#Assosa

[laxmipharma]

Automatic Ampoule Sticker Labeling Machine in Ethiopia

Company Overview: Laxmi Pharma Equipment is a leading Manufacturer, Supplier, and Exporter of Automatic Ampoule Sticker Labeling Machine in Ethiopia. Established in 1985 in Phase III, Vatva, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, the company specializes in pharmaceutical machinery. Laxmi Pharma Equipment Offers a comprehensive range of high-quality pharmaceutical machinery including Washing Machines, Filling Machines, Stoppering Machines, Capping Machines, Labelling Machines, Packaging Machines, and Process Equipment. Provides Automatic High-Speed Ampoule Sticker Labeling Machine (Model: LASL series) and Vertical Linear Sticker Labeling Machine. Designed to label glass ampoules that have been previously filled and sealed. Operates at a minimum output of 250–300 labels per minute, depending on label size and quality. Operation: Ampoules are loaded onto a conveyor system and transported to the labeling station. The machine dispenses adhesive labels from a roll, detecting gaps or notches between individual labels using sensors. Features: Operates with servo or stepper motors for flexibility and precision. User-friendly modifications with minimal tool requirements. Ensures accurate labeling without compromising ampoule integrity. Increases productivity, reduces labor, and eliminates labeling errors. Applications Across Industries: Suitable for Pharmaceuticals, Food, Cosmetics, and Pesticides industries. Service Areas in Ethiopia: Laxmi Pharma Equipment provides Automatic Ampoule Sticker Labeling Machine in  Ethiopia Including Abomsa, Adama, Adaba, AddisAbaba, AddisAlem(Ejersa), AddisZemen, Adet, Adigrat, Adwa, Agaro, Akaki, Alaba(Kulito,Quliito), AlETAWONDO, Amaro, Gojjam, AmbaMariam, Ambo, Angacha, Ankober, ArbaMinch, Arboye, Areka, Asaita, Asella, Assosa, Awasa, Awash, Axum, Azezo, Alamata, AlemKetema, Aykel, Awbarre, Babille, Baco,  BadmeBahirDar, Bati ,Batu, Bedele ,Bedessa, Beica, Bekoji, Bele, Bichena, Bishoftu, Bitena, Boditi, Bonga, BurieDamot ,Butajira, Chiro, Chimdesa, Chelenko, Chencha, Chuahit. For more information, please feel free to contact us. Read the full article

[gokyuzuveumuut]

Assosa kahve içmeye..☕️

[izimbozada]

☀️ Bahar rotalarında tavsiye üzerine, Assos liman tarafında yer alan @assosbehramhotel ’deyiz.🚗 Gelin beraber inceleyelim👩🏼‍🌾 🏡 Otelin tarihi ilginç; 1960' lı yıllara kadar palamut deposu olarak kullanılmış, 1979'da restore edilerek küçük otel haline gelmiş ve son olarak 2012' de yeniden inşa edilerek bugünkü halini almış. Konum olarak tam da limanda denizin kenarında yer alıyorlar. ✨ Oda kahvaltı konseptindeler. 17 odası var ve her biri de ayrı mitolojik tanrı esas alınarak dekore edilmiş, hatta odaların içinde de o tanrılar hakkında bilgilendirmeler var. Odaların dekorasyonu binanın tarihi yapısını tamamlıyor, romantik ve şık bir ortamı var ve içi oldukça da temiz ancak bazı odalar biraz küçük. 🍴 Hemen deniz kenarında bir restoranları bulunuyor. Kahvaltıları zevkli ve leziz. Reçeller çeşit çeşit, sıcakları bol. Çayın yanında kızarmış ekmeği ve bir de o güzel peynirleri nasıl nefis. Geleni gideni çok oluyor. Akşam yemeği için otel misafirlerine %10 indirim uyguluyorlar. Mezeleri çok lezzetli, biz balığımıza eşlik etsinler diye almıştık, hafif ve güzeldi tatları. 📍 Otelin Kadırga koyunda ve Sokakağzı’nda birer tesisi daha bulunuyor. Bu otelin müşterisi iken oradaki otellerin plajından da yararlanabiliyorsunuz. Eğer kaldığınız yerde denize girmek isterseniz; iskelenin ön tarafı yüzmeye çok uygun, suyun derinliği de ideal.  Akşamları aydınlatması ha-ri-ka, yakamoz da vurdu ise denize, huvvv o güzellik gözümüzün önüne geldi yeniden, şimdi orada olmak vardı :) Ne diyelim biz gezmeye devam, size de keyifli tatiller : )😎 Otelin diğer detayları ise; - Otel 12 ay açık. - 12 Yaş üzeri misafir kabul etmekte - Evcil hayvan kabul edilmiyor. - Denize sıfır ve kendi iskelesi mevcut. - Otopark bulunmamakta. 🌿 www.kucukoteller.com.tr/assos-behram-otel.html 📞 0286-7217016 📩 info@assosbehramhotel.com 📚 Tabi Assosa kadar gelmişken;
Behramkale Köyünü
Antik Kenti  
Athena Tapınağını
Aristonun Felsefe Okulunu
Antik Limanı görmeden gitmek olmaz. ✏️ Diğer Assos Tavsiyeleri kucukoteller.com Assos sayfasında! #kucukotellerassos #kucukotellerbehramotel #Assos #Çanakkale #canakkale #kucukoteller #butikoteller #butikotel (assos antik liman) https://www.instagram.com/p/CqBFvKItqk4/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[unjobstoday]

