#230 in Under 14 Days review

[skyfire85]

-Mockups of the two final American SST concepts, the Boeing 2707 and the Lockheed L-2000. | Composite Photo: Justin Gibb

FLIGHTLINE: 136 - AMERICAN SST PROGRAM

Various programs to develop a supersonic transport in the US stretched from the middle 1950s until the early 1970s, but no aircraft ever resulted.

The first recorded supersonic flight (the speed of sound is 767mph at 20°C/68°F at sea level) was on 14 October 1947, when the American X-1, piloted by Chuck Yeager, reached Mach 1.06. By the 1950s, supersonic flight became a more regular occurrence, though it was still almost exclusively restricted to military pilots. Around this time, various projects around the world began to develop airliners that could break the sound barrier too. Designs like the Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle and Bristol Type 223 were sketched, but technical limitations as well as a lack of funding stalled those efforts.

♫NINETY MINUTES FROM NEW YORK TO PARIS♫

Research continued however, and by the early-1960s a new round of programs were started, with BAC (later BAe and BAE Systems) and Sud Aviation (later Aérospatiale and Airbus) joining forces to produce what became Concorde, while the Soviet design bureau Tupolev developed the Tu-144 (NATO reporting name "Charger"). Numerous American carriers placed orders for Concorde aircraft, but spiraling costs and a desire to develop a domestic SST saw those orders canceled in the early 1970s. In the end, only Air France and BOAC/British Airways operated Concorde, while the Tu-144 was exclusively flown by the Soviet state airline Aeroflot.

BUY AMERICAN!

The FAA estimated in the early 1960s that there would be a market for 500+ SSTs by the year 1990. Fearing Anglo-French domination of the airline industry, the US Congress began funding various research programs, and President John F Kennedy announced a National Supersonic Transport program on 5 June 1963. Requests for proposals were sent to Boeing, Lockheed, and North American for the airframes; and Curtiss-Wright, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney for engines. The request stipulated a cruise speed of Mach 3, and a passenger capacity of up to 300. Preliminary designs were submitted on 15 January 1964

-Line drawing of the Boeing 733-790 SST, which initially featured swing wings. | Illustration: Boeing

The Boeing 733 model featured a large blended wing root with variable geometry outer panels, resembling an enlarged Rockwell B-1. The proposal included optional fuselage extensions, potentially increasing capacity to 227 passengers.

-Line drawing of the the CL-823. | Illustration: Lockheed Corp.

Lockheed's CL-823 was functionally an enlarged Concorde, though the wing shape was a cranked arrow rather than Concorde's ogival delta.

The North American NAC-60 was the smallest and slowest of the competitors, potentially transporting 187 passengers at Mach 2.65.

In 1965 the FAA downselected the NAC-60 design, as well as Curtiss-Wright's engine work, freeing up funds for Boeing and Lockheed on the airframe side and P&W and GE for the engine development.

TIME TO SHARPEN YOUR PENCIL.

The FAA scheduled a final selection in 1966, and requested detailed proposals from Boeing and Lockheed. Boeing had gone through several iterations of the Model 733, with the 733-390 being presented in September 1966. The aircraft was one of the first wide-body airliners, with 2-3-2 seating. In the 30-seat first class section, small tv's were to be integrated into a console between the seats, while in the 247-seat tourist class section larger retractable tv's would drop from the overheads every six rows. Externally, the engine pods had been moved back under the tail, and the wings, when swept back, would form a delta with the tail.

-Illustration of the 733-390, with one at maximum sweep and one at minimum. | Illustration: Boeing.

Lockheed's CL-823 had evolved as well, with the L-2000-1 design having changed from a cranked arrow to a delta wing, with the engines separated into individual pods. In order to speed production, the L-2000 was projected to use a derivative of the J58 engine that had powered the A-12 OXCART and SR-71 Blackbird. New requirements from the government saw changes to the wing and fuselage, and the engine pods were redesigned to accommodate either the P&W JTF-17A or GE4 designed as part of the SST program. The final design presented to the FAA was the L-2000-7A/B (the B was 20 feet longer), which had a passenger capacity of 230.

-Advertising image of the L-2000-7A. | Illustration: Monsigneurhulot

THE FINAL SHOWDOWN

The final designs, complete with full-scale mockups, were presented in September 1966.

