#August 7 1869

[humanoidhistory]

“Appearance of Corona and Protuberances just before the end of Totality." Artwork from Reports on Observations of the Total Eclipse of the Sun, August 7, 1869.

[yaggy031910]

The napoleonic marshal‘s children

After seeing @josefavomjaaga’s and @northernmariette’s marshal calendar, I wanted to do a similar thing for all the marshal’s children! So I did! I hope you like it. c: I listed them in more or less chronological order but categorised them in years (especially because we don‘t know all their birthdays). At the end of this post you are going to find remarks about some of the marshals because not every child is listed! ^^“ To the question about the sources: I mostly googled it and searched their dates in Wikipedia, ahaha. Nevertheless, I also found this website. However, I would be careful with it. We are talking about history and different sources can have different dates. I am always open for corrections. Just correct me in the comments if you find or know a trustful source which would show that one or some of the dates are incorrect. At the end of the day it is harmless fun and research. :) Pre 1790

François Étienne Kellermann (4 August 1770- 2 June 1835) 

Marguerite Cécile Kellermann (15 March 1773 - 12 August 1850)

Ernestine Grouchy (1787–1866)

Mélanie Marie Josèphe de Pérignon (1788 - 1858)

Alphonse Grouchy (1789–1864)

Jean-Baptiste Sophie Pierre de Pérignon (1789- 14 January 1807)

Marie Françoise Germaine de Pérignon (1789 - 15 May 1844)

Angélique Catherine Jourdan (1789 or 1791 - 7 March 1879)

1790 - 1791

Marie-Louise Oudinot (1790–1832)

Marie-Anne Masséna (8 July 1790 - 1794)

Charles Oudinot (1791 - 1863)

Aimee-Clementine Grouchy (1791–1826)

Anne-Francoise Moncey (1791–1842)

1792 - 1793

Bon-Louis Moncey (1792–1817)

Victorine Perrin (1792–1822)

Anne-Charlotte Macdonald (1792–1870)

François Henri de Pérignon (23 February 1793 - 19 October 1841)

Jacques Prosper Masséna (25 June 1793 - 13 May 1821)

1794 - 1795

Victoire Thècle Masséna (28 September 1794 - 18 March 1857)

Adele-Elisabeth Macdonald (1794–1822)

Marguerite-Félécité Desprez (1795-1854); adopted by Sérurier

Nicolette Oudinot (1795–1865)

Charles Perrin (1795–15 March 1827)

1796 - 1997

Emilie Oudinot (1796–1805)

Victor Grouchy (1796–1864)

Napoleon-Victor Perrin (24 October 1796 - 2 December 1853)

Jeanne Madeleine Delphine Jourdan (1797-1839)

1799

François Victor Masséna (2 April 1799 - 16 April 1863)

Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte (4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859)

Auguste Oudinot (1799–1835)

Caroline de Pérignon (1799-1819)

Eugene Perrin (1799–1852)

1800

Nina Jourdan (1800-1833)

Caroline Mortier de Trevise (1800–1842)

1801

Achille Charles Louis Napoléon Murat (21 January 1801 - 15 April 1847)

Louis Napoléon Lannes (30 July 1801 – 19 July 1874)

Elise Oudinot (1801–1882)

1802

Marie Letizia Joséphine Annonciade Murat (26 April 1802 - 12 March 1859)

Alfred-Jean Lannes (11 July 1802 – 20 June 1861)

Napoléon Bessière (2 August 1802 - 21 July 1856)

Paul Davout (1802–1803)

Napoléon Soult (1802–1857)

1803

Marie-Agnès Irma de Pérignon (5 April 1803 - 16 December 1849)

Joseph Napoléon Ney (8 May 1803 – 25 July 1857)

Lucien Charles Joseph Napoléon Murat (16 May 1803 - 10 April 1878)

Jean-Ernest Lannes (20 July 1803 – 24 November 1882)

Alexandrine-Aimee Macdonald (1803–1869)

Sophie Malvina Joséphine Mortier de Trévise ( 1803 - ???)

1804

Napoléon Mortier de Trévise (6 August 1804 - 29 December 1869)

Michel Louis Félix Ney (24 August 1804 – 14 July 1854)

Gustave-Olivier Lannes (4 December 1804 – 25 August 1875)

Joséphine Davout (1804–1805)

Hortense Soult (1804–1862)

Octavie de Pérignon (1804-1847)

1805

Louise Julie Caroline Murat (21 March 1805 - 1 December 1889)

Antoinette Joséphine Davout (1805 – 19 August 1821)

Stephanie-Josephine Perrin (1805–1832)

1806

Josephine-Louise Lannes (4 March 1806 – 8 November 1889)

Eugène Michel Ney (12 July 1806 – 25 October 1845)

Edouard Moriter de Trévise (1806–1815)

Léopold de Pérignon (1806-1862)

1807

Adèle Napoleone Davout (June 1807 – 21 January 1885)

Jeanne-Francoise Moncey (1807–1853)

1808: Stephanie Oudinot (1808-1893) 1809: Napoleon Davout (1809–1810)

1810: Napoleon Alexander Berthier (11 September 1810 – 10 February 1887)

1811

Napoleon Louis Davout (6 January 1811 - 13 June 1853)

Louise-Honorine Suchet (1811 – 1885)

Louise Mortier de Trévise (1811–1831)

1812

Edgar Napoléon Henry Ney (12 April 1812 – 4 October 1882)

Caroline-Joséphine Berthier (22 August 1812 – 1905)

Jules Davout (December 1812 - 1813)

1813: Louis-Napoleon Suchet (23 May 1813- 22 July 1867/77)

1814: Eve-Stéphanie Mortier de Trévise (1814–1831) 1815

Marie Anne Berthier (February 1815 - 23 July 1878)

Adelaide Louise Davout (8 July 1815 – 6 October 1892)

Laurent François or Laurent-Camille Saint-Cyr (I found two almost similar names with the same date so) (30 December 1815 – 30 January 1904)

1816: Louise Marie Oudinot (1816 - 1909)

1817

Caroline Oudinot (1817–1896)

Caroline Soult (1817–1817)

1819: Charles-Joseph Oudinot (1819–1858)

1820: Anne-Marie Suchet (1820 - 27 May 1835) 1822: Henri Oudinot ( 3 February 1822 – 29 July 1891) 1824: Louis Marie Macdonald (11 November 1824 - 6 April 1881.) 1830: Noemie Grouchy (1830–1843) —————— Children without clear birthdays:

Camille Jourdan (died in 1842)

Sophie Jourdan (died in 1820)

Additional remarks: - Marshal Berthier died 8.5 months before his last daughter‘s birth. - Marshal Oudinot had 11 children and the age difference between his first and last child is around 32 years. - The age difference between marshal Grouchy‘s first and last child is around 43 years. - Marshal Lefebvre had fourteen children (12 sons, 2 daughters) but I couldn‘t find anything kind of reliable about them so they are not listed above. I am aware that two sons of him were listed in the link above. Nevertheless, I was uncertain to name them in my list because I thought that his last living son died in the Russian campaign while the website writes about the possibility of another son dying in 1817. - Marshal Augerau had no children. - Marshal Brune had apparently adopted two daughters whose names are unknown. - Marshal Pérignon: I couldn‘t find anything about his daughters, Justine, Elisabeth and Adèle, except that they died in infancy. - Marshal Sérurier had no biological children but adopted Marguerite-Félécité Desprez in 1814. - Marshal Marmont had no children. - I found out that marshal Saint-Cyr married his first cousin, lol. - I didn‘t find anything about marshal Poniatowski having children. Apparently, he wasn‘t married either (thank you, @northernmariette for the correction of this fact! c:)

[troybeecham]

Today the Church remembers the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs.

Orate pro nobis.

The 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs were Roman Catholic Christians in Poland killed during World War II by the Nazis, either in the concentration camps or by mass slaughter on the streets. The group comprises 3 bishops, 79 priests, 7 male religious, 8 female religious, and 11 lay people. There are two parishes named for the 108 Martyrs of World War II in Powiercie in Koło County, and in Malbork, Poland.

The 108 Blessed Martyrs were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland.

List of Martyrs

Bishops

1. Antoni Julian Nowowiejski (1858–1941 KL Soldau), bishop

2. Leon Wetmański (1886–1941 KL Soldau), bishop

3. Władysław Goral (1898–1945 KL Sachsenhausen), bishop

Priests

1. Adam Bargielski, priest from Myszyniec (1903–1942 KZ Dachau)

2. Aleksy Sobaszek, priest (1895–1942 KL Dachau)

3. Alfons Maria Mazurek, Carmelite friar, prior, priest (1891–1944, shot by the Gestapo)

4. Alojzy Liguda, Society of the Divine Word, priest (1898–1942 KL Dachau)

5. Anastazy Jakub Pankiewicz, Franciscan friar, priest (1882–1942 KL Dachau)

6. Anicet Kopliński, Capuchin friar, priest in Warsaw (1875–1941)

7. Antoni Beszta-Borowski, priest, dean of Bielsk Podlaski (1880–1943, shot near Bielsk Podlaski)

8. Antoni Leszczewicz, Marian Father, priest (1890–1943, burnt to death in Rosica, Belarus)

9. Antoni Rewera, priest, dean of the Cathedral Chapter in Sandomierz (1869–1942 KL Dachau)

10. Antoni Świadek, priest from Bydgoszcz (1909–1945 KL Dachau)

11. Antoni Zawistowski, priest (1882–1942 KL Dachau)

12. Bolesław Strzelecki, priest (1896–1941 KL Auschwitz)

13. Bronisław Komorowski, priest (1889–22 March 1940 KL Stutthof)

14. Dominik Jędrzejewski, priest (1886–1942 KL Dachau)

15. Edward Detkens, priest (1885–1942 KL Dachau)

16. Edward Grzymała, priest (1906–1942 KL Dachau)

17. Emil Szramek, priest (1887–1942 KL Dachau)

18. Fidelis Chojnacki, Capuchin friar, priest (1906–1942, KL Dachau)

19. Florian Stępniak, Capuchin friar, priest (1912–1942 KL Dachau)

20. Franciszek Dachtera, priest (1910–23 August 1942 KL Dachau)

21. Franciszek Drzewiecki, Orionine Father, priest (1908–1942 KL Dachau); from Zduny, he was condemned to heavy work in the plantation of Dachau. While he was bending over tilling the soil, he adored the consecrated hosts kept in a small box in front of him. While he was going to the gas chamber, he encouraged his companions, saying "We offer our life for God, for the Church and for our Country".

