasaar. Global News. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Tawakkul Karman - First Arab Woman and Youngest Nobel Peace Laureate". ^ "MKs discuss France-like burka ban". International Business Times UK. Depending on the societal status and city, a loose dupatta scarf is worn around the shoulders and upper chest or just on the shoulder, or isn't used at all. The Malay Mail. 3/4, p. 8 October 2009. In the country, it is negatively associated with Salafist political activism.[56][57] There has been some restrictions on wearing the hijab by the government, which views hijab as a political symbol. the Mad Mullahs: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other, 2nd ed, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. "Denmark becomes latest European country to ban full Islamic face veil in public spaces". "Articles about niqab". They might wear boushiya. Such formal or cultural Muslim events may include official governmental events, funerals, circumcision (sunatan) ceremonies or weddings. the Guardian. ^ "L 219 Forslag til lov om hndring af straffeloven. The "Burqa ban", was challenged and taken to the European Court of Human Rights which upheld the law on 1 July 2014, accepting the argument of the French government that the law was based on "a certain idea of living together".[33] A broader ban on hijab is regularly proposed by conservative and right-wing politicians.[34] Such a broader ban would include a ban in public universities but presidents of universities and most student unions oppose such a ban.[35] Germany In 2017, a ban on face-covering clothing for soldiers and state workers during work was approved by German parliament.[36] Republic of Ireland In 2018, Taoiseach (prime minister) Leo Varadkar ruled out a burka ban in the Republic of Ireland, saying " I don't like it but I think people are entitled to wear what they want to wear. Bustle. State Department's annual International Religious Freedom Report in 2007 referenced one instance in which a female student was restricted from attending school for wearing a headscarf, despite civil servants wearing them at work without issue.[122][123] Morocco The headscarf is not encouraged by governmental institutions, and generally frowned upon by urban middle and higher classes but it is not forbidden by law. Retrieved 2008-08-04. ^ a b Ayman, Zehra; Knickmeyer, Ellen. Retrieved 26 December 2016. ^ "Syria bans face veils at universities". The ruling was widely seen as a victory for Turks who claim this maintains Turkey's separation of state and religion. Retrieved 2018-07-22. ^ Paperny, Anna Mehler. CNN. ^ a b c Amer, Sahar (2014). I don't agree with the doctrine of every religion or necessarily any religion, but I do believe in the freedom of religion.[37][38] Latvia In 2016, a ban on the wearing of face-covering Islamic clothing in public was adopted by the Latvian parliament, despite such garments being rarely worn in Latvia.[11] Netherlands The Dutch government parliament in January 2012 enacted a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban".[39][23] Norway In autumn 2017, Norway government adopted a law prohibiting people to wear "attire and clothing masking the face in such a way that it impairs recognizability" in schools and in universities.[40] In 2018 the Norway parliament voted to ban the burqa in schools and universities.[41][42] United Kingdom In the UK hijabs are worn by children from ages 6-8.[43][44] According to retail chain Marks & Spencer, the hijabs they sell as part of the school uniform will fit a child aged 3.[45] Muslim world Dress codes for women in Muslim countries Algeria In 2018, the government passed a law banning the wearing of full face-veils, called burqas or niqabs, for women at work.[46][47][48] Afghanistan Female art students in Afghanistan There is no hijab enforcement in Afghanistan, but it is predominantly worn. The law states: "Whoever does in a public place an indecent act or an act contrary to public morals or wears an obscene outfit or contrary to public morals or causing an annoyance to public feelings shall be punished with flogging which may not exceed forty lashes or with fine or with both."[140] In 2013, the case of Amira Osman Hamid came to international attention when she chose to expose her hair in public, in opposition to the nation's public-order laws.[141] Syria In 2010, Ghiyath Barakat, Syria's minister of higher education, announced a ban on women wearing full-face veils at universities. 19, 34-37, ISBNh9780815602668 ^ a b c Heath, Jennifer (2008). 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, p. The Telegraph. "BURKA BOMBSHELL: Muslim country to ban the veil 'because it is NOT Islamic'". On 5 June 2008, the Constitutional Court of Turkey reinstated the ban on constitutional grounds of the secularity of the state.[154] Headscarves had become a focal point of the conflict between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the secularist establishment. Retrieved 13 August 2010. ^ "Muslim jail employee fired for wearing headscarf loses appeal". "Denmark burka ban: Scandinavian country set to become latest to ban full-face veils". ^ Staff and agencies (31 May 2018). Bloomberg.com. Retrieved on 13 February 2009. ^ Correspondent, By Ramadan Al Sherbini, (22 October 2006). www.CyprusExplorer.GlobalFolio.net. Retrieved on 13 February 2009. ^ a b "A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women". Jump to navigation Jump to search A map of countries with a burqa ban. Retrieved 14 July 2010. ^ Joan, Bryden (27 October 2007). Map current as of 2018 hhNational ban - country bans women from wearing full-face veils in public hhLocal ban - cities or regions ban full-face veils hhPartial ban - government bans full-face veils in some locations European Commissioner Franco Frattini said in November 2006, that he did not favour a ban on the burqa.[15] This is apparently the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the European Commission, the executive of the European Union. Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of parallel societies, and the failure of integration: in 2006 British Prime Minister Tony Blair described the face veil as a "mark of separation".[16] Proposals to ban hijab may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions: the Dutch politician Geert Wilders proposed a ban on hijab, on Islamic schools, the Quran, on new mosques, and on non-western immigration. In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state, and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress. "New bill to ban veiled voters". LExpress.fr (in French). Retrieved 9 August 2018. ^ Reformatorisch dagblad: Brussel tegen boerkaverbod, 30 November 2006. ^ Blair's concerns over face veils BBC News Online. When they go out of doors modesty requires that they should take a corner and pull it in front to cover the chin, mouth and nose. 5/2001, as enacted per Acehnese plebiscite (in favour). "Veil war breaks out on Egypt university campus". ^ "The Islamic Network for Woman and Families". ^ "Egypt: Niqab Ban Stirs Controversy h Global Voices". Most men covered their heads with either a headscarf (similar to a wrapped keffiyeh, "a form of turban"[170]) or a fez. The use of the headscarf increased during the 1980s. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ a b "Clothing in Pakistan and other Local Customs Reviews". ^ a b "A Traveling Girl's Guide to Clothing in Muslim Countries". ^ "Saudi Arabia's dress code for women". Islamic schools must by law provide access to Christians (and vice versa Catholic and Protestant schools allow Muslim students) and it is to be worn by Christian students who attend Muslim school, and its use by Muslim students is not objected to in Christian schools. Many nuns refer to their habit as a jilbab, perhaps out of the colloquial use of the term to refer to any religious head covering. The sole exception where jilbab is mandatory is in Aceh Province, under Islamic Sharia-based Law No 18/2001, granting Aceh special autonomy and through its own Regional Legislative body Regulation Nr. The New York Times. Saudi women have been arrested for failing to wear a veil.[138] Somalia Young Somali women wearing the hijab. During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. The greater part of the hair remains under the ornaments mentioned above, except on the forehead where it is divided into two locks, which are led along the temples to the ears, and the ends are allowed to hang loose behind over the shoulders. -- Giovanni Mariti, Travels in the Island of Cyprus, 1769 In accordance with the islands' strict moral code, Turkish Cypriot women also wore long skirts or pantaloons in order to cover the soles of their feet. (2005). According to The New York Times, as of 2007 about 90 percent of Egyptian women currently wear a headscarf.[55] Small numbers of women wear the niqab. Retrieved 2010-02-10. ^ a b "Fatwa stirs heated debate over face-veiling in Kuwait". This argument has featured prominently in judgments in Britain and the Netherlands, after students or teachers were banned from wearing face-covering clothing. Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides on individual clothing. ABC-CLIO, 22 June 2009. NBC News. ^ "Afghan Women Still Bound by Burka". ^ United Press Service (UP) (26 January 1958). The usage of the tudung sharply increased after the 1970s.[117] as religious conservatism among Malay people in both Malaysia and Singapore increased.[119] Several members of the Kelantan ulama in the 1960s believed the hijab was not mandatory.[118] By 2015 the Malaysian ulama believed this previous 'fatwa' was un-Islamic.[120] By 2015 Malaysia had a fashion industry related to the tudung.[118] Maldives There are no official laws in the Constitution of the Maldives that require women to cover their heads, but Maldivian women commonly wear a hijab and niqab in public. Princeton University Press.External links Media related to Hijabs by country at Wikimedia Commons Burqa ban: What it means for the West - TCN News VEIL Project - Values, Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies. [23] "Liebende Eltern (Loving parents)", painting about the discussion about the face-covering Islamic clothing austrian, showing chancellor Sebastian Kurz, vice chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache and a little muslim child by Matthias Laurenz Grhff (2018) Austria In 2017, a legal ban on face-covering Islamic clothing was adopted by the Austrian parliament.[24][25] Bulgaria In 2016, a ban on the wearing of face-covering Islamic clothing in public was adopted by the Bulgarian parliament.[26] Denmark In autumn 2017, the Danish government considered adopting a law prohibiting people to wear "attire and clothing masking the face in such a way that it impairs recognizability".[27][28] The proposal was met with some support in the parliament and was passed into law on 31 May 2018, becoming h 134 c of the Danish Penal Code, stating that "[a]ny person who in a public place wears a item of clothing that covers said person's face shall be liable to a fine" with an exception for coverings that serve "a creditable purpose" (e.g. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Retrieved 26 October 2017 - via www.WashingtonPost.com. ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.117-118. ^ "Headscarf incident in Sudan highlights a global trend". "Do women have to wear niqaabh". 28, 116-117, ISBNh9780844411873 ^ a b c d e Katouzian, Homa (2003). Debates about Muslim Headscarves in Europe (University of Vienna) Q&A: Muslim headscarves from BBC News Shabina Begum case: School wins Muslim dress appeal (22 March 2006) The Veil and the British Male Elite Behind the Scarfed Law, There is Fear - Alain BadiouvteIslamic female dressTypes Abaya Battoulah Boshiya Burqa Burkini harhaf Chador Dupatta Haik Hijab Jilbhb Khimar Niqhb Paranji Shayla Tudong YashmakBy country Australia Canada Egypt France Indonesia Iran Malaysia Pakistan Saudi Arabia Taliban Afghanistan TurkeyConcepts Andaruni Awrah Gender segregation Purdah Zenana Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phphtitle=Hijab_by_country&oldid=866610434" . "Iran: 29 women arrested over anti-hijab protests inspired by 'girl of Enghelab Street'". Wednesday 29 February 2012. She sued the state of Florida for religious discrimination, though her case was eventually thrown out. In January 2017, the New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division in Camden County dismissed two suits filed by Linda Tisby in summer 2015 against her former employer, the county's Department of Corrections. Retrieved 2018-06-02. ^ LOI nh 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public, 11 October 2010, retrieved 2018-01-12 ^ Willsher, Kim (1 July 2014). 5 ^ a b "Reality Check: Did EU court ban Islamic headscarf at workh". A. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Nasrin Sotoudeh hhhhh hhhhh". 7, n. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ a b "Iran Chides Police for Using Force Against Female Veil Protester". 1984-01-26. Ban on Head Scarves Voted Out in Turkey: Parliament Lifts 80-Year-Old Restriction on University Attire. Published 2011-12-12. Retrieved 27 July 2011. ^ juntaislamica.com. Pitt.edu. "Why This One Video Of A Woman Protesting In Iran Is Going Viral". Retrieved 2015-07-18. ^ "Chad arrests five and bans burqa after suicide bombings". www.crin.org. ^ "BBC NEWS - Africa - Morocco moves to drop headscarf". ^ Ennaji, Moha. The Banning of the Veil and Its Consequences" in Cronin, Stephanie: The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921-1941, p. 19 July 2010 - via www.bbc.co.uk. ^ Richard Hamilton (6 October 2006) Morocco moves to drop headscarf BBC News (BBC). "What's That You're Wearingh A Guide to Muslim Veils". 90-91, ISBNh9781565642874 ^ "How did Reza Pahlavi's dictatorship affect Iranian womenh". The exception is when visiting a mosque, where the tudung must be worn; this requirement also includes non-Muslims. Although headscarves are permitted in government institutions, public servants are prohibited from wearing the full-facial veil or niqab. Department of State. ^ "MALDIVES: Children's rights in the Special Procedures' reports | CRIN". Cyprus Explorer". 2008-02-11. ^ Sabrina Tavernise (5 June 2008). 273, 2007 ^ Athanasiadis, Iason, "Northern Cyprus espouses 'Islam lite'", Daily Star ^ Haber KKTC, 7 June 2011 Ban on headscarf was removed in Turkey ^ Tavernise, Sabrina, "Under a Scarf, a Turkish Lawyer Fighting to Wear It", The New York Times, 9 February 2008 ^ Cyprus: Culture and language, Mephisto ^ a b c Cameroon bans Islamic face veil after suicide bombings, 16 July 2015. "Tajikstan passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs'". TheConversation.com. 15-37, London; New York: Routledge; Taylor & Francis, ISBNh9780415302845 ^ a b c d e Katouzian, Homa (2004). Iranian women are required to wear loose-fitting clothing and a headscarf in public.