#Athetoid Movement

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Get Best Cerebral Palsy Occupational Therapy in India | Trishla Foundation 

Trishla Foundation provides leading cerebral palsy occupational therapy in India, focusing on enhancing daily living skills and promoting independence. Their expert therapists use customized interventions to help individuals achieve their fullest potential in personal and social functioning.

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What is Cerebral Palsy?

Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle control, and coordination. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, typically before or during birth. This condition can have a significant impact on individuals and their families, requiring specialized care and support.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cerebral palsy affects approximately 1 in 323 children in the United States. Despite its prevalence, there is often a lack of understanding and awareness about this condition and its different types.

In this article, we will discuss the four main types of cerebral palsy, the causes and risk factors, the process of diagnosis, treatment options, and resources available for individuals and families affected by this condition.

Types of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement and muscle coordination. It is the most common childhood motor disability, with about 17 million people worldwide living with this condition. While the cause of cerebral palsy is not fully understood, it is important to understand its different types in order to provide appropriate treatment and support.

Four Main Types of Cerebral Palsy

· Spastic: This is the most common type of cerebral palsy, accounting for 70-80% of cases. It is characterized by stiff and jerky muscle movements, making it difficult to control the limbs.

· Dyskinetic: Also known as athetoid cerebral palsy, this type is characterized by uncontrolled and involuntary movements of the face, trunk, and limbs.

Read more

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Cerebral Palsy - Athetoid

Cerebral Palsy – Athetoid What is Athetoid Cerebral Palsy? Athetoid cerebral palsy (also known as “dyskinetic cerebral palsy”) is a movement disorder caused by damage to the developing brain. Children with athetoid CP fluctuate between hypertonia and hypotonia. Hypertonia is used to describe unusually high muscle tone, which creates stiffness and tension in the muscles. Hypotonia is used to…

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Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: An Overview

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is one of the four subtypes of Cerebral Palsy and occurs due to damage sustained by the cerebellum or basal ganglia. It causes involuntary contractures and gait abnormalities that can be highly painful to navigate, which is why it is vital for children to start receiving treatment as early as possible. It is natural to feel overwhelmed if you hear that your child has Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, which is why having a thorough understanding of what to expect is critical. Here, we provide a brief guide to the same.

Understanding Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is a subtype of Cerebral Palsy, which refers to a group of neurological disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, coordination, and motor skills caused by damage or abnormalities in the developing brain. It typically occurs due to injury or infection before, during, or shortly after birth. Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is a subtype characterized by abrupt involuntary movements that can be fast and jerky or slow and writhing. Often, children exhibit a range of symptoms on the basis of which doctors further subdivide the diagnosis. The two main Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy types include:

Athetoid Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: This subtype leads to sudden movements in the limbs, hands, and feet, and sometimes the face and tongue. The movements may be jerky or slow and can be repetitive at times, or may be continuous and writhing and get worse as the child tries to move. Stress may exacerbate the movements.

Dystonic Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: This leads to random and twisting involuntary movements when the child tries to move on their own, which can be painful. Here too, the movements may be either fast or slow. Dystonia may occur all over the body or just in certain limbs.

However, these terms are often used interchangeably, and the causes and treatments are the same for both. As a non-progressive disease, Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy will not worsen with time, although the patient’s needs may evolve as they grow older. Treatment helps to manage the symptoms and improve the patient’s overall functionality.

Symptoms of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Patients with Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy have difficulty moving their muscles the way they want them to. The symptoms will vary based on the location and extent of the brain damage. There is considerable overlap between the symptoms of the Athetoid and Dystonic subtypes, which is why we can list them together. The commonly observed Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy symptoms include:

Developmental delays in crawling, sitting up, standing, walking, or reaching for objects

Abnormal involuntary movements, either fast or slow

Twisting of the torso

Writhing movements in the hands or limbs

Pain during involuntary movements

Uncontrollable eye movements and/or squinting

Involuntary facial movements like grimacing or drooling

Muscle spasms from hypertonia or hypotonia and fluctuations between the two

Difficulty holding onto objects

Difficulties with balance and posture

Problems with speaking and swallowing

Comorbidities like epilepsy

The initial symptoms of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, including jerky movements and poor balance, may be noticeable as early as nine months of age. However, some children may have irregular movement patterns simply because of a developmental delay and not Cerebral Palsy. Parents should thus avoid panicking and rely on the child’s doctor to provide a diagnosis.

Causes and risk factors of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy occurs due to damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth. Specifically, Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy occurs due to damage sustained by either the cerebellum or the basal ganglia.

Basal ganglia damage: The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei located in the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement. The basal ganglia also regulate learning and thinking. When the basal ganglia are damaged, motor function is disrupted, which leads to involuntary movements.

Cerebellum damage: The cerebellum regulates precision of movement, coordination, and balance, along with cognitive functions like attention and communication. When the cerebellum is damaged, it affects fine motor skills and general coordination, and may also lead to co-occurring conditions like epilepsy or autism.

The risk factors for Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy include:

Infections during pregnancy

Complications during birth or negligence on the part of the physician

Premature birth

Blood clots in the placenta

Fetal strokes

Genetic conditions

Lack of oxygen during pregnancy or at birth

Jaundice, meningitis, or other infections shortly after birth

Head trauma sustained at or after birth

Diagnosing Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

There is no specific diagnostic test for Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy. If you observe symptoms in your child, it is important to get an appointment with a doctor who will observe your child’s movements and reflexes in a clinic setting. As a parent, you will need to provide a full medical history for the child, including any conditions that run in the family, along with detailed information on your child’s symptoms.

If the doctor suspects Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy, they may then recommend you to a specialist who will closely examine your child’s movement, speech, hearing, reflexes, posture, and coordination. Some of the tests they might order include an MRI, a CT scan, an electroencephalography (EEG), and an electromyography (EMG). These serve to identify brain damage and also rule out any other conditions that may be causing the symptoms. In addition, they may recommend specialists who will assess the child’s speech, hearing, vision, and intellectual capabilities. Getting a final diagnosis might take thus some time, up to several months in some cases. It is important to be patient and not panic unduly.

Treatment for Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

A treatment plan tailored to your child’s symptoms and abilities will help to expand their range of functional movement. The earlier the intervention, the better your child’s chances at gaining motor control and functionality. Typically, Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy treatment will feature the following:

Physical Therapy: This is perhaps the most essential component of Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy treatment. It includes a variety of exercises to improve muscle strength, coordination, and control over gross and fine motor skills. There will typically be daily sessions with a therapist, which may even be incorporated into the school day to make sure that the child is making consistent progress.

Occupational Therapy: This involves teaching the child how to perform daily activities of living on their own, such as getting dressed, having a bath, or feeding themselves. The therapist will teach them useful exercises that help them improve coordination and control, and may recommend special gadgets to make it easier.