22. Franciszek Rogaczewski, priest from Gdańsk (1892–1940, shot in Stutthof or in Piaśnica, Pomerania)

23. Franciszek Rosłaniec, priest (1889–1942 KL Dachau)

24. Henryk Hlebowicz, priest (1904–1941, shot at Borisov in Belarus)

25. Henryk Kaczorowski, priest from Włocławek (1888–1942)

26. Henryk Krzysztofik, religious priest (1908–1942 KL Dachau)

27. Hilary Paweł Januszewski, religious priest (1907–1945 KL Dachau)

28. Jan Antonin Bajewski, Conventual Franciscan friar, priest (1915–1941 KL Auschwitz); of Niepokalanow. These were the closest collaborators of St Maximilian Kolbe in the fight for God's cause and together suffered and helped each other spiritually in their offering their lives at Auschwitz

29. Jan Franciszek Czartoryski, Dominican friar, priest (1897–1944)

30. Jan Nepomucen Chrzan, priest (1885–1942 KL Dachau)

31. Jerzy Kaszyra, Marian Father, priest (1910–1943, burnt to death in Rosica, Belarus)

32. Józef Achilles Puchała, Franciscan friar, priest (1911–1943, killed near Iwieniec, Belarus)

33. Józef Cebula, Missionary Oblate, priest (23 March 1902 – 9 May 1941 KL Mauthausen)[

34. Józef Czempiel, priest (1883–1942 KL Mauthausen)

35. Józef Innocenty Guz, Franciscan friar, priest (1890–1940 KL Sachsenhausen)

36. Józef Jankowski, Pallotine, priest (1910 born in Czyczkowy near Brusy, Kashubia (died 16 October 1941 in KL Auschwitz beaten by a kapo)

37. Józef Kowalski, Salesian, priest (1911–1942) , priest beaten to death on 3 July 1942 in the KL Auschwitz concentration camp

38. Józef Kurzawa, priest (1910–1940)

39. Józef Kut, priest (1905–1942 KL Dachau)

40. Józef Pawłowski, priest (1890–9 January 1942 KL Dachau)

41. Józef Stanek, Pallottine, priest (1916–23 September 1944, murdered in Warsaw)

42. Józef Straszewski, priest (1885–1942 KL Dachau)

43. Karol Herman Stępień, Franciscan friar, priest (1910–1943, killed near Iwieniec, Belarus)

44. Kazimierz Gostyński, priest (1884–1942 KL Dachau)

45. Kazimierz Grelewski, priest (1907–1942 KL Dachau)

46. Kazimierz Sykulski, priest (1882–1942 KL Auschwitz)

47. Krystyn Gondek, Franciscan friar, priest (1909–1942 KL Dachau)

48. Leon Nowakowski, priest (1913–1939)

49. Ludwik Mzyk, Society of the Divine Word, priest (1905–1940)

50. Ludwik Pius Bartosik, Conventual Franciscan friar, priest (1909–1941 KL Auschwitz); of Niepokalanow. These were the closest collaborators of St Maximilian Kolbe in the fight for God's cause and together suffered and helped each other spiritually in their offering their lives at Auschwitz

51. Ludwik Roch Gietyngier, priest from Częstochowa (1904–1941 KL Dachau)

52. Maksymilian Binkiewicz, priest (1913–24 July 1942, beaten, died in KL Dachau)

53. Marian Gorecki, priest (1903–22 March 1940 KL Stutthof)

54. Marian Konopiński, Capuchin friar, priest (1907–1 January 1943 KL Dachau)

55. Marian Skrzypczak, priest (1909–1939 shot in Plonkowo)

56. Michał Oziębłowski, priest (1900–1942 KL Dachau)

57. Michał Piaszczyński, priest (1885–1940 KL Sachsenhausen)

58. Michał Woźniak, priest (1875–1942 KL Dachau)

59. Mieczysław Bohatkiewicz, priest (1904–4 March 1942, shot in Berezwecz)

60. Narcyz Putz, priest (1877–1942 KL Dachau)

61. Narcyz Turchan, priest (1879–1942 KL Dachau)

62. Piotr Edward Dankowski, priest (1908–3 April 1942 KL Auschwitz)

63. Roman Archutowski, priest (1882–1943 KL Majdanek)

64. Roman Sitko, priest (1880–1942 KL Auschwitz)

65. Stanisław Kubista, Society of the Divine Word, priest (1898–1940 KL Sachsenhausen)

66. Stanisław Kubski, priest (1876–1942, prisoner in KL Dachau, killed in Hartheim near Linz)

67. Stanisław Mysakowski, priest (1896–1942 KL Dachau)

68. Stanisław Pyrtek, priest (1913–4 March 1942, shot in Berezwecz)

69. Stefan Grelewski, priest (1899–1941 KL Dachau)

70. Wincenty Matuszewski, priest (1869–1940)

71. Władysław Błądziński, Michaelite, priest (1908–1944, KL Gross-Rosen)

72. Władysław Demski, priest (1884–28 May 1940, KL Sachsenhausen)

73. Władysław Maćkowiak, priest (1910–4 March 1942 shot in Berezwecz)

74. Władysław Mączkowski, priest (1911–20 August 1942 KL Dachau)

75. Władysław Miegoń, priest, commander lieutenant (1892–1942 KL Dachau)

76. Włodzimierz Laskowski, priest (1886–1940 KL Gusen)

77. Wojciech Nierychlewski, religious, priest (1903–1942, KL Auschwitz)

78. Zygmunt Pisarski, priest (1902–1943)

79. Zygmunt Sajna, priest (1897–1940, shot at Palmiry, near Warsaw)

Religious brothers

1. Brunon Zembol, friar (1905–1942 KL Dachau)

2. Grzegorz Bolesław Frąckowiak, Society of the Divine Word friar (1911–1943, guillotined in Dresden)

3. Józef Zapłata, friar (1904–1945 KL Dachau)

4. Marcin Oprządek, friar (1884–1942 KL Dachau)

5. Piotr Bonifacy Żukowski, friar (1913–1942 KL Auschwitz)

6. Stanisław Tymoteusz Trojanowski, friar (1908–1942 KL Auschwitz)

7. Symforian Ducki, friar (1888–1942 KL Auschwitz)

Nuns and religious sisters

1. Alicja Maria Jadwiga Kotowska, sister, based on eye-witness reports comforted and huddled with Jewish children before she and the children were executed (1899–1939, executed at Piaśnica, Pomerania)

2. Ewa Noiszewska, sister (1885–1942, executed at Góra Pietrelewicka near Slonim, Belarus)

3. Julia Rodzińska, Dominican sister (1899–20 February 1945, KL Stutthof); she died having contracted typhoid serving the Jewish women prisoners in a hut for which she had volunteered.

4. Katarzyna Celestyna Faron (1913–1944, KL Auschwitz); (1913–1944), had offered her life for the conversion of an Old Catholic bishop Władysław Faron (no relation). She was arrested by the Gestapo and condemned to Auschwitz camp. She put up heroically with all the abuses of the camp and died on Easter Sunday 1944. The bishop later returned to the Catholic Church).

5. Maria Antonina Kratochwil, SSND nun (1881–1942) died as a result of the torture she endured while imprisoned in Stanisławów.

6. Maria Klemensa Staszewska (1890–1943 KL Auschwitz)

7. Marta Wołowska (1879–1942, executed at Góra Pietrelewicka near Slonim, Belarus)

8. Mieczysława Kowalska, sister (1902–1941, Soldau concentration camp in Działdowo)

Roman Catholic laity

1. Bronisław Kostkowski, alumnus (1915–1942 KL Dachau)

2. Czesław Jóźwiak (1919–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)

3. Edward Kaźmierski (1919–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)

4. Edward Klinik (1919–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)

5. Franciszek Kęsy (1920–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)

6. Franciszek Stryjas (1882–31 July 1944, Kalisz prison)

7. Jarogniew Wojciechowski (1922–1942, guillotined in a prison in Dresden)

8. Marianna Biernacka (1888–13 July 1943), executed instead of her pregnant daughter-in-law Anna, offered her life for her and her unborn grandchild)

9. Natalia Tułasiewicz (1906–31 March 1945, died in KL Ravensbrück)

10. Stanisław Starowieyski (1895–1941 in KL Dachau)

11. Tadeusz Dulny, alumnus (1914–1942 KL Dachau)

Almighty God, by whose grace and power your Holy Martyrs of Poland triumphed over suffering and were faithful even to death: Grant us, who now remember them in thanksgiving, to be so faithful in our witness to you in this world, that we may receive with them the crown of life; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

(Fr. Józef Kowalski, priest beaten to death on 3 July 1942 in the KL Auschwitz concentration camp)

(Sr. Alicja Jadwiga Kotowska, a nun killed protecting a group of Jewish children in 1939 in the mass murders in Piaśnica)

[opera-ghosts]

On June 10, 1865, the world premiere of "Tristan and Isolde" by R. Wagner took place in Munich.