ECHO Project Manager (Re-Advertise)

ECHO Project Manager (Re-Advertise)

Date: 20-Aug-2022 Location: Assosa, Ethiopia Company: Plan International The Organisation   Plan International is an independent development and humanitarian organisation that advances children’s rights and equality for girls.   We believe in the power and potential of every child. But this is often suppressed by poverty, violence, exclusion and discrimination. And it’s girls who are most…

[orojobs]

Vacancy at Ethiopian human right Commission

Vacancy at Ethiopian human right Commission

Position-Coordinator, Administration and Finance Location-Assosa, Samara, Jigjiga, Jimma, Hawassa, Bahir Dar, Gambela Job Description Overall responsibility for coordinating the finance, HR, procurement and administration functions at the Branch Office Level in line with financial and administrative policies and procedures of the Commission. Main Duties and Responsibilities: Implement…

[betrutesfaye]

አሶሳ መድሀንያለም ካቴድራል።

#Assosa

https://www.instagram.com/betremariam_tesfaye_muche/p/CYWyP52ItTV/?utm_medium=share_sheet

[juniperpublisherscasestudies]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Case Studies

Risk Factors of Rotavirus Outbreak Among Children in Kurmuk District, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia

Authored by Malede Mequanent Sisay

Abstract

Background: Rotavirus infection (RV) is the leading cause of diarrhea in under 5 years’ children. About 600,000 deaths occurred worldwide due to RV infection and 90% of deaths occurred in low-income countries. In Ethiopia, death due to RV infection is one of the top ten leading cause. The aim this study was to identify the risk factors of confirmed Rotavirus outbreak in Kurmuk district, Ethiopia.

Methods: A community based unmatched case-control study was implemented to investigate RV outbreak from February 11 to March 20, 2017. We selected 57 cases and 114 controls randomly. Data were collected using pretested structured questionnaires included socio-demographic and clinical information. Stool samples were obtained from recruited children and tested for rotavirus antigen and water samples checked. Frequencies and graphs were used to explore the data. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval and p -value <0.05 were considered statistically significant association. Model goodness of fit test was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow.

Results: Out of the total 585, 303 (51.8%) were male children with mean age 23 months (SD=10.3). The overall attack rate was 25 cases per 1000. Fourteen (2.4%) deaths were observed. The risk factors were contact with cases (AOR 4.46; 95% CI 1.331-18.53), unavailability of latrine (AOR 12.98; 95% CI, 2.66-62.41), improper handling of drink water (AOR 13.88; 95% CI,5.06-38.05), not washing hands after cleaning child stool (AOR 4.524; 95%CI 1.303-15.705), not washing hand after defecation (AOR 7.22; 95% CI,1.4-37.25) and being vaccinated (AOR 10.19; 95% CI,166- 62.41). In contrast, washing hand using soap/ash reduce infection of rotavirus (AOR 0.209; 95% CI, 0.065-0.991).

Conclusion: Group A Rotavirus outbreak were identified in Kurmuk district. The risk factors were unavailability of latrine, improper handling of drink water, and not washing hands after defecation and cleaning child stool and contact with cases. Washing hands using soap/ash can reduce the risk of RV infection. Strengthen hygiene and sanitation activity reduce the infection. The further investigation on vaccine efficacy and genotype of the virus was crucial.

Keywords: Children; Risk Factors; Rotavirus Outbreak

Background

Rotavirus cause a significant proportion of childhood diarrhea worldwide leading to dehydration, hospitalization and deaths yearly [1-12]. The infection had a variation in regions and seasonal [13]. It is estimated that 111 million home care, 25 million clinic visits, 2 million hospitalizations and 600,000 deaths occurred in the worldwide in every year [14]. The case-fatality rate is higher in the developing countries due to malnutrition and barriers to accessing health services in a timely manner. It accounts more than 90% of rotavirus deaths. Study conducted in Africa reported that 49 to 65 % death caused by rotavirus in 2013, including Ethiopia [15]. In contrast, in the United States of America only 20-60 deaths happened per year [16].

In low income country, the reported showed the prevalence of rotavirus inflated in African countries [12,16-18] . However, the annual rate is decline from 42.5% in 2000 to 37.3% in 2013 due to vaccine, oral rehydration salt (ORS) and Zink supplementation [15,19].

According to world health organization (WHO) report, Ethiopia was ranked in top ten countries with high under five children mortality and morbidity by rotavirus with Prevalence ranged from 15 % to 44% [20-23]. Other sentinel surveillance of RV done at Addis Ababa indicated that the rate is decreased due to expanding of immunization [21,23,24].

However, On February 17, 2017 RV outbreak occurred at Kurmuk district, Benishangul Gumuz Regional state among under five years children.

Thus, the aim of this study was to confirm suspected rotavirus outbreak, describe epidemiology and identify risk factors of rotavirus disease in Kurmuk district, Benishangul Gumuz Regional state, Ethiopia.

Methods

Study area and design

The study was conducted in the Kurmuk district, Benishangul Gumuz Regional state, Ethiopia. Kurmuk district shares boundaries with the Khomosha district on the South, Assosa district in the West, North Sudan in North, and Sherkole district in the East.

According to 2007 national statistics, the district is divided in to 15 rural Kebeles and one town with a 22740-total population [25]. This district is lowland area with the annual average rain fall ranges from 700ml-1000ml and temperature (26oc, 35oc) as well as more than 85% of area is arid desert. Currently the district has 10 health posts and one health center with dedicated staff such as health extension workers, health development forces and health professionals.