Speech Therapy: Children who have trouble speaking and swallowing can benefit from Speech Therapy, as the therapist will teach them articulation techniques, safe swallowing techniques, and exercises to improve strength in the mouth and jaws. This not only helps them communicate better but also ensures that they are ingesting proper nutrition.

Stem Cell Therapy: This revolutionary form of treatment involves using the patient’s own healthy cells to treat the ones damaged by cerebellar degeneration. The process is safe, easy, and allows patients to go home the very same day.

Assistive devices: Thera[ists may recommend mobility devices like leg braces, walkers, or wheelchairs to help children get around more easily.

Medication/surgery: There are special medicines that doctors may prescribe to ease muscle stiffness and pain. In addition, surgery can correct significant deformities in the limbs and joints, thus helping children move more comfortably.

Yoga: Activities like yoga or stretching, when performed with a trained therapist, can help to alleviate the pain of muscle contractions.

Diet: The doctor may recommend special nutrition for your child to help their muscles grow properly.

Some parents may wish to sign their child up for alternative treatments like herbal medicine or acupuncture. However, always consult your doctor before doing so, as some of these treatments may interfere with the doctor-prescribed therapies.

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What is Cerebral Palsy?

Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle control, and coordination. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, typically before or during birth. This condition can have a significant impact on individuals and their families, requiring specialized care and support.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cerebral palsy affects approximately 1 in 323 children in the United States. Despite its prevalence, there is often a lack of understanding and awareness about this condition and its different types.

Types of Cerebral Palsy

Four Main Types of Cerebral Palsy

·         Spastic: This is the most common type of cerebral palsy, accounting for 70-80% of cases. It is characterized by stiff and jerky muscle movements, making it difficult to control the limbs.

·         Dyskinetic: Also known as athetoid cerebral palsy, this type is characterized by uncontrolled and involuntary movements of the face, trunk, and limbs.

·         Ataxic: This type of cerebral palsy affects balance and coordination, making it difficult to perform precise movements.

·         Mixed: Some individuals may have a combination of two or more types of cerebral palsy, resulting in a mix of symptoms and challenges.

Causes and Risk Factors

Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects muscle coordination and movement. While the exact cause of cerebral palsy is unknown, there are several factors that can contribute to its development. These factors include brain injuries, infections, and genetic factors. read more about Cerebral palsy

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Understanding Cerebral Palsy: A Guide to Classification and Treatment Options

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of neurological disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, and coordination. It can be caused by damage to the developing brain before, during, or after birth. Although cerebral palsy is a non-progressive disorder, it can affect a person’s mobility, communication, and daily living activities .

According to Northern Territory Government information and services, Cerebral Palsy in Australia is the most common physical disability in children, with an estimated 34,000 people affected. Early intervention and therapy can improve outcomes and quality of life for those with CP.

Classification of CP

There are five main types of cerebral palsy and each type of CP is characterised by specific symptoms and affects different areas of the body.

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy

Ataxic CP is less common, affecting around 5–10% of people with CP. It is caused by damage to the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating movement and balance. People with ataxic CP have poor balance and coordination, and they may have difficulty with fine motor skills, such as writing or buttoning clothes. They may also have a wide-based gait and may sway or stumble when walking.

Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

Athetoid CP, also known as dyskinetic CP, affects around 10–20% of people with CP. It is caused by damage to the basal ganglia, which is responsible for controlling movement. People with athetoid CP have involuntary movements that can be slow and writhing or fast and jerky. They may also have difficulty controlling their posture and may have trouble sitting upright or holding their head steady.

Hypotonic Cerebral Palsy

Hypotonic CP is a rare form of CP, affecting less than 5% of people with CP. It is caused by damage to the cerebellum or the brainstem, which can affect muscle tone and coordination. People with hypotonic CP have low muscle tone, which means their muscles are floppy and weak. They may also have difficulty with posture and may have trouble sitting upright or holding their head steady.

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Spastic CP is th e most common type, affecting around 70–80% of people with CP. It is caused by damage to the motor cortex of the brain, which controls voluntary movement. People with spastic CP have increased muscle tone, which means their muscles are constantly contracted and can be stiff and difficult to move. They may also experience muscle spasms, especially when trying to move quickly. Spastic CP can affect one or both sides of the body, and it can also affect the legs, arms, or both.

Mixed Cerebral Palsy

Mixed type CP is a combination of two or more types of CP. For example, a person may have spastic and athetoid CP, or ataxic and hypotonic CP. The symptoms and severity of mixed type CP can vary depending on the types of CP involved.

Explore the comprehensive article for deeper insights into Understanding Cerebral Palsy Treatments

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Adults with Cerebral Palsy Symptoms Understanding Adults' Cerebral Palsy Symptoms Cerebral palsy (CP) is often perceived as a childhood disorder, primarily because its diagnosis usually occurs in infancy or early childhood. However, it is a lifelong condition that continues to impact individuals well into adulthood. It is vital to understand the topic Adults with Cerebral Palsy Symptoms and how to manage them to ensure a high quality of life for those affected by this condition. Understanding Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that primarily affect muscle coordination and body movement. It's the most common motor disability in childhood, but its effects extend into adulthood. The condition is caused by damage to or abnormalities in the parts of the brain that control muscle movements. The term "cerebral palsy" is an umbrella term that encompasses a group of non-progressive, yet often changing, motor impairment syndromes caused by lesions or anomalies in the brain that arise in the early stages of its development. Cerebral palsy can manifest in different ways, and the severity of symptoms can vary greatly from person to person. Some people with CP may need special equipment to help them with mobility, while others may have mild impairments and require minimal assistance in their daily lives. There are several types of cerebral palsy, including spastic, dyskinetic (including athetoid, dystonic and choreoathetotic), ataxic, and mixed types. Each of these types is characterized by different kinds of movement patterns. Spastic CP is the most common type, characterized by stiffness and difficulty moving due to muscle tightness. Dyskinetic CP causes uncontrolled, slow, writhing movements, often affecting the hands, feet, arms, or legs, and in some cases, the muscles of the face and tongue, causing difficulty with swallowing and speech. Ataxic CP affects balance and coordination, causing individuals to appear unsteady or shaky. Mixed CP is a combination of two or more of the above types. While the brain damage that leads to cerebral palsy doesn't change over time, the symptoms can evolve as the individual grows and develops. Therefore, understanding and managing CP requires a long-term approach that adapts to an individual's changing needs over their lifetime. Despite the challenges it presents, many individuals with cerebral palsy lead successful, fulfilling lives with the right support and resources. Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy in Adults As individuals with cerebral palsy age into adulthood, their symptoms might evolve or change. The symptoms experienced in adulthood often reflect those seen in childhood, but they may present new challenges or complications. Here are some common symptoms experienced by adults with cerebral palsy: Muscle Spasticity and Rigidity: Adults with cerebral palsy often experience increased muscle tone, leading to muscle stiffness known as spasticity or rigidity. This can make movement difficult and sometimes painful. Pain: Chronic pain is a common symptom among adults with cerebral palsy. This can result from the stress and strain on the body caused by muscle imbalances, abnormal movement patterns, and joint issues. Mobility Issues: Over time, the physical strain of living with cerebral palsy can lead to increased difficulty with mobility. This can range from trouble walking to needing assistive devices like wheelchairs or walkers. Fatigue: Many adults with cerebral palsy report increased fatigue. This can be due to the extra effort required to move and control their bodies, but it may also result from other factors like poor sleep or other health issues. Aging-Related Health Issues: Adults with cerebral palsy may also face common age-related health issues earlier than their peers without cerebral palsy. These can include arthritis, osteoporosis, heart and lung issues, and more. Mental Health Issues: Adults with cerebral palsy also have a higher risk for mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety.