„Mild und leise wie er lächelt…“

Here are some of the first sopranos to have sung the role of Isolde over the years and contributed to the success of this work through their dedication.

Malvina Schnoor von Carolsfeld, (7 December 1825 – 8 February 1904), Danish-born Portuguese dramatic soprano.

Felia Litvinne (11 October 1860, Saint Petersburg – 12 October 1936, Paris) was a Russian-born, French-based dramatic soprano.

Italia Vasquez-Molina (1869-1945), Italian soprano.

Irma von Voggenhuber (17 July 1841 Budapest - 11 January 1888 Berlin), soprano.

Elsa Westendorf (1877-1918), German soprano.

Marie Wittich 27 May 1868 – 4 August 1931), German dramatic soprano.

Rosa Sucher (23 February 1849 – 16 April 1927), German dramatic soprano.

Berta Pester-Prosky (Frankfurt am Main, September 7, 1866 - Krefeld, December 27, 1922), German soprano.

Thila Plaichinger (14 March 1868 – 19 March 1939), Austrian soprano.

Katharina Klafsky (19 September 1855 – 22 September 1896), Hungarian dramatic soprano.

Margot Kaftal (1873 Warsaw - October 1942 in Italy), Polish soprano.

Johanna Gadski (15 June 1870/1872 – 22 February 1932), German dramatic soprano.

[claimyourkin]

These are the regulations for the Teachers of the Freeman Schools in Texas.

"United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of the Superintendent of Education and of the Division of Education, 1865-1872," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9TH-V9JD-7?cc=2427894&wc=31S1-FMS%3A1556264002%2C1556266801 : 1 August 2016), Texas > Roll 15, Monthly reports from teachers and subassistant commissioners, June 1869-Apr 1870 > image 305 of 1420; citing multiple NARA microfilm publications (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1969-1978).

[origingenealogy]

These are the rules for Teachers of Freeman Schools in Texas.

"United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of the Superintendent of Education and of the Division of Education, 1865-1872," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9TH-V9JD-7?cc=2427894&wc=31S1-FMS%3A1556264002%2C1556266801 : 1 August 2016), Texas > Roll 15, Monthly reports from teachers and subassistant commissioners, June 1869-Apr 1870 > image 305 of 1420; citing multiple NARA microfilm publications (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1969-1978).

[lisabrueckner]

Anonymous

Total Eclipse of the Sun on August 7, 1869, observed in Burlington and Ottumwa, lowa, 1869

A total eclipse of the sun occurs when the sun, moon, and earth line up on a single axis. Only the corona, the outer atmosphere of the sun, is visible behind the moon. One of the photographs shows the sun as a narrow sickle. Astronomers early on used photography in combination with the telescope to record their solar observations.

[thegreenwallrabbit-blog]

Explaining one of VTMB paintings (pt 13)

This painting show up as one of the works of art found in The Red Dragon Chinese restaurant in Chinatown run by the honorable and successful local businessman Wong Ho in VTMB.  

It is actually a single panel of a much larger colored lithography on traditional Chinese art from a French book called L'Ornement Polychrome (in English: Color Ornament) which is a major pictorial works on the history of design published in 1880 - 1889 by Albert-Charles-Auguste Racinet. 

Chinese Bird Panels colored lithography found in L'Ornement polychrome by Albert-Charles-Auguste Racinet (1880 - 1889).

Also the Black panel's to the left and right of this bird are also used with a different print from another page of this book as a part of a trio of paintings.

trio of art [left is with mod/right is without], screen shot from the Nexuse Mods page for the VTMB Art Texture Pack mod made by Vampire Nonsense whose citation list of the paintings I’ve found very helpful with identifying art/artist when I can’t do it on my own. It also seems like a nice mod as it doesn’t change the paintings to be different from the ones used in the base game but rather updates them to have better resolution. [6]

The middle piece of this trio comes from another page on Chinese art from L'Ornement polychrome (shown below) with this page possibly showing print recreations of embroidery patterns rather then paintings, but i’m not sure. 

Chinese Bird Panels (embroidery patterns?) colored lithography found in L'Ornement polychrome by Albert-Charles-Auguste Racinet (book author) (1880 - 1889). I assume that the Chinese and stamps are the works titles and the artist signatures respectively for the panels in the print rather then being reproductions made by  Albert-Charles-Auguste Racinet himself like on the other page. 

Albert-Charles-Auguste Racinet (1825–1893) is best known today for publishing two major pictorial works on the history of design: Le costume historique (English: Historical costume ) and the formerly mentioned book L'Ornement Polychrome which was published in ten installments between 1869 and 1873, that acts as a visual record in 100 plates of the decorative arts from antiquity to the eighteenth century. The work was such a huge success that in 1885–7. Racinet brought out a second series, this time of 120 plates, and updated to include designs of the nineteenth century as well. The imagery presented in both series is drawn from a wide array of various mediums, including woodwork, metalwork, architecture, textiles, painting, and pottery, and from cultures all over the world. [1,2]

Being the son of a printer lithographer and later a student at l’École de dessin de la Ville de Paris, triggered Racinet aspiration to inspire and teach others. His ability to reproduce classical and ancient art – studying and learning from them at art school and the knowledge of reproduction and print that his father thought him sparked his interest in art education – producing scholar books. As an artist he did produce some individual works and his paintings were even exhibited at the Salons in Paris for 1849 to 1874, but in fact these were always reproductions of ancient manuscripts from la Bibliothèque Nationale, showing classical and archeological subjects. [3]

His career as an artist, art historian but mainly as director of publications echoes the development of decorative art in the second half of the 19th century. The spirit of discovery, progress and invention permeated all aspects of life during the 19th century. With the construction of the Suez Canal in the 1860’s, travel was facilitated between Europe and Asia, opening up hitherto inaccessible worlds to the western world. That same decade saw major archeological excavations taking place in Egypt and in Italy at Herculaneum and Pompei, revealing long forgotten artefacts to the European public. These activities triggered a renewed interest in the classicism. But note that, the revival of ancient styles was not a matter of copying and imitating, it was rather more a start of a new chapter in decorative art – to be inspired and to borrow ornaments of past civilisations to combine with new found industrial techniques to create a new type of decorative design. As part of select group of teachers, publicists and artists, Auguste ‘diffuse the most significant motifs of the decorative arts of the time. [3]

So I will fully admit that most of my knowledge of art history centers around European, North America and a bit of African art history. Traditional Chinese art history is something I’m less familiar with and as I have zero ability to read ether French or Chinese and can’t find an English translation of L'Ornement Polychrome online I’m mostly just guessing on this print being Racinet’s example of the traditional Chinese painting genre known as Huaniaohua (Traditional Chinese: 花鳥畫 // English: Bird-and-Flower paintings). I will be basing a majority of my description about the Bird-and-flower painting genre from the description I found in the chapter on Bird-and-flower paintings from the book Essential Terms of Chinese Painting by Dr. Maria Cheng and Dr. Wai Hung Tang[4]. If anyone has more knowledge on this subject free to comment below.

Bird-and-flower paintings are one of the three traditional Chinese painting genres, the other two being landscape and figures, that predate the Han dynasty (200 BCE) and continued to evolve long after. While it is called “Bird-and-flower paintings” the genre also extends to any aquatic, terrestrial or arial creature other then humans. There are five subgenre that works in this genre are broken up into: feather, flower, insect, aquatic and beast paintings. The separation of Birds and Flowers as a genre distinct from figure and land scapes was the result of a rivalry between two famous artist/art-masters that lived on opposite sides of the country and each forming their own schools of Bird-and-flower paintings.

 The first being Huang Quan (Traditional Chines: 黃筌) (903–965) who lived in the western interior and was known for a meticulous style of depiction as show below in his work Xie Sheng Zhen Qiu Tu, (10th century). 

Bird-and-Flower paintings done in the meticulous style as implied by the name use very fine brush strokes and seek to represent life like colors and require close observation. Outlines will be done in stark ink and vibrant washes will then be added at later stages.

The second was Xu Xi (Chinese: 徐熙) (886-975) who lived in the east cost and favored more expressive style of Birds and flowers as seen in his work shown below Butterfly and Chinese Wisteria Flowers (active mid-10th century)

Bird-and-Flower paintings done in the expressive style places a much greater emphasis on expressing spirit of the subject being captured over a ridgiousoly conforming to lifelike depictions. And while Xu Xi art may not seem any less of a lifelike depictions then Huang Quan at first glance, it is important to keep in mind that he was one of the first to use this expressive style. This was also not the only style that focused on the idea of capturing the feeling rather then depicting reality in not only Chinese but other Asian art styles, and later these themes would influence 19th century westerns artists such as the Impressionists who found inspiration in a wide verity of Asian painting and printing styles. Western artist in the 19th century suddenly became exposed to centuries of artistic traditions, styles and histories from Asia, the Middle East and Africa through the publication of books such as L'Ornement Polychrome which for the first time allowed them to draw from new sources of artistic inspiration outside of the centuries of European art styles and traditions.  

Finally, while these two masters from long past where the major influences at the beginning of the Bird-and-Flower paintings genre it is by no means considered an outdated or dead art style with modern artists such as Fan Yang’s work The Bee, Butterfly and Grasshopper,  ink and color on paper, (2010) shown below being exhibited as a part of the Tasteful Leisure among Flowers – Contemporary Chinese Bird-and-Flower Painting Exhibition jointly hosted by Beijing Fine Art Academy, Guangdong Artists Association, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts, Contemporary Lingnan Art Research Center and Guangdong Provincial Society of Chinese Painting in 2018.   

