#700–500 BCE

[kino-free-time]

Vessel in the Shape of a Wild Boar

Wild boars were a favourite motif in classical antiquity, but this vessel has long puzzled scholars. Its brown, burnished surface, with incised geometric decoration, recalls Etruscan impasto pottery from as early as the seventh century BC. The naturalistic shape of the boar, however, resembles terracotta vessels made in the fifth century BC or later. Recent scientific analysis suggests that this vessel may have been made in the 20th century, and our curators and conservators are continuing their research. (700–500 BCE or 1900s CE)

source

[falmerbrook]

A rough timeline of the Snow Elf/Falmer history that we know of

While working on a fanfiction, I tried to figure out a rough order of events and when they happened for what we know about the Snow Elves and Falmer since they are pretty foggy in terms of dates. I mainly tried to figure out 1) when did the Night of Tears (and the start of the Snow Elf/Atmoran conflict) happen, 2) how long did the Snow Elf genocide last, 3) when did the Falmer evolve into the Falmer we know them as, 4) when was the Chantry of Auri-El built, 5) when did Vyrthur create the Tyranny of the Sun prophecy, and when (and how) did Harkon hear about it?

So here's roughly what I put together:

ME = Merethic Era (dates function like BCE), 1E = 1st Era

ME 1000-800 – First human settlements in Tamriel

ME 500s-100s - Atmorans land at Hsaarik Head and settle Saarthal

ME 100s – Night of Tears, war between Nords and Snow elves

ME 100s – Battle of Moesring (death of the Snow Prince)

ME 100s – Dwemer make deal with Snow elves

ME late 100s-0 – Dragon War

Early 1E – Construction of the Chantry of Auri-El

1E 200s – last of Snow Elves thought to be driven away/killed

1E 600s – War of the Crag

1E 700 – Dwemer disappear

1E 800s-??? – Chantry of Auri-El is attacked

1E ???-2300s - Vyrthur creates the Tyranny of the Sun prophecy

1E 2300s-2700 – Harkon discovers the prophecy and Valerica hides Serana away

4E 201 – Events of Dawnguard

Bolded = concrete canon dates directly stated somewhere Normal = dates with canon evidence, but never concretely mentioned Italics = dates I made up based on being between/before and after canon events

Now let's go through that timeline again but with my evidence and reasoning (under the cut for space):

ME 1000-800 – First human settlements in Tamriel

Frontier, Conquest, and Accommodation: A Social History of Cyrodiil cites the first human settlements on Tamriel having been dated to ME 1000-800 (Late Merethic Era) outside of Skyrim, which was colonized later.

PGE3 claims that settlers from Atmora sailed to Tamriel for hundreds of years in the Merethic, but that these included the Nedes as well, and it is implied they came over and settled south and potentially in High Rock first as the interbreeding that would lead to Bretons also begin occurring in the Late Merethic. My conclusion is that the Atmoran ancestors of the Nedes came to Tamriel and settled farther south several hundred years before the Atmoran ancestors of the Nords (according to legend) such as Ysgramor settled in Skyrim.

ME 500s-100s - Atmorans land at Hsaarik Head and settle Saarthal

Before the Ages of Man places the settlement of Saarthal in the Late Merethic Era, but as mentioned above, it was likely after several other Atmoran migrations had occurred earlier.

The UESP page on the Merethic Era puts forward two theories for when the settling of the Atmorans in Skyrim/Saarthal occured. To summarize, Kodlack Whitemane claims the Companions are "nearly 5,000 years old" dating them to at latest ME 550 (it has be 4,450 years since the start of the 1st Era). Alternatively, King Harald is said to be the 13th in the direct line of Ysgramor, and UESP thinks, assuming it is referring to generations, that would put Ysgramor as being alive in the ME 100s.

ME 100s – Night of Tears, war between Nords and Snow elves

The Snow Elves attack and raze Saarthal for reasons that have been lost to time, (supposedly) after having had peace with each other. Ysgramor returns to Atmora with his two sons and returns with the Five Hundred Companions.

This one has to have taken part not too long after the settling of Saarthal; Ysgramor is still alive and will live on for awhile after this, and for the sake of caution I'm putting this at the end of the range established in the previous point because it's one of the last things that we know of happening in the Merethic Era.

ME 100s – Battle of Moesring (death of the Snow Prince)

The Fall of the Snow Prince is the one source for the battle itself.

The Nords view this battle as sort of the final stand of Snow Elves, and took place on Solstheim.

Ysgramor led the Atmorans/Nords in this battle (according to the above), so he was still alive for this to take place, which is why I placed it in the same century as the start of the Snow Elf-Atmoran conflict/genocide.

ME 100s – Dwemer make deal with Snow elves

This journal from a Snow Elf in hiding suggests that the Battle of Moesring and the death of the Snow Prince was a major catalyst in deciding to seek out the Dwemer for aid, so whatever deal or alliance was made likely happened fairly soon after that battle.

ME late 100s-0 – Dragon War

Not necessarily relevant to the Snow Elves, but I was curious if the dragons could've been invovled in the conflict with them (and it's relevant to a scene from that fanfic I mentioned earlier)

Skorm Snow-Strider's Journal implies that the Dragon War had already occurred by 1E 139, and was long enough ago that finding dragon cultists was surprising.

UESP consistently lists the Dragon War as one of the last major events of the Merethic Era. It seems like once the Snow Elf population was significantly eliminated/driven out and the Atmorans/Nords began to significantly settle across the land that the Dragon Cult began to take off and become more tyrannical, inciting the Dragon War.

Personal headcanon: The method of Merethic dating originated with King Harald's Nordic scholars, but the event considered to mark the start of the 1st Era is the Founding of the Camoran Dynasty. I like to think that the original 1st Era Nordic event that marked the beginning of the 1st Era was the end of the Dragon War, but when this method of dating was adopted by Tamriel at large the founding of the Camoran Dynasty was adopted as the official start of the 1st Era.

Early 1E – Construction of the Chantry of Auri-El

Gelebor directly states it was built near the beginning of the 1st Era. This is sort of odd because it implies that there was enough of a presence and culture of the Snow Elves in the early 1st Era to put in the resources to build it. Additionally, Gelebor says, "The Chantry is quite isolated, so it took some time for word of the dwarves' offer to reach us here," an offer that almsot certainly happened before the 1st Era. (if I were to rewrite this timeline I would put it much earlier, pre-Atmoran involvement, but for the sake of consistency we will stick with canon for this post)

1E 200s – last of Snow Elves thought to be driven away/killed

In 1E 139, Skorm Snow-Strider's Journal details Lord Harald attempting to root out left over Snow Elves and Snow Elf "stronghold[s]". They are met with significant resistance and reports of attacks on local Nord settlements, however, the presence of Snow Elves is not treated as surprising, implying that this effort to wipe them out has been ongoing since the Merethic Era.

Meanwhile, PGE1 claims that the Snow Elves were considered "driven out" by reign of King Harald. He reigned form 1E 143 to 1E 221.