This can be due to the physical challenges and social isolation they may experience. Difficulty with Speech and Swallowing: Some adults with cerebral palsy may continue to have difficulty with speech and swallowing, a symptom that often begins in childhood. This can affect their ability to communicate effectively and eat comfortably. Cognitive Issues: While not all people with cerebral palsy have intellectual disabilities, some may experience cognitive issues. This can include difficulty with memory, concentration, and problem-solving. Remember that every individual with cerebral palsy is unique, and not everyone will experience all of these symptoms. The severity and combination of symptoms can vary widely from person to person. The Effects of Aging on Adults with Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition that presents unique challenges as individuals age. While CP itself is a non-progressive condition, meaning the original brain damage does not worsen, the symptoms and secondary conditions can evolve and become more complex over time. This process can lead to what is sometimes referred to as 'premature aging.' Here are some of the effects of aging on adults with cerebral palsy: Increased Physical Degeneration: Due to the extra strain placed on the body by cerebral palsy, adults with CP may experience physical degeneration earlier than their peers. This can include a decline in mobility, increased fatigue, and more difficulty with tasks requiring coordination and fine motor control. Premature Joint Wear and Musculoskeletal Issues: The abnormal muscle tone and movement patterns associated with cerebral palsy can lead to premature wear and tear on the joints. This can result in early-onset arthritis, increased risk of fractures, and other musculoskeletal issues. Increased Pain: As adults with cerebral palsy age, they may experience increased pain. This can be due to a combination of factors, including joint issues, muscle stiffness and spasticity, and other health issues related to aging. Mental Health Concerns: Adults with CP may face increased mental health concerns as they age. The physical challenges, coupled with social isolation and potential difficulties with employment and independence, can lead to higher rates of depression and anxiety. Early Onset of Age-Related Health Conditions: Adults with CP may face common age-related health issues earlier than their peers without CP. These can include cardiovascular disease, lung conditions, osteoporosis, and others. Cognitive Decline: While not all individuals with cerebral palsy experience cognitive impairment, those who do may see a decline in their cognitive abilities as they age, similar to the general population. Managing these effects often requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving various healthcare professionals, and a focus on preventative care and maintaining overall health. Support from community resources, family, and peers can also play a crucial role in managing the effects of aging with cerebral palsy. Treatment and Management of Cerebral Palsy in Adults The management of cerebral palsy in adults typically involves a combination of medical treatments, physical and occupational therapies, and lifestyle modifications. While there's no cure for cerebral palsy, these strategies can help manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and promote independence. Here are some common approaches to treating and managing cerebral palsy in adults: Physical Therapy: Regular physical therapy can help manage muscle spasticity, improve mobility, and strengthen muscles. It can also help reduce pain and prevent joint issues. Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapy can help adults with CP develop skills needed for daily living and independence, such as cooking, dressing, and using a computer. Speech and Language Therapy: For those with speech or swallowing difficulties, speech and language therapy can help improve communication skills and make eating and drinking safer and more comfortable.

Medical Treatments: Various medications can be used to manage symptoms of CP in adults, such as muscle relaxants for spasticity, pain relievers for chronic pain, and medications for associated conditions like epilepsy. Surgical Interventions: In some cases, surgery may be recommended to alleviate severe spasticity, correct deformities, or improve mobility. This can include orthopedic surgery, selective dorsal rhizotomy, or the implantation of a baclofen pump. Assistive Devices: Many adults with CP use assistive devices to enhance mobility and independence. These can include wheelchairs, walkers, orthotic devices, adaptive utensils, and communication devices. Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for managing CP in adulthood. This includes a balanced diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Mental Health Support: Given the higher risk of mental health issues, psychological support is a crucial part of managing CP in adults. This can involve counseling or psychotherapy, support groups, and in some cases, medication. Support Services: Various support services can help adults with CP navigate life, such as vocational rehabilitation, social services, and disability services. Managing cerebral palsy in adulthood is a lifelong commitment that requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. With appropriate support and resources, adults with CP can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. Coping with Cerebral Palsy as an Adult Coping with cerebral palsy as an adult involves a combination of medical treatment, self-care, and psychological strategies. Here are some tips for adults with cerebral palsy seeking to manage their symptoms and enhance their quality of life: Stay Active: Physical activity is crucial for maintaining strength and flexibility. Work with a physical therapist to develop a safe and effective exercise routine tailored to your abilities and needs. Follow a Balanced Diet: Good nutrition supports overall health, energy levels, and weight management, which can help reduce strain on your joints and muscles. Use Assistive Devices: Assistive devices like wheelchairs, braces, or speech-generating devices can facilitate mobility, communication, and independence. Occupational therapists can help you find the right tools and teach you how to use them effectively. Seek Emotional Support: Coping with a chronic condition like cerebral palsy can be emotionally challenging. Seek support from friends, family, or mental health professionals. Joining a support group can also provide a sense of community and shared understanding. Practice Stress Management: Techniques like mindfulness, meditation, and deep breathing can help manage stress and promote relaxation. Finding hobbies and activities you enjoy can also serve as a positive outlet for stress. Maintain Regular Medical Care: Regular check-ups with your healthcare team are crucial for managing your condition and addressing any new symptoms or concerns that arise. Advocate for Yourself: Speak up for your needs, whether it's requesting accommodations at work, ensuring accessibility in public spaces, or communicating your needs to healthcare providers. Educate Yourself and Others: Understanding your condition can help you make informed decisions about your care. It can also enable you to educate others about cerebral palsy, fostering understanding and empathy in your community. Remember, there's no "right" way to cope with cerebral palsy, and what works best will depend on your individual circumstances, abilities, and needs. It's okay to ask for help, and to seek support from professionals and loved ones as you navigate life with cerebral palsy. Final Advice Cerebral palsy is a lifelong condition, and adults living with CP may face unique challenges as they age. Understanding the symptoms of cerebral palsy in adults, and how to manage these symptoms, is vital to ensuring those with CP can lead fulfilling lives.