The outbreak was investigated from Feb 11, 2017 to Mar 20, 2017. Consequently, we used community-based case-control study to identify risk factors of RV case.

Sample size and sampling technique

The required Sample size was calculated using Epi Info 7.1.4 software. Controls (21%), 2.83 Odd ratio and 43.1% exposure of cases was taken from previous studies conducted in Jimma zone [26]. Additionally, we used the following assumptions: a 95% confidence level, 80% Power, 1:2 cases to controls ratio. Finally, we found 171 (57cases and 114 controls) samples and included randomly.

Study case definition, recruitment and laboratory methods

The district health office was collected data daily base during outbreak period using standard line list format. The team searched active cases home to home and gave information to the community on meeting, markets, churches and other public gathering places. We collected stool samples from patients and send to Ethiopian Public health Institute (EPHI) polio and measles laboratory. Samples were placed in 2-8oC till and transported in triple package to the laboratory. The maximum time samples places in refrigerator were 48 hours. Main water source of woreda collected and checked for bacteriological indicator test. We collected samples by trained professional though sterile method. Immediately after collection we transported the water samples to Regional laboratory in 2-8oC within triple package.

The standard case definitions were as follows.

a) Suspected case: Any child under five years of age with sudden onset of diarrhea with vomiting, two or more episodes within 24 hours, from Feb 11, 2017 to March 20, 2017 and residence of Kurmuk Woreda.

b) Confirmed case: Suspect case for which there is a timely stool sample and the lab results are positive for rotavirus. Outbreak is confirmed when an epidemiological link is established with a laboratory-confirmed case.

c) Controls: Any child under five years of age without diarrhea and vomiting and resident of Kurmuk Woreda within period of Feb 11, 2017 to March 20, 2017.

For analytical study, we interviewed parents of the children by using standard pretested questioner at home and at Health facilities for controls and cases respectively. At enrollment, demographic, clinical, epidemiological, environmental information and stool samples were collected. The Dependent variable was Infection of rotavirus and Independent Variables were: Age, Sex, Immunization history, Water source, Using and presence of toilet, Exclusive breast-feeding frequency and Availability of washing facility

Statistical analysis

Data were entered in Epi Info 7.1.4 and analyzed using SPSS (V20.0). Data was described by place, person (age, sex, other socio-demographic information) and time (date of onset). Binary Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between the dependent variable (RV status) and the independent variables. Factors with a p -value of 0.2 in the bivariate analysis and factors of biological plausibility were included in the multi-variable analysis. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence inter al and p -value <0.05 were considered statistically significant association. The fit of the model was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow good ness of fit test and p -value > 0.05 was taken as a cutoff point.

Results

Cases and incidence rates

Figure 1 showed variation in daily numbers of measles infection from Feb 11, 2017 to March 20, 2017. A total of 585 cases were reported in infants less than 5 year of age in the districts. Two of them were confirmed rotavirus by laboratory, whereas the remain were linked epidemiologically. The index case was occurred at Dull-shetallo health post at 11/2/2017.

More than half cases 303(51.8%) were male children with mean age of 23 months (SD=10.3 months). The investigation showed that infants were more 267(45.6%) infected age group, and an additional epidemic peak was found in 23/6/2009 (49/585). The attack rate was 25 cases per 1000 under five year’s population. Moreover, 14(2.39%) deaths were recorded during the outbreak.

The study revealed that all children had diarrhea, vomit, fever and some dehydration. Before confirmation of etiologic agent patients were treated with antibiotics (cotrimoxazole) and supplements (ORS and Zink). Then after confirmation, patients were treated only with ORS and Zink. The most affected Kebeles was Dull shetallo, which accounts 156(26.6%) cases followed by Belehu Jibila 75 (12.6%) and Horazeab 69 (11.6%) respectively.

Demographic characteristics of the studied group

A total of 57 cases and 114 controls were selected to identify risk factors for outbreak in affected Kebeles of the Kurmuk district. The mean age was 18.9 months (SD=10.3). From cases 99.2% had diarrhea and fever. The distribution of demographic characteristics of the study participants and risk factors for measles outbreak were described in Table 1.

On multivariable logistic regression, having contact with cases, unavailability of latrine, improper handling of drink water, unwashing after cleaning child stool, defecation, and exclusive breast-feeding frequency less than 8 per day were risk factors for rotavirus infection. In contrast, washing hand using soap/ash reduce infection of rotavirus (Table 2).

Discussion

We identified group A Rotavirus outbreak in Kurmuk woreda, Asossa zone from 11/2/2017 to 20/3/2017. In addition to this Benishangul Gumuz Regional State Health Bureau declared that there was outbreak of RV in Kurmuk woreda at the same period. GAVI Surveillance report of Ethiopia showed that RV cases rose up in cooler season from October through March [24]. This outbreak began in same period with outbreak occurred in Tirana, Albania in 2000 [27]. The prevalence of rotavirus infection peaked in Ghana during the cool, dry months of January and February. In Zimbabwe a seasonal peak in the prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea occurred during the winter months [6] which is the same to cases in Kurmuk woreda. However, a less distinct seasonal peak was observed in some low-income countries (e.g., Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia) [13] and in equator areas (e.g., Uganda) seen year-round [6]. Some studies have noted secondary seasonal peaks in rotavirus incidence associated with periods of high rainfall and flooding [28] which contradict the season of Kurmuk woreda outbreak.