Given they were still present in 1E 139, but considered wiped out by at latest 1E 221, I concluded that this must've occurred over Harald's reign.

1E 600s – War of the Crag

The Falmer: A Study is the only evidence of this occurring, but it claims that at some point the Falmer under the control of the Dwemer, having already become the Betrayed, started a rebellion, eventually leaving the control of the Dwemer and settling into the deeper reaches of Blackreach. There, they continued in a conflict with the Dwemer called the War of the Crag.

According to the author of this paper, this conflict lasted for several decades and ended when the Dwemer disappeared, leaving the Falmer to freely spread throughout the underground of Skyrim. For this reason, it must've taken place in the 1E 600s.

1E 700 – Dwemer disappear

Kagrenac bonks the Heart of Lorkhan at the end of the War of the First Council. Rest in pieces, Dwemer. The entirety of the Falmer now have the freedom to spread and create their own communities.

1E 800s-2000s – Chantry of Auri-El is attacked

At some point, the modern Falmer invaded the Chantry of Auri-El and presumably killed everyone there except Vyrthur and Gelebor. Given that the Falmer had access to the Forgotten Vale to do so, and were organized and dangerous enough to do that sort of damage, this probably happened a significant amount of time after the disappearance of the Dwemer.

There are no other indications of a date when this happened, so basically all we have to go off of is "after the Dwemer disappeared" and "before Vyrthur created the Tyranny of the Sun prophecy", which itself doesn't have a date.

1E ???-2300s - Vyrthur creates the Tyranny of the Sun prophecy

So Vyrthur creates a prophecy for the sake of getting a Daughter of Coldharbour to him so he can use her blood to block out the sun to get revenge on Auri-El. How did he do that? How did it get out of the Forgotten Vale for Harkon to find out about? How did it end up on Elder Scrolls? Doesn't matter for the purpose of this timeline. We can presume it was after the Chantry of Auri-El was attacked (although we don't even know that for sure, but it's what I'm going with), but obviously before Harkon learned about it.

1E 2300s-2700 – Harkon discovers the prophecy and Valerica hides Serana away

This might not be relevant to the Snow Elves or Falmer as a whole, but it's relevant to Vyrthur's prophecy (in helping me work backwards to figure out when the attack on the Chantry happened) and the Dawguard quest, and many people have brought up before the context of Serana's "Cyrodiil is the seat of an empire?" comment so I thought I'd look into it out of curiosity.

Serana's empire comment is the only indication we have (that I'm aware of) of when Serana was sealed away (and therefore when Harkon learned of the prophecy), so let's look at Cyrodiil's empires:

The Ayleid empire ruled from sometime in the Merethic Era to the Alessian Slave Rebellion and the beginning of the Alessian empire in 1E 243. Obviously it was after this since there was no break between these empires.

In 1E 2321 the War of Righteousness would break out, leading to the dissolution of the Alessian Empire at its conclusion in 1E 2331.

The Second Empire started with the Reman Dynasty in 1E 2703 after the battle of Pale Pass. The 1st Era would end with the end of the Reman Dynasty and the beginning of the Akaviri Potentate, which would last until 2E 430. There wouldn't be another empire until Tiber Septim at the start of the 3rd Era. So there was a break in empires from 1E 2321 to 1E 2703 and from 2E 430 to 2E 854.

Harkon's UESP page claims he ruled over the Volkihar Clan after Serana's disappearance "for millennia" with a citation to the Skyrim Prima Official Guide, which I don't have, so I'll take the wiki's word on it. Knowing that, and acknowledging that by the time of Skyrim it has only been 634 years since the beginning of the Septim Empire, I assume that the mostly likely break in Cyrodiil empires for Serana to have been born and hidden away during was between the Alessian and Second Empires.

Did this matter? Only to help figure out a very minor detail in Gelebor and Vyrthur's timelines. Did I have fun trying to figure it out? yes!

4E 201 – Events of Dawnguard

-

I believe that's it! If anyone knows of anything I missed (or messed up) feel free to add or speculate on that as well!

[ukelele-boy]

(this was posted Dec 2021 in the toa discord but I finally found it again cause my brain wouldn't stop looking for it) it's basically some timeline digging I did. I know other toa fans have done their own timelines so I wanna crosscheck. I only put 1-2 hours into this and it was a long time ago.

-------------

Ok I've dated the ademtus and apollo thing to before troy fell in 1200BCE, since ademtus' son, Eumelus, was in the trojan war (greek side). If we assume he is pretty young to fight in the war(20-40), then we can date the apollo ademtus thing to maybe 50-60 years before? But king laomedon, who was the king that apollo and Poseidon served, was the father of king priam who was an old man by the trojan war. So if king priam is like 60-70, we can assume that apollo served under laomedon around 80 years ago. Which makes sense because heracules was around for both laomedon and also to save adetmus' wife. But this means that apollo got turned mortal twice in the span of like 30 years and then 50 years later had to listen to zeus and let troy fall due to fate and lost his two sons.

It also means that the failed rebellion happened first, then apollo becomes a god, jives for like 15 years and then has that drama with ascelpusis mom, has a kid called ascelpius who dies at 14-15 to zeus, and then he gets turned mortal again.

If Hya is a prince of sparta (founded in 900BCE) and we could say he lived at it's peak (around 500 BCE), which means apollo met hya maybe 700 years after the trojan war.

And then around 900 years later Rome falls.

[whencyclopedia]

History of Chinese Literature

Ancient Chinese literature developed following the evolution of script which evolved from divination practices of the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE). The pictographs made on oracle bones by diviners became the script known as Jiaguwen (c. 1600-1000 BCE) which developed into Dazhuan (c. 1000-700 BCE), Xiaozhuan (700 BCE - present), and Lishu (the so-called "Clerky Script", c. 500 BCE).

From these came Kaishu, Xingshu, and Caoshu, cursive scripts which writers later used in prose and poetry to create the great works of Chinese literature. The following collection presents a brief overview of this development.

Continue reading...

[historiessecret]

Who Were the Garamantes? The Sahara’s Lost Empire That Defied the Desert!!🔥🔥

The Garamantes: The Garamantes, an ancient civilization flourishing in modern-day Libya between 500 BCE and 700 CE, transformed the Sahara Desert into a hub of innovation, trade, and cultural exchange. Often overshadowed by Egypt and Rome, this enigmatic society mastered survival in one of Earth’s harshest environments. This article explores their rise, achievements, and enduring legacy.  

History & Political Structure:   Emerging from nomadic Berber tribes around 1000 BCE, the Garamantes established their capital, Garama (modern Germa), by 500 BCE. By the 1st century CE, they developed a centralized monarchy ruled by a king (Makar), supported by warrior elites and administrators. Their political influence extended across the Fezzan region, with fortified cities like Zinchecra and Aghram Nadharif serving as regional hubs.  

Archaeological Marvels:  Palace Complexes: Garama’s ruins reveal multi-story mudbrick palaces (1st–4th century CE) adorned with frescoes of chariots and geometric patterns. These structures housed elites and administrative archives.   Foggara System: Over 6,000 km of underground tunnels tapped fossil water, enabling agriculture in the desert.  