Although living with CP can be difficult, remember that with the right support and resources, adults with CP can successfully navigate these challenges and live a fulfilling, rewarding life. In closing, let's adopt a more inclusive perspective, acknowledging and addressing the specific needs and experiences of adults with cerebral palsy. After all, cerebral palsy doesn't stop in childhood – neither should our understanding and support for those living with it. Contact Us: https://globalstemcelltherapy.com/contact/

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From Diagnosis to Recovery: The Comprehensive Cerebral Palsy Care at Upright Kids Ortho with Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Bangalore | Dr. Jayanth S Sampath

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills (the ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way).

Cerebral palsy can also lead to other health issues, including vision, hearing, and speech problems, and learning disabilities.

CP is usually caused by damage to parts of the brain before or during a child’s birth, or during the first 2 years of a child’s life.

There is no cure for CP, but treatments such as physical therapy, splints or orthotics, medications such as Botulinum injections and Orthopaedic Surgery will help a child who is living with the condition.

It is worthwhile pointing out that majority of common human ailments such as diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, kidney failure, etc are also incurable conditions. But, treatment of these conditions is essential to prevent complications. Cerebral palsy is no different in that it does not have a cure but treatment is essential.

How does Cerebral Palsy work At Upright Kids Ortho?

What are the symptoms and signs of cerebral palsy?

Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Bangalore | Dr. Jayanth S Sampath says the predominant symptoms and signs of cerebral palsy are related to difficulties with movements of the legs and arms.

The extent and severity of the brain lesion is the leading factor in the magnitude of the motor deficit. For example, developmental motor delay, gait disorders, poor fine and gross motor coordination, swallowing disorders, or speech delay are all the result of the basic movement problem. The way they present varies from child to child. For that reason, it is difficult to describe a clinical picture that will satisfy every child with cerebral palsy. The clinical presentation, even though with many common features, is very much unique for a particular child. In addition, the comorbid conditions add more to the uniqueness of the presentation of the child with cerebral palsy. For example, some children may be blind, while others may have normal vision; some children may have a severe cognitive delay while others may have a normal or near normal cognitive level.

What are the types of cerebral palsy?

Based upon the form of motor impairment, cerebral palsy can be divided into types:

Spastic cerebral palsy

Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (according to the predominant symptoms dyskinetic CP may be either dystonic or choreo-athetoid) which includes ataxic cerebral palsy

Hypotonic cerebral palsy.

These categories are not rigid, and the majority of patients most probably have a mixture of them.

Cerebral palsy can also be classified into different types depending on the mobility level of the child. This system is called GMFCS (Gross Motor Functional Classification System) and is the most widely used classification system to describe children with cerebral palsy. The figure below easily illustrates the different types from Level I to Level V. Kindly note that the mobility level changes slightly as the child goes through the teenage years and pubertal growth spurt.

This is a well-described aspect of the natural history of cerebral palsy. Children who were walking with support until the age of 8 – 10 years lose some or all of their walking ability during early adolescence. This has been attributed to a reduction in the power: weight ratio of children. As muscles become bigger, they also become weaker relative to their weight.

Causes of CP

Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Bangalore | Dr. Jayanth S Sampath says There is no identifiable cause in some children with cerebral palsy.

Typical causes to look for include

Problems occurring before birth (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection, inadequate brain development),

Problems during birth such as asphyxia before birth, hypoxia (poor oxygen supply) of the brain, and birth trauma during labor and delivery

Premature and low birth weight babies

Complications occurring some time after birth or during childhood.

Genetic causes

In the modern context, many premature babies (babies born earlier than 36 weeks and/ or less than 1.5 kg in weight at birth) can be saved thanks to advances in neonatal care but premature babies have an increased risk of CP. Many of the children that we see in our practice have spent some time in the NICU (neonatal intensive care unit). Fortunately, premature babies have spasticity as their predominant movement disorder, most will walk independently and their gait problems can be corrected by orthopaedic surgery.

In the past, conditions such as kernicterus (uncontrolled jaundice in newborn babies causing damage to parts of the brain) were quite common. This group of disorders caused dyskinetic type of CP that was not readily amenable to surgery and prognosis for walking was poor. Due to early detection of jaundice in most neonates and prompt treatment, the incidence of Kernicterus is on the decline.

Why do premature babies develop CP?

Premature infants are vulnerable, in part because their organ systems and control mechanisms are not fully developed, increasing the risk of reduced oxygen supply to the brain that may manifest later as CP.

It is sometimes difficult to differentiate between cerebral palsy caused by damage to the brain that results from inadequate oxygenation and CP that arises from brain damage which occurs when the baby is still in the womb that then precipitates premature delivery. From the point of view of treatment, this distinction is academic and not of much relevance. MR scan of the brain may help in diagnosing this further but in terms of treatment, diagnostic tests such as MR scans do not help with orthopaedic treatment.

After birth (postnatal), other causes include toxins, severe jaundice, lead poisoning, physical brain injury, shaken baby syndrome, incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as near drowning), and encephalitis or meningitis.

The three most common causes of asphyxia in the young child are: choking on foreign objects such as toys and pieces of food, poisoning, and near drowning.

In general, postnatal causes of CP (damage to the brain after birth) result in a more severe form of the condition with extreme muscle tone and postures, severe cognitive impairment and the prognosis for walking is less certain compared to CP caused by prematurity.

Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy:

The initial suspicion of CP is typically raised by family members or noticed by the parents as a failure to achieve motor milestones. The child may not achieve head control by 6 months, sitting may be delayed or mild abnormalities in walking may be noticed.

The child’s paediatrician is usually the first person to raise the possibility of CP. As mentioned earlier, cerebral palsy is NOT a condition resulting from a single cause. It is a clinical diagnosis made by doctors when a child has a number of different problems such as problems with walking, speech, hearing, sight, balance, co-ordination and fine motor control (using the hands for delicate tasks such as writing).

No single factor can confirm or refute the diagnosis of CP. Rather; it is combination of various factors that taken together will help the doctor make the diagnosis of CP.

For instance, a 2 year old child who has not yet started walking; was a premature baby born at 7 months with a birth weight of 1kg may turn out to have cerebral palsy.

Though tests such as an MR scan of the brain are quite commonly done in the process of making the diagnosis of CP, there is no single test which will confirm the diagnosis. As the causes of CP are highly varied, a series of investigations (tests) may need to be carried out.

Who makes the diagnosis?

According to Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon Bangalore | Dr. Jayanth S Sampath, Any qualified clinician with experience in the area of child development can make a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. Typical clinicians who may see children with a potential diagnosis of CP include paediatricians, physiotherapists, paediatric orthopaedic surgeons, developmental specialists, and paediatric neurologists, amongst others.

Once the possibility of CP has been raised, it is prudent to seek the opinion of

A paediatric neurologist (to confirm the diagnosis) and

A paediatric orthopaedic surgeon (to discuss treatment options).

It is advisable to seek expert advice early so that parents can be correctly counselled about the particular treatment options suitable for their child.