-The full-scale mockup of the 733-390, in a striking white-over-yellow paint scheme. The size of the plane is evident from the man standing near the third jack. | Photo: Boeing

-Appearing no less impressive, the Lockheed L-2000 mockup. | Photo: Lockheed

FAA review of the competing SSTs took until December, with the Boeing design being announced the winner on 1 January 1967. The L-2000 was judged to easier to produce, but it was also thought to be less risky and advanced than the Boeing entry, and thus the latter was more in the spirit of the design mandate. Also, the Lockheed craft was anticipated to be louder with the JTF-17A engines, as well as being slower.

Boeing anticipated construction of the 733-390 prototypes, now referred to as the 2707-200, would begin in 1967, with first flight in 1970. Construction of the production models was expected to commence 1969, with first flight in 1972 and FAA certification anticipated by 1974.

-The public enthusiasm for the SST program was initially high, with scale models and toys of the design being release by multiple companies. Seattle's NBA team, formed in 1967, was initially named the SuperSonics. | Photo: oldmodelkits.com

NO PLAN SURVIVES FIRST CONTACT WITH THE ENEMY (IN THIS CASE, PHYSICS)

Almost immediately, Boeing began encountering problems with the design. Canards were added to improve flight characteristics, but this added weight. The swing wing mechanism were also much heavier than anticipated, with one pivot section being an eleven feet long, two-and-a-half feet thick piece of titanium weighing 4,600lbs. All of this added weight was eating into the plane's range and lowering the speed, and in October 1968 the company made the decision to delete the variable geometry wings and utilize a fixed delta instead. Fabrication of a mockup of the new design, the 2707-300, as well as two prototypes, commenced in September 1969. Despite these issues and delays, by October 1969 Boeing had orders for 122 2707s from 26 airlines, including Alitalia, Canadian Pacific Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Iberia, KLM, Northwest Airlines, and World Airways.

It was during this period however than organized opposition to SSTs became more pronounced. During the first half of 1964, the FAA conducted Operation Bongo II, under which Oklahoma City, Oklahoma was subjected a total of 1,253 sonic booms. Up to eight booms were scheduled, beginning at 7am and ending in the afternoon. Various aircraft were used, from fighters like the F-104 to bombers like the B-58 and XB-70. The results of the experiment were encouraging, with only 9,594 complaints of damage to buildings, 4,629 formal damage claims, and 229 claims for a total of $12,845.32 ($108.983.34 in 2021). 73% of subjects in the study said that they could live indefinitely with eight sonic booms per day, while 25% said that they couldn't. Approximately 3% of the population filed complaints or lawsuits. The FAA's handling of the program and response to the claims completely undid the public's acceptance of supersonic flight however. The program was undertaken with minimal engagement of the local authorities, and afterwards the FAA dismissed 94% of the claims received, attracting the ire of state and national leaders. Class action lawsuits were filed against the government, and public opinion turned against the SST. This culminated in a national ban on supersonic flight over land. Another source of concerns was the exhaust from the jet engines, specifically nitrogen oxides, which were found to damage stratospheric ozone. A fleet of 500 SSTs was calculated to cause a drop in ozone of 1 to 2%, though changes in fuel and engine technology would help mange this.

THE COLLAPSING STAGE...

The mounting environmental concerns, souring public perception, continuing technical hurdles and competing projects saw the funding for the SST program drying up. Both the House and Senate voted in 1971 to end funding for the program, spelling the end of American SST. Whatever work completed on the prototypes was dismantled, and the one completed 2707-300 mockup was sold to the SST Aviation Exhibit Center in Florida, which displayed it from 1973 until 1981. Hard times saw the closure of the museum, which was then sold to the Faith World Church in 1983. For the next seven years, the Osceola New Life Assembly of God held services beneath the wing of the only remaining example of the US' supersonic airliner program.

-The 2707 mockup some time in the 1980s. Sunday school classes were held under the port wing for nearly a decade. | Photo: Boeing

In 1990 the remnants of the mockup were sold to Stan Hiller, helicopter pioneer and owner of the Hiller Aviation museum. In 2013 the forward 90' section of the fuselage, now all that remained, were shipped to the Museum of Flight was part of a transfer between the two museums. What's left of the 2707-300 is now under restoration; the last remnants of a grand dream to move air travel forward at Mach 3.

-The remaining segment of the 2707, now 50 years after the program's termination. | Photo: Boeing

[fallingbyjuleecruise]

I posted 1,020 times in 2021

226 posts created (22%)

794 posts reblogged (78%)

For every post I created, I reblogged 3.5 posts.