Trading & Economic Power:  The Garamantes dominated trans-Saharan trade routes, exchanging gold, ivory, and slaves for Mediterranean olive oil, wine, and Roman glass. By the 4th century CE, their wealth rivaled North African kingdoms.  

Art & Pottery:   Their pottery featured geometric motifs and animal figures, blending Berber, Egyptian, and Roman styles. Jewelry made from carnelian and gold reflected social status, while rock art depicted chariot battles and rituals.  

Religion & Beliefs:   Polytheistic and ancestor-worshipping, the Garamantes built necropolises like Wadi al-Ajal, where tombs contained sacrificial animals and Roman imports. Deities like Ammon (a Libyan-Egyptian god) were central to rituals.  

Societal Structure: Elites: Kings, priests, and warriors.   Commoners: Farmers, artisans, and enslaved people.   Wellness: Advanced diets included dates, barley, and imported fish sauce.  

Engineering & Technology: Hydraulic Mastery: The foggara irrigation system sustained 100,000 people.   Metallurgy: Iron weapons and tools, plus copper jewelry.   Chariots: Lightweight horse-drawn chariots for warfare and trade.  

Decline & Vanishing   Overexploitation of water resources led to desertification by 500 CE. Arab invasions (7th century CE) disrupted trade, and by 700 CE, their cities were abandoned.  

Legacy Today:  The Garamantes challenge stereotypes of Africa’s pre-colonial past. Their sustainable water techniques inspire modern desert communities, while UNESCO’s recognition of Germa (2021) highlights their global significance.  

Conclusion: The Garamantes prove that innovation can thrive even in adversity. Their story urges us to rethink history’s margins and learn from ancient resilience in an era of climate crisis.  

Ancient Garamantes civilization, Sahara Desert history, Foggara irrigation system, Garama archaeological site, Lost African empires  

[yourantiquarian]

Greek aryballos depicting a winged deity and a panther

ITEM Aryballos (Oil bottle) depicting a winged deity and winged panther MATERIAL Pottery CULTURE Greek, Corithian PERIOD 7th - 6th Century B.C DIMENSIONS 180 mm x 170 mm diameter CONDITION Good condition. Includes a certificate of search in the stolen works of art of Interpol database PROVENANCE Ex European private collection, Ex Arete - Galerie für antike Kunst (1984), Ex private collection, Ascona (1978), Ex private collection E.B.B. A Corinthian aryballos is a type of small, round ceramic container used primarily for holding perfume or oils in ancient Greece, particularly during the Archaic period (circa 700–500 BCE). Known for its distinctive shape, the aryballos typically had a narrow neck, a rounded body, and a small handle. These vessels were often crafted in the Corinthian style, characterized by rich decoration and fine craftsmanship. Corinthian pottery was highly regarded throughout the ancient Mediterranean, and the aryballos was commonly used by athletes in the gymnasium to store olive oil or scented oils for body care. The use of such vessels was part of a wider tradition in which the Greeks sought to maintain personal hygiene and enhance physical fitness, making the aryballos both practical and symbolic of elite lifestyles. The Read the full article

[findbestsol]

🌍✨ Have you ever looked up at the Nazca Lines and wondered about the secrets they hold? Well, guess what! A recent discovery has unveiled over **300 new glyphs** in southern Peru! This groundbreaking find, led by archaeologist Masato Sakai, brings the total count to **over 700**—almost doubling what we believed was there! 📜✈️ Using drones and AI technology, researchers have surveyed the vast Nazca Pampa (over 400 km²!), revealing these enigmatic designs that date back to between **500 BCE and 500 CE**. 🦙🐦 These glyphs are not just pretty pictures in the desert; they were likely part of a sacred pilgrimage to the ceremonial center of Cahuachi, hinting at their deeper ritual significance. What kind of stories do you think these ancient lines tell? 🤔✨ Drop your thoughts in the comments and share this discovery with friends who appreciate the mysteries of our world! 💭❤️ 🌐 Read more about this incredible discovery here: [Unveiling the Nazca: 303 New Glyphs Discovered](https://medium.com/@meditationmusicshiva/unveiling-the-nazca-303-new-glyphs-discovered-48ac9f1c2845) #NazcaLines #Archaeology #HistoryNerd #Mystery #AncientCivilizations #AI #TechnologyInResearch #CulturalHeritage #Discoveries #Peru

[yhwhrulz]

Worthy Brief - September 2, 2024

Share in boldness with confidence!

Isaiah 55:11-12 so shall my word be that goes out from my mouth; it shall not return to me empty, but it shall accomplish that which I purpose, and shall succeed in the thing for which I sent it. “For you shall go out in joy and be led forth in peace; the mountains and the hills before you shall break forth into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.

As we continue into the historical and prophetic significance of the discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls, I take you back to 1948. Professor Eleazar Sukenik discovered that Mar Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the Syrian Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem purchased several of the Dead Sea scrolls. So Professor Sukenik visited the archbishop and took several photos of the scrolls which were then sent to William Albright, a Biblical archaeologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.

Albright’s reply arrived on May 15, 1948: “My heartiest congratulations on the greatest manuscript discovery of modern times! There is no doubt in my mind that the script is more archaic than that of the Nash papyrus…I should prefer a date around 100 B.C.!…What an absolutely incredible find!…”

Notice the date of Albright’s reply! On May 14, 1948, the British mandate ended at midnight. Earlier that day, David Ben-Gurion who would later become Israel’s first prime minister, announced Israel’s Declaration of Independence.

Professor Sukenik failed to purchase the scrolls from the archbishop at the time, as the cleric believed he would get a better price. Later, we discover that Sukenik wrote in his journal, “Thus the Jewish people have lost a precious heritage.” Sukenik passed away in 1953.

Later in 1949, archbishop Samuel traveled to the United States with the scrolls to find a buyer. They went on display at the Library of Congress, and then at other museums and art galleries in the West. However, interest in the scrolls waned and there were no interested buyers for the ancient documents.

Years passed until an ad was placed in the Wall Street Journal in 1954.

“The Four Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical manuscripts dating back to at least 200 BCE are for sale. This would be an ideal gift to an educational or religious institution by an individual or group. Box F 206, The Wall Street Journal.” Eleazar Sukenik had already passed away, but his son, Yigael Yadin just happened to be in the United States on a lecture tour at the time. Through a series of events, Yadin was able to purchase the scrolls his father failed to obtain.

In an ironic twist, archbishop Samuel was selling the scrolls to raise money for his church. Because of the wording of the sale, the IRS taxed Samuel for the proceeds from the Dead Sea Scrolls … so, even the IRS received a substantial sum of money from the Dead Sea Scrolls!

The purchase included the entire book of Isaiah known as the Isaiah scroll. Until this time the oldest extant Isaiah text was the Aleppo Codex, one of the Masoretic texts, which was written in the 10th century A.D. The Qumran Isaiah scroll was 1000 years OLDER than the Aleppo Codex. The book of Isaiah was written in 700 B.C. and very well may have been used for 500 years, meaning that this copy from the Dead Sea may have been made directly from the original!