The Bee, Butterfly and Grasshopper, ink and color on paper, (2010) by Fan Yang

Citations

[1]The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Art & Architecture Collection, The New York Public Library. "L'ornement polychrome" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1880 - 1889. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-3fac-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99

[2] “Albert Racinet's L'Ornement Polychrome (1869–73).” The Public Domain Review, The Public Domain Review , https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/albert-racinet-s-l-ornement-polychrome-1869-73. 

[3]Sanders, Esmée  Elice. “Auguste and Esmée – an Introduction.” L'Ornement Polychrome, 19 Feb. 2015, https://racinet.wordpress.com/2015/02/19/. 

[4]Cheng, Dr. Maria, and Dr. Wai Hung Tang. “Bird-and-Flower Painting.” Essential Terms of Chinese Painting. United States: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2018. Print

[5]Wang, Sue. “Tasteful Leisure among Flowers – Contemporary Chinese Bird-and-Flower Painting Exhibition.” Central Academy of Fine Arts New PPER, 5 Oct. 2018.   

[6] link to Vampire Nonsense’s VTMB Art Texture Pack mod on Nexus Mod  https://www.nexusmods.com/vampirebloodlines/mods/75?tab=description

[famousborntoday]

Mary Frances Winston Newson was an American mathematician. She became the first female American to receive a PhD in mathematics from a European university, name...

Link: Mary Frances Winston Newson

[illionoisprelawland-blog]

The Checking Power: President Biden’s Proposed Limits on the Court

By Margaret Holohan, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Class of 2025

August 2, 2024

Calls for judicial reforms in the United States are not new and have even grown louder amidst newly enacted controversial Supreme Court decisions. Most recently, the chief executive himself, President Biden, has led this charging plea for judicial reforms in calling for Supreme Court term limits and ethics rules. In particular, Biden issued a proposal with three reforms in an effort “... to restore trust and accountability to the court and our democracy.”[1]

Firstly, Biden proposes a constitutional amendment called the “No One Is Above the Law Amendment.” This amendment would ensure no immunity afforded to presidents for crimes committed while in office.[2] This proposed amendment could overturn the ruling in the recent case, Trump v. United States (2024). Particularly, the holding in Trump v. United States (2024), states, “the nature of Presidential power entitles a former President to absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for actions within his conclusive and preclusive constitutional authority.  And he is entitled to at least presumptive immunity from prosecution for all his official acts.  There is no immunity for unofficial acts.”[3] Thus, if enacted, the No One is Above the Law Amendment would demonstrate a check against Supreme Court power.

Second, Biden proposes a term limit for Supreme Court Justices. Particularly, he noted that no other major constitutional democracy has unlimited terms for high court officials besides the United States, and a term limit could fight against arbitrariness. The proposed term limit calls for the president to appoint a justice every two years and the justice’s term would last up to 18 years of service.[4]

Lastly, Biden calls for a binding code of conduct upon the Supreme Court Justices. Particularly, Biden stipulates, “Justices should be required to disclose gifts, refrain from public political activity and recuse themselves from cases in which they or their spouses have financial or other conflicts of interest.”[5]

Thus, Biden’s call for judicial reform is a large one, but it is not a new concept. Earlier cases and precedents have dealt with and grappled with questions over the power of the Court. Particularly, this call for changes in the Court’s structure harkens back to earlier judiciary acts and perhaps most notably, FDR’s court packing plan.

The Judiciary Act of 1863, 1866, and 1869 all involve changes in the Court’s composition amidst political turmoil. The Judiciary Act of 1863 was enacted during the American Civil War and was partly an effort to expand the number of justices to ten so Lincoln could appoint another Justice.[6] The Judiciary Act of 1866 authorized the reduction of Justices from ten to seven in an effort to limit President Jackson’s power.[7] However, the Judiciary Act of 1869, restored the number of justices back to nine.[8] Nevertheless, in 1937, FDR called for a Court packing plan to once again change the composition of the Court. Particularly, FDR proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, allowing him to appoint up to six new justices for every justice over the age of 70. This packing plan came about over FDR’s frustration with the Court’s frequent striking of New Deal Legislation. Although, the packing plan never came to fruition, because Supreme Court Justice Roberts ended up switching positions and upholding New Deal legislation.[9] Thus, all these statutes and the proposed packing plan largely reflect the other branches’ power over the Judiciary. Additionally, changes in the Court’s structures come about many times because of political influence and pressures. History has shown just how much the Judiciary’s powers matters to other branches as numerous controversies have arisen over the Judiciary's structure. However, the question is, how did the Court become so powerful that the conflicts over the Court’s structure still continue to arise today? Perhaps because the most foundational power of the Court comes not from the Constitution, but from the Court itself in its power of judicial review.

The power of judicial reivew was established in the landmark case, Marbury v. Madison (1803). This power gives the Supreme Court the authority to review the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. [10] Because of the Court’s significant powers, especially granted through judicial review, greater conflicts then arise over how best to structure and arrange this important branch.

Biden’s proposed changes to the Court reflect just how important the Judiciary’s decisions are to the nation and how important the organization of the judiciary is as the Court’s structure can have significant impacts on checking other branches and establishing law. Biden is not the first to propose changes to the Courts structure and he will likely not be the last Chief Executive to propose similar motions.

______________________________________________________________

[1] Biden, Joe. “Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law.” The Washington Post, 29 July 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/29/joe-biden-reform-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-plan-announcement/

[2]  Biden, Joe. “Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law.” The Washington Post, 29 July 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/29/joe-biden-reform-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-plan-announcement/

[3] Trump v. United States (2024). https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-939_e2pg.pdf

[4]  Biden, Joe. “Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law.” The Washington Post, 29 July 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/29/joe-biden-reform-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-plan-announcement/

[5]  Biden, Joe. “Joe Biden: My plan to reform the Supreme Court and ensure no president is above the law.” The Washington Post, 29 July 2024, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/29/joe-biden-reform-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-plan-announcement/

[6] “Landmark Legislation: Tenth Circuit.” Federal Judicial Center, https://www.fjc.gov/history/legislation/landmark-legislation-tenth-circuit

[7] “Landmark Legislation: Circuit Judgeships.” Federal Judicial Center, https://www.fjc.gov/history/legislation/landmark-legislation-circuit-judgeships

[8] “Landmark Legislation: Circuit Reorganization.” Federal Judicial Center, https://www.fjc.gov/history/legislation/landmark-legislation-circuit-reorganization

[9] Kennedy, Lesley. “This Is How FDR Tried to Pack the Supreme Court.” History, 28 June 2018, https://www.history.com/news/franklin-roosevelt-tried-packing-supreme-court 

[10] "Marbury v. Madison." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/5us137.

[humanoidhistory]

Solar eclipse over Shelbyville, Kentucky, August 7, 1869.

(Cambridge University)

[horizonhunters]

when was 11 percussion cap invented

History of the #11 percussion cap ignition system

Introduction I created this web page to organize 19th century information about the transition from flint to percussion cap ignition so I could better understand the long rifles produced in the Pennsylvania counties of Bedford and Somerset. As with any new technology, the adoption of the percussion cap occured at differing times and rates around the world. The materials included below help to illuminate the transition to 10 percussion cap ignition in Great Britain and portions of the United States.

There have been competing claims as to who invented the cci percussion cap. This web page does not resolve that question, but it does provide insights about some of the contenders. In my opinion, the most likely inventor appears to be Joshua Shaw.

L. Dietle, March 2023

1807–1821: Chapter II of the 1898 book “The Evolution of Modern Small Arms and Ammunition” provides a concise summary of the percussion ignition technology of Alexander Forsyth, Joseph Manton, and William Westley Richards that preceded Joshua Shaw’s 1822 percussion gun patent.

Circa 1814: Report №1375 of the House of Representatives from the 53rd Congress (1893–1894) is titled “Heirs or Assigns of Joshua Shaw”. The first page of the report states, “About the year 1814 Joshua Shaw invented the instrument known, and subsequently used thoughout the civilized world, as the patent diamond used by glaziers for cutting glass. About this time his attention was directed to the application and use of percussion or fulminating powders. He originated through chemical means and manipulations an entirely new material, free from the corrosive properties of those in use at the time. After repeated experiments he invented and introduced the percussion cap and lock for small arms, which in a short time, from its intrinsic value, was pretty generally adopted throughout the world and almost superseded the one previously used.” Page 6 of the report states, “The first important question involved in this inquiry is, Was Joshua Shaw the original and bona fide inventor? To this we answer without hesitation that he was.” That conclusion seems to rest on a quote from Henry Wilkinson’s 1841 British book “Engines of War” regarding the invention of copper caps that states, “It becomes, therefore, an interesting inquiry to ascertain who really was the inventor. The late Mr. Joseph Egg, and several other persons, lay claim to it; but I have taken some pains to ascertain the truth, and, if in error, shall be obliged by better information upon this or any other subject. Mr. Egg, I believe, purchased it from Mr. Roantree, a gun-maker at horizon hunters, Durham, who had it from a workman employed by Mr. Joshua Shaw, now residing at Philadelphia. I can trace it no further.” A posthumous article about Joshua Shaw’s life was published in the August 7, 1869 issue of the “Scientific American”.