Rotavirus vaccination is the primary strategy for preventing severe rotavirus disease. Incidence and hospitalization due to rotavirus successively reduced by introduction the vaccine [29]. In United States of America, incidence of hospital visits and admission due to rotavirus gastroenteritis reduced by 86% and 96% respectively [7]. After rotavirus vaccine introduction in Rwanda, hospital admissions for diarrhea in children younger than 5 years reduced by 29% and 17% in 2013 and 2014 respectively. In the same period the number of hospital admissions for diarrhea in children younger than 1 year decreased by 55% and by 51% [21]. In contrast, vaccine efficacy such as severe gastroenteritis and length of follow-up had difference between high income and low-income nations. Rotavirus vaccines are less effective in lower income settings combination of poor immunological response caused by malnutrition, other intestinal infections, and immunosuppressant efficacy against other oral vaccine (OPV). The average efficacy for high, upper middle, lower middle, and low-income countries are 90%, 85%, 66%, and 55%, respectively [21,30] which is similar to in a cases of Kurmuk woreda.

Disease of rotavirus attacks children aged below 2 years and more than 75 % under 12-month infants and 95% more under the age of 18 months more affected [11]. On surveillance of rotavirus in Turkey, most rotavirus infections were recorded in children aged 12 to 23 months, and a second peak was observed in the 6 to 11-month age group; more than 70% of rotavirus infections occurred in children less than 2 years of age [2], which is similar to our finding. However, some outbreaks of RV infection in adults have been reported [18] and even in elderly persons [31]. On large waterborne outbreak in two districts of Turkey due to rotavirus with attack rate 1/46 and 1/66, the mean age of the outbreak patients was 25years [10] which is slightly similar to Kurmuk woreda.

Contaminated water may be an important source of transmission in settings with poor sanitation. The waterborne transmission route may dominate during times of increased rainfall [13]. A large infantile gastroenteritis outbreak in Albania caused by multiple emerging rotavirus genotypes, common source was contaminated water [27]. On this outbreak also, the major identified risk factor was spring water which contradict our findings.

On this outbreak children had contact with case were more exposed to RV infection. Outbreaks of RV gastroenteritis in day-care centers and hospitals can spread rapidly among no immune children, presumably through person-to-person contacts, airborne droplets, or contact with contaminated toys [23] which similar to our finding. Nosocomial infection study on RV in Greece, 58% of RV gastroenteritis in neonates was hospital acquired [17].

The limitation of this study Genotyping of rotavirus not performed in Ethiopia. Therefore, genotype of this group A rotavirus was not identified. The samples were not tested for other enteric virus like Adenovirus and norovirus which can cause gastroenteritis. Environmental sample (water) did not collected from all major water sources of sources there for the result water sample may not represent all drinking water sources in the woreda. Currently the infection was reduced by vaccinating child at age of 6 and 10 in worldwide, but my finding contradicts this idea which is risk factor for the infection. Hence it is good to identify the reason why so using cohort study and need extra investigation on vaccine efficacy.

Conclusion

We confirmed group A rotavirus outbreak among under five year’s children in Kurmuk woreda, Asossa zone, Benishangul Gumuz regional state from February 11 to March 20, 2017. Risk factors of this outbreak were unwashing hands after cleaning child stool, after defecation being vaccination of Rota vaccine, exclusive breast-feeding frequency less than 8 and contact with cases. Washing hand using soap/ash can reduce the risk of RV infection. Establishment of RV surveillance site in this area and genotyping of RV is essential further prevention activities.

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Case Studies please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/jojcs/index.php

[xtruss]

Ethiopian Army Official: Country Will Defend Itself Over Dam

By Elias Meseret | June 12, 2020 | AP

FILE - In this June 28, 2013 file photo, construction work takes place, at the site of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam near Assosa, Ethiopia. Egypt and Sudan said talks over a controversial massive Nile dam would be resumed Monday, June 15, 2020, amid Egyptian accusations that Ethiopia has sought to scrap “all agreements and deals” they had previously reached, and that “many fundamental issues” remain rejected by Ethiopia, the third party to the project. (AP Photo/Elias Asmare, File)

ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia (AP) — Ethiopia’s deputy army chief on Friday said his country will strongly defend itself and will not negotiate its sovereignty over the disputed $4.6 billion Nile dam that has caused tensions with Egypt.

“Egyptians and the rest of the world know too well how we conduct war whenever it comes,” Gen. Birhanu Jula said in an interview with the state-owned Addis Zemen newspaper, adding that Egyptian leaders’ “distorted narrative” on Africa’s largest hydroelectric dam is attracting enemies.

He accused Egypt of using its weapons to “threaten and tell other countries not to touch the shared water” and said “the way forward should be cooperation in a fair manner.”

He spoke amid renewed talks among Ethiopian, Sudanese and Egyptian water and irrigation ministers after months of deadlock. Ethiopia wants to begin filling the dam’s reservoir in the coming weeks, but Egypt worries a rapid filling will take too much of the water it says its people need to survive. Sudan, caught between the competing interests, pushed the two sides to resume discussions.

The general’s comments were a stark contrast to Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s remarks to lawmakers earlier this week that diplomacy should take center stage to resolve outstanding issues.