The discovery of the Isaiah scroll proved the authenticity of the present Biblical text, as it had remained nearly identical for a thousand years.

The veracity of the Word of God is primarily demonstrated by its authority, revelation, and power to change lives; yet God has also providentially reaffirmed its textual accuracy through these remarkable recent discoveries. Isaiah himself declares by the Holy Spirit: “My Word shall not return empty, but it shall accomplish that which I purpose, and shall succeed in the thing for which I sent it.” This has proven true in our own lives. Read the beautiful and powerful prophecy of Isaiah. You will be blessed, changed, and equipped to communicate the Lord's truth with His confidence. And thank Him for His faithful and detailed preservation of the texts themselves.

Your family in the Lord with much agape love,

George, Baht Rivka, Obadiah and Elianna (Missouri) (Baltimore, MD)

Editor's Note: Feel free to share any of our content from Worthy, including Devotions, News articles, and more, on your social platforms. You have full permission to copy and repost anything we produce.

Editor's Note: During this war, we have been live blogging throughout the day -- sometimes minute by minute on our Telegram channel. - https://t.me/worthywatch/ Be sure to check it out!

Editor's Note: Dear friends — we are now booking in the following states. Ohio, Kentucky, Michigan, Indiana, West Virginia, Tennessee! If you know Rabbis, Pastors or Leaders who might be interested in powerful Israeli style Hebrew/English worship and a refreshing word from Worthy News about what’s going on in the land, please let us know how to connect with them and we will do our best to get you on our schedule! You can send an email to george [ @ ] worthyministries.com for more information.

[libraryofcirclaria]

Monassa

Library of Circlaria

Earlier Blog Posts

Geography:

Existing as the world's largest island and the world's largest island-nation, Monassa boasts unique geography consisting of a low-lying coastline around its base and a large plateau accompanied by mountain ranges in its interior. In its Southern region lies a desert lacking of plants but crawling with a variety of native snakes, serpents, and scorpions. The Northern region is slightly more temperate, with an alternating wet and dry season. Here, there are sparse trees and grasslands as well as Monassan Antelopes, Monassan Falcons, and Monassan Paragriffins. The Eastern region consists of the Trasterran Mountains, where the climate differs with its higher elevation yielding colder and rainier weather. The landscape here is dominated by evergreens, and consists mostly of rolling hills and small mountains. The Trasterran peaks are home to the same animal species as the North region, except that there are also brown bears. East of the Trasterran Mountains lies the Highlands, where the high, snowy mountains are inhabited by eagles, bears, wolves, and the world's most dangerous wild animal species: warghols.

Most notably, every region in Monassa is home to its own native species of wysps (semi-spiritlike creatures with mysterious properties and behaviors). Serpentyne wysps evoke fear in first-time witnesses, but are harmless. Point-wysps, however, look like innocent stars but are harmful to humans.

Early Settlement, Culture, and Politics:

Remains of essential yew tree fields and lothar domestication farms indicate that the island of Monassa was, at one point, settled by the Great Ancondrian Empire. Also present are the ruins of ancient villages and cities, and most notably, the Great Beacon, which was a mystery to scholars until the discovery of Ancondria in 1268, when it was determined that the Beacon was pointing with great precision toward the ruins of the Ancondrian city of Edom.

It is believed that by 17000 BCE, following the end of the Great Ancondrian Empire, the population had broken down into individual factions, with some becoming allies with one another and others becoming rivals. Over the passing millennia, diplomacy between these factions was very dynamic and fluid. Farms emerged in the North and Trasterran Mountains, while traveling nomadic tribes crossed the desert in the South to deliver goods between the villages of the North and coastal sea ports trading with Magnumarian sea guilds. Meanwhile, in the Highlands, monks learned how to communicate and make peace with the dangerous warghols and wild animals, while the warlords began constructing fortresses atop various mountain peaks. The monks, meanwhile built temples and shrines on other mountaintops. Early on, an unnamed religion dominated the culture of the Monassan people and the monks with a culture of mutual trust in differing beliefs. Despite the varying individual faiths, they shared the common belief that the wysps were spirits of the dead, and that spiritual intuition was gained by communicating with them.

Early Monassan society had no prisons to punish criminals. However, those who were found guilty of high offenses were given a choice: permanent exile off of the Island or a pilgrimage to one of the monks in the Highlands to request redemption. The latter choice was the most common one made but carried high risks, including encounters with warghols.

Between the 700s and 500s BCE, a political movement took place within each of the existing factions for unity and the establishment of democratic city-states. The first two city-states, Sancto Rosco and Atolleruc, were established in the 790s BCE. Hellece would emerge much later in the 510s BCE. Between the 400s and 300s BCE, Hellece, Atolleruc, and Sancto Rosco expanded their territories and evolved into territorial republics. Diplomatic disputes between the republics resulted in a series of armed conflicts before the signing of a peace treaty in 380 BCE.

Political balances in power within the structure of each republic and between republics, along with steady flow of trade and commerce, led the three republics to enter into a period of prosperity. However, that ended abruptly in 64 CE, when a major earthquake struck the Island. The catastrophe left thousands dead, cities destroyed, and trade routes disrupted. Economic hardship ensued over the two decades that followed, leading to a bolster in political corruption, which had been growing steadily over the previous several centuries. In 85 CE, the people of Sancto Rosco elected Porpytus, a political figure who unapologetically voiced authoritarian philosophies, to one of two Offices of Consul. Porpytus held the Office longer than permitted under the Sancto Rosco constitutional statute (which dictated a one-year term limit), by having himself re-elected in 86 CE. In 87 CE, Porpytus created the Office of Head Consul, to which he appointed himself. And in 88 CE, he abolished the other two Consul offices before launching a war on the Republic of Atolleruc in the South and the Republic of Hellece in the North. With such a maneuver being a surprise attack, Porpytus won and successfully absorbed both territories under his sovereignty.

The following year, Porpytus attempted a military offense on the Highlands, but this proved a dismal failure, owing to the warghols and the harsh environment. Instead of continuing the hopeless agenda, Porpytus signed the Highlands Peace Treaty of 89 CE with the monks and warlords. Under the agreement, the monks and warlords were, in civil terms, under Porpytus' sovereignty, although two existing checks on such a dominion were for Porpytus to never impose taxes or actually enforce laws upon them. Furthermore, Porpytus was obligated to protect them from the coast with naval forces. This Peace Treaty, though now heavily amended, still exists to this day as one of the oldest peace treaties in history.

Afterward, Porpytus renamed himself General Consul, a position he would hold until his death in 99 CE. He would be followed by his appointed successor, Armon, who would continue an unbroken line of General Consuls. In 112 CE, Armon attacked and defeated the Five Kingdoms, which covered the present-day Mid-Westerlies Islands to the West. Armon placed each of the Five Islands under a Regional Consul, establishing a hold that Monassa would have over the Islands until the 800s.