[73][74] This partially changed in the Middle Ages after the arrival of the Turkic nomadic tribes from Central Asia, whose women didn't wear headscarves.[75][76] However, after the Safavid centralization in the 16th century, the headscarf became defined as the standard head dress for women in urban areas all around the Iranian Empire.[77] Exceptions to this were seen only in the villages and among nomadic tribes,[75][76][78][79][80] such as Qashqai. Page A17. ^ Derakhshandeh, Mehran. 2007-09-28. In 2005, a schoolbook for basic religious education was heavily criticized for picturing female children with headscarves, and later the picture of the little girl with the Islamic headscarf was removed from the school books.[124] The headscarf is strongly and implicitly forbidden in Morocco's military and the police. In January 2017 Morocco banned the manufacturing, marketing and sale of the burqa.[125] Pakistan Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan, wore a duppatta scarf. 9 October 2009. ^ "How You See It: Egyptian campus bans niqab - WORLDFOCUS". indy100. Retrieved 19 July 2010. ^ Kiko Itasaka (14 May 2010). (2011). Retrieved 9 August 2018. ^ Phillips, Tom (13 January 2015). 33-34, 335-336, ISBNh9781845112721 ^ a b c d El Guindi, Fadwa (1999). sports equipment, protection against the cold, masks for carnivals, masquerades etc.).[29][30] The law came into force on 1 August 2018. www.iranhumanrights.org. 2008-02-16. ^ Jenkins, Gareth. In Turkey, bans previously applied at state institutions (courts, civil service) and in state-funded education, but were progressively lifted during the tenure of Recep Tayyip Erdohan. In his prominent June 2009 speech to the Muslim World in Cairo, President Barack Obama called on the West "to avoid dictating what clothes a Muslim woman should wear", and he elaborated that such rules involve "hostility" towards Muslims in "the pretense of liberalism".[206] Most gyms, fitness clubs, and other workout facilities in the United States are mixed-sex, so exercise without a hijab or burqa can be difficult for some observant Muslim women. Turkey's Constitutional Changes: Much Ado About Nothingh Eurasia Daily Monitor. Retrieved 2 June 2008. ^ "Correct view on the ruling on covering the face - islamqa.info". ^ Said al Fawaid (7 March 2008). The past and present of women in the Muslim world" in Moghissi, Haideh: Women and Islam: Images and realities, Vol. 9 October 2009. 9 May 2015. "The Politics of the Veil". Retrieved 2 June 2008. ^ Moqtasami (1979), pp. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ Hatam, Nassim (2017-06-14). This use of the tudung was uncommon prior to the 1979 Iranian revolution,[118] and the places that had women in tudung tended to be rural areas. Accessed 6 June 2008. ^ Turkey headscarf ruling condemned Al Jazeera English (7 June 2008). ISSNh0261-3077. Later, during the economic crisis in the late 19th century under the Qajar dynasty, the poorest urban women could not afford headscarves.[78]Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, p. 37-38, ISBNh9780815602668 ^ a b French MPs back headscarf ban BBC News (BBC). The ban was first in place during the 1980 military coup, but the law was strengthened in 1997. 2018-01-30. Islam Q&A. 17 June 2016 - via Reuters. ^ "Chad Bans Islamic Face Veils". Similarly, Muslim women may feel uncomfortable around other women with traditionally revealing American outfits, especially during the summer "bikini season". Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance, Oxford; New York: Berg Publishers; Bloomsbury Academic, p. "Egypt's Women Foil Attempt to Restrict". Link retrieved 24 August 2010 ^ World Bulletin Kosovo elects first lawmaker to wear a headscarf ^ Hjh Halimatussaadiah bte Hj Kamaruddin v Public Services Commission, Malaysia & Anor [1994] 3 MLJ 61. ^ Hassim, Nurzihan (2014). On 28 January 2018, Nasrin Sotoudeh, a renowned human rights lawyer, posted on facebook that Vida had been released.[101] It was not until a few weeks later that Sotoudeh revealed the girl's identity.[102] In the following weeks, multiple people re-enacted Vida's public display of removing their hijabs and waving them in the air.[97] On 1 February 2018, the Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran released a statement saying that they had arrested 29 people, mostly women, for removing their headscarves against a law that did not allow women to be in public without wearing an Islamic veil.[97][103] One woman, Shima Babaei, was arrested after removing her headdress in front of a court as a symbol of her continued dedication to the cause. On 23 February 2018, Iranian Police released an official statement saying that any women found protesting Iran's compulsory veiling code would be charged with "inciting corruption and prostitution," which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison.[104] Before this change, according to article 638 of the Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, "Anyone in public places and roads who openly commits a harhm (sinful) act, in addition to the punishment provided for the act, shall be sentenced to two months imprisonment or up to 74 lashes; and if they commit an act that is not punishable but violates public prudency, they shall only be sentenced to ten days to two months' imprisonment or up to 74 lashes. Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran: Four Lectures, Oneonta, New York: Islamic Publications International (IPI), p. Police have arrested her". Retrieved 2018-01-12. ^ Nachrichtenfernsehen, n-tv. "Shar'i description of hijab and niqaab". The issue of Islamic dress is linked with issues of immigration and the position of Islam in Western Europe. There are currently 13 nations that have banned the burqa (not to be confused with the hijab), including Austria, Denmark, France, Belgium, Tajikistan, Latvia,[11]Bulgaria,[12]Cameroon, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, Netherlands,[13]China[14] and Morocco. Contents 1 Europe 1.1 Belgium 1.2 Austria 1.3 Bulgaria 1.4 Denmark 1.5 France 1.6 Germany 1.7 Republic of Ireland 1.8 Latvia 1.9 Netherlands 1.10 Norway 1.11 United Kingdom 2 Muslim world 2.1 Algeria 2.2 Afghanistan 2.3 Egypt 2.4 Indonesia 2.5 Iran 2.5.1 White Wednesday 2.5.2 The Girls of Enghelab Street 2.6 Iraq 2.7 Jordan 2.8 Kosovo 2.9 Malaysia 2.10 Maldives 2.11 Morocco 2.12 Pakistan 2.13 Saudi Arabia 2.14 Somalia 2.15 Sudan 2.16 Syria 2.17 Tajikistan 2.18 Tunisia 2.19 Turkey 2.20 Yemen 2.21 Israel 2.21.1 Gaza Strip 2.22 Northern Cyprus 3 Former USSR 4 Africa 4.1 Cameroon 4.2 Chad 4.3 Congo-Brazzaville 4.4 Gabon 5 Asia-Pacific 5.1 Australia 5.2 China 5.3 Myanmar 6 North America 6.1 Canada 6.2 Mexico 6.3 United States 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Europe Main article: Islamic dress in Europe Europe Burqa Bans. Retrieved 2018-10-12. ^ "Marks & Spencer's latest school clothing line is receiving a lot of criticism". The group also accused the women broadcasters of being "without any ... twitter.com. The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics, Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. "China bans burqa in capital of Muslim region of Xinjiang" (13 January 2015). B - Anyone facilitates or encourages people to immorality or prostitution."[105] Following the announcement, multiple women reported being subjected to physical abuse from the Iranian Police following their arrests.[104] Some have since been sentenced to multiple years in prison for their acts of defiance.[106] In one viral video in particular, a woman is filmed standing on top of a tall box, unveiled, waving her white scarf at people passing by her. 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Explained: Why Muslim women wear a burka, niqab or hijab". Women were beaten, their headscarves and chadors torn off, and their homes forcibly searched.[89][82][79][74][83][86][87][88][90][91] Until Reza Shah's abdication in 1941, many women simply chose not leave their houses in order to avoid such embarrassing confrontations,[82][79][86][87][88] and some even committed suicide.[86][87][88] Official measures were relaxed under Reza Shah's successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the wearing of a headscarf or chador was no longer an offence, but was still considered an indicator of backwardness or of membership of the lower class.[89] Discrimination against women wearing the headscarf or chador was still widespread with public institutions actively discouraging their use, and some eating establishments refusing to admit women who wore them.[82][92] In the aftermath of the revolution, hijab was made compulsory in stages.[74] In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini announced that women should observe Islamic dress code,[74][93] his statement sparked demonstrations which were met by government assurances that the statement was only a recommendation.[74][93] Hijab was subsequently made mandatory in government and public offices in 1980, and in 1983 it became mandatory for all women.[74] White Wednesday In May 2017, My Stealthy Freedom, an Iranian online movement advocating for women's freedom of choice, created the White Wednesday movement: a campaign that invites men and women to wear white veils, scarves or bracelets to show their opposition to the mandatory forced veiling code.[94] The movement was geared towards women who proudly wear their veils, but reject the idea that all women in Iran should be subject to forced veiling.[95]Masih Alinejad, an Iranian-born journalist and activist based in the United Kingdom and the United States, created the movement to protest Iran's mandatory hijab rule.[96] She described her 2017 movement via Facebook, saying, "This campaign is addressed to women who willingly wear the veil, but who remain opposed to the idea of imposing it on others. In the mid-20th century many women in urban areas did not wear head covering, but this ended with the outbreak of civil war in the 1990s.[49] The Afghan chadri is a regional style of burqa with a mesh covering the eyes.[50] It has been worn by Pashtun women since pre-Islamic times and was historically seen as a mark of respectability.[50] The burqa became a symbol of the conservative and totalitarian Taliban rule, who strictly enforced female adults to wear the dress. 9 December 2015. ^ a b "mercurynews.com". Thus would include universities, hospitals, and public or publicly funded schools and daycares.[188] Criticism of this decision came from The Globe and Mail newspaper, saying that such clothing, as worn by "2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner Tawakkul Karman", was "Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec".[189] In 2014 however, the ruling Parti Quhbhcois was defeated by the Liberal Party of Quebec and no legislation was enacted regarding religious symbols. In October 2017 a Quebec ban on face covering made headlines. Although the Taliban regime ended in 2001, some women continue to wear it out of security concerns or as a cultural practice.[51][52][50] Opposers to the burqa claim it is not Islamic, nor part of Afghan culture.[53] Egypt hijab Muslim Brotherhood (subtitled).webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser_on_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_%28subtitled%29.webm/220px--Gamal_Abdel_Nasser_on_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_%28subtitled%29.webm.jpg"/>Play media Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab Niqab in Egypt. In 1953 Egyptian leader President Gamal Abdel Nasser was told by the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded, "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college - and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarfh So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear ith" The veil gradually disappeared in the following decades, so much so that by 1958 an article by the United Press (UP) stated that "the veil is unknown here."[54] However, the veil has been having a resurgence since the 1970s, concomitant with the global revival of Muslim piety. Laws have been passed in France and Belgium to ban face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", although it does not only apply to the Afghan-model burqa. Other countries are debating similar legislation, or have more limited prohibitions. In cities like Istanbul and Ankara most women do not cover their heads.[147] In some cities in eastern Turkey where a conservative mentality still is more dominant, more women cover their heads .[148][149][150] On 7 February 2008, the Turkish Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities, arguing that many women would not seek an education if they could not wear the hijab.[151][152][153][151] The decision was met with powerful opposition and protests from secularists. Personal threats against female broadcasters were also sent to the women's mobile phones, though it was not clear if these threats were from the same group. 17 June 2015. ^ "Australia Muslim Veil Law Requires Women To Remove Face-Covering Niqab In New South Wales, 3 May 2012". The court decided that a New Jersey Superior Court was right to rule that it would have been an "undue hardship" for the agency to accommodate her religious beliefs "because of overriding safety concerns, the potential for concealment of contraband, and the importance of uniform neutrality".[208] See also Headscarf rights in Turkey Hijab controversy in Quebec Islam and clothing Multiculturalism Muslims in Europe Women in Muslim societiesReferences ^ Jewel Topsfield (7 April 2016). BBC News. archive.org. Governor Midjiyawa Bakari of the mainly Muslim region said the measure was to prevent further attacks.[176] Chad Following a double suicide bombing on 15 June 2015, which killed 33 people in N'Djamena, the Chadian government announced on 17 June 2015, the banning of the wearing of the burqa in its territory for security reasons.[177][178] Congo-Brazzaville The full-face Islamic veil was banned in May 2015 in public places in Congo-Brazzaville, to "counter terrorism", although there has not been an Islamist attack in the country.[176] Gabon On 15 July 2015, Gabon announced a ban on the wearing of full-face veils in public and places of work. Retrieved 26 October 2017. Sources Scott, Joan Wallach (2007). www.thepostmillennial.com. ^ a b "Constitucihn Polhtica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos". "Why Iranian women are wearing white on Wednesdays". Traditional Arabian garb such as the hijab and the jilbab is also commonly worn.[139] Sudan While the hijab is not explicitly mandated by law, Sudanese women are required to dress modestly in public. Retrieved on 28 December 2013. ^ Smith, Oli (11 March 2016). The same survey found the 68% of Canadians in general supported a law similar to Bill 62 in their part of Canada.