FILE - In this April 12, 2015 file photo, Sayed Ahmed Abdoh poles his boat to check his fish traps in the Nile River, near Abu al-Nasr village, about 770 kilometers (480 miles) south of Cairo, in Egypt. Egypt and Sudan said talks over a controversial massive Nile dam would be resumed Monday, June 15, 2020, amid Egyptian accusations that Ethiopia has sought to scrap “all agreements and deals” they had previously reached, and that “many fundamental issues” remain rejected by Ethiopia, the third party to the project. (AP Photo/Hiro Komae, File)

“We don’t want to hurt anyone else, and at the same time it will be difficult for us to accept the notion that we don’t deserve to have electricity,” the Nobel Peace Prize laureate said. “We are tired of begging others while 70% of our population is young. This has to change.”

Talks on the dam have struggled. Egypt’s Irrigation Ministry on Wednesday called for Ethiopia to “clearly declare that it had no intention of unilaterally filling the reservoir” and that a deal prepared by the U.S. and the World Bank in February serves as the starting point of the resumed negotiations.

Ethiopia refused to sign that deal and accused the U.S. of siding with Egypt.

Egypt said that in Tuesday’s talks, Ethiopia showed it wanted to re-discuss “all issues” including “all timetables and figures” negotiated in the U.S.-brokered talks.

President Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi discussed the latest negotiations in a phone call with President Donald Trump on Wednesday, el-Sissi’s office said, without elaborating.

Egypt’s National Security Council, the highest body that makes decisions in high-profile security matters in the country, has accused Ethiopia of “buying time” and seeking to begin filling the dam’s reservoir in July without reaching a deal with Egypt and Sudan.

Samy Magdy in Cairo contributed.

Egypt: Ethiopia rejecting ‘fundamental issues’ on Nile dam

— By Samy Magdy | June 14, 2020

CAIRO (AP) — Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia on Sunday said talks would continue later this week to resolve their dispute over a Nile dam Ethiopia is constructing, even as Cairo accused Addis Ababa of rejecting “fundamental issues” at the heart of the negotiations.

Ethiopia wants to begin filling the dam’s reservoir in the coming weeks, but Egypt has raised concerns that filing the reservoir too quickly and without a deal could significantly reduce the amount of Nile water available to Egypt. Both countries have made clear in the past that they could take steps to protect their interests, should negotiations fail, and experts fear a breakdown in talks could lead to conflict.

The talks resumed last week via video conference after months of deadlock, and will start up again on Monday, statements from the three main Nile basin countries said Sunday.

However, the most recent negotiations have been punctuated by strong comments from both Egypt and Ethiopia.

Egypt’s Irrigation Ministry said in a statement late Saturday that Ethiopia was looking to renegotiate a number of points of contention, which “demonstrated that there are many fundamental issues that Ethiopia continues to reject.”

Irrigation Ministry spokesman Mohammed el-Sebaei accused Ethiopia of bogging down the talks with a new proposal he called “concerning.”

A day earlier, Ethiopia’s deputy army chief had said his country will strongly defend itself and will not negotiate its sovereignty.

Talks came to an acrimonious halt in February, after Ethiopia rejected a U.S.-crafted deal and accused the Trump administration of siding with Egypt. At the time, Egypt’s Foreign Ministry said it would use “all available means” to defend “the interests” of its people.

Construction of the $4.6 billion Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile is over 70% complete, and promises to provide much-needed electricity to Ethiopia’s 100 million people. Egypt seeks to protect its main source of freshwater for its large and growing population, also more than 100 million.

“The Ethiopian proposal aims to scrap all the agreements and understandings reached by the three countries during the negotiations spanning nearly a decade,” el-Sebaei said Saturday.

The Irrigation Ministry statement said the contentious issues included Ethiopia’s “total” rejection of addressing technical issues related to the mitigation of droughts. It also said Ethiopia rejected “the inclusion of a legally binding dispute resolution mechanism.”

Ethiopia’s Water and Energy Ministry said Sunday el-Sebaei’s comments were “regrettable.” It said that if the ongoing negotiations failed, it would be because of “Egypt’s obstinacy to maintain a colonial-based water allocation agreement that denies Ethiopia and all the upstream countries their natural and legitimate rights.”

Egypt has received the lion’s share of the Nile’s waters under decades-old agreements dating back to the British colonial era. Eighty-five percent of the Nile’s waters originate in Ethiopia from the Blue Nile, which is one of the Nile’s two main tributaries.

Ethiopia has said it plans to start filling the dam in July this year, at the start of the rainy season.

Associated Press writer Elias Meseret contributed from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

[juniperpublishers-agriculture]

Effect of N Fertilizer Level and Plant Density on Grain Yield of Newly Released Maize Variety-Juniper Publishers

Number of plants per unit area and the nitrogen nutrient in the soil are the most leading factors for Maize production as it lacks tillering capacity to adjust available spaces and its highly responsiveness to available nitrogen. Thus, improving of these factors to optimum level significantly increases the grain yield of the crop. Particularly, BH-546 is recently released maize hybrid which has narrow leaf area and erected leaf architecture that needs modification of plant population with optimum nitrogen level to fully exploit its yield potential. Based on this perspective, a field experiment was conducted at three locations for three consecutive years (2016-2018) to determine the optimum plant density and nitrogen level for high yield. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Three plant density viz., 44444, 53333, 62500 and 66666 with five nitrogen levels viz. 69, 92, 115, 138 and 161kg ha-1 were combined by factorial combinations and tested in the experimental plots to select the optimum level for high yield. Based on the results, the maximum grain yield (7713.3kilo gram per hectare) was obtained when the hybrid was sown at the highest plant density (66666 plants per hectare) with application of 115 kilo gram nitrogen per hectare. This result showed 20.2% and 20.7% yield advantages compared to the standard check and satellite check respectively. Similarly, application of 115kg N ha-1 under 66666 plant density was the most profitable compared to other combinations. Thus, the highest plant population (66666 plants per hectare) with application of 115kg N ha-1 is suitable for the higher yield of hybrid maize BH546 during main seasons for all locations.