Clinicians unfamiliar with the modern management of CP are a source of misinformation to parents. Words such as “untreatable” are sometimes used, causing uncertainty and distress to parents. CP is very much treatable with modern scientific methods and good outcomes are routinely obtained in the majority of children.

Treatment for CP

There are several factors which influence choice of treatment for a particular child. The principal among these are:

Age of the child

The age of the child is the single most important factor which influences treatment planning. Cerebral palsy is a “static” encephalopathy, meaning that the primary problem in the brain does NOT change over time. It does not get better or worse. However, bones, muscles and joints of the legs can develop abnormalities due to growth.

Any intervention such as physiotherapy, Botox injection or surgery should be employed after a thorough understanding of the natural history of cerebral palsy. Thanks to the pioneering work of Prof Rosenbaum and co-workers (from CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University, Canada), we have a detailed understanding of how children with CP develop in the first few years of life. Similar findings were seen in an independent Swedish study (Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2007, 49: 751–756).

The graph below shows that children with GMFCS Level I and II CP (children with independent walking ability) reach their peak motor ability around the age of 6 to 7 years. This NATURAL improvement occurs due to the maturation of brain function. It, therefore, stands to reason that any intervention such as orthopaedic surgery should be performed after the age of 7 years.

The Ontario Motor Growth Study

The Motor Growth Curves report patterns of gross motor development in children with cerebral palsy, classified according to each of the five levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) (Palisano et al., 1997). Children in this study were followed longitudinally for several years. The findings were published in a paper entitled ‘Prognosis for Gross Motor Development in Cerebral Palsy. Creation of Motor Growth Curves’, Rosenbaum et al., JAMA 2002; 288; 1357-63.

In the first few years of life, most children with CP will benefit from supportive treatments such as physiotherapy and orthotics. Once the child reaches his or her maximum motor potential (typically between the ages of 8 and 10 years) and achieves a steady state in terms of growth, consideration can be given to whether orthopaedic surgery will be beneficial.

The graph below illustrates common interventions undertaken at different ages in children with CP.

It can be seen that peak age for non-surgical treatments is around 5 years and the peak age for surgery is around 10 years.

GMFCS Level:

The walking ability of the child determines his/ her GMFCS level. Children with GMFCS levels I and II and some children with Level III CP may benefit from Gait Improvement Surgery (also called Single Event Multi-level Surgery or SEMLS).

Children with GMFCS Levels IV and V CP do not benefit from surgery to release contractures or muscle tightness in the legs, as the children in this category are unlikely to gain the ability to walk even with surgery. However, children with GMFCS Levels IV and V CP have a high risk of gradual dislocation of the hip joint. This will require careful monitoring through regular hip x-rays.

Movement Disorder:

Spasticity is the most common movement disorder seen in CP. Muscles affected by spasticity feel tight when stretched suddenly. Slow and gentle stretching of the muscle does not evoke spasticity.

Children with spasticity as their predominant movement disorder and who are able to walk either independently or with support have a better overall prognosis with regard to walking/ standing ability compared to children with other types of movement disorders.

Children with dyskinetic movement disorders such as Dystonia, Athetosis, chorea, ataxia or hypotonia DO NOT show a predictable response to surgery.

Scientific publications also advocate non-surgical treatment options in children with Dystonia. Dyskinetic movements are caused by damage to parts of the brain (called basal ganglia). Performing orthopaedic surgery by muscle releases and tendon lengthening cannot change the damaged area in the brain.

It is highly likely that children with dyskinetic movement patterns will remain unchanged even after orthopaedic surgery. Any minor improvements noted after surgery are likely to be due to the physiotherapy provided post-operatively and these improvements will reverse once the intensive physiotherapy is stopped.

Spasticity is caused by damage to nerve fibres leaving the higher centres of the brain (cerebral cortex). Therefore, spasticity does not change after muscle release surgery. What orthopaedic surgery corrects is the permanent muscle stiffness which occurs as a consequence of spasticity. In fact, some experts believe that spasticity is beneficial in that it maintains muscle strength to a certain extent.

Orthopaedic surgery is therefore recommended only in those children who have permanent shortening of the muscle rather than pure spasticity. If regular physiotherapy and other treatments are provided at an early stage, muscle shortening does not typically develop in younger children (less than 6 years of age). Even in those younger children where contractures do develop, this can be managed without the need for surgery, through the use of Botox, serial casting, physiotherapy and use of splints.

There are treatments such as Botulinum toxin injection; Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy and Intrathecal Baclofen pump which directly reduce spasticity. More information about these anti-spasticity treatments is provided in a later section.

As the child grows, bones and muscles normally grow in almost perfect synchrony.

In children with CP, muscle growth is unable to keep up with bone growth. Therefore, muscles become progressively shorter over time. This causes joint tightness and eventually contractures (permanent joint tightness).

Bones can develop abnormal twists (called torsional problems) in children with CP.

When babies develop inside the mother’s womb, bones of the legs develop with an inward twist. This is normal and happens in all children. Typically developing children start walking by the age of 1 year. The forces applied to the legs during walking causes the inwardly twisted bones to straighten out. When walking is delayed (in conditions such as CP), the embryonic alignment of the leg bones persists. Persistent femoral anteversion and internal tibial torsion together contribute to intoeing gait (feet turned inwards) in children with CP.

   The main orthopaedic issues in children with CP are:

Muscle shortening

Joint contractures

Bony torsion

Medications

Medications that can lessen the tightness of muscles may be used to improve functional abilities, treat pain and manage complications related to spasticity. It’s important to talk about the risk of drug treatments with your doctor and discuss whether medical treatment is appropriate for your child’s needs. The selection of medications depends on whether the problem affects only certain muscles (isolated) or the whole body (generalized).

Focal spasticity

Generalized spasticity

Therapies

A variety of nondrug therapies can help a person with cerebral palsy to enhance functional abilities. These include the following:

Physical therapy: Muscle training and exercises may help your child’s strength, flexibility, balance, motor development and mobility. Braces or splints may be recommended for your child. Some of these supports are used to help with function, such as improved walking. Others may stretch stiff muscles to help prevent contractures.

Occupational therapy: Using alternative strategies and adaptive equipment, occupational therapists work to promote your child’s independent participation in daily activities and routines in the home, the school and the community.

Speech therapy: Speech therapists help improve your child’s ability to speak clearly or to communicate using sign language. They can also teach your child to use special communication devices — such as a board covered with pictures of everyday items and activities. Sentences can be constructed by pointing to the pictures. Speech therapists may also address difficulties with muscles used in eating and swallowing.

Surgical or other procedures

Surgery may be needed to lessen muscle tightness or correct bone abnormalities caused by spasticity. These treatments include:

Orthopaedic surgery: Children with severe contractures or deformities may need surgery on bones or joints to place their arms and legs in their correct positions. Surgical procedures can also lengthen muscles and tendons that are proportionally too short because of severe contractures. These corrections can lessen pain, improve mobility, and make it easier to use a walker, braces or crutches.