[193] An 27 October Angus Reid Institute poll found that 70% Canadians outside of Quebec supported "legislation similar to Bill 62" where they lived in the country, with 30% opposing it.[194] People such as Tarek Fatah[195][196][197] and Ensaf Haidar[198][199] have called on the burka to be banned. Mexico See also: Islam in Mexico There is no ban on any Muslim clothing items. 22, n. 18 September 2013. ^ AFP (4 November 2013). Veils covering the face as well as the chador are rare. A - Anyone who establishes or directs a place of immorality or prostitution. Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia (Cultures and Customs of the World). See version at Yahoo! News. ^ Koh, Jaime and Stephanie Ho. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Vida Movahed, the woman who sparked anti-hijab protests in Iran | The Arab Weekly". Although a person looking at a woman wearing a niqab with an eye-veil would not be able to see her eyes clearly, she is able to see out through the thin fabric. The Saudi burqa is a typically black garment that completely covers a woman head to toe, including a veil that covers her face, with a mesh window across the eyes to see out of.[136][137] Many Saudi women use a headscarf along with the niqab or another simple veil to cover all or most of the face when in public, as do most foreign Muslim women (i.e., those from other Arab states, South Asia, Indonesia, or European converts to Islam). However, the use of the headscarf is generally prevalent among the lower and lower middle classes. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the burqa, boushiya, or niqhb, while other legislation pertains to any clothing with an Islamic religious symbolism such as the khimar, a type of headscarf. Retrieved 28 October 2017. ^ "Four-in-ten outside Quebec would prohibit women wearing niqabs from receiving government services". It was first suspended in December 2017.[190][191][192] With regards to public opinion, an 27 October 2017 Ipsos poll found that 76% of Quebecers backed Bill 62, with 24% opposing it. The Jamestown Foundation. Salon. 41-44 ^ "Dress Code in Saudi Arabia". In 2002, two presenters were excluded from a state run TV station for deciding to wear hijab on national television.[58] The American University in Cairo, Cairo University and Helwan University attempted to forbid entry to niqab wearers in 2004 and 2007.[59][60][61] Egyptian storekeeper in Cairo wearing a hijab Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Grand Imam of al-Azhar, issued a fatwa in October 2009 arguing that veiling of the face is not required under Islam. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ a b "Iran: Dozens of women ill-treated and at risk of long jail terms for peacefully protesting compulsory veiling". (~$1558 USD) in case of the fourth offence.[31] France France is a secular country. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ Goldman, Russell (2016-05-03). ISBNh0313351163, 9780313351167. The request was refused on the basis that the jury needs to see the face of the person giving evidence.[180] China In 2017 China banned the burqa in the Islamic area of Xinjiang.[181][182] Myanmar On 21 June 2015, at a conference in Yangon held by the Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion, a group of monks locally called Ma Ba Tha declared that the headscarves "were not in line with school discipline", recommending the Burmese government to ban the wearing of hijabs by Muslim schoolgirls and to ban the butchering of animals on the Eid holiday.[183] North America Canada See also: Islam in Canada On 12 December 2011, the Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration issued a decree banning the niqab or any other face-covering garments for women swearing their oath of citizenship; the hijab was not affected.[184] This edict was later overturned by a Court of Appeal on the grounds of being unlawful. Mohamed Elmasry, a controversial former president of the Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC), has stated that only a small minority of Muslim Canadian women actually wear these types of clothing. One of the key principles of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State is the freedom of religious exercise. 2008-02-10. The hijab in these cases is seen as a sign of political Islam or fundamentalism against secular government. Islamic dress, notably the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women, has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe. "In Egypt, a New Battle Begins Over the Veil". In 1981, women with headscarves were banned from schools and government buildings, and since then those who insist on wearing them face losing their jobs.[6] Recently in 2006, the authorities launched a campaign against the hijab, banning it in some public places, where police would stop women on the streets and ask them to remove it, and warn them not to wear it again. Wearing a burqa or a niqab in public can lead to a fine of 1000 kroner (~$156 USD) in case of first time offences, rising to 10.000 kr. Retrieved 2018-01-12. ^ "Interdire le voile aux htudiantesh Les prhsidents d'universith disent "non"". "CHINA VEIL BAN: Beijing outlaws Islamic veil and beards in Muslim province". ^ Hijab Ban 2015: Buddhist Monks Propose Anti-Muslim Measure On Burmese Schoolgirls, 22 June 2015 ^ Face veils banned for citizenship oaths. Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical & Modern Stereotypes, Herndon, Virginia; London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, p. The headscarf is becoming gradually more frequent in the north, but as it is not traditional, to wear one is considered rather a religious or political decision. "Egypt court revokes ban on niqab at exam halls". ^ Ibrahim, Baher. "Musulmanes de Mhxico - Webislam". ^ "Tinker v. Some Islamic adherents (like Uzbeks) used to wear the paranja, while others (Chechens, Kara-Chai, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word hijab. Africa Women in Algeria wearing a hahk, a type of veil Cameroon On 12 July 2015, two women dressed in religious garments blew themselves up in Fotokol, killing 13 people. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist". ^ Mona Charen (7 July 2009). Reza Shah wa koudeta-ye 1299 (Persian), Rahavard - A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies, Vol. Axios. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Woman Who Removed Headscarf in Public Sentenced to Prison as Supreme Leader Tries to Diminish Hijab Protests - Center for Human Rights in Iran". p. Maldives Independent. Many women wear a headscarf for cultural reasons that is not a symbol of the Quran. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Scott, 2007, pg. acus.org. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "The high stakes of hijab protests in Iran". However, in contemporary urban Tunisian society, remnants of decades worth of discouragement remain. Turkey Main article: Headscarf controversy in Turkey Turkey is officially a secular state, and the hijab was banned in universities and public buildings until late 2013 - this included libraries or government buildings. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec, The Globe and Mail ^ Paperny, Anna Mehler. Retrieved 2018-07-22. ^ "Judge suspends Quebec face-covering ban, says it appears to violate charter | CBC News". "Women condemn Turkey constitution". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. ABC News. As of Julyh2018, the ban has been suspended by at least two judges for violating the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Tuesday 23 November 2010. PublicRadio.org. ISBNh9780520250406. The secular government does not encourage women to wear it, fearing it will present an Islamic extremist political opposition. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ a b Kasana, Mehreen. "French PM calls for ban on Islamic headscarves at universities". He has also said that women should be free to choose, as a matter of culture and not religion, whether they wear it.[185] The CIC criticized a proposed law that would have required all voters to show their faces before being allowed to cast ballots. In several countries this adherence to hijab has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. Retrieved on 30 December 2013. ^ Verma, Sonia. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ Rainsford, Sarah (2007-10-02). Dress codes for men are more lax, though shorts are uncommon. "Bundestag beschlieht Sicherheitspaket". New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Taylor & Francis, p. Tauris, ISBNh9781860644269 ^ a b c d e Katouzian, Homa (2006). Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ Schmidt, Samantha (13 December 2016). BBC News. Updated Monday 10 September 2012. "Leo Varadkar: 'There will be no burqa ban in Ireland'". ^ O'Connell, Hugh. Retrieved 2018-10-13. ^ https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/10/255703/algeria-burqas-niqabs-women/ ^ https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/19/algerian-bans-female-public-servants-from-wearing-full-face-veils ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/7569292/algeria-face-veils-ban/ ^ CNN, Monica Sarkar,. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ^ John M. The hijhb together with a duppatta is becoming unpopular among the younger generation. "This trend of young Muslim girls wearing the hijab is disturbing." The Guardian. Niessen, Ann Marie Leshkowich, Carla Jones, Re-orienting fashion: the globalization of Asian dress: Berg Publishers: 2003: ISBNh1-85973-539-8, ISBNh978-1-85973-539-8, 283 pages pp 206-207 ^ "Insideindonesia.org". One exception is the case of Sultaana Freeman, a Florida woman who had her driver's license cancelled due to her wearing of the niqab in her identification photo. It is widely believed that the hijab is increasingly becoming more of a fashion statement in Jordan than a religious one with Jordanian women wearing colorful, stylish headscarves along with western-style clothing.[112] Kosovo Since 2009, the hijab has been banned in public schools and universities or government buildings.[113] In 2014, the first female parliamentarian with hijab was elected to the Kosovar parliament.[114] Malaysia Young Malaysian woman wearing a hijab The headscarf is known as a tudung, which simply means "cover". 12 June 2018. ^ "MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!". At the same time, this law imposed public servants not to wear any religious signs during work. In 2004, the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools banned most religious signs, including hijab, from public primary and secondary schools in France. p.h61. ^ Lawrence, Quil (13 July 2010). Link retrieved 24 August 2010 ^ "AZERBAIJAN: Feud over ban on Islamic head scarves fuels fears of Iranian meddling". Salman Samani, a spokesman for Ministry of Interior (Iran) released a statement on 25 February 2018 saying "No one has a license to act against the law even in the role of an officer dealing with crimes."[107] On 8 March 2018, a video of three Iranian women singing a feminist fight song in Tehran's subway went viral on social media.[108] The women were singing in honor of International Women's Day and to highlight women's continued challenges caused by forced veiling and other discriminatory laws against women.[108] In the video, the three Iranian women are not wearing Islamic headscarves. "The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces" (27 June 2018). Retrieved 2010-02-10. ^ Slackman, Michael (28 January 2007). But since 25 March 2015, based on Surat Keputusan Kapolri Nomor:Kep/245/II/2015 female police officers can now wear hijab if they want. 53-79, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge; Taylor & Francis, ISBNh9780415324199 ^ Mitchell, Colin P. ISSNh0362-4331. The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ "Women and the Hijab in the Intifada", Rema Hammami Middle East Report, May-August 1990 ^ Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.230 ^ Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.231 ^ xinhuanet.com, 2010-01-03 ^ Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009 ^ "Removed: news agency feed article". The Guardian. The Independent. ^ "BBC NEWS - Africa - Tunisia moves against headscarves". ^ Tunisian revolution ^ Rainsford, Sarah (2006-11-07). Covering the whole face was rare among the Iranians and was mostly restricted to local Arabs and local Afghans. Retrieved 1 February 2017. ^ Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and [niqab in public places, Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016. ^ Halasz; McKenzie, Stephanie; Sheena (27 June 2018). 209-213, 217-218, ISBNh9780813021119 ^ Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis, 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. Retrieved 2018-03-11. ^ "Khamenei Claims Iran's 'Enemies' Behind Anti-Hijab Protests". By taking videos of themselves wearing white, these women can also show their disagreement with compulsion."[96] The campaign resulted in Iranian women posting pictures and videos of themselves wearing pieces of white clothing to social media.[94] The Girls of Enghelab Street On 27 December 2017, 31-year-old Vida Movahed, also known as "The Girl of Enghelab Street" was arrested for being unveiled in public after a video of the women went viral on social media.[97][98] The video showed Movahed silently waving her hijab, a white headscarf that she had removed from her head and placed on a stick for one hour on Enghelab Street in Tehran.[99][97] At first it was assumed that her act was connected to the widespread protests taking place in Iran, but Movahed confirmed that she performed the act in support of the 2017 White Wednesday campaign.[100]Vida's arrest sparked outrage from social media, where many Iranians shared footage of her protest along with the hashtag "#Where_Is_Sheh". Retrieved 2018-10-12. ^ "M&S on Twitter". NPR. "In battle of the burqa, Obama and Sarkozy differ". The group described the idea as unnecessary, arguing that it would only promote discrimination against Muslims and provide "political mileage among Islamophobes".[186] In February 2007, soccer player Asmahan Mansour, part of the team Nepean U12 Hotspurs, was expelled from a Quebec tournament for wearing her headscarf. CA. 12 August 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ Heath, edited by Jennifer (2008). "Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab". no headscarf. The law is viewed as a response to a court case of 2011 where a woman in Sydney was convicted of falsely claiming that a traffic policeman had tried to remove her niqab.[179] The debate in Australia is more about when and where face coverings may legitimately be restricted.[180] In a Western Australian case in July 2010, a woman sought to give evidence in court wearing a niqab. SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Center for Communications and Humanities