I added 1,389 tags in 2021

#.txt - 547 posts

#.jpg - 416 posts

#my posts - 230 posts

#nbc hannibal - 54 posts

#.vid - 47 posts

#downton abbey - 42 posts

#thomas barrow - 20 posts

#twin peaks - 14 posts

#my art - 12 posts

#lotr - 7 posts

Longest Tag: 136 characters

#i don’t care if you think cats are low maintenance there’s is still a minimum amount of care that they need in order to be happy/healthy

My Top Posts in 2021

#5

Not to be the type of person who posts meta about NBC Hannibal but I think it's a misconception that the life Hannibal lives in Florence with Bedelia was the life he had wanted for him and Will, just with Bedelia slotted into his place. But in my opinion, that was never supposed him and Will. Like that's not at all the place he had made for Will and Abigail and him bc never in a million years would Will be interested in that lifestyle, and that's something that Hannibal knows. Like that's just not Will "lives in the middle of nowhere Virginia with his 7 rescued dogs and fly fishes on the weekends" Graham AT ALL.

But what it IS, is Hannibal trying to forget the life that he wanted. It's a more grandiose version of his existing life in Baltimore, a place where he was respected and had a position of authority and esteem. He was surrounded by beauty and culture and art and in Florence, he kicks it up to the nth degree to compensate. Bedelia is smart, cunning, beautiful, and cruel and he thinks that that might entertain him for a while. He doesn't see her as beneath him (at least not entirely) bc she is one of the only ppl who had seen behind the mask before the blowout at the end of season 2. But she's not Will. She might have an idea of what exists under the "human veil" but Will understands and finds beauty in it even though it repulses him on a certain level. Bedelia sees Hannibal as a rare dangerous spider, something intriguing but ultimately off-putting and best squashed or at the very least kept under observation.

Hannibal is trying to forget the life he wanted. That whole section is his him trying to prove to himself that he can still be "happy" without him, bc he has this beautiful woman in this beautiful place surrounded by beautiful things, things he enjoys. But the point is that might have sated him before but not anymore bc it's not the life, it's the person and he's never had that ever. He and Will could live in a cave in the middle of the woods with Will and feel more fulfillment in a single moment there than any amount of time in his fake life as Roman Fell with Bedelia. And that's why it's so easy for Hannibal to set that life on fire after less than a year bc it doesn't work, he thought he could make it work and he couldn't. "Do you believe you could change me the way I've changed you?" "I already did." And Will was right, he did. I think in a world before he met Will, he could have just cut and run and not been affected at all but bc of that change, bc of Will's influence, that just wasn't something that was ever gonna happen.

13 notes • Posted 2021-05-09 05:51:25 GMT

#4

1 day into his presidency and ppl are accusing Biden of erasing women bc he *checks notes* signed an executive order that prevents trans ppl from being discriminated against in the workplace or denied housing

24 notes • Posted 2021-01-21 19:49:40 GMT

#3

Happy Father's Day to the best father on Downton Abbey, Thomas Barrow

24 notes • Posted 2021-06-20 23:05:27 GMT

#2

May I offer you a Thomas in these trying times?

47 notes • Posted 2021-05-28 15:02:41 GMT

#1

Not to wax poetic about Dishonored in 2021 but there's something about the forcible creation of an unwilling god and a congregation that is actively hostile against him that really makes clear the world the characters live in

270 notes • Posted 2021-07-30 18:53:52 GMT

Get your Tumblr 2021 Year in Review →

[redglassesgirl-maruma]

Hello Everyone! 

A day like today 20 years ago the first novel of our beloved series was published in November 2000. This is an incredible anniversary and that’s why we’ll celebrate the whole month with events! 

I hope you can join this special occasion and contribute a little bit by sharing your posts and art here in tumblr.  

This is not the first event run by this blog, if you want to see what we did in previous years you can visit my tags MA Event,  MA Event 2017 and MA Event 2018.

The dynamic of the events is to have some deliver themes and inspiration divided in different sections. This event will run weekly, except for the last week of the month when we’ll have daily content shared to inspire you even more. 

Please save the date around the last weekend of November for our Live Chat! I’ll post more information about the exact date and time along the next weekly posts.

Update: Live Chat Sunday 29 at 1am Buenos Aires timezone GTM-3 You can check online comparing with your time zone here. We’ll meet and chat, share opinions, and play some games or draw together!