In a section about percussion arms in his 1841 book “Engines of War” (London) Henry Wilkinson also stated, “Mr. Shaw assured me that in 1814 he invented a steel cap, which, when fired, was retained to be primed again; that in 1815 he made a pewter cap, which was thrown away after using; and lastly, that in 1816 he used a copper cap precisely similar to those at present employed.”

The Henry Wilkinson quote in House Report №1375 references Mr. Egg, who was a London gunmaker. The trade labels attached to the underside of the lid of some of Joseph Egg’s cased pistols included three groupings of words that, when considered together in sequence, read, ”By His Majesty’s Royal Letters Patent for the detonating self primer inventor of the copper cap.” The wording of the trade label seems to be claiming that by virtue of his patent for the detonating self primer, Joseph Egg was the inventor of the copper percussion cap. The only patent issued to Joseph Egg before Joshua Shaw’s June 19, 1822 percussion gun patent that I know of was for an upside-down flintlock (British Patent №3676, March 30, 1813). Joseph Egg’s November 26, 1822 Britsh patent no. 4727 is titled, “Certain improvements in the construction of guns and fire-arms, upon the self priming and detonating principle”. Click here for an 1854 list of the British patents of William Westley Richards and members of the Egg, Manton, and Rowntree families (there are no Roantree patents listed).

1814: A September 15, 1827 letter from Joshua Shaw about testing gunpowder was published in Volume IV of “The Franklin Journal, and American Mechanics’ Magazine”. In the letter, Joshua Shaw states, “I constructed this apparatus in the year 1814; my principal object was to test the advantages afforded by using, with the percussion gun, the copper caps, or primers, which I had then invented.”

1818: In 1818, Collinson Hall won a silver medal for a percussion conversion of a flintlock firearm that incorporates a drum with a nipple and a mating hammer with a hollow nose that engages the nipple. Instead of a percussion cap, the illustration of the Hall invention shows the use of a pellet of detonating powder that “is fixed in the centre of a small round piece of paper covered with wax.” and affixed to the hollow nose of the hammer. The medal was awarded by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce (London).

1818–1820: The “Percussion Caps” chapter of the 1909 book “The Rise and Progress of the British Explosives Industry” states, “On the 20th July, 1818, Prelat, a Paris gunmaker, patented a hollow cock and a conical nipple, which was charged by dropping a few grains of fulminate of mercury into the cavity of the cock. On the 28th July, 1820, he filed a certificate of addition, in which a flanged copper cap charged with a secret composition is substituted. A month later, Deboubert, also a Paris gunmaker, patented a cylindrical copper cap charged with fulminate of silver. Both these patents are believed to be merely copies or modifications of models made by the London gunmakers.” The chapter also provides a wealth of other information about the history of the development of percussion ignition.

1819: An August 4, 1819 document from “Kingston, Upper Canada” is included as a chapter titled “Rifle Shooting, by an American Gentleman” in the 1841 book “The sportsman in France…” While not dispositive, a footnote on page 214 states, “The copper cap and nipple were not known in America when this paper was written.” The only Kingston I know of in Canada is located about 56 miles north of Oswego, New York.

Circa 1820 to 1823: In a section titled “The Percussion Gun” in his 1823 British book “The Shooter’s Companion” T.B. Johnson indicated he had used the copper cap plan for three seasons and found it superior in every point of view and concludes that, “Copper cap guns will unquestionably become general…” These remarks indicate that percussion cap guns had already been available in Great Britian for at least three years in 1823, but were not yet ubiquitous.

1821: John James Audubon left at least two written accounts of encountering a percussion cap firearm during an 1821 visit at the home of an artist in New Orleans. In Chapter VII of an 1875 book edited by his widow that was titled “The Life of John James Audubon the Naturalist”, Audubon stated, “…he prosecuted his work vigorously and afterwards asked me to examine a percussion lock on his gun, a novelty to me at the time. He snapped some caps…” A longer version of the story is included in a section titled “The Original Painter” in Volume II of John James Audubon’s 1832 book “Ornithological Biography”. In the story, Audubon stated, “So saying, the artist took up his palet, [sic] and was searching for a rest-stick; but not finding the one with which he usually supported his hand, he drew the rod of a gun, and was about to sit, when he suddenly threw down his implements on the table, and, taking the gun, walked to me and asked if ‘I had ever seen a percussion-lock.’ I had not, for that improvement was not yet in vogue. He not only explained the superiority of the lock in question, but undertook to prove that it was capable of acting effectually under water. The bell was rung, a flat basin of water was produced, the gun was charged with powder, and the lock fairly immersed. The report terrified the birds, causing them to beat against the gilded walls of their prisons.” A section titled “Our Painters” in the December 1868 issue of “The Atlantic Monthly” indicates that the eccentric painter Audubon described was John Wesley Jarvis. According to entries in his journal Audubon “paid a visit to Jarvis” on January 9, 1821, then “walked to Jarvis the Painter and shewed him some of my Drawings” on January 13, 1821, and again “Went to Jarvis” on January 14, 1821. The January 13 and January 14 journal entries reference Jarvis’s eccentricity. (Bill Paton made me aware of this Audubon percussion cap gun story by forwarding a copy of it from “Volume II” of the 1897 book “Audubon and His Journals” — a book that was edited by Audubon’s grandaughter.)

1822: The immigrant Joshua Shaw’s 1822 percussion firearm-related patent was lost in the 1836 fire at the United States Patent Office, and exactly what it described is a mystery. The following excerpt from the 1823 book “A list of patents granted by the United States…” references Shaw’s patent:

[jcmarchi]

Eclipse Helped to See Solar Corona in New Light - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/eclipse-helped-to-see-solar-corona-in-new-light-technology-org/

Eclipse Helped to See Solar Corona in New Light - Technology Org

Observations made by William Harkness during the 1869 total eclipse led to a pivotal discovery about the sun’s corona.

[embedded content]

When it comes to studying solar eclipses, University of Rochester scholars have been at it a long time. Case in point: Alumnus William Harkness, whose observations of the sun’s corona during a total solar eclipse in 1869 have been hailed by some astronomers as a “landmark discovery.”

At the time, few people had ever gotten a good look at the solar corona—the outermost jacket of gases that make up the sun’s atmosphere. The sun’s blinding brilliance made studying anything in its immediate vicinity almost impossible. Only during eclipses did its radiant halo, the corona, become visible.

In fact, astronomers of the day debated whether the ring of light revealed during an eclipse was the sun’s atmosphere at all. Some thought it was just sunlight penetrating the Earth’s atmosphere. Others speculated it was a lunar atmosphere.

Here comes the sun’s corona

Harkness helped settle the debate by studying a solar eclipse on August 7, 1869, from a hilltop on the outskirts of Des Moines, Iowa, one of the cities in the eclipse’s so-called path of totality.

Vital to his research was his use of a relatively new instrument called a spectroscope, a glass prism that splits light into a rainbow of colors emitted by specific atoms and molecules. The hues act like a key to identifying different elements.

Affixing a spectroscope to a telescope enabled Harkness to observe a continuous green line ringing the sun as the moon slipped between it and the Earth and punched a hole of darkness in the daytime sky.

As documented by the United States Naval Observatory, Harkness concluded that the corona was “a highly rarefied self-luminous atmosphere surrounding the sun, and, perhaps, principally composed of the incandescent vapor of iron.”

“We have succeeded beyond our most sanguine expectations,” Harkness, who was a lieutenant commander and mathematics professor in the Navy at the time, wrote of his research in a telegraph to a colleague.

His missive was widely reported in newspapers across the country, from the Deseret News in Utah to the Burlington Free Press in Vermont.

“We have one hundred and twenty-three photographs of the eclipse, two being of totality,” he added. “. . . Could see no absorption lines in the spectrum of the corona. It gave a continuous spectrum with one bright line on it.”

His observations, which he photographed, were corroborated by those of Charles Augustus Young, an astronomy professor at Dartmouth College, who studied the same celestial event from a vantage point of roughly 160 miles east in Burlington, Iowa.

Harkness’s observations would eventually help answer the question, ‘Is the solar corona hotter than the sun?’ 

HARKNESS AND LIGHT: The total solar eclipse of August 7, 1869, as documented by William Harkness during his work to learn about the physical constitution of the sun’s corona, which is only visible during an eclipse. Image credit: University of Rochester Department of Rare Books, Special Collections, and Preservation

Scientists hypothesized that the green line might be the emission of a new element of the sun, which came to be known as coronium. They studied that green line during eclipses for the next seven decades before concluding that coronium was not a new element, but rather iron stripped of half of its electrons.

That finding suggested the solar corona was hotter—millions of degrees hotter—than the surface of the sun and has since helped the scientific community better understand how stars work.

Harkness, a member of the Class of 1858, was 11 years on from graduating from the University of Rochester at the time of his discovery, but he kept his alma mater in mind throughout his life. When he died in 1903, having reached the rank of rear admiral in the Navy, he bequeathed to the University his collection of nautical and scientific instruments as well as his library and papers.

Harkness Hall, which was erected on the River Campus in his honor in 1946 and originally devoted to naval science and training naval officers, today houses the Departments of Political Science and Economics.

Source: University of Rochester

You can offer your link to a page which is relevant to the topic of this post.