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Bibliography for my term paper on evolutionary studies of homosexuality

A large part of this paper was critiquing how these studies were being done, and that included citing some pretty egregious examples of using out of date and discriminatory language. Some of those words are included in the titles. Please take care of yourself when reading these. A lot of it is interesting, and there are a lot of resources here for producing better, community oriented, respectful research that's applicable across the humanities. But it can get overwhelming. Bailey, J M, and P Bell (Bailey and Bell 1993, 313-322) 1993 Familiality of female and male homosexuality. Behavior genetics 23(4):313–22. DOI:10.1007/BF01067431. Bailey, J. Michael, Michael P. Dunne, and Nicholas G. Martin (Bailey et al 2000, 524-536) 2000 Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(3):524–536. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.524. Bailey, J., RC. Pillard, MC. Neale, and Y. 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DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02785.x. Camperio Ciani, Andrea, and Elena Pellizzari (Camperio-Ciani and Pellizzari 2012) 2012 Fecundity of Paternal and Maternal Non-Parental Female Relatives of Homosexual and Heterosexual Men. PLoS ONE 7(12). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0051088. Camperio-Ciani, A., F. Corna, and C. Capiluppi (Camperio-Ciani et al 2004, 2217-2221) 2004 Evidence for maternally inherited factors favouring male homosexuality and promoting female fecundity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271(1554):2217–2221. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2872. Catania, Joseph A., David R. Gibson, Dale D. Chitwood, and Thomas J. Coates (Catania et al 1990, 339-362) 1990 Methodological problems in AIDS behavioral research: Influences on measurement error and participation bias in studies of sexual behavior. Psychological Bulletin 108(3):339–362. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.339. Camperio-Ciani, Andrea, Francesca Iemmola, and Stan R. Blecher (Camperio-Ciani et al 2009, 449-455) 2009 Genetic factors increase fecundity in female maternal relatives of bisexual men as in homosexuals. Journal of Sexual Medicine 6(2):449–455. DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00944.x. Dawood, Khytam, Richard C. Pillard, Christopher Horvath, William Revelle, and J. Michael Bailey (Dawood et al 2000, 155-163) 2000 Familial aspects of male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior 29(2):155–163. DOI:10.1023/A:1001955721992. Denmark, Florence, Nancy Felipe Russo, Irene Hanson Frieze, and Jeri A Sechzer (Denmark et al 1988, 582-585) 1988 Guidelines for Avoiding Sexism in Psychological Research. American Psychologist 43(7):582–585. Fenton, K. A., A. M. Johnson, S. McManus, and B. Erens (Fenton et al 2001, 84-92) 2001 Measuring sexual behaviour: Methodological challenges in survey research. Sexually Transmitted Infections 77(2):84–92. DOI:10.1136/sti.77.2.84. Forrester, Deanna L., Doug P. Vanderlaan, Jessica L. Parker, and Paul L. Vasey (Forrester et al 2011, 339-352) 2011 Male sexual orientation and avuncularity in Canada: Implications for the Kin selection Hypothesis. Journal of Cognition and Culture 11(3–4):339–352. DOI:10.1163/156853711X591288. Herek, Gregory M., Douglas C. Kimmel, Hortensia Amaro, and Gary B. Melton (Herek et al 1991, 957-963) 1991 Avoiding Heterosexist Bias in Psychological Research. American Psychologist 46(9):957–963. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.46.9.957. Hershberger, Scott L (Hershberger 2016, 212-222) 2016 A Twin Registry Study of Male and Female Sexual Orientation. The Journal of Sex Research 34(2):212–222. Hoffman, Louis, and Justin Lincoln (Hoffman and Lincoln 2011) 2011 Science, interpretation, and identity in the sexual orientation debate: What does finger length have to do with understanding a person? [References]. PsycCRITIQUES 56(15). DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023178. Idani, G. (Idani 1991, 83-95) 1991 Social Relationships between Immigrant and Resident Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Females at Wamba. Folia Primatologica 57(2):83–95. DOI:10.1159/000156568. Iemmola, Francesca, and Andrea Camperio Ciani (Iemmola and Camperio-Ciani 2009, 393-399) 2009 New evidence of genetic factors influencing sexual orientation in men: Female fecundity increase in the maternal line. Archives of Sexual Behavior 38(3):393–399. DOI:10.1007/s10508-008-9381-6. Jensen Krige, Eileen (Jensen Krige 2017) 2017 Woman-Marriage, with Special Reference to the Loυedu. Its Significance for the Definition of Marriage. Journal of the International African Institute, Vol . 44, No. 1 44(1). Kirkpatrick, R. C. (Kirkpatrick 2000, 385-413) 2000 The Evolution of Human Homosexual Behavior. Current Anthropology 41(3):385–413. DOI:10.1086/300145. LeVay, Simon (LeVay 1997, 172-193) 1997 Chapter 9 Genes. In Queer science: the use and abuse of research into homosexuality, pp. 172–193. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA Manson, Joseph H, Susan Perry, and Amy R Parish (Manson, Perry, and Parish 1997, 767-786) 1997 Nonconceptive Sexual Behavior in Bonobos and Capuchins. International Journal of Primatology 18(5):767–786. DOI:10.1023/A. Melton, Gary B. (Melton 1989, 933-940) 1989 Public Policy and Private Prejudice Psychology and Law on Gay Rights. American Psychologist 44(6):933–940. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.44.6.933. Melton, Gary B., Robert J. Levine, Gerald P. Koocher, Robert Rosenthal, and William C. Thompson (Melton et al 1988, 573-581) 1988 Community Consultation in Socially Sensitive Research: Lessons From Clinical Trials of Treatments for AIDS. American Psychologist 43(7):573–581. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.43.7.573. Morin, Stephen F. (Morin 1977, 35-58) 1977 Heterosexual bias in psychological research on lesbianism and male homosexuality (1979-1983), utilizing the bibliographic and taxonomic system of Morin (1977). Journal of homosexuality 13(1):35–58. DOI:10.1300/J082v13n01_03. Murphy, Timothy F. (Murphy 1998, 1-11) (Murphy 1998, 13-48) 1998 Introduction. In Gay science: the ethics of sexual orientation research, pp. 1–11. Columbia University Press, New York. 1998 Chapter 1 Scientific Accounts of Sexual Orientation. In Gay science: the ethics of sexual orientation research, pp. 13-48. Columbia University Press, New York. Parish, Amy Randall (Parish 1994, 157-179) 1994 Sex and food control in the “uncommon chimpanzee”: How Bonobo females overcome a phylogenetic legacy of male dominance. Ethology and Sociobiology 15(3):157–179. DOI:10.1016/0162-3095(94)90038-8. Rahman, Qazi, Anthony Collins, Martine Morrison, Jennifer Claire Orrells, Khatija Cadinouche, Sherene Greenfield, and Sabina Begum (Rahman et al 2008, 962-969) 2008 Maternal inheritance and familial fecundity factors in male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior 37(6):962–969. DOI:10.1007/s10508-007-9191-2. Rahman, Qazi, and Matthew S. Hull (Rahman and Hull 2005, 461-467) 2005 An empirical test of the kin selection hypothesis for male homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior 34(4):461–467. DOI:10.1007/s10508-005-4345-6. Rind, Bruce (Rind 2016, 397-407) 2016 Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks. 35(4):397–407. Roscoe, Will (Roscoe 1987, 81-172) 1987 Bibliography of Berdache and Alternative Gender Roles Among North American Indians, Journal of Homosexuality, 14:3-4, 81-172 Schroder, Kerstin E E, Michael P Carey, and Peter A Vanable (Schroder et al 2005, 96-99) 2005 Methodological Challenges in Research on Sexual Risk Behavior: III. Response to Commentary. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 29(2):96–99. Smuts, Barbara, and John M. Watanabe (Smuts and Watanabe 1990, 147-172) 1990 Social relationships and ritualized greetings in adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis). International Journal of Primatology 11(2):147–172. Strassberg, Donald S., and Kristi Lowe (Strassberg and Lowe 1995, 269-382) 1995 Volunteer bias in sexuality research. Archives of Sexual Behavior 24(4):369–382. DOI:10.1007/BF01541853. Vasey, Paul L (Vasey 1996, 539-551) 1996 Interventions and alliance formation between female Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, during homosexual consortships. Animal Behaviour 52(1991):539–551. DOI:10.1006/anbe.1996.0196. Vasey, Paul L., and Doug P. Vanderlaan (Vasey and Vanderlaan 2012, 209-215) 2012 Sexual orientation in men and avuncularity in Japan: Implications for the kin selection hypothesis. Archives of Sexual Behavior 41(1):209–215. DOI:10.1007/s10508-011-9763-z. Williams, Walter (Williams 2001) 2001 Benefits for Nonhomophobic Societies: An Anthropological Perspective. In Ed. Warren Blumenfeld Homophobia: how we all pay the price. Beacon Press, Boston. Wiederman, Michael W. (Wiederman 1999, 59-66) 1999 Volunteer bias in sexuality research using college student participants. Journal of Sex Research 36(1):59–66. DOI:10.1080/00224499909551968. Wilson, Edward O. (Wilson 1975) 1975 Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Wrangham, Richard W. (Wrangham 1993, 47-79) 1993 The evolution of sexuality in chimpanzees and bonobos. Human Nature 4(1):47–79. DOI:10.1007/BF02734089.