Great Northern Claims and the 1245-49 Transition of Power:

Under the succession of General Consuls, Monassa would follow centuries of peace and prosperity. Between the 600s and 700s CE, the strengthening nation began establishing settlements in Northwestern Remikra. After a series of conflicts with the local Remikran forces, Monassa would eventually gain official sovereignty over a small piece of the territory, naming it Asoratans. Peak Monassan prosperity arguably came to an end in 810 CE when the people of the Mid-Westerlies rebelled and successfully overthrew Monassan rule, establishing the Five Islands as a single Republic. In 826 CE, after a year-long civil war, this Republic broke into the Five Republics. Over the same time period, Monassa entered a steady decline in economic and political power. In the late 940s and early 950s, political boundaries in Northwest Remikra dissolved, leading to the establishment of the Linbraean Kingdom, which would be ruled by families of both Monassan and North Remikran descent. In 954, the Linbraean Kingdom attacked and defeated the sovereign territory of Monassa, itself, making it a Linbraean territory, while the Linbraeans attacked, defeated, and colonized the Five Republics in a similar fashion. In 998, the Linbraean Kingdom merged with the Edoran Kingdom to become the Kingdom of the Great North, of which Monassa and the Mid-Westerlies Islands became territories.

Monassa, at this point, existed as a Duchy of the Linbraean Kingdom as its land was divided into a territorial hierarchy similar to that of the Great North: counties consisting of boroughs consisting of estates. With Dukes and Duchesses serving as figures of royalty, the regional government was headed by a succession line of Governor-Generals issuing commands from Sancto Rosco. State-funded Alconist Churches were established, although freedom of religion was respected. The greatest change, however, occurred in its economy, which saw the development of industrial infrastructure such as railroads, factories, classical airships, industrial cash crops (especially vineyards) in the North and Trasterran regions, mineral extraction sites in the desert South, tourism and trade along the Coast, and hiking and wildlife observation tours in the Highlands. Also in the Highlands, later on, would emerge rock-climbing and snow sporting tourism. As technology advanced in Remikra throughout the 1000s, 1100s, and 1200s, such advancements would be introduced in Monassa.

And such would remain the status quo until the year 1245, when the last remaining eligible ruling figure of the Linbraean-Monassan Duchy passed on with no descendants. Such an occurrence, in accordance with Great Northern statute, warranted for the territory of Monassa to be handed to an independent party and exist as an independent nation. The Great Northern Crown smoothed over such a transition of power, as they mobilized to help Monassa set up a government similar to that of early Combria: an incumbent-appointed presidential council (or an IAPC).

In March 1249, political unrest ensued in the Mid-Westerlies, when a terrorist group known as the Golden Alliance backed a successful coup against the regional Great Northern government over the Mid-Westerlies and instilled an authoritarian regime in its place. The Great North responded with a military strike but struggled against the insurgency. The Federal Estates of Retun, however, came to the aid of the Great North and had the regime defeated in a short time. As an exchange of peace and diplomacy, the Great North sold the Mid-Westerlies to the Federal Estates. That May, news of the events cast influence on the population of Monassa, where the Golden Alliance was organizing a similar coup. Anticipating this, the Monassan, Federal Estates, and Great Northern governments joined efforts and were barely able to keep the Golden Alliance in check. However, the Federal Estates organized and supported a counter-movement and, once again, overcame the Golden Alliance. Afterward, the Federal Estates and Great North helped to establish a democratically-elected legislative branch to keep a check on the IAPC administration, a promising compromise for the Monassan people. Furthermore, the Federal Estates motioned for the Monassan government to have only a limited amount of intervention in the Monassan economy to allow for the growth of a free market. And in November 1249, a special conjoined Council met between the three nations, which agreed to recognize the newly-formed legislative branch, the IAPC administration as the executive branch, and representatives sent by the monks and spiritual interpreters from the Highlands to serve as the judicial branch of the new Monassan government. And thus, Monassa was established as a partially-democratic IAPC with its government seat remaining in Sancto Rosco.

Present-Day:

The partially-democratic IAPC government structure is still in place for Monassa, which enjoys the prospects of the free market. However, pressing issues include that of growing economic disparity between the rich and poor, and the growing intensity of seasonal wildfires.

[scarletlich]

tldr: Yes and no, Confucius and Confucianism was and still is hugely influential in Chinese culture and intellectual tradition and was the dominant "canonized" intellectual tradition for centuries or millennia depending on how you count it. So there are many sayings that do not come from Confucius, obviously, but there are a lot that did and those tend to be widely known.

Long post incoming with a brief overview of Confucianism and its history in China based on how I learned it, anyone who actually studies this is welcome to add on I am just an engineering student who likes Chinese history and culture and learns it on the side.

During the Spring and Autumn period (770 BCE to 221 BCE) China was split between warring states, and the entire country was in constant turmoil. It was also a time rich in philosophy, with many different intellectual traditions being born (诸子百家) most of which had different perspectives on how to end the conflict and reunite the nation. (Examples: Confucianism 儒家, specifically of the Kong-Meng Confucius and Mencius variety although there were others like 荀子 Xunzi who weren't canonized, Legalism 法家, Moism 墨家, and Daoism 道家 the philosophy, not the religion that spun out of it) It can't really be said that Confucianism "won" this early because the Qin Dynasty that reunited China in 221 BCE was actually very legalist heavy. The succeeding dynasty, the Han Dynasty, was when the term 五经 Five Classics, referring to the texts 诗经 Book of Poetry，尚书 Book of Documents，礼记 Book of Rites，周易 Book of Changes，春秋 Spring and Autumn Annals, was coined. These are an important part of the later Confucian classics that were essential components of the imperial exams (ever since the Sui Dynasty in the late 500s China has used an exam system to select bureaucrats to serve in government).

In later centuries Buddhism entered the landscape and Daoism the religion was born (during another period of division Northern/Southern Wei was when they took hold and reached a peak during the height of the Tang Dynasty in the early 700s 开元盛世). Early to mid Tang was a very cosmopolitan society but after the An Lushan Rebellion that constituted a major blow and caused the Tang to start going downhill, xenophobic and reactionary sentiment began to arise. A famous writing from this time is Han Yu 韩愈, an official of the later Tang, who wrote 《原道: Original Path》 in which he criticized Buddhism and Daoism, and declared that society should return to the original path, the "native" intellectual tradition of Confucianism from the past. This didn't really take hold during his lifetime, but later thinkers built greatly upon his work.

Specifically, during the Song a new intellectual movement began known as 程朱理学 or Neo-Confucianism in English, and the most important figure of this was Zhu Xi 朱子（朱熹）who wrote extensive annotations and interpretations for all of the Five Classics, and the Four Books 四书 which were officially defined as Confucian classics that all scholars must learn at this time. The four books are 大学 Great Learning, 中庸 Doctrine of the Mean, 论语 The Analects (compilation of speeches by Confucius to his students), and 孟子 Mencius (compilation of conversations between Mencius and various rulers of his time). In the Yuan Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism was made the official state philosophy and Zhu Xi's interpretations of the classics were made the correct answers for the imperial exams, which lasted through the Qing Dynasty until the abolishment of the imperial exams near the end of the dynasty. The imperial exams, especially the early to mid stages not the palace exam, consisted of being presented with quotes from the classics, and exam-takers would have to make connections between the quotes provided and write an essay demonstrating both that they understood the origins of the quotes, and how the philosophy behind the quote (as interpreted by Zhu Xi) could be used towards governance of the nation.