Keywords: BH546; Nitrogen level; Plant density; Grain yield

    Introduction

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most widely distributed cereal crops in the world. It is successfully grown in diverse ecologies for various benefits of human beings. In Ethiopia, maize is one of the top priority food crops selected to achieve food security, particularly in the major maize producing regions, western, north western and southern parts of the country. Currently, maize covers large cultivated area (2,128,448.91 hectares), next to teff, and coming first of all cereals in production and productivity in this country [1]. Maize is one of an important source of food and income generation on which 10573934 people depend on it for their livelihood [1]. It is used for household diet in different forms. Bread, muffin, boiled grain, enjera, local beer (tela), green cob and porridge are the most common prepared forms for direct use [2].

The importance of maize particularly in the food security attracted the attention of government to select it as one of the national commodity crops to satisfy the food self-sufficiency program of the country [3]. This situation leading various researchers to emphasized on improvement of maize production through continual practical research work. Due to these continue efforts various hybrids with high yield potential and different morphological characters were released through breeding. However, these hybrids cannot exploit their yield potential fully under limited nitrogen fertilizer as well as under scattered or too dense population. Besides this the dynamic nature of soil (continuous degradation of soil fertility through erosion, leaching and uptake) the recommended amount of fertilizer in the past several years ago cannot be sufficient for the current production. Similarly, the previously recommended plant population cannot be appropriate for newly released maize hybrids of modified architecture to exploit their yield potential. Thus, to achieve maximum economic yield of maize hybrid BH546 determination of plant population per hectare with appropriate N-fertilizer rate was needed. Keeping this in view the study was conducted with objective: To evaluate the effect of plant population and N fertilizer level on yield potential of maize under various locations.

    Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted at three locations for three consecutive seasons, 2016-2018, (Table 1).

Experimental materials

Maize variety: Hybrid maize variety BH-546 was used for the study. BH-546 is intermediate maturing variety released in 2013, performing well in agro-ecological range of 900-1800 meter above sea level with rainfall range of 900-1200mm. It can give 8500-9500 and 5500-7000 kg ha-1 grain yield on-station and onfarm experiments, respectively. It matures at about 145 days with plant height of 250-260cm.

Fertilizer: Nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea (46% N) and NPS fertilizer in the form of (19% N, 38% P2O5, and 7% S) were used as a source of nitrogen and Phosphorus respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer was used for the experiment. It was applied at different rates to each treatment

Treatment setup: The hybrids BH546 was treated under five rates of Nitrogen (69Nkg/ha, 92N/ha, 115N kg/ha, 138N kg/ha and 161N kg/ha) and four plant population densities as indicated in Table 2. The treatment set up that contains 44444 plants ha-1 with application of 92kg N ha-1 was used as a standard check. One satellite check plot having plant density (62, 500) with 150kg NPSBZn blended fertilizer application was added as a second check.

Experimental design

The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with three replications. The gross plot size was 4.8m × 6m (28.8m2) with row length of 4.8m, but the net plot size 4.8m × 4.5m (21.6m2) was used for harvesting to minimize the border effects on the grain yields. The treatments were randomly assigned to the experimental unit within a block. The blocks were separated by 2m wide space.

Experimental procedures

Land preparation was done three times from March to May in each location by using tractor plough at Bako and Assosa; and by using oxen plough at Tibe. Planting time was varied from location to location and from year to year, but all planting times were done in between May 17 to June 20. Planting was done with one additional seed per hole, 1seed + required seed number for each hole. Two weeks after planting, seedlings were thinned to required plant per plot by keeping a good stand seedling for each treatment.

Full dose of phosphate fertilizer in the form of NPS at the national recommended rate of 69kg P2O5 ha-1 was applied uniformly to all plots at the time of sowing. Half dose of nitrogen fertilizer as per the treatments was applied at sowing time and half dose of nitrogen fertilizer was applied four weeks after sowing and immediately covered with soil. Any weeds were removed just before the second split urea fertilizer application. The other crop management practices were applied as per the recommendation for maize. Finally, maize plants in the central net plot area were harvested at harvesting maturity stage for the next work and analysis.

A representative Soil samples were taken 0 to 30cm depth using an auger in a diagonal pattern among each 5m interval before planting from each cite in each experimental year. Then the soil samples were analyzed at soil laboratory for physical and chemical properties (texture, soil pH, organic carbon, total N, available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity (CEC) using standard laboratory procedures (Table 3).

Crop data collection and measurement

Grain Yield was the targeted data and in all cites and in each year grain yield data was taken

Statistical analysis

Analyses of variances for the data recorded were conducted using the SAS version 9.3. Least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability was used for mean separation if the analysis of variance indicated the presence of significant treatment differences.

Economic analysis

Economic analysis was performed to investigate the economic feasibility of the treatments. The price of maize that farmers received from sale was calculated based on current market price of maize. The total variable costs including the cost of fertilizers, improved seed and labors were also calculated based on the current price. The net return was calculated by subtracting total variable cost from the gross benefit. The Gross benefit was calculated with that grain yield (kg ha-1) and stalk yield multiplied by field price that is money gained from sale of the grain and stalk. Finally, to assess the cost and benefit associated with different treatments, the partial budget analysis technique of CIMMYT [4] was applied.