[johnnygsanto]

Australian immigration crackdown plan as drug-runners, gangsters allowed to stay - Gold Coast Bulletin

Australian immigration crackdown plan as drug-runners, gangsters allowed to stay  Gold Coast Bulletin Australian immigration crackdown plan as drug-runners, gangsters allowed to stay - Gold Coast Bulletin

[cardsvistas]

What You Should Wear To Visa Bulletin November 7 | visa bulletin november 7

The Visa Bulletin, which was first published in November 2020 and provides updated information on changes in visa regulations, is one of the most useful resources for people intending to travel to Australia. As the bulletin changes on a regular basis it is a great way to keep abreast of visa requirements and where any changes to rules may be applied.

The visa Bulletin does not cover every aspect of the immigration process and does not include any documents you may need in order to enter Australia. The Migration Act 1996 requires you to complete the Application for Undergraduate Study, or the Study Program if you are a student. It also includes the application forms for skilled migration.

You should also be aware that the Visa Bulletin does not contain information on children, or spouses, or even financial details. However, if you have an Australian citizen child, the Department of Immigration can provide some advice on the application process.

Other information on visas and financial requirements is available on the Department of Immigration website. They have also published general visa related publications on the same site.

The Visa Bulletin will change from time to time and sometimes these changes will not apply to you. If this is the case then you can always check the Department of Immigration website or any of their publications to determine if you are entitled to a visa.

To avoid any misunderstanding of when the Visa Bulletin changes, it is advisable to follow the publication dates given on the Department of Immigration website. There is also an online application system that can be used to apply for your visa. conditions, and changes to immigration laws and practices. However, the Visa Bulletin is not a legal source and the Department of Immigration only provides advice on the visa rules.

The Visa Bulletin does not affect the rights of an applicant to work in Australia or request permission to stay permanently in the country. In addition, the Department of Immigration cannot advise you of whether your application for a visa has been rejected.

It is also important to note that while the Visa Bulletin is a source of important information, it is not intended to provide legal advice. You should seek independent professional advice from an experienced immigration solicitor before making a decision about your visa application.

Before you apply for a visa, it is advisable to read the visa bulletin closely. There are several sections on different types of visas including temporary entry visas, special rules and special consideration for certain occupations, as well as advice about the various types of Visa Bulletin November 2020 changes and eligibility criteria for any of these changes.

You can get a copy of the Visa Bulletin November 2020 from the Department of Immigration website. You can also obtain the Visa Bulletin November 2020 by contacting them on the telephone or fax.

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November 7 Visa Bulletin Updates – Lexology – visa bulletin november 2018 | visa bulletin november 2018

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November 7 Visa Bulletin Updates Inside Business Immigration – visa bulletin november 2018 | visa bulletin november 2018

The post What You Should Wear To Visa Bulletin November 7 | visa bulletin november 7 appeared first on Cards Vista.

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[australianimmigrationbulletin]

Qualified in Construction? Australias Calling! #australia #immigration

Qualified in Construction? Australia’s Calling! #australia #immigration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5FA0Tau-FI via Australian Immigration Bulletin https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4PtyJVphjHJaZZzxSGGdww December 23, 2024 at 03:00PM

[selfportraitsofcolor]

Jiawei Shen /  Shen Jiawei / 沈嘉蔚, b. China, 1948 Suddenly Back to 1900 Australia (2000) Oil on canvas [Source]

‘As the title suggests, this is a millennial joke: the Y2K bug has thrown me back to 1900, and I am fitted out in traditional Chinese dress In this painting, I pay tribute to Mr Mei Quong Tart. Behind my figure you can see the well-known Quong Tart’s Tea House in King Street Sydney Through the cockatoo, I show the harmony that exists between me as an immigrant living in Bundeena, and the local and indigenous Australians.’ — Jiawei Shen, 2000 

The estate of Jules Francois Archibald established what has become the most prestigious annual portrait prize in Australia, the portrait prize in which Jiawei Shen entered this work. Archibald was also the founding editor of the Bulletin magazine (now considered racist in its condemnation of the ‘yellow peril’).

Through the cockatoo resting calmly on his head, Jiawei Shen conveys the idea that all nationalities now find acceptance in Australia, a far more tolerant place than either his own country of China or the previous times alluded to in the painting.

More about this artist here, and a previous self-portrait by him here.

[prop4drones]

Homeland Security claims DJI drones are spying for China

A memo from the Los Angeles office of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement bureau (ICE) has been making the rounds and it states some pretty bold claims about drone-maker DJI. The memo, which was apparently issued in August, says that the officials assess "with moderate confidence that Chinese-based company DJI Science and Technology is providing US critical infrastructure and law enforcement data to the Chinese government." The LA ICE office also says that the information is based on, "open source reporting and a reliable source within the unmanned aerial systems industry with first and secondhand access."

Part of the memo focuses on targets that the LA ICE office believes to be of interest to DJI. "DJI's criteria for selecting accounts to target appears to focus on the account holder's ability to disrupt critical infrastructure," it said. The memo goes on to say that DJI is particularly interested in infrastructure like railroads and utilities, companies that provide drinking water as well as weapon storage facilities. The LA ICE office concludes that it, "assesses with high confidence the critical infrastructure and law enforcement entities using DJI systems are collecting sensitive intelligence that the Chinese government could use to conduct physical or cyber attacks against the United States and its population."

The accusation that DJI is using its drones to spy on the US and scope out particular facilities for the Chinese government seems pretty wacky and the company itself told the New York Times that the memo was "based on clearly false and misleading claims."

But this isn't the first time that the US government has butted heads with DJI. In August, a US Army memo directed its members to immediately stop using all DJI productsdue to cybersecurity concerns -- something that the Australian Defense Force also did temporarily. Shortly thereafter, DJI released its Local Data Mode, which allows users to cut off drones from all internet activity. And there have been some legitimate security vulnerabilities brought up in regards to DJI's systems. But the idea that one of DJI's main goals is to spy on the US seems pretty absurd.

In a statement to the New York Times regarding the ICE memo, DJI said, "The allegations in the bulletin are so profoundly wrong as a factual matter that ICE should consider withdrawing it, or at least correcting its unsupportable assertions."

[bigyack-com]

Air Canada to Operate Modified Dash 8-400 Aircraft for Cargo

Air Canada Cargo has signed an agreement with Jazz Aviation to operate the recently approved Dash 8-400 Simplified Package Freighter, developed by De Havilland Canada, on short and medium haul markets under the Air Canada Express banner. The reconfigured aircraft will carry a total of 17,960 lbs (8,147 kg) of cargo in the passenger cabin and belly. “The reconfiguration of Dash 8-400 aircraft into Simplified Package Freighters can be quickly achieved by the removal of seats and seat track covers in the passenger cabin,” said Todd Young, Chief Operating Officer, De Havilland Canada. “The reconfiguration, which includes the use of up to 17 nets will provide a potential total payload of up to 17,960 lb. and a total cargo volume of up to 1,150 cubic feet per aircraft.”

Under an agreement with De Havilland Canada, Jazz Aviation has ordered a Service Bulletin and conversion kit that will be applied to the first of 13 select Dash 8-400 aircraft. De Havilland Canada will be the exclusive supplier of all future Dash 8-400 aircraft Simplified Package Freighter modifications for Jazz's fleet. "This aircraft will allow us to provide critical cargo lift on short and medium-haul routes that have been impacted by the reduction of passenger flights," said Tim Strauss, Vice-President Air Canada Cargo. "The converted cabin, which can accommodate a cargo volume of 1,150 cubic feet is perfectly suited to loose load cargo like medical supplies, PPE and other goods needed to support the ongoing fight against COVID19." To promote the cargo-only flights, Air Canada Cargo has created five, segment-specific sales teams. See latest Travel News, Interviews, Podcasts and other news regarding: Jazz, Air Canada, Cargo, Dash 8-400, Canada, De Havilland Canada, COVID19. Headlines: Thai AirAsia to Resume Domestic Flights 1 May  Marco Den Ouden Joins Patina Maldives Fari Islands as GM  Thai Airways Operates Repatriation Flights from Sydney and Auckland  Air Canada to Operate Modified Dash 8-400 Aircraft for Cargo  Virgin Atlantic to Launch Cargo-Only Flights to Tel Aviv, Israel  British Airways Increases Cargo-Only Flights from China  WTTC Estimates 100+ Million Job Losses in Travel & Tourism Sector  Thai Lion Air to Resume Domestic Flights on 1 May  Air New Zealand Delays New York Launch to Late-2021  Etihad to Provide Air Freight Assistance to Australian Exporters  Austrian Airlines Predicts Demand of Pre-COVID19 Levels in 2023  Anantara Launches Stay With Peace of Mind Programme  Executive Leadership Team Changes at CWT  CAE Signs Deal for 10,000 COVID19 Ventilators; Recalls Staff in Canada  Delta to Use Overhead Bins of Widebody Aircraft for Cargo  Marriott Establishes Global Cleanliness Council  Hong Kong's Daily Visitor Arrivals Below 100 at Beginning of April  1.2 Billion Fewer International Air Travellers by September 2020  PAL to Operate Special Flight to London on 24 April  CWT Awarded Platinum Status by EcoVadis  Emirates Increases Inflight and Airport Safety Measures  SAS Extends Status Level of EuroBonus Members for 12 Months  Delta Looking to Raise US$ 3 Billion  Vietnam Airlines Repatriates 300 People from Japan  IATA: Airlines Around the World Struggling to Survive  Air Canada to Suspend Scheduled Flights to USA  Qatar Airways Staff to Defer Portion of Basic Salary  United Airlines Looking to Raise Over US$1 Billion Through Public Offering  Korean Air Providing Protective Gowns and Goggles to Cabin Crew  Crown Group Unveils Plans for Mixed-Use Development in Los Angeles  Airbus Achieves Fully Automatic Refuelling Contacts  Vietnam Airlines Upgrades Flight Pass with Optiontown  Cathay Pacific to Operate 3% of Normal Capacity in April and May  Passengers Numbers at Hong Kong Int. Airport Down 91% in March  Vietnam Airlines and Jetstar Pacific Increase Flights Between Hanoi and Saigon  IATA and ICS Call on Governments to Facilitate Ship Crew Changes  Hahn Air Restructures Departments  Etihad Hoping to Resume Scheduled Passenger Flights from 1 May  Vietjet to Increase Passenger and Cargo Flights in Vietnam  United Airlines Expects Demand to Remain Suppressed in 2020 and Likely 2021  MTCO Launches Mekong Heroes  Finnair Using Airbus A350s for Cargo-Only Flights to Asia  Deliveroo Launches Rider Academy in Hong Kong  IATA Offering Free Access to Online Training Courses  Vietnam Airlines Operates UK Repatriation Flight  IHG to Take Over Four Seasons Hotel in Shanghai, China  IATA: Airline Industry's Outlook Grows Darker by the Day  Finnair and Juneyao Air to Strengthen Partnership  Qatar Airways Signs US$ 850m Financing Deal with Standard Chartered  Flight Centre Secures AU$900 Million in Additional Funding  F-15QA Fighter Jet Completes Maiden Flight  Philippine Airlines to Operate Melbourne - Manila Flight on 19 April  Number of Flights Operated by Asia Pacific Airlines Down 93%  American Airlines Extends AAdvantage Status  Air New Zealand Extends Significantly Reduced Network to 30 June  SunExpress Launches Cargo-Only Flights  Etihad to Operate Special Flights to Brussels, Dublin, London, Tokyo and Zurich  Malaysia Airlines Operates Repatriation Flights to Egypt, Indonesia and NZ  Thai Airways Extends Validity of ROP Mileage  Farah C. Jaber Appointed Cluster GM of Two Avani Resorts in Thailand  China Airlines Postpones Launch of Flights to Cebu and Chiang Mai  Ten Accor Hotels in Bangkok Renting Rooms as Offices  Delta Blocks Middle Seats; Pauses Automatic Advance Upgrades  Boeing Delivers First Set of Reusable 3D-Printed Face Shields  Air Canada Reconfigures Cabins of B777s for Additional Cargo Capacity  Japan and Singapore Retain Top Two Spots in Henley Passport Index  Elbit Systems to Upgrade Hermes 900 UAS for Two Latin American Customers  SKYE Suites Fast Tracks Opening of Third Hotel in Australia  Thailand Grants Automatic Visa Extensions to Foreign Tourists  American Airlines Expanding Cargo Operations  Sunway Resort Donates Amenity Kits to COVID19 Hospital in Malaysia  Delta Cargo Adds Large Shipments to DASH Door-to-Door Service  Etihad Cargo to Expand Network with Five New Routes  Airbnb Expands Frontline Stays Initiative to Thailand  Airbus to Cut Aircraft Production by a Third  Vietnam Airlines Reduces Danang Flights  AirAsia Philippines Cancels All Flights Until 30 April  Avani+ Khao Lak Appoints GM and DOSM  COVID19: Marriott Launches Rooms for Responders Initiative in USA  Etihad to Operate Special COVID19 Flights to Melbourne and Amsterdam  Philippines Eases Immigration Requirements for Foreigners  Changi Airport in Singapore to Suspend T2 Operations for 18 Months  Hong Kong Extends Ban on Non-Resident Arrivals and Transit Indefinitely  Etihad to Trial Technology That Identifies Passengers with Symptoms of Illness  Air Canada Extends Status of All Altitude FFP Members  Japan Coast Guard Orders Two More Airbus H225 Helicopters  Owner to Rebrand Four Seasons Hotel and Residence in Shanghai  Marlon Abeyakoon Appointed GM of New Resort in Maldives  Boeing to Suspend 787 Operations in South Carolina  ITE Hong Kong Postponed Until August 2020  IATA Postpones 76th AGM and World Air Transport Summit  InterContinental Bali Distributing 'Homemade' Face Masks  Etihad Encourages FFP Members to Donate Miles  Avani Seminyak Bali Appoints I Made Subrata as GM  Two Dassault Falcon Business Jets to Assist Operation Resilience in France  Delta Extends SkyMiles FFP Benefits and Status  Airbus Uses Test Aircraft to Fly 4 Million More Face Masks to Europe  Royal Netherlands Air Force Takes Delivery of First of 20 CH-47F Chinooks  IATA: This is Aviation's Darkest Hour  Accor to Close More Hotels; Cut Costs  Airlines in Asia Pacific Need Urgent Financial Support  Thai Airways Staff on Temporary Leave From 4 April - 31 May  American Airlines Makes Further Changes to Flight Schedule  Air Canada to Operate More Repatriation Flights  Boeing to Suspend Production in Ridley Township, Pennsylvania  Oakwood Opens Third Property in Jakarta, Indonesia  Increasing ORs Hint at Early Signs of Recovery for Hotels in China  Air Cargo Demand Slumps in February  Vietnam Airlines to Operate Just Three Return Flights Per Day  Qatar Airways Suspends JFK Flights; Madrid and Barcelona Next  Airbus Sites in Germany and Spain Producing 3D Printed Visor Frames  EU Waives Airport Slots Use Rule for Summer Season  CapitaLand Appoints Kevin Goh as CEO - Lodging  Relais & Châteaux Adds First Hotel in Bangkok to Collection  Airlines Could Burn Through US$61 Billion of Cash Reserves in Q2  Marriott Warns Millions of Guests About Security Breach  Airbnb to Support Hosts During COVID19 Crisis  Vietnam Airlines Launches Cargo-Only Flights  HD Videos and Interviews  Podcasts from HD Video Interviews  Travel Trade Shows in 2019, 2020 and 2021  High-Res Picture Galleries  Travel News Asia - Latest Travel Industry News  Read the full article