20th Anniversary MA Event - First Week Activity Share your MAlove, share your MArt! From November 1 to November 8

This week we’ll draw fanarts, write fanfics or make any other kind of media to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the series. We have list of 365 prompts in case you need a little bit of extra inspiration, please check under the cut and try to mix anything you pick with a festive mood to make it really special ;D

Remember to tag your posts with #MAnniversary 2020 and #MA Event

Links to the weekly event’s posts:

First Week (in this post) Second Week  Third Week Fourth Week | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday

Prompts:

01. Introduction

02. Love

03. Light

04. Dark

05. Seeking Solace

06. Break Away

07. Heaven

08. Innocence

09. Drive

10. Breathe Again

11. Memory

12. Insanity

13. Misfortune

14. Smile

15. Silence

16. Questioning

17. Blood

18. Rainbow

19. Gray

20. Fortitude

21. Vacation

22. Mother Nature

23. Cat

24. No Time

25. Trouble Lurking

26. Tears

27. Foreign

28. Sorrow

29. Happiness

30. Under the Rain

31. Flowers

32. Night

33. Expectations

34. Stars

35. Hold my Hand

36. Precious Treasure

37. Eyes

38. Abandoned

39. Dreams

40. Rated

41. Teamwork

42. Standing Still

43. Dying

44. Two Roads

45. Illusion

46. Family

47. Creation

48. Childhood

49. Stripes

50. Breaking the Rules

51. Fanart

52. Deep in Thought

53. Keeping a Secret

54. Tower

55. Waiting

56. Danger Ahead

57. Sacrifice

58. Kick in the Head

59. No Way Out

60. Rejection

61. Fairy Tale

62. Magic

63. Do Not Disturb

64. Multitasking

65. Horror

66. Traps

67. Playing the Melody

68. Hero

69. Annoyance

70. 67%

71. Obsession

72. Mischief Managed

73. I Can’t

74. Are You Challenging Me?

75. Mirror

76. Broken Pieces

77. Test

78. Drink

79. Starvation

80. Words

81. Pen and Paper

82. Can You Hear Me?

83. Heal

84. Out Cold

85. Spiral

86. Seeing Red

87. Food

88. Pain

89. Through the Fire

90. Triangle

91. Drowning

92. All That I Have

93. Give Up

94. Last Hope

95. Advertisement

96. In the Storm

97. Safety First

98. Puzzle

99. Solitude

100. Relaxation

101. Hello World

102. Fear

103. Anger

104. Regret

105. Happiness

106. Love

107. Family

108. Friendship

109. Home

110. Childhood

111. Adulthood

112. Birth

113. Death

114. Me

115. You

116. Thoughts

117. Emotion

118. Sun

119. Rain

120. Thunder

121. Noon

122. Midnight

123. Twilight

124. Rooms

125. Window to the Soul

126. Games

127. Halo

128. Serenity

129. Firefly

130. Phone

131. Movie

132. Television

133. Plants

134. Freedom

135. Forgetfulness

136. Remembrance

137. Memorial

138. War

139. Fight

140. Loss

141. Winning

142. Losing

143. Nature

144. Hurricane

145. Storms are brewing

146. Lightning

147. Colors

148. Bravo

149. Punishment

150. Picture

151. Another Wolfs

153. The Life You Dream Of

154. Dreams

155. Tears

157. Smiling

158. Laughing

159. Crying

160. Looking in the Mirror

161. Steam

162. Candy

163. Cats

164. Dogs

165. Glasses

166. Orbit

167. Satellite

168. Stars

169. Jade

170. Emerald

171. Gems

172. Dreaming Out Loud

173. Insomnia

174. Rabbits

175. Snake

176. Borders

177. The Year

178. This Time

179. Last Time

180. Forever and a Day

181. Sometimes

182. Always

183. Power

184. Weakness

185. Green

186. Purple

187. Blue

188. Sight

189. Blindness

190. Hurtful

191. Stages of grief

192. Arguments

193. Country

194. Frog

195. Forest

196. River

197. Flying

198. Mountains

199. Snow

200. Goodbye

201. Heart of Glass

202. My Life

203. Me In a Nutshell

204. Forever Yours

205. True Colors

206. My best friend’s girl

207. Impossible Love

208. Forgiveness

209. Fibers of Our Lives

210. Challenging Dream

211. Living My Dream

212. Forgetting Myself

213. Saving Grace

214. Lonely

215. Unbalanced

216. See-saw

217. Math

218. Match Making

219. Beyond Good and Evil

220. Second Sight

221. Double Take

223. Upon Review

224. Losing You

225. Baseball

226. Shouting

227. Farmland

228. Heartland

229. Brick Wall

230. Glass Houses

231. Eyes

231. Ring

233. Circle

234. Square

235. Boxes