Severing nerves: In some severe cases, when other treatments haven’t helped, surgeons may cut the nerves serving the spastic muscles. This relaxes the muscle and reduces pain, but can also cause numbness.

For more information visit- https://www.uprightkidsortho.com/blog/managing-cerebral-palsy-in-children-a-doctor-explains/

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What Is Cerebral Palsy?

A number of disorders of the developing brain affecting body movement, posture and muscle coordination.

Caused by damage to one or     more specific areas of the brain, usually occurring during fetal     development; before, during or shortly after birth; during infancy; or     during early childhood.

Not a disease, not     progressive, nor communicable.

Types of Cerebral Palsy:

Spastic Cerebral Palsy: characterized by muscle     stiffness and permanent contractions

Athetoid or Dyskinetic     Cerebral Palsy:     characterized by uncontrolled, slow, writhing movements

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: characterized by poor     coordination and balance

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term used to describe a problem with movement and posture that makes certain activities difficult. Even though someone who has Cerebral palsy has problems moving his or her muscles, this is not because there is something wrong with the muscles or nerves. These difficulties are caused because of problems in the brain. The child might have had an injury to the brain, or had a brain that did not develop properly. These problems can affect the way the brain controls movement and posture.

Simply stated, “cerebral” refers to the brain, and “palsy” refers to muscle weakness/poor control. Although the brain itself will not get worse, people who have cerebral palsy will usually change over time. Sometimes they will get better, and some patients will stay the same. Occasionally they will get worse, usually because of contracture of the joints or changes in the muscle tone.

There is currently no cure for cerebral palsy, however there are different treatment options for people who have cerebral palsy. These options include therapy, medications, surgery, education and support. By taking advantage of one or more of these options, people with cerebral palsy can learn to improve their function and the quality of their lives.

How is Cerebral Palsy Diagnosed?

Parents are often the first to notice that their infant is not developing normally. Infants with cerebral palsy are often slow to roll over, sit, crawl, or walk. When an infant develops more slowly than usual it is called developmental delay.

Some of the skills that infants should have include:

Holding own head up when     lying flat in a bed at 3 months

Sitting and rolling over by     6 months

Walking by 12-18 months

Speaking simple sentences by     24 months

Most children with cerebral palsy are diagnosed by the time they are two years old. But if a child’s symptoms are mild, it can be hard for a doctor to make a true diagnosis before the child is four or five years old. If the doctor thinks a child has cerebral palsy, he or she will probably schedule an appointment to see the child and talk to the parents about their child’s physical and behavioral development.

Doctors diagnose cerebral palsy by obtaining a complete medical history of development and examining the child, paying special attention to the child’s movements. In addition to checking for the most common symptoms — such as slow development, abnormal muscle tone, and unusual posture — a doctor also has to make sure the child doesn’t have something else that could cause similar symptoms.

Some children have hypotonia, which means that their muscles are too relaxed. In this case, the baby may seem floppy. Other children have hypertonia which makes their muscles seems stiff. Sometimes a child can have hypotonia that later become hypertonia two to 24 months after birth. Children may also have unusual posture or favor one side of their body.

What’s most important to the doctor is making sure that the child’s condition is not getting worse. Although cerebral palsy symptoms may change over time, children with cerebral palsy do not usually lose function. That means, if a child does seem to be losing motor skills, the problem is probably not cerebral palsy. It more likely a genetic or muscle disease, a metabolism disorder, or tumors in the nervous system. A complete medical history, special medical tests, and, in some cases, repeated check-ups can help confirm whether or not the child has cerebral palsy for certain.

Once the diagnosis of cerebral palsy has been made based on medical history and physical examination, your doctor may order tests to try to figure out the cause of the cerebral palsy (Ashwal et al., 2004). Tests (like MRI scans), that allow doctors to look into the brain, can find problems that may be able to be treated. If it is cerebral palsy, an MRI scan can also show a doctor the location and type of injury to the brain.

Some other tests a doctor might order include:

Cranial ultrasound

This test is used for high-risk premature infants because it is the least intrusive of the imaging techniques. However, it is not as effective as the two methods described below at seeing small changes in “white matter” – which is the type of brain tissue that is effected in cerebral palsy.

Computed tomography (CT) scan.

This technique creates images that shows brain injury.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan

This test uses a computer, a magnetic field, and radio waves to create a picture of the brain’s tissues and structures. Doctors prefer MRI imaging because it offers better detail and does not involve radiation.

Metabolic Disorders

On rare occasions, metabolic disorders can be mistaken as cerebral palsy and some children will require additional tests to rule them out.

Specialized Knowledge and Training

To confirm a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, a doctor may send a child to other doctors who have specialized knowledge and training or to specialty clinics where these doctors work with a team of health professionals who specialize in working with children with cerebral palsy and other developmental delays. These doctors might be child neurologists, developmental pediatricians, ophthalmologists (eye doctors), or otologists (ear doctors). Additional observations by these specialists can help the doctors make a more accurate diagnosis and begin to develop a specific plan for treatment.

Most Common Characteristics:

A person with cerebral palsy may exhibit one or more of the following effects:

muscle tightness or     spasticity

disturbance in gait or     mobility

involuntary movement

difficulty in swallowing and     problems with speech

An individual with cerebral palsy may also exhibit:

difficulty in feeding

impairment of sight, hearing     or speech

abnormal sensation and     perception

seizures

difficulty with bladder and     bowel control

mental retardation

learning disabilities

problems with breathing     because of postural difficulties

skin disorders because of     pressure sores

Treating Cerebral Palsy:

At this time, there is no cure for the developmental brain damage that causes cerebral palsy. Training and therapy, however, can help improve muscle function and coordination. Studies have found that children who receive early intervention services are more likely to lead a typical life.

Although there is no cure, recent advancements in neurological studies have vastly expanded our knowledge of brain development, and are allowing researchers to explore new treatments focused on the protection and care of children with cerebral palsy and other developmental brain disorders that strike early in life.

Cerebral Palsy Treatment

Although cerebral palsy cannot be cured, treatment will often improve a child’s capabilities. Many children with cerebral palsy go on to enjoy productive adult lives if their disabilities are properly managed. In general, the earlier that treatment begins the better chance the child has to learn new ways to accomplish the tasks that challenge them.

There is no single therapy that works for every child who has cerebral palsy. A team of healthcare professionals and community-based providers can help identify specific needs and develop a plan to help improve your child’s quality of life.

Who is on the team?