[bananaipindia]

Rubik’s Cube Owners Puzzled after Losing EU Trademark, Snapdeal Joins INTA, Scottish Whisky Wins GI Battle

New Post has been published on https://www.bananaip.com/ip-news-center/rubiks-cube-owners-puzzled-after-losing-eu-trademark-snapdeal-joins-inta-scottish-whisky-wins-gi-battle/

Rubik’s Cube Owners Puzzled after Losing EU Trademark, Snapdeal Joins INTA, Scottish Whisky Wins GI Battle

Rubik’s Cube Owners Puzzled After Losing EU Trademark, Snapdeal Joins INTA, Scottish Whisky Wins GI Battle, Trademark Refused to Vegan Deli, Then Granted to Nestlé, and more brought to you by the Trademark Attorneys at BananaIP (BIP) Counsel.

INDIAN TRADEMARK UPDATES

Snapdeal Joins International Trademark Association

Indian e-commerce marketplace Snapdeal has announced that it has become a member of the International Trademark Association (INTA). The INTA is a global not-for-profit advocacy association, comprising of 7,200 members across 187 countries, primarily, brand owners and professionals, which is dedicated to supporting trademarks and related intellectual property to foster consumer trust, economic growth, and innovation. The group works towards protecting and promoting the rights of trademark owners and supports efforts for the development of trademark law and appropriate legislation furthering this aim. “Snapdeal is committed to collaborating with the right stakeholders to address the issue of trademark counterfeiting. Snapdeal’s association with INTA will allow us to share industry insights and technical know-how in the global fight against those infringing intellectual property rights,” a Snapdeal spokesperson said. This follows Snapdeal’s efforts to counter trademark infringement on its site via its ‘Brand Shield’ and ‘Brand Registry’ programmes, which offer a single point of contact to report potentially infringing products, and allow sellers to register their brands on the Snapdeal, respectively.

INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK UPDATES

Rubik’s Cube Owners Puzzled After Losing EU Trademark

Rubik’s Brand Ltd, the owner of the brand of the ubiquitous 3D puzzle, has lost its latest bid to regain its EU trademark over the shape of the Rubik’s Cube. While this trademark over the shape had been granted in 1999, the EU’s Intellectual Property Office cancelled the same in 2017. This decision had been based on the ruling of the European Court of Justice in a case brought by German toy maker Simba Toys GmbH, where it was held that EU trademark law did not allow the company to be granted a monopoly on technical solutions or functional characteristics of its product. Rubik’s Brand appealed that decision, moving the case to the EU General Court in Luxembourg, which, however, upheld the decision to pull the trademark. This ruling is appealable one more time. However, for now, this means that the 45-year-old puzzle’s shape alone is not sufficient to protect it from being copied.

Trademark Refused to Vegan Deli, Then Granted to Nestlé

Herbivorous Butcher, a vegan deli and specialty food shop in Minneapolis, is taking on Swiss food processing conglomerate Nestlé and the US Patent and Trademark Office over the trademark “The Vegan Butcher”. The deli, opened in 2016, sells vegan substitute meats and cheese, and has been using the phrase “Vegan Butcher” to market the same. In 2017, the owners, sister-and brother team Aubry and Kale Walch, applied for a trademark for the phrase, but their application was denied, with the USPTO holding that the phrase could not be registered as a trademark because it was “merely descriptive”. However, when Nestlé later applied for the same trademark, seeking to use it to market Sweet Earth Foods, a San Francisco maker of plant-based snacks and meals that it bought in 2017, the USPTO granted the same. Herbivorous Butcher is now challenging the registration of the trademark granted to Nestlé. The owners claim that they are seeking a decision that either allows them to continue using the phrase, or one that keeps the phrase in the public domain for free use in the growing plant-based foods marketplace, which is now worth almost $4.5 billion. The dispute, which began in June, could go on for another year, if a settlement between the parties isn’t reached.

BRAND LICENSING UPDATES

Sony Announces Global Licensing Program for Jumanji Franchise

The Consumer Products division of American entertainment company Sony Pictures has announced a global licensing and merchandising program for the upcoming fantasy adventure film Jumanji: The Next Level. Video game publisher Outright Games, toy companies Funko and Lanard Toys, and licensing companies Bioworld, Fifth Sun, and The Noble Collection, are among those granted licenses to the “Jumanji” brand. Products including replicas of the “Jumanji” board game, character Pop! dolls, an immersive video game and other collectibles, t-shirts, sportswear, and sleepwear are slated to be released to market and celebrate the Jumanji franchise, and will be available worldwide ahead of the premiere of the film.

New Rick and Morty Pet Products to be Launched by CN and SilverPaw

Cartoon Network Enterprises, the global licensing and merchandising arm of the popular American television channel, has partnered with the pet company SilverPaw to create a range of pet products based on the animated science fiction sitcom Rick and Morty. The new collection will boast of exclusive products including dog beds, chew toys, collars, pet apparel, leashes, and treats influenced by the show’s characters. These ‘Rick and Morty’ pet products, ranging from $9.99 to $49.99, will be available across retailers in North America including Hot Topic, FYE, BoxLunch, and SilverPaw, and online. SilverPaw has previously collaborated with pop culture brands like Game of Thrones, Star Wars, and Hello Kitty.

FRANCHISING UPDATES

US Pizza Chain Pieology to Set Foot in China

California-based pizza chain Pieology has announced a franchising deal with a Shanghai-based firm led by a group of Stanford University alumni, TZG Partners, to expand its footprint to China. In what it terms as “a major strategic alliance”, Pieology will seek to leverage TZG’s business experience with building and investing in high-growth China-related businesses, in a bid to rapidly expand and establish itself in the Chinese market. The pizza chain has been growing domestically and internationally, with more than 130 restaurants in 22 US states and internationally. Pieology founder and chairman Carl Chang envisions Pieology becoming “a global destination for great fast casual pizza”.

DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE UPDATES

Walmart’s Vudu Claims Cybersquatting over Domain Name Registered Before Vudu Even Existed

Vudu, a streaming video subsidiary of American retail giant Walmart, filed a cybersquatting complaint against the owner of the domain name “vudo.com”. The problem, however, is that the owner had registered the domain name in 1995—nine years before Vudu was enough founded. Vudu’s complaint is ludicrous, and was held as such by the a World Intellectual Property Organization panel, because it is impossible to prove that the domain name owner had registered the domain name with the intent to target a brand that was, at the time, non-existent. The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), a process established for resolution of domain name disputes, clearly requires that the trademark rights of a complainant must predate the registration of the domain name in dispute. The Panel held accordingly, saying that “at the time of registration the Respondent could not have been attacking a trademark that did not exist and was not in contemplation for years to come”.