236. Moving

237. Well Being

238. Insanity

239. Repetition

240. Learning

241. Class

242. Flowers

243. Special

244. Snowflakes

245. The Man They Call Jayne

246. Malicious

247. Pretty on the Outside

248. The Outside

249. Thankful

250. Neglect

251. Remorse

252. Embracement

253. Reflecting on My Life

254. Space

255. Constellation

256. Collection

257. Magic

258. Thrill

259. Attack

260. 20 Seconds to Mars

261. Unable

262. Foolish

263. Science

264. Sign of Life

265. Motto

266. Me

267. Balloon

268. Self Esteem

269. Narcissism

270. Ideology

271. Pageantry

272. Keeping Up With the Jones’s

273. Crack in Your Armor

274. Spilling Your Guts

275. Lean on Me

276. Crippling Emotion

277. Biggest Fear

278. Prejudices

279. Fresh

280. Corn

281. Sugar

282. Ice Cream

283. Accents

284. Speech

285. Writing

286. Doom

287. Shape

288. The Real You

289. My Name Is ____

290. Who are You on the Inside

291. Hidden Hatred

292. Hanging

293. Jacket

294. Jail

295. Stepping Up to the Plate

296. Star Player

297. My Hero

298. Castle

299. Losing Yourself

300. Finding Hope

301. Pirates

302. Fallen Angel

303. Drowning Lessons

304. Ghosts in the snow

305. Rawr.

306. Pidgeons… Birdy

307. Broken Hearts Parade

308. Paranoid

309. Vampires

310. Betrayal

311. Emmi&Rumura

312. The three friends

313. Horror

314. Mirror

315. Candlelight

316. Spider moneky

317. Devil

318. Flowers

319. Teddy Bear

320. Mist

321. Kingdom Hearts

322. Ferret

323. Vanilla

324. Thunder

325. Pinto Pony

326. M&Ms

327. Killer

328. Grass

329. Peace

330. Chibi

331. Mr. Klaw, polite Lion

332. Eternal

333. Star girl

334. Hats

335. Calvin & Hobbes

336. Misery (A cup full of something… unknown )

337. Hot chocolate

338. My Chemical Romance

339. Light in the darkness

340. Laughter

341. Nightmares

342. Necklace

343. Fire

344. Clorotaint and Treegirl

345. Swirls

346. Pokemon

347. Friends

348. Double Trouble

349. Do not cross

350. Unknowing

351. Chocolate

352. Time

353. A phone

354. Little kids on a playground

355. Darkness

356. A purple lady

357. Writer’s block

358. The dark corner in my room that I go to cry at (and a unicorn)

359. Sunglasses

360. The sun relaxing by an air conditioner

361. A girl fleeing from her nightmares

362. A girl staring at a blank canvas

363. A visual representation of poetry

364. Trolls

365. A hat

[mightbeaspoiler]

The Rise of Kyoshi: A Review and brief Analysis

Rise of Kyoshi is the newest installment in the Avatar universe, and is the first of a two part book series written by F.C Yee in collaboration with the creator of The Last Airbender, Michael Dante DiMartino. The book is set apart to other additions of the Avatar universe because unlike the graphic novels that followed The Last Airbender and Legend of Korra, Rise of Kyoshi is a prequel, that gives us insight to an Avatar who was once only known to us as a foreboding, powerful and mysterious past life of Aang.

The prequel begins with the old companions of the recently deceased Avatar Kuruk searching for their old friends reincarnation in a small Earth Kingdom village known as Yokoya, the characters Jianzhu, an Earth Kingdom noble, and Kelsang, an air nomad have exhausted the means and methods of Earth Kingdom tradition in their search for the Avatar and attempt the Air Nations method, which consists of placing a plethora of toys before prospective children in the hopes that the Avatar child will select four toys hidden among the hundred or so that belonged to them in a past life. In this opening scene there is foreshadowing to a young Kyoshi but ultimately, Kelsang and Jianzhu believe that their search for the Avatar in Yokoya is a dead one.

Following that, the reader becomes acquainted with an adolescent Kyoshi, not yet aware of her identity and living as an orphaned servant in what can be described as a prepatory home for the boy the world believes to be the Avatar, Yun. The home is owned and ran by Jianzhu and houses many staff as well as Yun's firebending trainer Hei Ran (another old friend of Kuruk) and her daughter, a firebending prodigy and the personal guard of Yun, Rangi.