Doctors may include:

Neonatologists

Pediatricians

Developmental Pediatricians

Neurologists

Orthopedists

Physiatrists (Physical     Medicine and Rehabilitation)

Ophthalmologists

Neurosurgeons

Gastroenterologists

Urologists

Otolaryngologists (Ear Nose     and Throat physicians)

Other health care professionals may include:

Physical Therapists

Occupational Therapists

Speech Language Pathologists

Social Workers

Nurses

Audiologists

Psychologists

Nutritionists/Dietitians

About United Cerebral Palsy

Founded over 60 years ago by parents of children with cerebral palsy, today United Cerebral Palsy (UCP) is a leading service provider and advocate for children and adults with disabilities. The UCP mission is to advance the independence, productivity and full citizenship of people with disabilities through an affiliate network. This includes approximately 100 local service providers reaching over 176,000 individuals daily in the U.S., Canada, Scotland and Australia. The national office in Washington DC advocates on behalf of individuals with disabilities; advances federal disability public policy (Disability Policy Collaboration and develops forward-thinking programs.

Content Source: Parentingspecialneeds.org

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Theoccupational therapy on the other hand is focused

　　Cerebralpalsy can be related to brain paralysis. This is a particularcondition that refers to the malfunctioning of body movement thatgreatly affects the overall balance of the body, posture, as well asthe general function of the nervous system especially for seriouscases. There are lots causes attributed cerebral palsy which includebut not limited to damage to a particular part of the brain orabnormal development during pregnancy. Cerebral palsy can be detectedduring the early stage of childhood particularly when the stage ofdevelopment of the infant is significantly slowed down.Symptomsrelated to cerebral palsy include uncontrolled movements, musclestiffness, deficient muscle tone, and experiencing problems withregards to balance, motor coordination and balance, control ofspeech, seizures, and mental retardation.

Children with cerebralpalsy also have difficulties in learning. Cerebral palsy can also besubdivided into several categories which include spastic anddyskinetic (pyramidal and extrapyramidal) or both. The symptoms forspastic cerebral palsy include muscle stiffens and having erratic andawkward movements. The dyskinetic cerebral palsy on the other handcan either be athetoid or ataxic which also include coordination ofmovements.Andwhile there is no known cure for severe cases of cerebral palsy,there are other treatment options that can help patients withcerebral palsy particularly the kids to live better, morecomfortable, and almost normal lives. The treatments known forchildren with cerebral palsy include physical therapy, behavioraltherapy, speech and language pathology, physical surgery and drugtherapy, as well as using some mechanical aids. More often than not,children with cerebral palsy are subjected to a comprehensivephysical therapy program which is aimed to help them develop muchstronger muscles to aid them as they grow to be able to learn how tocontrol their movements and other basic functions like walking,sitting, and maintaining their balance.

Theoccupational therapy on the other hand is focused on developing thechildren’s fine motor skills so they can be able to survive evenwith cerebral palsy. These include training them to how dress andfeed themselves, how to write, and how to perform other basic tasks.To help develop the communication skills of children with cerebralpalsy, the speech – language therapy can provide extensiveassistance since most children suffering from cerebral palsy haveproblem controlling their tongue muscles that can cause speechproblems.Theseparticular therapies for helping children with dual motor electric scooter cerebral palsy oftenuse assistive technology such as sophisticated communication devicesand an advanced computer technology for the medical sector. Dependingon the type of therapy chosen, the training program will be based onthe actual needs of the patient as well as the type of cerebral palsyhe or she has. But regardless of the type of therapy, thesetreatments are often effective in helping children with cerebralpalsy to live a much better life while reducing dependency on thepeople around them. These types of treatments often take some timebefore a significant effect can be seen and in order for thesetreatments to really take its effect, the support of family,relatives, and friends are greatly needed.

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What is Cerebral Palsy?

Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle control, and coordination. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, typically before or during birth. This condition can have a significant impact on individuals and their families, requiring specialized care and support.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cerebral palsy affects approximately 1 in 323 children in the United States. Despite its prevalence, there is often a lack of understanding and awareness about this condition and its different types.

In this article, we will discuss the four main types of cerebral palsy, the causes and risk factors, the process of diagnosis, treatment options, and resources available for individuals and families affected by this condition.

Types of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects movement and muscle coordination. It is the most common childhood motor disability, with about 17 million people worldwide living with this condition. While the cause of cerebral palsy is not fully understood, it is important to understand its different types in order to provide appropriate treatment and support.

Four Main Types of Cerebral Palsy

· Spastic: This is the most common type of cerebral palsy, accounting for 70-80% of cases. It is characterized by stiff and jerky muscle movements, making it difficult to control the limbs.

· Dyskinetic: Also known as athetoid cerebral palsy, this type is characterized by uncontrolled and involuntary movements of the face, trunk, and limbs.

Read more

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Thalamic syndrome (posterolateral thalamic syndrome, or Dejerine-Roussy syndrome) results from obstruction of the thalamogeniculate arterial supply to the region of the thalamus where the ventroposterolateral nucleus is located. Initially, all sensation is lost in the contralateral body, epicritic more completely than protopathic.  Commonly, severe spontaneous pain occurs contralaterally, described as stabbing, burning, or tearing pain; it is diffuse and persistent. Even light stimulation can evoke such pain (hyperpathia), and other sensory stimuli or emotionally charged situations can result in these painful sensations.  Even when the threshold for pain and temperature sensation (protopathic sensations) is elevated, the thalamic pain may be present; it is called analgesic dolorosa. If the vascular lesion includes the subthalamic nucleus or associated basal ganglia circuitry, the patient may also experience hemiballismus (or choreoform or athetoid) movements in addition to the sensory deficits.  https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ_zwP5DiMP/?utm_medium=tumblr