The Brexit Party Locks Horns with Anti-Brexit Campaign Group over thebrexitparty.com

Led By Donkeys, an ant-Brexit campaign group, has sent offered to sell the domain name thebrexitparty.com, which it bought earlier this year, to Nigel Farage, the British politician who leads the Brexit Party. The group has claimed £1m for the domain name, with the selling price rising by £50,000 each day, which the group claims will be donated to an immigrant support charity. The Brexit Party has sent a legal letter to the group asking it to take down the Brexit Party logo from the site, which, according to the letter, and to transfer the domain name to the Party. While the logos have been removed, the group has refused to transfer the domain name, which it had initially bought to challenge Mr Farage’s party during the European Parliament elections in May.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION UPDATES

Scottish Whisky Wins Battle Against Australian Drinks Maker

The Scotch Whisky Association, the trade organisation that represents the Scotch whisky industry, has won its case against D’Aquino Bros Pty Ltd, an Australian drinks maker that was selling a product labelled “Scotch”, but was actually made in Australia. The Association filed the suit after an investigation by the Australian Broadcasting Company, which found that Australian stores were selling fake imported spirits under the label of “Scotch”. Called ‘Black Scot’ and carrying a “Product of Scotland” claim, the spirit was analysed in an international laboratory and found to lack the “unique chemical compounds” that identify a true Scotch. The Association enforced its international geographical indication over the term “Scotch”, and the Federal Court in Melbourne ruled in its favour. D’Aquino Bros Pty Ltd, which had also been found to be selling Australian-brewed products labelled as ‘tequila’, a Mexican spirit also protected by geographical indication laws, has no ceased distribution and has gone into liquidation.

  Authored and compiled by Param Gupta

About BIP’s Trademark Attorneys

The Trademark News Bulletin is brought to you by the Trademark/Copyright, IP Transactional Strategy Divisions of BananaIP Counsels, a Top IP Firm in India. Led by Sanjeeth Hegde, BIP’s trademark attorneys are among the leading experts in the field. If you have any questions, or need any clarifications, please write to contact@bananaip.com with the subject: Trademark News.

The weekly trademark news initiative is a part of their pro bono work and is aimed at spreading trademark awareness. You are free to share the news with appropriate attribution and backlink to the source.

Disclaimer: Kindly note that the news bulletin has been put together from different sources, primary and secondary, and BananaIP’s reporters may not have verified all the news published in the bulletin. You may write to contact@bananaip.com for corrections and take down.

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The Misconception of Political Unrest and Safety Issues Is The Reason Behind Algeria’s Decline In The Tourism Sector!

The Grand Mosque of Algiers, Algeria.

There has been a huge decline in the tourism sector in Algeria for many years now, and when asked what is the reason behind so, the number one answer that comes to thought without a doubt; is the security and the political unrest that is within Africa’s largest nation. Which explains why the number of tourists from abroad hasn’t exceeded beyond 3,000+ per year for the last 22 years now. The fear that has driven many potential tourists from exploring this culturally , historically and naturally rich nation  is due to the media’s labeling that the country does not pass a day without terrorist attacks and civil conflict!

There is no denial that safety has pushed back the development of the tourism sector in Algeria, which dates back to the 1990’s Civil War, known as the Black decade ( العشرية السوداء ) that has affected the statistics of tourists visiting ever since. It broke out as a result of tension between two political parties; The Front Liberation National (FLN) who pushed to remain in power after Algeria's Independence in 1962, and The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) wanting to have a say in power and push for Islamization, that it believed was lacking because of the post-colonization affect. Many explosions and massacres of citizens, journalists and governments officials were taking place, and many families were left torn apart. This period of turmoil has been engraved in the archives and news bulletins of the Media, that has managed to brainwash it’s audience that Algeria has been unsafe ever since. Which doesn’t do justice to the tourism sector and the route to development in a country with high potential in achieving the utmost. With the incidents happening down south between the borders of Libya and Mali in 2005, this has added tremendous fuel to a fire that won’t be tamed.

Despite the safety measures that have improved in the country and the security that has strengthened with high regards in the borders between Algeria’s neighbors, the fear is still in the atmosphere and many western countries’ governments, such as the US, UK and Australian discourage their people from traveling to Algeria. Especially to the Sahara Desert “classify[ing] [it] as [a] red zone”. Places such as Timimoun, Tamanrasset, down south are considered as top tier adventure travel destinations that are highly requested, however, many western tourism agencies don’t organize tours there because the “safety of their customers and legal responsibility is their policy”! Not all agencies have the same policy though, they believe that it is vital to hold on to their partnerships with local guides and agencies as they see that “they have nothing to lose or to gain by taking the slightest risk” if these places were to actually be dangerous and a hot spot for terrorists. Therefore, their tours continue to be offered to their potential tourists. Not to forget to mention these states haven’t “historically represented known risks” but the media created imaginary ones to drawback tourists.

However, is the issue of safety the only reason behind the decline of the tourism sector in Algeria tho? The answer is simply no! There are many other factors that have affected this phenomenon. The country is described to be in a “Paradox situation”, as a result of a number of issues that explain this confusing decline despite the country’s exceptional potential.

Obtaining a visa to Algeria is the first obstacle that interested tourists face. All nationalities should apply for a visa, no matter how privileged their passport is. It is known to be the most challenging visa to get, and only after several rejected applications you might get your final approval. Many individuals wish to travel without a travel agency, and this is what may put them on the brink of getting rejected by the immigration bureau too. Unlike traveling with an agency, your visa is secured because of the agreement made by the agency and Immigrations. Because it is a costly and long procedure, it discourages many people wanting to visit Algeria for numerous reasons, whether it be for leisure, work, research etc. and end up choosing other destinations.The availability and condition of infrastructure would be another obstacle in the face of a flourishing tourism sector. Hotel services and housing is inadequate for tourists, especially down the south where the state doesn’t pay much attention in developing projects and sites. This is a huge problem as most destinations that attract travelers are down south in the Sahara Desert of Algeria.     

Another issue would be in regards to the Promotion & Campaign aspect. As mentioned earlier there are many travelers wishing to visit Algeria, yet they find it hard to gather enough information about where to visit and what to do, despite the numerous opportunities available. Many sources have stated that they turn to facebook pages that aren’t of high quality to make their research, which may not be reliable most of the time. Public institution sites such as the Ministry of Tourism, is a great credible source to learn all about Algeria and what it offers, however, the dilemma at hand in this situation is that it’s available in only ; Arabic and French, the two accustomed languages to the Algerian people! English, a universal language isn’t included, which may as well throw off many potential tourists! Unlike its neighbors; Morocco and Tunisia , that have information in more than 4 languages!  As the Algerian proverb says, “there’s good after every delay (كل عطلة فيها  خير) ; and with that being said, the Government; “though slow to react to changes in the tourism markets” have constituted plans and reforms to improve the tourism sector that will boost the Algerian economy and be of great significance to it.

The number of tourists was estimated to be between 2.3 million and 2.7 million per year, more than one million of those are nationals living abroad, who have returned to Algeria to visit family, me being one of those nationals. This number is extremely low and understandable seeing the issues on the surface of this decline, despite the high potential, and the many places to visit with great scenery in Algeria, therefore it has to increase.

Moreover, the establishment of the National Tourism and Development Plan (Schéma Directeur d'Aménagement Touristique, SDAT)  in 2008 is paving the way for a bright future for this underrated sector. It’s main aim is “set to become a motor for development, diversifying the economy, attracting foreign direct investment..and stimulating employment…The vision is to transform Algeria into a key destination by 2025. The Plan aims to attract 2.5m tourists by 2015, and 20m by 2025”.

The Government has added to it’s agenda in collaboration with the World Tourism Organization, the aim to draw the attention of foreign investors about the prosperous tourism opportunities in the country, which will bring in many clients from around the globe to the adventure holidays and programs set around Algeria, with high regards to the Sahara Desert. This will strengthen the promotional issue that has affected the tourism sector, as it is a vital concept in the world of business. Not to forget, with the wide access to technology nowadays, the birth of websites and blogs in regards to Tourism in Algeria have acceptably and satisfyingly  increased, and social media platforms such as Instagram have played a huge role in informing what Algeria is blessed with, by posting photographs of breathtaking destinations that have received large worldwide recognition in a shocking way.

With the vast amount of travelers expected to visit the country, it is only logical to increase the reception capacity of airports too. Airports in major cities such as Algiers and Oran were set for an expansion, that will strengthen its capacity to receive international carriers from 2.5 million to 3.5 million passengers. Just recently last month, the new Algiers Airport was inaugurated. On the other hand, The Ministry of tourism announced that it is working to expand on hotel services. At the moment, 1,812 hotel infrastructure projects were approved by the ministry, which will result in 240,000 beds in contrast to the current 100,000, and create 99,000 jobs, that will decrease the problem of unemployment, especially among the youth. The greater news is that they are all expected to be up and running by the end of this year! This will benefit the sector in many ways, and most importantly it will lower the prices and diversify the hotel offerings which will increase the competition in the market as it will boost and attract many customers. The tourism sector contributes a tiny 1% of the countries GDP, but with these plans and reforms mentioned above, I am confident that it will be of great significance to the country’s economy as a whole, and Algeria won’t just rely on it’s Natural Resources such as Gas, Oil and Petroleum as a source of income.

Hotel Gourara, Timimoun, Algeria

It is important to be aware that Algeria’s potential in growing in the tourism industry is without a doubt high. The natural beauty, rich culture, fascinating history and warm hospitality offered by this North African country is extraordinary. It’s only a matter of time that Algeria will become increasingly popular international tourist destination. 

[immigrationhelpau-blog]

The 485 Skilled Graduate Temporary Visa Australia allows you as an international student to live, study and work in Australia after you have graduated from an educational institution in Australia. The visa helps you to stay in the country temporarily. You can access the visa once as a primary applicant and must be in Australia while applying for it.If anyone, along with you is covered by the application, and then he/she must be in Australia and stay until the visa is decided. The Temporary Graduate visa (Subclass 485) falls under two streams: Graduate Work Stream and Post-Study Work Stream.                              

How to Determine Eligibility Requirements for 485 Skilled Graduate Temporary Visa Australia?

Be Under 50 Years of Age: You must be under 50 years while applying for the Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa.

Hold an Eligible Visa: As for the eligible visa, the following conditions apply to find you meet the requirement.

·        You have a student visa but you are not

-         a member of the main visa holder’s family of the Subclass 485 visa.

-         the main applicant and have undergone a training or course under a scholarship scheme or a training program formally approved by the Defence Minster or the Foreign Minister on the condition to stay only until the completion of the course in Australia.

·        At any time in the past six months you were holding an eligible student visa and you now possess:

-         a Bridging visa A or Bridging visa B, or

-         a substantive visa

·        The eligible student visa you held was cancelled; however, you have received a notification of the decision of the Migration Review Tribunal in the past 28 days to set aside and replace the Minister’s decision not to revoke the cancellation.

Furthermore, you are not eligible:

·        If your visa application has been cancelled or refused since last entering Australia, except for holding substantive visa.

·        In case of any “No further stay” conditions according to the numbers 8503, 8534 or 8535 on your current visa and it stops you from applying to stay in Australia. Where the condition 8503 or 8534 is attached to your current visa, you have to use the paper form 1409 (635KB PDF) to apply for the Temporary Graduate visa for it has an application to waive the condition.

English Language Skills: The English language proficiency for the 485 Skilled Graduate Temporary Visa Australia requires you to provide evidence of any of the following:

·        A valid passport showing that you are the citizen of the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States of America, New Zealand, or the Republic of Ireland.

·        A Test Report Form (TRF) that details the overall score of at least 6, with a minimum of 5 in each of the four test parts namely listening, speaking, reading and writing in an IELTS (International English Language Testing System) test, which has been taken in the three years prior to applying for the visa.

·        A score of at least B in the four sections of the Occupational English Test (OET), which has been taken immediately in the three years before applying for the visa.

·        A score report showing the total score of 64, where the minimum score for each of the components like listening, reading, writing and speaking is 4, 4, 14 and 14 respectively in the TOEFL iBT (Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-Based Test). The test has been taken in the three years before the filing of the visa application.

·        The Pearson Test of English (PTE) Academic score report showing an overall score of at least 50, wherein the minimum score should be 36 in each of the four sections of listening, reading, writing and speaking. However, you should have undertaken the test in the three years prior to the lodging of the visa application.