Results

There was a significant difference among treatments at Bako and highly significantly difference at Tibe. In all location the year had highly significant effect on grain yield. But the interaction between treatment and year at Bako and Tibe and; among treatments at Hawasa had not shown any significant difference (Appendix Table1)

The combined results of analysis showed that highly significant (P<0.01) effect of year, location, block, entry and interaction among year location and entry on the grain yield. However, the interaction effects of year and location; and the year and entry were not significant on grain yield of maize (Appendix Table 2).

Maximum grain Yield 9859 kg ha-1 was recorded at higher plant density (66666 plants ha-1) with application of 161kg N ha-1 at Bako. But statistically similar grain yield was recorded under application of 115 and 138kg N ha-1 in the same plant density and 161kg N ha-1 under 53333 plants ha-1. In case of Tibe Maximum grain Yield 6891.1kg ha-1 was recorded at higher plant density (66666 plant ha-1) with application of 115kg N ha-1. But statistically similar grain yield was recorded under 66666 and 53333 plants ha-1 with application of either of N rate except 69kg application on 53333 plants per hectare. But at Hawassa Grain yield had not shown any significant differences among treatments.

In combined analysis, maximum grain yield (7713.3kg/ha) was obtained under 66666 plant ha-1 with application of 115kg N ha-1. However, statistically similar grain yield was also obtained with increasing N rate at the same plant density and with highest N rate under 53333 plants ha-1 (Table 4). But the maximum economic return was achieved under treatment of 66666 plants ha-1 with application 115kg N ha-1 compare to other treatments (Table 5).

Discussion

The grain yield of maize increased with increasing plant density. Maximum grain yield was obtained under highest plant density (66666 plants per hectare) at all locations. Similarly, Grain yield was also increased with increasing nitrogen rate up to optimum. The combined analysis showed that maximum Grain yield (7713.3kg ha-1) under 66666 plant density with application of 115kg N ha-1.

Compared to the standard control of 44444 plant ha-1 with the application of 92kg N ha-1, the mean grain yield was increased by 1299.8kg ha-1 or 20.2% when the maize hybrid sown at 66666 plants ha-1 with application 115kg N ha-1. Similarly, the results surpassed the satellite check plot by 20.7% (Table 4).  

In general, the grain yield ha-1 was increased with the increase plant density and N rate, although, economically faceable grain yield was achieved at 115kg N ha-1. The positive relationship between grain yield and plant density was due to the high number of plants per unit area. The increased in maize grain yield under high plant density might be due to efficient utilization of available resources like nutrient, water, air and solar radiation. Maize hybrids can be grown up to 76500 plant ha-1 with no adverse effect on yield or grain quality [5]. Leaf area index and light interception increased with increasing in planting density [6]. Farnia et al. [7] reported that plant shortage per unit area prevents maximum usage of production parameters while over density can increase the competition and decrease the yield. Higher grains yield at higher nitrogen levels might be due to the lower competition for nutrient and positive effect of N on plant growth, leaf area expansion and thus increase solar radiation use efficiency which indirectly increases dry matter production for grain filling that ultimately increases in grain yield [2]. These results are in line with many workers [8,9].

Summary and Conclusion

The grain yield of BH 546 maize hybrid tends to increase with increasing plant population and N fertilizer level. Maximum grain yield ha-1 (7713.3kg) was obtained under plant density of 66,666 plant ha-1 with the application of 115kg N ha-1. This grain yield result exceeds by 20.2% and 20.7% compared to the grain yield of standard check and satellite check respectively. Similarly, application of 115kg N ha-1 under 66666 plant density was the most profitable compared to other combinations. Thus, this hybrid should be sown with 66,666 plants ha-1 (75cm x 20cm spacing) with application of 115kg N to ascend its production by 20% from current production status.

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[izimbozada]

☀️ Eylül rotalarında tavsiye üzerine, Assos liman tarafında yer alan @assosbehramhotel ’deyiz.🚗 Gelin beraber inceleyelim👩🏼‍🌾 🏡 Otelin tarihi ilginç; 1960' lı yıllara kadar palamut deposu olarak kullanılmış, 1979'da restore edilerek küçük otel haline gelmiş ve son olarak 2012' de yeniden inşa edilerek bugünkü halini almış. Konum olarak tam da limanda denizin kenarında yer alıyorlar. ✨ Oda kahvaltı konseptindeler. 17 odası var ve her biri de ayrı mitolojik tanrı esas alınarak dekore edilmiş, hatta odaların içinde de o tanrılar hakkında bilgilendirmeler var. Odaların dekorasyonu binanın tarihi yapısını tamamlıyor, romantik ve şık bir ortamı var ve içi oldukça da temiz ancak bazı odalar biraz küçük. 🍴 Hemen deniz kenarında bir restoranları bulunuyor. Kahvaltıları zevkli ve leziz. Reçeller çeşit çeşit, sıcakları bol. Çayın yanında kızarmış ekmeği ve bir de o güzel peynirleri nasıl nefis. Geleni gideni çok oluyor. Akşam yemeği için otel misafirlerine %10 indirim uyguluyorlar. Mezeleri çok lezzetli, biz balığımıza eşlik etsinler diye almıştık, hafif ve güzeldi tatları. 📍 Otelin Kadırga koyunda ve Sokakağzı’nda birer tesisi daha bulunuyor. Bu otelin müşterisi iken oradaki otellerin plajından da yararlanabiliyorsunuz. Eğer kaldığınız yerde denize girmek isterseniz; iskelenin ön tarafı yüzmeye çok uygun, suyun derinliği de ideal.  Akşamları aydınlatması ha-ri-ka, yakamoz da vurdu ise denize, huvvv o güzellik gözümüzün önüne geldi yeniden, şimdi orada olmak vardı :) Ne diyelim biz gezmeye devam, size de keyifli tatiller : )😎 Otelin diğer detayları ise; - Otel 12 ay açık. - 12 Yaş üzeri misafir kabul etmekte - Evcil hayvan kabul edilmiyor. - Denize sıfır ve kendi iskelesi mevcut. - Otopark bulunmamakta. 🌿 www.kucukoteller.com.tr/assos-behram-otel.html 📞 0286-7217016 📩 info@assosbehramhotel.com 📚 Tabi Assosa kadar gelmişken;
Behramkale Köyünü
Antik Kenti  
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Antik Limanı görmeden gitmek olmaz. ✏️ Diğer Assos Tavsiyeleri kucukoteller.com Assos sayfasında! #kucukotellerassos #kucukotellerbehramotel #Assos #Çanakkale #canakkale #kucukoteller #butikoteller #butikotel (Assos Antik Liman) https://www.instagram.com/p/CEzRyDKALwy/?igshid=wi57pb6kj40b