[noctambulatebooks]

Reading 2024

1-January-2024: McPhee, John, Tabula Rasa (2023, USA)

7-January-2024: Zweig, Stefan, The World of Yesterday (1943, Austria)

21-January-2024: Kempowski, Walter, Tadellöser & Wolff (An Ordinary Youth) (1971, Germany)

26-January-2024: Han Suyin, Winter Love (1962, England)

30-January-2024: Thoreau, Henry David, Walden (1854, USA)

3-February-2024: brown, adrienne maree, Grievers (2021, USA)

8-February-2024: brown, adrienne maree, Maroons (2023, USA)

10-February-2024: Ernaux, Annie, Look at the Lights, My Love (2014, France)

18-February-2024: Ehle, John, The Land Breakers (1964, USA)

28-February-2024: Stille, Alexander, The Sullivanians: Sex, Psychotherapy, and the Wild Life of an American Commune (2023, USA)

9-March-2024: Flaubert, Gustave, Sentimental Education (1869, France)

12-March-2024: Brophy, Brigid, Hackenfeller’s Ape (1953, England)

18-March-2024: Maclean, Will, The Apparition Phase (2020, England)

25-March-2024: Malaparte, Curzio, Diary of a Foreigner in Paris (1966, Italy)

26-March-2024: Holm, Sven, Termush (1967, Denmark)

29-March-2024: DiPrima, Diane, Memoirs of a Beatnick (1969, USA)

1-April-2024: Klein, Naomi, Doppelgänger: A Trip Into the Mirror World (2023, USA)

12-April-2024: Yamazaki, Paul, Reading the Room: A Bookseller’s Tale (2024, USA)

17-April-2024: Zola, Émile, La Débâcle (1892, France)

22-April-2024: Clark, J. Carroll (pseud), Julia Valentine (2020, USA)

28-April-2024: Labatut, Benjamín, The Maniac (2023, Chile)

3-May-2024: Miéville, China, King Rat (1998, England)

9-May-2024: Manchette, Jean-Patrick, The Mad and the Bad (1972, France)

19-May-2024: Solomon, Deborah, Utopia Parkway: The Life and Work of Joseph Cornell (1997, USA)

21-May-2024: Bogdanich, Walt and Michael Forsythe, When McKinsey Comes to Town: The Hidden Influence of the World’s Most Powerful Consulting Firm (2022, USA)

25-May-2024: Tanizaki, Junichirō, Longing, and other stories (1921, Japan)

12-June-2024: Laxness, Halldør, Salka Valka (1932, Iceland)

17-June-2024: Clune, Michael, White Out: The Secret Life of Heroin (2013, USA)

23-June-2024: Gibson, William, Idoru (1996, USA)

25-June-2024: Lafargue, Paul, The Right to Be Lazy (1880, France)

30-June-2024: Lambert, Gavin, The Goodby People (1971, USA)

2-July-2024: Simenon, Georges, Sunday (1959, France)

7-July-2024: Adler, Renata, Speedboat (1976, USA)

15-July-2024: Gibson, William, Virtual Light (1993, USA)

24-July-2024: Adams, Henry, The Education of Henry Adams (1907, USA)

28-July-2024: Simenon, Georges, The Blue Room (1963, France)

6-August-2024: Mortimer, Penelope, The Pumpkin Eater (1962, England)

12-August-2024: Tucholsky, Kurt, Castle Gripsholm (1931, Germany)

15-August-2024: Swensson, Andrea, Deeper Blues: The Life, Songs, and Salvation of Cornbread Harris (2024, USA)

31-August-2024: Sturgis, Howard, Belchamber (1904, England)

8-September-2024: Crowley, John, Flint and Mirror (2022, USA)

15-September-2024: Conrad, Joseph, The Rover (1923, England)

20-September-2024: Simenon, Georges, The Old Man Dies (1966, France)

[dan6085]

20 painters who have had a significant impact on the art world and continue to influence artists today, listed in alphabetical order:

1. Michelangelo (1475–1564) - An Italian Renaissance artist, Michelangelo is known for his sculpture, painting, and architecture. His most famous works include the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the sculpture of David.

2. Claude Monet (1840–1926) - A French Impressionist painter, Monet is renowned for his beautiful landscapes, particularly his series of water lilies.

3. Salvador Dalí (1904–1989) - A Spanish Surrealist painter, Dalí created wildly imaginative works that explore the subconscious mind.

4. Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) - A Dutch post-Impressionist painter, van Gogh is famous for his bold use of color and emotional depictions of nature and humanity.

5. Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675) - A Dutch Baroque painter, Vermeer is celebrated for his intimate portraits and scenes of everyday life.

6. Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669) - A Dutch Baroque painter, Rembrandt is known for his powerful portraits and dramatic use of light and shadow.

7. Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) - A Spanish Cubist painter, Picasso is one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, with a vast body of work that spans various styles and mediums.

8. Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) - An Italian Renaissance artist, da Vinci was a master of many disciplines, including painting, sculpture, engineering, and science.

9. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919) - A French Impressionist painter, Renoir created vibrant, colorful scenes of modern life.

10. Marc Chagall (1887–1985) - A Russian-French artist, Chagall's work is characterized by dreamlike imagery, vibrant colors, and a blending of various styles and influences.

11. Edvard Munch (1863–1944) - A Norwegian Symbolist painter, Munch created haunting, emotionally charged works, including The Scream.

12. Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510) - An Italian Renaissance painter, Botticelli is known for his graceful depictions of mythological and religious subjects.

13. Diego Velázquez (1599–1660) - A Spanish Baroque painter, Velázquez was a master of portraiture and is celebrated for his realistic depictions of people and objects.

14. Gustav Klimt (1862–1918) - An Austrian Symbolist painter, Klimt created ornate, decorative works that often featured sensuous, erotic imagery.

15. Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944) - A Russian abstract painter, Kandinsky is considered one of the pioneers of non-objective art, which emphasizes color, form, and texture over representational imagery.

16. Jackson Pollock (1912–1956) - An American Abstract Expressionist painter, Pollock is known for his large, gestural canvases that explore the physical act of painting.

17. Henri Matisse (1869–1954) - A French Fauvist painter, Matisse created bold, colorful works that celebrated the beauty of the natural world.

18. Francisco Goya (1746–1828) - A Spanish Romantic painter, Goya created powerful, often disturbing works that explored the darker aspects of human nature.

19. Jan van Eyck (1390–1441) - A Flemish Renaissance painter, van Eyck is celebrated for his realistic depictions of people, objects, and landscapes, as well as his pioneering use of oil paint.

20. Titian (1488–1576) - An Italian Renaissance painter, Titian is known for his richly colored, sensual depictions of mythological and religious subjects.

[revolutionarywarhistory]

"An officer of the Revolution": The story of Mountjoy Bayly [Part 6]

Reprinted from my History Hermann WordPress blog.

© 2016-2023 Burkely Hermann. All rights reserved.

Notes

[1] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119. He is listed as "Monjoy Baley" living in Frederick County's Lower Potomac Hundred in 1776 here. The original paper record of this is in Box 2, f. 8, p. 1 of the 1776 Maryland Census. Bayly at some points preferred his last name to be spelled "Bayly" and at other points "Bailey" and "Bayley."

[2] Ibid; Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, July 7: December 31, 1776, Archives of Maryland Online, Vol. 12, 113, 179, 180; Journal and Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775 to July 6, 1776, Archives of Maryland Online, Vol. 11, 522, 523; Muster Rolls and Other Records of Service of Maryland Troops in the American Revolution, Archives of Maryland Online, Vol. 18, 189, 326, 621.

[3] Thomas J. McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign, Vol. 1: Brandywine and the fall of Philadelphia (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006), 185, 186, 368-369.

[4] Pension of Mountjoy Bayly, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, S-12094, BLWt 685-300. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[5] Ibid; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1780-1781, Archives of Maryland Online, Vol. 45, 356, 357, 358, 369, 658, 659, 660; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1781-1784, Archives of Maryland Online, 16, 23, 33, 34, 72, 73, 95, 102, 103, 121, 140, 165, 204, 265, 477; Johann Conrad Döhla, A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution (edited and translated by Bruce E. Burgoyne, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), 200, 205-209; Pension of Erasmus Erp, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, Rejected Pension Application File, National Archives, NARA M804,  R, 3.364. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest; "Applicants for Pensions in 1841: Letter from the Secretary of War" within House Documents, Otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2d Session-49th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1869), 4. Some records attest that Bayly was part of the Maryland Militia after 1781, although this cannot be confirmed.

[6] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119. Walter H. Buck, in a letter titled "Bayley (Bailey)" within Notes and Queries section of Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 61, September 1946, page 256, asked if Mr. Bayly was related to Pierce Bayley of Loundon County, Virginia. It seems he was related.

[7] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119. The same is the case even when looking at "Lots Westward of Fort Cumberland" or the Military Lots Ledger. Of course, I didn't find the information on "Map of Military Lots assigned to soldiers, Garrett County, Maryland. 1787" hosted by the Western Maryland Digital Library.

[8] Harry Wright Newman, Charles County Gentry (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2002 reprint), 123, 140-141, 195-198. The Edelen house in Prince George's County, Maryland may be related to this family.

[9] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119.

[10] Victory, Leonard Smith, 468 Acres, Frederick County Circuit Court, Certificates, Patented, FR, April 29, 1755, Patented Certificate 4960 [MSA S1197-5387]. Courtesy of http://plato.mdarchives.state.md.us/; Deed between Mountjoy Bayley and Joseph Smith, Dec. 31, 1784, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 5, p. 273-275 [MSA CE 108-25]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Deed between Mountjoy Bayley and Hugh Young, Sept. 25, 1784, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 4, p. 413- [MSA CE 108-24]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net. Also referred to on page 5 of Liber 5.