Hence for many centuries, every single educated scholar in China had essentially fully memorized the Confucian classics, of which Confucius and Mencius's attributed quotes were a core component. (At least they would have the four books fully memorized, and one specific one of the five classics which was the one they studied.) Even nowadays the most famous quotes from these texts are well known among Chinese as they are part of primary school curriculum. I was born and raised in the US but I still learned some of these quotes as a child, and non-Chinese friends who take Chinese often learn them in their higher level classes.

Nowadays we recognize a lot of the negative influences that Confucianism, especially the Neo-Confucian currents of the late empire, had, but personally I do think that many Chinese still believe that Confucianism is an important part of our culture and history, and we must 取其精华，去其糟粕 take the best parts and remove the negative aspects. The cultural belief in education as a way to improve oneself and change ones status and path in life is something that we see in writings from millennia ago, and is still a core component of Chinese culture today, for instance.

OP: In diplomatic and business situations, when we interpreters translate the chinese meaning to non-chinese-speaking guests, we are most terrified of hearing the chinese side say “There is an old Chinese saying ……”

Cnetizens comment: Yes endless funny shit

[bookoformon]

3 Nephi 18, Part 1. "Sacrament."

Jesus institutes the sacrament among the Nephites—They are commanded to pray always in His name—Those who eat His flesh and drink His blood unworthily are damned—The disciples are given power to confer the Holy Ghost. About A.D. 34, "Glared".

The Gath, the Wine Press is the symbol of what presses man to be civil and forces the animal out of him. If we do not till, plant, tend, harvest, press, bottle and ferment we are nothing but cave people in three piece suits with $700 phones looking for modern ways to beat on each other.

The Sacrament of the Wine and Challah is ancient it began in the Torah around 600-500 BCE, when the Torah started to come into its final format. The Book of Genesis was finished in 250 BCE, and the Torah as we know it was drafted by the Prophet Maimonedes in the 12th century, but throughout this time, bread and wine, two products that require all of mankind's cooperation to produce a few meager portions for the rest have always been the symbol of our civilized heritage and our future.

Jesus institutes the sacrament of the Wine and Challah again in Roman times, and the Prophet that wrote the Book of Mormon emphasizes it here:

1 And it came to pass that Jesus commanded his disciples that they should bring forth some bread and wine unto him.

2 And while they were gone for bread and wine, he commanded the multitude that they should sit themselves down upon the earth.

3 And when the disciples had come with bread and wine, he took of the bread and brake and blessed it; and he gave unto the disciples and commanded that they should eat.

4 And when they had eaten and were filled, he commanded that they should give unto the multitude.

5 And when the multitude had eaten and were filled, he said unto the disciples: Behold there shall one be ordained among you, and to him will I give power that he shall break bread and bless it and give it unto the people of my church, unto all those who shall believe and be baptized in my name.

6 And this shall ye always observe to do, even as I have done, even as I have broken bread and blessed it and given it unto you.

7 And this shall ye do in remembrance of my body, which I have shown unto you. And it shall be a testimony unto the Father that ye do always remember me. And if ye do always remember me ye shall have my Spirit to be with you.

8 And it came to pass that when he said these words, he commanded his disciples that they should take of the wine of the cup and drink of it, and that they should also give unto the multitude that they might drink of it.

9 And it came to pass that they did so, and did drink of it and were filled; and they gave unto the multitude, and they did drink, and they were filled.

10 And when the disciples had done this, Jesus said unto them: Blessed are ye for this thing which ye have done, for this is fulfilling my commandments, and this doth witness unto the Father that ye are willing to do that which I have commanded you.

11 And this shall ye always do to those who repent and are baptized in my name; and ye shall do it in remembrance of my blood, which I have shed for you, that ye may witness unto the Father that ye do always remember me. And if ye do always remember me ye shall have my Spirit to be with you.

12 And I give unto you a commandment that ye shall do these things. And if ye shall always do these things blessed are ye, for ye are built upon my rock.

13 But whoso among you shall do more or less than these are not built upon my rock, but are built upon a sandy foundation; and when the rain descends, and the floods come, and the winds blow, and beat upon them, they shall fall, and the gates of hell are ready open to receive them.

14 Therefore blessed are ye if ye shall keep my commandments, which the Father hath commanded me that I should give unto you.

15 Verily, verily, I say unto you, ye must watch and pray always, lest ye be tempted by the devil, and ye be led away captive by him.

16 And as I have prayed among you even so shall ye pray in my church, among my people who do repent and are baptized in my name. Behold I am the light; I have set an example for you.

To shed blood through the pressing of the grape is to imbibe the happiness that is meant to come parallel with the observance of Shabbat. To shed blood for the purposes of being unhappy or for the sake of violence is forbidden.

To bake bread is to cultivate the mind and body and make them fit. The making of wine and bread as I mentioned is not easy. Neither is the making of a man, but together, if we pay attention to the meaning of the Sacrament, we might be able to do it again someday.

There is no such thing as a Christ or any Sacrament during a time when there entire world is warring again, getting all politicky about being useful and helpful in the preservation of the happiness of this world.

Until the wars and corruption are stopped it is logical to do something about these things first to prove one remembers the Christ and His Teachings over any other priority.

[whencyclopedia]

Dogs and Their Collars in Ancient Mesoamerica

Dogs were an integral aspect of the lives of the people of Mesoamerica regardless of their location or culture and, throughout the region, were recognized as liminal beings belonging not only to the natural world and that of humans but to this world and the next.

Dogs were believed by the Aztec, Maya, and Tarascan to travel between worlds, assist the souls of the dead, warn of dangers to the living and, at the same time, were regarded as a food source, companion, and guardian in daily life. The dogs of the indigenous people are frequently depicted without collars because it seems to have been thought that these would restrict the dog’s movement between worlds.

Even so, collars did exist – fashioned for humans to wear – and it is thought that these developed from dog collars. This model changed with the arrival of Christopher Columbus (l. 1451-1506) in the West Indies in 1492. Columbus’ dogs all wore collars and were much larger than the animals the natives were used to. The European dogs had also been trained for war and so were far more savage than any dog a Taino, for example, had ever known.

After Columbus, who sailed for Spain, more Spanish invaders arrived and made their way north through South America to Mesoamerica, bringing Christianity with them. Christianity began to replace indigenous beliefs and, as the Catholic Church claimed dogs had no souls, belief in the supernatural power of the dog declined. Although there were no doubt many indigenous peoples who still believed in the dog as a psychopomp, there is no widespread evidence of this belief after the arrival of the Spanish as compared with pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. The descendants of the ancient people of the region have only begun restoring their ancient cultures in the past 100 years and so, in time, the dog has slowly regained the status it once held.