[africazilla]

Ethiopia:Two journalists from Tigray region arrested in Benishangul

Ethiopia:Two journalists from Tigray region arrested in Benishangul

borkena By Staff Writer January 14, 2020

Two journalists from Tigray region of Ethiopia are reportedly arrested in Benishangul Gumuz region on Monday. 

Dawit Kebede, used to own Awramba Times newspaper, and cameraman, Bahulu Wube, were arrested without any reason. 

Tigray region Communications Affairs Bureau said the journalists traveled to Assosa to cover the meeting of Federalist Forces, and…

[inzitrip]

አሶሳ

በሀገራችን ወስጥ በኃላ ቀርነታቸው ከሚጠቀሱ ክልሎች መካከል ስለ አንድ ከተማ አመሠራረትና እድገት እስከአሁን ድረስ አጥጋቢ የሆነ የፁሁፍ መረጃ ባለመኖሩ ለምን እንዴት ከሚል ስሜት እራስን በመጠየቅ ከህሊናየ ጋር ብዙ ጊዜ ሙግት ከገጠምኩኝ በኃላ አስፈላጊውን ቅድመ ዝግጅት አጠናቅቄ የጉዞ ቅኝቴን ከአዲስ አበባ በሰሜን ምዕራብ አቅጣጫ በማቅናት 687 ኪ.ሜ ርቃ ስለምትገኘው የወርቃችን ፅንስ፣ የማንጎዎች ሀገር የጠረፍ እንቁ ስለምትባለው የቤንሻንጉል ጉምዝ ብሔራዊ ክልል ዋና ከተማ አሶሳ ጽፌ ላስነብባችሁ ወደድኩኝና ብዕሬን አነሳሁ፡፡

ዘወትር በየአቅጣጫው በማንጎ ተክል ልምላሜ ታጅባ፣ ህይወት አዳሽ አየር የምትመግበው…

[khalilhumam]

Ethiopia: More Than 37,000 Re-Displaced People in West Wollega in Need of Immediate, Sustainable Solutions: UN

New Post has been published on http://khalilhumam.com/ethiopia-more-than-37000-re-displaced-people-in-west-wollega-in-need-of-immediate-sustainable-solutions-un/

Ethiopia: More Than 37,000 Re-Displaced People in West Wollega in Need of Immediate, Sustainable Solutions: UN

[Addis Standard] Addis Abeba, August 13/2020 - Some 37,000 secondary displaced persons in West Wollega need immediate and sustainable solutions. From 64,594 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) who were returned to Kamashi and Assosa zones of Benishangul Gumuz region (BGR) from West Wollega zone (Oromia region), more than 37,000 were re-displaced and are currently sheltered in seven woredas (Gimbi, Boji Dirmeji, Lalo Asabi, Nedjo, Leta Sibu, Kiltu Kara and Mene Sibu) of West Wollega zone.

[unjobstoday]

ECHO Project Manager

Date: 22-Jul-2022 Location: Assosa, Ethiopia Company: Plan International The Organisation   Plan International is an independent development and humanitarian organisation that advances children’s rights and equality for girls.   We believe in the power and potential of every child. But this is often suppressed by poverty, violence, exclusion and discrimination. And it’s girls who are most…

[orojobs]

Norwegian Refugee Council (Assosa)

Norwegian Refugee Council (Assosa)

Position-Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator Job Description A job description is a written statement that describes the employee’s role and responsibilities. The role and responsibilities shall be executed within the NRC framework. The job description facilitates the recruitment process by stating the necessary competencies. It is mandatory for all positions. Position-Monitoring and…

[amnonjakony]

Ethiopia: Hundreds of South Sudanese refugees relocated

Ethiopia: Hundreds of South Sudanese refugees relocated

January 15th 2020 (Nyamilepedia) – The International Organization for Migration, IOM, has assisted 700 South Sudanese refugees with onward transportation to the Gore-Shembola and Tsore refugee camps in Assosa situated in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, some 800 kilometers from Pamdong reception centre in Gambella where they had been holed up. With severe food insecurity and renewed armed…