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A group of disorders that impair balance, movement and muscle tone is called cerebral palsy or CP. From the word “cerebral” it can be understood that the disorder is related to the brain and “palsy” means weakness or muscle disorder.Cerebral palsy affects the area of the brain that controls the ability to use muscles. When part of the brain is not developing as it is supposed to be cerebral palsy happens. It can also affect congenitally that means the brain is damaged right from birth or very early in life. Majority of people with cerebral palsy have that disorder right from birth, but it can also happen after birth, in that case it is called “acquired” cerebral palsy.There is the mild problem of muscle control in people affected with cerebral palsy. If the disease condition is chronic they will not be able to walk. Speaking problem can also be seen in people affected with cerebral palsy. Intellect can also be affected by this condition, though many have normal intelligence.When a child is diagnosed with cerebral palsy, the diagnoses include both brain injury and muscle problem.To get a better picture as to how brain damage has impacted one’s overall mobility, cerebral palsy is divided into different types. Movement issues and the body part(s) being affected are the two principal factors based on which cerebral palsy is categorized. Cerebral palsy is mainly four types – spastic, athetoid, ataxic and mixed type.Let us go into each one in detail.SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSYIt is the most widely found cerebral palsy accounting for 70 to 80 percent of the cases. People affected with spastic cerebral palsy often have exaggerated or jerky moves. Damage in the brain’s motor cortex triggers spastic cerebral palsy. It is also triggered by damage to pyramidal tracts which help transmit signals to the muscles. This is why spastic cerebral palsy is also called pyramidal cerebral palsy. The motor cortex is located on the both sides of the brain and the pyramidal tracts connect each side of the motor cortex. Damage to the left side of the motor cortex causes movement issues on the right side of the body and vice versa.General symptoms associated with this condition include:Awkward reflexes Stiffness in one part of the body Contractures (permanently tightened muscles or joints) Abnormal gait ATHETOID CEREBRAL PALSYAround 10% of the cerebral palsy found in children is attributed to this type. It is also called non-spastic cerebral palsy. In this type the muscle tone fluctuates between being hypertonic and hypotonic. Involuntary movements in the face, torso and limbs are the tell-tale signs of athetoid cerebral palsy.This type of cerebral palsy is caused when brain’s basal ganglia and/or cerebellum is damaged. The basal ganglia are responsible for controlling motor function and eye movements, while the cerebellum controls balance and coordination.Athetoid cerebral palsy is also called “extrapyramidal” as the extrapyramidal tracts in the brain help control involuntary reflexes.General symptoms associated with this condition include:Stiff or rigid body Floppiness in the limbs Problems with posture Feeding issues ATAXIC CEREBRAL PALSYAtaxic cerebral palsy affects balance and coordination. It accounts for only a small portion of all cerebral palsy cases. Those inflicted with this condition typically have issues surrounding voluntary movement.Ataxic cerebral palsy is not like other types of cerebral palsy because it is majorly caused by damage to the cerebellum, which controls balance and coordination. People with this condition often have tremors and a reduction in muscle tone.General symptoms associated with this condition include:Difficulty speaking Problems with depth perception Shakiness and tremors Spreading feet apart when walking MIXED CEREBRAL PALSYAt times damage of the brain is not confined to one location. In these settings, it is possible for a child to develop cerebral palsy that is characteristic of multiple brain injuries.When a child is showing symptoms of more than one type of cerebral palsy, it is considered to be mixed cerebral

palsy. Ironically, mixed cerebral palsy accounts for only less than 10% of all CP cases.The commonly found mixed cerebral palsy diagnosis is a combination of spastic and athetoid cerebral palsy. Parents should seek professional opinion from cerebral palsy specialists if they suspect more than one type of cerebral palsy are afoot.General symptoms associated with this condition include:Muscle tone that could be stiffer or looser than normal, leading to impaired or involuntary movements Difficulty performing fine motor skills Tremors or shaking Balancing difficulty Seizures Visual or hearing impairment Severity of the condition is dependent on the extent of the patient’s brain injuries. While the condition does not progress over time, symptoms may become more pronounced as the patient ages. РЕКЛАМА

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Different Treatment Options for Children with Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is a type of disorder caused by involuntary movements. However, they are not as common as spastic cerebral palsy or not as rare as ataxic CP.

Athetoid cerebral palsy is a result of basal ganglia damage in the brain. As the basal ganglia are responsible for transferring messages to the body parts to coordinate and control movements, damage to it can cause abnormal and involuntary movements.

However, there are various treatment options one can opt for. Let's check them out here.

Treatment Options for Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

The first type of treatment highly advisable for athetoid cerebral palsy is physical therapy. In fact, physical therapy should be started as soon as the child reaches school age. The treatment can be included in his daily schedule at school, along with a weekend treatment session with a designated physical therapy center or at home with a licensed therapist. Traditional physical therapy don’t help so much for these children. They need relaxation, tome reducing posture and therapy to improve control and balance so that child can do they functional activity in smooth manner.

As children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy generally face communication problems, speech therapy must be provided along with physical therapy. Speech therapy can help the child learn to communicate efficiently. Moreover, it will assist them with chewing and breathing problems and learn the techniques with regular practice.

Further, various medications can be prescribed to a dyskinetic cerebral palsy patient. Since the primary symptoms of the issue are involuntary muscle movements, the medicines mostly prescribed are anticholinergics to help control muscle spasms and pain. While the other medications can include a muscle relaxant, gastric reflux, and medicines for sleep problems.

In case none of the oral medications work, other treatment plans include a baclofen pump in which a small pump is implanted in the abdominal wall of the child. The pump then disperses baclofen to the nervous system in regular increments.

In some cases, orthopedic surgery or is advised to correct limb deformities like contractures. However, surgery is limited for children with marked deformities who continue to experience pain while moving or walking.

Connect with the Right Medical Center

For dyskinetic cerebral palsy children, the treatment depends upon the severity of the brain damage. Children with minor symptoms can respond well to the treatments and live an independent life, while those with severe cases will need in-depth, long-term medical care. Trishla Foundation is the right medical care you should connect with to provide your child the treatment and care he deserves. Your child will indeed receive comprehensive care here from the industry-leading experts.

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Major Types of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy is a neurological disorder that affects different parts of the brain that results in abnormalities in the patient's movements, muscle tones, postures, coordination etc.

The effects of this disorder varies in each and every individual. 

There are two different ways in which Cerebral Palsy affects muscle tones- hypotonia and hypertonia. 

Hypotonia - Affected will have a low muscle tone, that causes a loss of strength and firmness in the muscles.

Hypertonia - Here the affected will have high muscle tone, that leads to rigidity and spasmodic movement of the body. 

Now let us have a look into the different types of Cerebral Palsy :

 Spastic Cerebral Palsy:

It is the most common kind of CP seen in about 70% of the total cases. Those with Spastic CP are hypertonic with very stiff and tight muscles that makes the limp movements very difficult.

The joints would be rigid resulting in body controlling issues and much more. Many people with this disorder walk with an abnormality, that is, usually they walk on their toes instead of feet. 

Athetoid Cerebral Palsy:

It is not quite common, yet seen as a result of asphyxia or lack of oxygen during birth. This condition is actually a mixture of hypotonia and hypertonia that makes the muscle tones fluctuate at different times. 

Major trait of the disease is that there would be involuntary movements of the face, limbs and torso. Patients could have rigid body structure, floppiness in limbs, issues relating to the postures etc. 

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: 

This type is caused by the damage in the cerebellum of our brain that is responsible for the body balance and coordination. 

This kind is a rather rare case, that causes shakiness and tremors in voluntary movements. 

They often have difficulty in speaking and they walk in a special way spreading their feet far apart from each other. This condition is only diagnosed till a child reaches 18 months of age.

Mixed Cerebral Palsy:

During the brain development processes, there can be multiple brain injuries at different parts of the brain.

This results in the presence of more than one cerebral palsy. The child might have hypertonia muscles like Spamic CP and hypotonia muscles like Athetoid CP.

These mixed symptoms affect the healthy movements of the child in so many different ways. An immediate consultation with a CP specialist is extremely important in these cases. 

All children suffering from these brain damages and resulting body balance, movements and coordination troubles are better dealt at the best rehabilitation centers in UAE and in other countries as well. 

A proper care from the part of specialists are highly recommended for the treatment of these children.