[11] Deed Between Mountjoy Bailey and Christopher Edelen, Dec. 11,  1785, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 6, p. 230-232 [MSA CE 108-26]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[12] Purchase of enslaved Blacks by Mountjoy Bailey from Christopher Edelen, Dec. 30,  1785, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 6, p. 250 [MSA CE 108-26]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[13] Deed between Mountjoy Baily and Benjamin Dulany, Mar. 4, 1786, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 6, p. 344-345 [MSA CE 108-26]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Deed between Mountjoy Bayly, Joseph Young, and George Scott, Apr. 7, 1787, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 7, p. 220-221 [MSA CE 108-27]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Mortgage by Mountjoy Bayly with George Schuertzell and Peter Mantz, Jan. 31, 1788, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 7, p. 674-676 [MSA CE 108-27]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Salsbury Plains Helpt, Christopher Edelin, 131 Acres, May 23, 1774, Frederick County Circuit Court, Certificates, Patented, FR, Patented Certificate 4198 [MSA S1197-4619]. Courtesy of http://plato.mdarchives.state.md.us/; Deed between Mountjoy Bayly, his wife, and Johnson Baker, Jan. 6, 1789, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 8, p. 460-461 [MSA CE 108-28]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[14] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119.

[15] William Jarboe Grove, History of Carrollton Manor, Frederick County, Md (Lime Kiln, MD: Historical Society of Frederick County, 1922), 150.

[16] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119. Specifically he would serve in the Maryland General Assembly in 1785, 1786, 1786-1787, 1789, 1790, and 1793.

[17] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119.

[18] Robert W. Coakley, The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1789–1878 (DIANE Publishing, 1996), 67. I get this part about the "progressive tax code" from what William Hogeland writes in Founding Finance. I haven't read his book titled The Whiskey Rebellion yet, but it is still worth mentioning here.

[19] Robert W. Coakley, The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1789-1879 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1988), 49. He cites letters of Bayley to Lee and vice versa within vol. 18 of Red Book, item 138 and the Council Letterbook. Specifically see the following within Red Books: 1794, Sep. 12. BAILEY, MOUNTJOY (Frederick Town) to GOV. Militia preparations for the Whiskey Rebellion. MSA S 989-2908, MdHR 4583-137  1 /6 /4 /15.

[20] Founders Online cites "ALS, Hall of Records of Maryland, Annapolis" as a source, referring to the Maryland State Archives of course. It also says that "a similar account of these events is in The Maryland Journal, and the Baltimore Advertiser, September 22, 1794."

[21] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119.

[22] First Census of the United States, 1790, Frederick, Maryland, National Archives, NARA M637, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll 3, Page 165. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest; A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119.

[23] Manumission of an enslaved Black woman named Jenny, Jan. 12, 1790, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 9, p. 14-15 [MSA CE 108-29]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net. This also means she was born in 1773.

[24] Transaction between Mountjoy Bayly and Peter Mantz, July 30, 1790, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 9, p. 331-333 [MSA CE 108-29]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Deed between Mountjoy Bayly and Henry Elser, Oct. 22, 1793, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 12, p. 226-228 [MSA CE 108-32]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Deed between Mountjoy Bailey and William Campbell, Jan. 23, 1798, Frederick County Court, Liber WR 16, p. 165-166 [MSA CE 108-36]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Deed between Mountjoy Bayly and John Payder, Sept. 18, 1799, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 19, p. 41-42 [MSA CE 108-39]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net. Campbell was reportedly a veteran who had served as a captain in the Maryland Line.

[25] Indenture between Mountjoy Bailey and Alexander Hamilton, April 28, 1799, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 18, p. 241-243 [MSA CE 108-38]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Resurvey On All Marys Mistake, Alexander Masheen, 73 1/4 Acres, Frederick County Circuit Court, Certificates, Patented, FR, Oct. 23, 1755, Patented Certificate 3281 [MSA S1197-3699]. Courtesy of http://plato.mdarchives.state.md.us/; Alexanders Prospect, Alexander McKeen, 310 Acres, Frederick County Circuit Court, Certificates, Patented, FR, May 25, 1768, Patented Certificate 269 [MSA S1197-333]. Courtesy of  http://plato.mdarchives.state.md.us/; Douthets Chance, Alexander McKeen, 280 Acres, Frederick County Circuit Court, Certificates, Patented, FR, Oct. 30, 1752, Patented Certificate 1177 [MSA S1197-1241]. Courtesy of http://plato.mdarchives.state.md.us/. When the Resurvey tract was originally surveyed in 1765, it consisted of 67 3/4 acres and when Alexander's Prospect was originally surveyed in 1766, 167 acres were vacant and only 143 acres occupied. As for Douthet's Chance, this tract was originally surveyed in 1750 and was 280 acres.

[26] Bond between Mountjoy Bayly and John Payder, Oct. 5, 1797, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 15, p. 659-660 [MSA CE 108-35]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[27] Deed between Mountjoy Bayly, Elizabeth Bayly, Rebecca Edelin, John Lynn, Eleanor Lynn, John Hodge Bayard, Rebecca Bayard, Thomas Crabbs, Dec. 2, 1797, Frederick County Court, Liber WR 16, p. 96-98 [MSA CE 108-36]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Arrangement between Mountjoy Bayley, others, and Charles M. Turner, May 31, 1798, Frederick County Court, Liber WR 17, p. 28-30 [MSA CE 108-37]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net. In the first deed listed, the executors of Christopher Edelin's estate (the father of Bayly's wife, Elizabeth) have recovered some of the estate, including the house, after it was under a mortgage, and furthmore, Mountjoy Bayly, Elizabeth Bayly, Rebecca Edelin, John Lynn, Eleanor Lynn, John Hodge Bayard, and Rebecca Bayard are paid 200 pounds and now have control of the whole estate.  For the second one, there is an arrangement between the Bayly and Edelin families involved in dividing up the estate of Charles M. Turner, removing certain claims on his estate.

[28] Second Census of the United States, 1800, Liberty, Frederick, Maryland, National Archives, NARA M32, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll 10, Page 221. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[29] At the request of Genl. Mountjoy Bayly, April 25, 1801, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 19, p. 307 [MSA CE 108-39]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Notice by Mountjoy Bayley, July 20, 1803, Frederick County County, Land Records, Liber WR 24, p. 557-558 [MSA CE 108-44]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[30] Deed between Mountjoy Bailey and William Emmit, Sept. 9, 1800, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 20, p. 157-159 [MSA CE 108-40]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Indenture between Mountjoy Bailey and John Ringer, Oct. 2, 1800, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 20, p. 213-215 [MSA CE 108-40]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Indenture between Mountjoy Bailey and Patrick Reed, Nov. 26, 1800, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 20, p. 314-315 [MSA CE 108-40]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[31] Indenture between Mountjoy Bayly and Michael Dutro, April 18, 1801, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 21, p. 100-101 [MSA CE 108-41]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[32] Millard Milburn Rice, New Facts and Old Families: From the Records of Frederick County, Maryland (Baltimore: Geneaological Publishing Inc., 2002, reprint), vi, 128, 132-134; Thomas John Chew Williams and Folger McKinsey, History of Frederick County, Maryland, Vol. 1 (Frederick, MD: L.R. Titsworth & Co. 1910, 2003 reprint), 781, 860, 982-983, 200, 1282, 1364, 1654-1655, 1657, 1716;  John Clagett Proctor, Johannes Heintz and His Descendants (Greenville, PA, 1918), 80; Muster Rolls and Other Records of Service of Maryland Troops in the American Revolution, Archives of Maryland Online, Vol. 18, 681.

[33] Henry Sassaman Dotterer, The Dotterer Family (Philadelphia: Henry Sassman Dotterer, 1903), 74-76, 78; Second Census of the United States, 1800, Westminster, Frederick, Maryland, National Archives, NARA M32, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll 10, Page 193. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest. Other sources, like History of Carrollton Manor, Frederick County, Md, show the long-standing roots of his family in the county.

[34] Account between Mountjoy Baley and Jacob Jumper, June 2, 1803, Frederick County County, Land Records, Liber WR 24, p. 557-558 [MSA CE 108-44]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[35] Indenture between Mountjoy Bayly and John Cockey, Jr., April 20, 1801, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 21, p. 118-120 [MSA CE 108-41]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net; Deed between Mountjoy Bayley and John Ringer, April 26, 1801, Frederick County Court, Land Records, Liber WR 21, p. 121-122 [MSA CE 108-41]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net. In the latter record, John Ringer's wife is described to be Ann.

[36] Deed of Mountjoy Bayly to Samuel Bayly, 1808,Washington County Court, Land Records, Original, Liber S, p. 1020-1021 [MSA CE 67-17]. Courtesy of mdlandrec.net.

[37] Margaret Lail Hopkins, Index to the Tithables of Loudoun County, Virginia, and to Slaveholders and Slaves, 1758-1786. Baltimore, MD, USA: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1991), 731. This record, apart from access on Ancestry, can also be found here.

[38] Further searches show that this property was purchased by William Claggett after 1806.

[39] Top signature comes from page 158 of 1800 "deed between Mountjoy Bailey and William Emmit." The second and third signatures come from page 214 of 1800 "Indenture between Mountjoy Bailey and John Ringer." The fourth and fith signature comes from page 315 of 1800 "Indenture between Mountjoy Bailey and Patrick Reed." The sixth and seventh signatures comes from page 101 of the 1801 "Indenture between Mountjoy Bayly and Michael Dutro." The eighth and ninth signatures come from page 120 of the 1801 "Indenture between Mountjoy Bayly and John Cockey, Jr."

[40] Thomas J. McGuire, The Philadelphia Campaign, Vol. 1: Brandywine and the fall of Philadelphia (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006), 368-369. McGuire notes that he served for years as "doorkeeper of the Senate and sergeant-at-arms," and he spelled his last name Bayly. The People of the Founding Era database shows, that Bayly served in the army, was a Sergeant-at-Arms, Doorkeeper, and Officer.