Olmecs & Their Dogs

The Olmecs of Mesoamerica lived in the lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico c. 1400-400 BCE and bred dogs as food. The Olmecs are the oldest civilization in the western hemisphere, inventing the first written language of Mesoamerica as well as distinctive art and architecture which would influence the later civilizations of the Aztecs, Maya, and Tarascan, among others. The sacred animal of the Olmecs was the jaguar which was thought to be spiritually related to the dog. The dog was therefore associated with the divine while, at the same time, serving as a food source. There seems to have been no contradiction in this as dogs, servants and messengers of the gods, also served humanity by graciously offering themselves as food.

A tomb of the Zoque peoples, a Mesoamerican population thought to be descended from the Olmec, was discovered in 2010 in Chiapa de Corzo containing jade collars. These were ornamental collars for human wear but could have developed from the dog collar. The tomb dates to between 700-500 BCE and is the oldest pyramid tomb yet found in the region.

The indigenous people of modern-day Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and neighboring regions, built pyramids as temples, not as tombs, and this find is thought to reflect an earlier Olmec practice of keeping precious objects in temples – one that was observed by later cultures. The jade collars, though clearly for human use, could have linked an officiant with the spirit of a liminal dog who would bring messages from the gods.

Continue reading...

[0meninvaleria0]

PART 1: Historical Layout of the Valerian Empire

Foundation and Early Expansion (circa 600 BCE - 300 BCE): The Valerian Empire was founded in the fertile Valerian Basin around 600 BCE, with its capital established in the city of Valeria. The early Valerian rulers were skilled diplomats and warriors, leading their armies to conquer neighboring territories and establish a formidable empire. The Valerian Empire expanded rapidly, incorporating various city-states and regions under its rule.

Golden Age and Monarchical Dynasties (300 BCE - 100 CE): During the Golden Age of the Valerian Empire, a series of strong and charismatic monarchs ruled the vast territories. The empire reached its zenith in terms of size and prosperity during this period, establishing trade routes, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic ties with other civilizations. The Valerian Basin became a melting pot of diverse cultures, fostering advancements in arts, sciences, and governance.

Size and Population (100 CE - 500 CE): At its peak, the Valerian Empire spanned across a vast area, covering regions equivalent to multiple modern-day countries. The population of the empire was diverse, consisting of various ethnic groups, cultures, and languages. The Valerian rulers implemented policies to promote unity and integration, resulting in a harmonious coexistence of different communities within the empire. The population during this period is estimated to be in the tens of millions.

Main Source of Income - Colonies (500 CE - 700 CE): As the Valerian Empire expanded, colonies became a crucial source of income. The empire established colonies in distant lands, rich in resources such as precious metals, spices, and exotic goods. These colonies played a vital role in sustaining the economic prosperity of the Valerian Empire. The imperial coffers were filled with the wealth brought in by the colonies, and trade flourished along the extensive network of Valerian-controlled routes.

The Feud with the Kingdom of Nymeria (700 CE - 750 CE): The turning point in Valerian history came with the ambitious attempt to colonize the Kingdom of Nymeria. The Valerian Empire sought to extend its influence and increase its wealth by bringing Nymeria under its control. However, the Nymerians fiercely resisted, leading to a protracted and bitter conflict. The attempted colonization strained the resources and military strength of the Valerian Empire, resulting in economic hardships and internal discontent.

Revolt and Hardship (750 CE - 800 CE): The Kingdom of Nymeria successfully revolted against the Valerian Empire, dealing a significant blow to its expansionist ambitions. The war strained the Valerian economy, leading to widespread hardship among its citizens. The loss of colonies and the defeat in Nymeria prompted internal dissent, with factions within the empire vying for power. The Valerian rulers faced challenges in maintaining order and stability, and the empire entered a period of decline.

Legacy and Decline (800 CE - 1000 CE): The legacy of the Valerian Empire endured, influencing the cultures of the regions it once controlled. However, the empire continued to decline, facing internal strife, external pressures, and economic challenges. Over the centuries, the once-mighty Valerian Empire fragmented into smaller states, each retaining fragments of its former glory. The decline marked the end of an era, but the cultural and historical impact of the Valerian Empire persisted in the annals of history.

[anapaualar]

Historical Events of Water Conservation

plays in sustaining life and supporting civilizations. Here are some significant historical events related to water conservation:

Indus Valley Civilization (circa 3300-1300 BCE): One of the earliest recorded instances of water management and conservation was seen in the Indus Valley. The civilization featured a well-planned city layout with a sophisticated system of canals and reservoirs for water storage and distribution.

Ancient Rome (c. 753 BC - 476 AD): The Romans were renowned for their aqueducts and extensive water supply systems. These innovations not only provided water for public baths and fountains but also ensured efficient distribution and conservation of water resources.

The Marib Dam (8th century BC - 5th century AD): In what is now Yemen, the Marib Dam was one of the oldest known dams in the world. This dam helped control the flow of the Wadi Dhahr river, conserving water for irrigation and supporting agriculture.

The Anasazi in the American Southwest (circa 700-1300 AD): Native American tribes like the Anasazi developed ingenious systems for water conservation in arid regions. They built check dams and terraced fields to capture and manage rainfall.

The Karez System in Persia (c. 500 BC - 2nd century AD): The Karez system is an underground aqueduct that was used for water conservation and distribution in arid regions of Iran. It involves digging tunnels to capture groundwater and transport it for various uses.

The California Water Wars (late 19th-early 20th century): Water scarcity and disputes over water rights led to conflicts like the California Water Wars. Efforts to regulate water use and conserve resources emerged from these disputes.

The Green Revolution (mid-20th century): The Green Revolution, which began in the mid-20th century, involved the development of high-yield crop varieties and modern agricultural practices. These advancements were aimed at improving food production while reducing water usage, contributing to water conservation.

These historical events and examples illustrate the long-standing human concern for water conservation and the development of techniques and policies aimed at addressing water-related challenges. Water conservation remains a vital issue in modern times, as the world grapples with a growing population and increasing water stress.

[sougataxyz]

Top15 ancient geopolitical events

Few geopolitical events shaped the course of history, influencing political boundaries, cultural exchanges, and power dynamics that continue to resonate in modern times. Rise and fall of power continued from ancient history to the medieval period across geographies. Let us take stock & debate on the most significant game changing political event from 600 BCE to 1900 AD. Is it rise of Persia OR fall of Constantinople OR Industrial revolution!

Here are top15 game-changing geopolitical events of ancient history:-

The rise of the Persian Empire (6th century BCE): The Persian Empire, under the leadership of Cyrus, conquered a vast territory and established a centralized administration. This empire had a significant impact on the geopolitics of the region, including conflicts with the Greek city-states.

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE): This war between Athens and Sparta transformed the balance of power in ancient Greece. It weakened Athens and paved the way for the rise of Macedon under Philip II and his son, Alexander.

The conquests of Alexander (336-323 BCE): Alexander's empire stretched from Greece to Egypt, Persia, and India. His conquests had far-reaching consequences, including the spread of Hellenistic culture and the integration of different regions into a vast empire.