·        A test certificate proving the overall test score of at least 169, where you have acquired a minimum score at least 154 in each of the four test sections of speaking, reading, listening and writing in the Cambridge English Advanced (CAE) test. Nevertheless, you must have taken the test on or after January 1, 2015 and prior to the filing of the visa application.

You are eligible if you have successfully completed any of the above tests in three years and sent the results with your visa application.

Australian Study Requirements: The eligibility criteria for the Temporary Graduate visa (Subclass 485) also require you to meet the Australian study requirements in the last six months before applying for it.You are required to complete and assessed for one or more degrees, diplomas, or trade qualifications in any stream and recognized for award by an Australian educational institution for the course or courses that:

·        are registered on the Commonwealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students (CRICOS)

·        were conducted in English as the medium of instruction

·        were studied and completed in a total of at least two academic years, which is about 92 weeks

·        took at least 16 calendar months in total to complete

·        have been undertaken and completed by staying in Australia and holding a visa authorizing you to study

You can find more information on Australian study requirements below:

Acceptable Courses

The course or courses acceptable for the purpose must:

·        be listed in the Common wealth Register of Institutions and Courses for Overseas Students (CRICOS)

·        have ensued and considered for an eligible qualification

·        have been undergone while in Australia and successfully completed

·        have undergone medium of instruction in English

·        have been undergone and completed by holding a visa allowing you to study in Australia

·        be considered only once for the purpose of the Australian study requirements

You cannot use the English language proficiency programs for the above purpose.

Two Academic Years Study

Though CRICOS decides on the standard duration for each course in its list, the common requirement is two academic years, which is 92 weeks of study. Nevertheless, you are credited with only those weeks that are determined as the standard duration for the course by the CRICOS. In case you exceed the duration, you are credited with only the weeks that are fixed as the standard duration. A point to be noted here is that only thestudy you have completed successfully will be considered for the academic years and not the subjects you did not clear. Moreover, if the duration of the course fixed is longer than 92 weeks and you complete two academic years despite completing the course, then you meet the study requirement.

Credits and Exemptions

You are granted credits for the study undertaken in Australia and they are counted towards meeting the Australian study requirement and only once. However, the credits are not counted in case of the following:

·        They are already used to satisfy the requirement as part of another course

·        Those granted for the study undertaken in Australia in a non-CRICOS registered course or for the study undertaken overseas.

 16 Months Period

You must undergo a study period of at least 16 calendar months to meet the Australian study requirements. For the purpose, the period starts when the study begins generally with lectures and ends on the date when all the academic requirements are completed.

Overlap of Qualifications

Where you have undergone different qualifications and they overlap, the periods of study will be counted only once. For instance, if you have been granted credit from the earlier qualification for completing Diploma in Accounting and then Diploma in Finance and you are applying for the Subclass 485 visa under the Graduate Work stream, this is considered as overlapping qualifications and the periods of study are not counted more than once.

In case you have completed more than one qualification and use only the one you have completed recently to satisfy the Australian study requirement, then any credit granted for the recent qualification among the previous qualifications will be considered towards meeting the Australian study requirement. As for meeting the 16-month requirement, the credits based on the definite period of study within the previous qualifications may be used.

Study Undertaken Overseas

If you have undertaken some study overseas but have completed at the least two academic years of study in a CRICOS registered course in not less than 16 months in Australia, you still stand to meet the Australian study requirement. For instance, you must have completed not less than two academic years study in Australia if you have undertaken a six-semester Bachelor degree of three-year course, in any study pattern as long as you meet the Australian study requirement. For example, the study pattern may be:

·        Semester 1 in Australia

·        Semester 2 outside Australia

·        Semester 3 in Australia

·        Semester 4 in Australia

·        Semester 5 in Australia

·        Semester 6 outside Australia

Completion Date

You have to file the subclass 485 visa application within 6 months of the date of the completion of the course. As for the date of completion, it is the first date the institution notifies you through any of the following means that you are awarded the degree, diploma or trade qualification, and have satisfied all the requirements:

·        Through publication in a newspaper

·        By letter

·        By email

·        Through publication on the internet

·        Through the bulletin board at the tertiary institution

However, it should be noted that the completion date is different from the date of conferral of the award because on the conferral date, you receive the qualification.

Health: The 485 Skilled Graduate Temporary Visa Australia requires you to undergo certain health examinations to meet the health requirements. However, the health examinations depend much on your personal circumstances like your citizenship, proposed activities in Australia and where you stayed and how you spent time during the last five years. You need to undergo health examination based on the following factors:

·        The length of time you intend to stay in Australia

·        The visa type you are applying for

·        Your proposed activities in Australia

·        The level of tuberculosis risk in your country

·        Any notable medical conditions

·        Any particular causes or events  that might be applicable

The health examination results are generally valid for 12 months. Nevertheless, you can go through the “My Health Declarations Service” and determine if you need to go for health examination. The above conditions apply to any members of the family unit included in your application.

Character Requirements: The visa asks for meeting certain character requirements laid under Section 501 of the Migration Act 1958. Your character is assessed against the requirements set and you should be free of any of them to pass the character test. Nevertheless, you are required to submit police certificates for the country or countries you have lived in for a year or more in the last ten years since you turned 16 years of age.The last ten years in this case is calculated immediately before the time you have lodged the Temporary Graduate visa (Subclass 485) application.You must also give evidence of having applied for an Australian Federal Police check in the 12 months before applying for the visa. The application for the AFP check can be done online or manually.

The accompanying family members, who are 16 years of age or older, listed in your application are also required to conform to the above character requirements.

Outstanding Debts: The Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate visa requires you to have no or made plans to repay any outstanding debts to the Australian Government before applying for it. This applicable to the family members listed in the application.

Health Insurance Requirements: If you are not covered by the Australia’s national health scheme (Medicare), then you must have adequate health insurance. Living in Australia, you are eligible for Medicare if your country is listed under the “reciprocal health care agreement” with Australia. The adequate insurance coverage in this case is the level of coverage required to stay in Australia and the insurance company that covers you can be either in Australia or in your home country. Where you do not have the necessary private insurance coverage, your 485 Skilled Graduate Temporary Visa Australia could get cancelled or refused. Nevertheless, it also does not guarantee that obtaining the health insurance will grant you the visa.

Specific Requirements in case of the Graduate Work stream and Post-Study Work stream:

·        Graduate Work stream: The international students graduated recently come under this stream for their skills and qualifications closely relate to the occupation listed in the eligible skilled occupations and recognized as in demand in the medium to long term in the Australian labor market. The Subclass 485 visa in this stream is issued for 18 months from the date it is granted, provided you satisfy the following requirements.

-         Requirements:

§  Your nominated occupation is listed in the Medium and Long-term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL).

§  You provide evidence of having applied for the skills assessment by a relevant assessing authority for your nominated occupation in the visa application.

§  The relevant assessing authority has carried out the assessment of your skills and has found them suitable for the nominated skilled occupation.

§  You have conformed to the Australian study requirement in the past six months.

§  Your degree, diploma, or trade qualification which is identified to meet the Australian study requirement is closely associated with the nominated skilled occupation in the MLTSSL. Nonetheless, you cannot nominate more than one occupation in the list and cannot change the occupation after applying for the visa.

·        Post-Study Work stream: Those who come under this stream are the recently graduated international students, who have an eligible qualification irrespective of their field of study from an Australian educational institution.The visa is given up to 4 years based on your qualification

 -         Requirements:

§  You must have applied for and given the first visa to Australia on or after November 5, 2011.

§  You have an eligible qualification.

§  You have acquired a degree and above from the Australian university or a non-university higher education provider, which is registered on the CRICOS.

§  Your qualification meets the Australian study requirement in the past six months.  

Eligible Qualifications

The qualifications under this stream are considered to be the conferred eligible degree-level qualification like:

§  Bachelor degree

§  Bachelor (honours) degree

§  Masters by coursework degree

§  Masters (extended) degree

§  Masters by research degree

§  Doctoral degree

For the purpose, any diploma level or trade qualification is not considered eligible.

Avail Expert Guidance and Assistance to Help You Stay and Work in Australia Temporarily

The above information gives you enough knowledge about applying for the 485 Skilled Graduate Temporary Visa Australia; however, it is importance to find assistance and guidance of an expert to get to know the eligible requirements for the visa under the two streams. The Government of Australia takes care of the applicants seeking Australian Immigration through the appointment of licensed consultants, who are authorized to help you with the migration process. 

Being a licensed MARA agent, we take pride in having most of our clients completely satisfied, working with us for their Australian Skilled Immigration. Our expertise in the field combined with the core values of commitment, compassion and care has helped us give cent percent result when it comes to filing the application and meeting the Australia immigration rules and Australia immigration requirements. Immigration Help has the passion and knowledge to meet your immigration to Australia requirements. If you are moving to Australia from India and are not aware of the new Australian immigration process, we can help you with your application for the 485 Skilled Graduate Temporary Visa Australia and ensure you to determine your eligibility and our topnotch services at an affordable rate.

If you are looking for genuine immigration consultants for Australia who can be of assistance in every step of Australia Immigration, you can contact Immigration Help at WhatsApp No. +61433303774 / 0433303774(Australia) or drop an email at: contact@myimmigrationhelp.com

[cardsvistas]

Seven Common Misconceptions About Visa Bulletin For June 15 | visa bulletin for june 15

There are calls for the federal government to acquiesce acting acceptance holders added time to administer for aboriginal admission to their superannuation.

EB-115 Visa Bulletin for June 115 – EB-115 Daily – visa bulletin for june 2019 | visa bulletin for june 2019

In April, the federal government appear Australians could booty up to $10,000 from their retirement funds as allotment of abutment measures aimed at combatting the coronavirus-induced bread-and-butter downturn.

Australian citizens and abiding association accept been accustomed to accomplish two applications, the aboriginal afore 30 June for the 2019-20 banking year. They are accustomed to accomplish addition appliance to admission their funds afore 24 September, which will be paid out in the 2020-21 banking year. 

But the nation’s 2.17 actor acting acceptance holders are afar from authoritative a additional appliance and accept not been acceptable to administer to admission their cool afterwards 30 June.

Matt Kunkel, administrator of the Casual Workers Centre, has criticised the exclusion, citation the actuality workers on acting visas do not accept admission to abundance measures such as JobKeeper and JobSeeker.

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“This is aloof addition archetype of how acting casual workers accept absent out back the federal government’s been responding to this pandemic,” Mr Kunkel told SBS News.

“Even this aftermost resort of actuality able to admission superannuation is actuality removed from them as well.”

Mr Kunkel said 40 per cent of bodies his organisation helps accept been clumsy to acquisition new application back the communicable shutdowns began. 

“We’re seeing actual absolute and actual austere accident in these cohorts and decisions fabricated by the federal government to exclude them from any blazon of assets abutment is authoritative it added difficult,” he said.

EB-115 Statistics | EB-115 Updates – visa bulletin for june 2019 | visa bulletin for june 2019

“The best affair the federal government could do is recognise that we’re all in this calm and accommodate some blazon of advancing assets abutment for everybody that needs it.”

Some acting acceptance holders accept told SBS News they have not been able to admission their cool payments, including two who say the money their payslips showed they were owed never angry up in their coffer accounts.

The Redfern Legal Centre says it has apparent an admission in all-embracing acceptance gluttonous their advice about contributed superannuation. ​​​​

Last week, the Australian Taxation Office appear it would able bottomward on counterfeit applications for JobSeeker and superannuation access.

February 2019 Visa Bulletin Updates | Inside Business .. | visa bulletin for june 2019

In April, Prime Minister Scott Morrison told acting acceptance holders to acknowledgment to their home countries if they could not abutment themselves during the coronavirus pandemic.

“Australia charge focus on its citizens and its association to ensure that we can maximise the bread-and-butter supports that we have,” he said.

The Department of Home Affairs was contacted for animadversion but did not acknowledgment afore publication.

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