[41] Pension of Mountjoy Bayly, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, S-12094, BLWt 685-300. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[42] Ibid.

[43] Fourth Census of the United States, 1820, Washington Ward 4, Washington, District of Columbia, National Archives, NARA M33, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll M33_5, Page 104. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[44] The ward had 277 households including: Beale, Elliot, Brooks, Goodwin, Kidwell, Maloy, Brenet, Diggs, Brent, Craig, McCardle, Ball, Dunn, Sprigg, Jackson, Oakley, Homa (two different), Williams, Thomas (two types), Sprall, Sweeny, Kekoe, Patterson, Tuns, Cawtin?, Preston, Roar, Nowdan, Hickey, Hayn, Watkins, Hawkins, Harvey, Hickman, Martin, McCormick, Thruston, Blagrove, Galwin, Delphy, Dunn, Murphy, Fry, Loverring?, Williams, Gibson, Grafs, Philips, Murphy, Brown, Fitzsimmons, Clayton, Pie, Goyle, Fowler, Young, Gruttendea, Hill, Mattock, Blanchard (brought for this Mrs), Steward, Varden, Bradley, Beale Ian?, Dockin, Minckin, Dockin, Caldwell, Ingle, Coombe, Hyer, May, Queen, Croply, Hunter, Holbrook, Annis, Lynch, Pelligrew, Maquire, Crawford, Daffaing?, White, Fry, Garnes, Graham, Robinson, Hepburn, Douglass, Shields, Stewart, Stant, Giles, Locke, Robinson, Hicks, Pack, Lowry, Rowling, Ingle, Johnson, Diggs, Gurtes, Sims, Wiggins, Gustavus, Dowell, Addison,Warren, Johnson, Hurdle, Graffer, Parker, Barker, Rice, Joyce, McCarly, Callan, Valpy, Burns, McClophy, Jaranill?, Martin, Dunning, Harkin, Homan, Giverson, O'Neale, Reynolds, Hall, Jackson, Bean, Gloyd, Lankam, Ewell, Coulson, Brooks, Allison, Johnson, Baily, Vaughan, Githers, McGowan, Wood, Locke, Love, Wattson [brought for David of this last name], Gillick, Gray, Mallion, McGill, McGaffery, Emack, O'Donnell, McCormick, Carlson, Barnes, Raphine, Barch, Schaeffter, Collins, Thompson, Barrell, Poston, Brasheau, Mencer, Chub, Lowe, Brown, Duwall, McDonald, Simmons, Wheatty, Holiver, McIntosh, Allison [bought for], McBerry, Smith, Brown, Howard, Gault, Makong, Anderson, Thompson, Dover, Osborne, Kirkley, Brightwill, Drudge, Seveeney, Stevens, Thomas, Adams, Barrell, Leach, Fowler, Wilburn, Goldsmith, Howard, Chaney, Bond, Barnes, Wright, Brown, Powell, Dover, Paine, Simpson, Hazel, Scott, Farrell, Kelley, Broadwick, Orde, Beck, Pencoast, French, Goey, Hall, Sutherland, Shau, Gillespie, Gagan, Rosenph, Lucton, Fergulson, Barry, Grifton, Caldwell, McMantz, Gill, Watterson, Hanna, Shorter (two types), Burch [brought for], Gray, Stewart, Day, Harwood, Fenwick, Brown, Tippatry, Lucas, Stanton, Marlborough, Beall, Carbery, Stewart, Gardiner, Smith (two smiths) [related to Charles Smith?], Spalding, Vall, McKinney, Auster, Parsons, Cooper, Dorrett, Thomas, Orr, Logan, McWilliams, Boone, Burch, Berry, Dawson, Powler, Hepburn, Pritchard, Lows, Lewis, Dickson, Hall, Brown, and Crans.

[45] Thomas J. Carrier, Washington D.C.: A Historical Walking Tour (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005 reprint), 18; Washington on Foot, Fifth Edition (ed. John J. Protopappas and Alvin R. Mcneal, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2012), 31. Carrier writes that this house, built in 1822, served as Bayly's residence as doorkeeper and sergeant-at-arms of the US Senate. It does not mention the selling of the house in 1828.

[46] Judah Dulano, The Washington Directory: Showing the Name, Occupation, and Residence, of Each Head of a Family and Person in Business : the Names of the Members of Congress, and where They Board : Together with Other Useful Information (Washington: William Duncan, 1822), 15.

[47] William Cranch, "Patons and Butcher v. E.J. Lee," April Term, 1826 within Reports of Cases Civil and Criminal in the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, from 1801 to 1841, Vol. 2 (Washington: William M. Morrison and Company, 1852), 649-650.

[48] Fifth Census of the United States, 1830,Washington Ward 4, Washington, District of Columbia, National Archives, NARA M19, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll 14, Page 2. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[49] Fifth Census of the United States, 1830, Georgetown, Washington, District of Columbia, National Archives, NARA M19, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll 14, Page 142. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest; Fourth Census of the United States, 1820, Georgetown, Washington, District of Columbia, National Archives, NARA M33, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll M33_5, Page 51. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[50] In 1820, George Bailey, John Bailey (two of the same name), Lucy Bailey, Winder Bailey, and Winney Bailey are listed as living in DC. In 1830, a William Bailey, Lanor Baily, Thomas Baily, and Margaret Bayley are listed as living in DC. Even in 1800, Jesse Bailey (two of the same name), Robert Bailey (likely his brother), William Bailey, Daniel Bayly, and John Bealey  are listed as living in DC.

[51] Pension of Mountjoy Bayly, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, S-12094, BLWt 685-300. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[52] A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature 1635-1789 by Edward C. Papenfuse, et. al., Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 426, 119.

[53] Ibid. This disproves, once again, the idea he lived in Maryland's Washington County.

[54] BAYLY, McKENDREC. Washington, July 5. "Gen. Mountjoy Bayly." The Washington Post (1923-1954): 8. Jul 10 1934. ProQuest. Web. 22 May 2017.

[55] Hiltner, George J. "The Cloisters Willed as Art Museum." The Sun (1837-1991): 2. Oct 20 1972. ProQuest. Web. 22 May 2017. An ancestry search of city directories reveals a man named "George Mountjoy Bayley," a Sergeant, living in New York in 1830. It is not known if he is related to Mr. Bayly.

[56] "GAMBLING IN WASHINGTON." New York Times (1857-1922): 2. Dec 01 1872. ProQuest. Web. 22 May 2017; "$16,800 Collection Stolen Downtown." The Sun (1837-1991): 1. Oct 29 1972. ProQuest. Web. 22 May 2017.

[57] For instance, I found Mr. Bayly mentioned in this soldier's pension, and numerous books within the collections of the Virginia Historical Society on the geneaology of the Bayly family apparently, with the call number of "F 104 N6 A6 v.86 no.3-4 General Collection" Reportedly p. 235, 236, 239-241, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250 of A Hessian Officer's Diary of the American Revolution talks about Baily. He is also listed in letters I don't have access to within the War Department Papers. Records within Maryland State Papers Series A of  Bailey: "Receipt of money for enlistment purposes" (1776), "Receipt of funds for recruitment" (1777), "Order to pay and receipt by Capt. Mountjoy Bailey for militia pay" (1778), "Order to pay and receipt by Capt. Mountjoy Bailey" (1778), "Account of provisions" (1780), "Order to pay Capt. Mountjoy Bailey" (1780), "Order to pay Capt. Mountjoy Bailey" (1780), "Account for provisions" (1781), "Account for hay and corn" (1781), "Account for beef and flour" (1781), "Appointment as auctioneer and commander of the guard" (1781), "Court-martial of Col. Winchester's Select Militia Comp.; need for wood" (1781), "Order to pay Maj. Mountjoy Bailey" (1781), "Assignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1781), "Sales account of confiscated property" (1782), "Insufficient number of guards for prisoners" (1782), "Request for funds for military expenses" (1782), "Order prohibiting liquor within the prison camp" (1782), "Appointment as sutler" (1782), "Defense of actions as commanding officer" (1782), "Defense of his actions; need for additional guards for prisoners" (1782), "Replacement of prisoner guards" (1782), "Lack of prisoner guards" (1782), "Deposition of Mr. Thomas concerning actions of Dr. Fisher" (1782), "Court of Equity proceedings; request for new prisoners guards; indenture of German prisoners" (1782), "Order to pay and receipt by Mountjoy Bailey" (1782), "Order to pay and receipt by Maj. Mountjoy Bayly" (1782), "Notification of debtors leaving the state" (1783), "Assignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1783?), "Reassignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1783?), "Order to give his pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Assignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Assignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Request to give his pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Assignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Assignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Reassignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Reassignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Reassignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Reassignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Reassignment of pay and gratuity to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Reassignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Reassignment of pay and gratuity to Mountjoy Bailey" (1784), "Assignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1785), "Reassignment of pay to Mountjoy Bailey" (1785), "Account and receipt for sale of confiscated property in FR" (1785), "Certification of Maj. Mountjoy Bailey's services" (1785), "Statement of Mountjoy Bailey's service in stopping pillage of timber from confiscated property" (1785), "Order to pay and receipt by Maj. Mountjoy Bailey" (1785), "Pertaining to Col. Wood's request for a reappointment as magistrate" (1785), "Recommendation of Nicholas White as armorer" (1786), "Requests return of a letter" (1786), and "Refusal of Maj. Mountjoy Bailey to settle the account of Christopher Edelin" (1787). There are likely more records, so this is just a a sampling.