The formation of the Maurya Empire in India (4th century BCE): The Maurya Empire, led by Chandragupta Maurya and later his grandson Ashoka, unified much of the Indian subcontinent. This centralized state shaped the political and cultural landscape of the region.

The Han Dynasty in China (206 BCE-220 AD): The Han Dynasty established a centralized bureaucracy, expanded its territory, and implemented Confucian principles. It had a profound impact on Chinese history and influenced neighboring states.

The Punic Wars (264-146 BCE): The conflict between Rome and Carthage reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Mediterranean. Rome emerged as the dominant power, leading to the eventual decline and destruction of Carthage.

The fall of the Roman Republic (1st century BCE): The transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire marked a significant shift in governance. The consolidation of power in the hands of emperors altered the balance of power and influenced subsequent geopolitical developments.

The rise & fall of The Roman Empire (1st century BCE to 500 AD): The Roman empire was one of the most powerful and influential empires in history. It stretched from Britain to North Africa and from Spain to the Middle East. The Roman Empire had a profound impact on the development of Western civilization, and its legacy can still be seen today. The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 500 AD marked the end of an era. The empire had been in decline for centuries, and its collapse led to a period of chaos and instability in Europe. This period, known as the Middle Ages, was characterized by frequent warfare, political fragmentation, and economic decline.

The rise of the Byzantine Empire (400-500 AD): The Byzantine Empire, with its capital in Constantinople, continued the Roman legacy in the Eastern Mediterranean. It played a crucial role in shaping the geopolitics of the region and preserving Greco-Roman culture.

The rise of Islam and Arab Conquests (700-800 AD): The rise of Islam in the 700 AD was a major turning point in world history. The Islamic world quickly expanded, and by the 10th century it stretched from Spain to India. Islam had a profound impact on the development of science, mathematics, and philosophy as an alternative perspective during the Greek era. The expansion of the Islamic caliphates transformed the political and religious landscape of the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe permanently.

The Crusades (1000-1300 AD): The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims that lasted from the 11th to the 13th centuries. The Crusades had a significant impact on the development and bifurcation of Western civilization, Eurasia and Middle East.

The Renaissance (14th century): The Renaissance was a period of rebirth in European culture that began in Italy in the 14th century. The Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning, art, and architecture. The Renaissance had a profound impact on the development of Western civilization, and it helped to lay the foundations for the modern world.

The fall of Byzantine and the start of age of exploration (1492/ 15th century): The Age of Exploration was a period of European exploration and discovery that began in the 15th century. During this period, Europeans traveled to the Americas, Africa, and Asia to scout for alternate trade routes bypassing mediterranean-constantinople. The Age of Exploration had a profound impact on the development of the global economy and culture.

The Scientific Revolution (16th century):. The Scientific Revolution was a period of rapid scientific advancement that began in the 16th century. The Scientific Revolution was characterized by a new emphasis on observation, experimentation, and mathematics. The Scientific Revolution had a profound impact on the whole world, and it helped to lay the foundations for the modern world, modern trade and colonization.

The French Revolution (18th century): The French Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval that began in 1789. The French Revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. The French Revolution helped to inspire other revolutions around the world and reshaped political orders.

The Industrial Revolution (1800-1900). With the change in political order and fast economic ambition supported by invention of industrial machinery, imperial countries expanded their reach and authority to other geographies through new trade and established new colonies. The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid economic and technological change that began in the late 18th century. This era was characterized by the development of new machines and technologies.

These are just a few of the many game-changing geopolitical events that have occurred throughout history. These events have shaped the world we live in today, and they continue to influence the course of events.

https://twitter.com/SougataXYZ

[rubrankings03]

Body Rub History in Worcester, Massachusetts

The history of body rub and body rub therapy dates back to 2700 BCE. Body rub therapy was used in China as early as 2,700 BCE. Though, body rub and body rub therapy are likely to have roots further back than that.

The Egyptian tomb paintings from 2,500 BCE show that body rub therapy was used in medical treatment. Reflexology was also discovered by the Egyptian culture. This influence has been felt in other cultures such as the Romans, Greeks, and even the Greeks.

India is believed to have the oldest documented body rub therapy traditions. These traditions date back between 1,500 to 500 BCE. However, the practice could be as old as 3,000 BCE. Ayurvedic medicine was a practice that allowed for healing touch. It was first used by the Hindus. Ayurveda can be translated as life science, or life health. Ayurveda is a holistic form of medicine that uses aromatherapy, meditation, and relaxation techniques.

Monks began using body rub therapy in Japan around 1,000 BCE. Japanese monks were studying Buddhism at the time. They were familiar with traditional Chinese medicine's methods of healing, including body rub therapy. Many body rubs from China were brought to Japan to be adapted to Japanese culture. It was around this time that Shiatsu body rub was developed to increase energy levels.

Worcester Body Rubs were popularized in Japan not long after. In Greece, body rubs soon became popular. Between 800 and 700 BCE, it was a popular practice among athletes and philosophers. Many of these techniques grew from the Eastern body rub therapy.

Body rubs were a popular way for athletes in Greece to maintain their bodies and compete. Many doctors began to combine herbs and body rub techniques with athletes to provide them the many benefits they required. The benefits were obvious to women in Greece, who began using oils and body rubs as beauty treatments.

It took several centuries before body rubs became popular in Rome. It was used to treat many diseases and injuries. The majority of body rubs in Rome were based on Hippocrates' principles, which stipulated that exercise, healthy eating, and body rubs are essential for maintaining and restoring your body's health.

The wealthy Romans received treatment in their own homes, while the less fortunate were treated in public baths by trainers and doctors.

Between the 17th century and the 19th century, body rub therapy was popularized in Europe. Between the Roman Empire's years and the 1600s, body rubs were declining in popularity. Scientists and doctors recognized the benefits of body rub and began to use it again. The 19th century was the first to bring about improvements in body rub techniques.

Although body rub and body therapy have been around since the dawn of human history, they were not popularized in Western culture until the 1800s. With the Swedish Doctor Henril Lin, the Swedish Movement System was the place where it all began in West.

Ling created this system and it became the basis of the Swedish body rub we use today. Although Ling created the system, Johan George Mezger is actually responsible for the hand strokes that made up the Swedish body rub. This is the most popular type of body rub in the West.

Through the 20th century, body rub therapy has grown in popularity. Body rubs were used to treat nerve injuries and shell shock in World War I. It was not a common treatment and was only available to the wealthy for a few years. It was also a notorious part of the sex trade up until the second half 20th century.

The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s saw a revival in body rubs in the United States. This became a popular option for people who wanted to heal their bodies without the use of drugs or other harmful treatments. Body rub therapy was often used by those looking for an alternative to traditional medicine.

Body rub therapy has become a mainstream practice, and Worcester bodyrubs have become pretty known. Many body rub providers offer a variety of techniques that draw on ancient methods. It is used all over the world to relieve, heal, relax, and provide a means of escape.