Once the reader is acquainted with the main characters of the book, the scene that is set is one of rising tensions; the huge and untamable Earth Kingdom is under threat by smugglers, criminals and pirates calling themselves 'The Fifth Nation' and it seems that the only thing holding them back is Jianzhus political power and the worlds belief that Yun is the Avatar.

With all these factors in play, Kyoshi believes herself to be nothing more than what she does in her day to day life, a servant with untrained earth bending powers living under the grace of Jianzhu and with the friendship of Kelsang who saved her from destitution after placing her in Jianzhus household. The turning point of the book comes about when a seemingly harmless game of bounce poetry in the kitchen between the household staff (influenced by Kelsang) has Kyoshi spurting the words of a secret poem written by Kuruk in his life that only Kelsang was aware of, this effortless flow for Kyoshi shakes Kelsang and plants a seed of doubt in the both of them as to Yun's identity.

Now that the plotline of RoK has been established, it would be prudent to tackle theories as to why Kyoshi is discovered to be the Avatar so late in her life when it's typical that most children are realized to be the Avatar by the time they're 12 or 14, or even as young as 4 in the case of Korra, however Kyoshi is only suspected to be the Avatar and then confirmed by the age of 16, and although the importance of this late stage realization is not addressed by the creators of A:TLA, theories on this anomaly are still interesting.

Firstly, Kyoshis childhood is filled with strife such as abandonment and neglect: she was orphaned in a small farming village with inhabitants that treated her like an eyesore and a burden, moreover she was often mercilessly bullied by the village children because of her notable height and status as an outcast. From such circumstances we can deduce that trauma of this kind might have been responsible for her subdued nature that in turn made her response to her bending powers subdued as well. In TLA and TLOK characters who experience great emotional change or strife are likely to have their bending abilities affected, when Zuko joins Aang and friends in season 3 the power in his firebending takes a dramatic hit because of an internal struggle that raged on in him for many years. Similarly Korras power in season 4 is subdued after the trauma of her battle with Zaheer, of course the factor of her still having the poison in her body plays into this but the show emphasizes her mental state being linked to her bending proficiency.

Alternatively, the factor of the previous Avatar's early death can be considered. When Avatar Kuruk is introduced in The Last Airbender he tells Aang that in his lifetime he was a reckless and hedonistic person and his friends in RoK do note the same things about his personality, he dies at 33 which is relatively young for an Avatar (or for any person), while Kyoshi herself has been revealed to live until age 230 by the shows creators. Every human is different however and it could be theorized that the Spirit known as Raava -which embodies humans to make them the Avatar- was displaced by Kuruks early death that was uncharacteristic to most Avatars life cycles. It could be that this sudden, early passing of Kuruk triggered Raava into a sort of dormancy that prevented the signs of Kyoshis identity from being known. 

However, as well as these theories could be true it is just as plausible that the blunder of Jianzhu and Kelsang in their rush to discover and name Yun the new Avatar is reason enough as to why Kyoshi was not recognized as the Avatar.

Finally, RoK in itself is a very well written book with everything from fleshed out world building - such as snippets of a world in which the original Air Nation is present and thriving and even subtle foreshadowing to the structure of the world we meet in the Last Airbender that actually becomes the history of that same world. For older fans that can simply not get enough of all the details in this fantasy world that we were introduced to as children, the book offers a tinge of nostalgia and the perspective of a previously mysterious but intriguing past life of Aang.

References:

 Yee, F. C., and Michael Dante DiMartino. Avatar, The Last Airbender: The Rise of Kyoshi (The Kyoshi Novels Book 1). Abrams, 2019.

DiMartino, D. Michael, Konietzko, Brian. (July 2008) Avatar: The Last Airbender. United States of America. Nickelodeon Studios.

DiMartino, D. Michael, Konietzko, Brian. (December 2014) The Legend of Korra. United States of America. Nickelodeon Studios.

[lupine-publishers-lojpcr]

Lupine Publishers | Salisbury, Novichok and the OPCW

https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/

Lupine Publishers | LOJ Pharmacology & Clinical Research 

Abstract

The poisoning of a former russian spy in Salisbury, England, in march 2018, led to the Discovery of several chemical weapons not included in the Chemical Weapons Convention, allegedly developed by the URSS and not declared by Russia. This, in some way, has made diplomatic pressure to modify the lists of chemicals forbbiden or controle by the CWC, with some reluctancia by the russian government and some of their alias. The Organización for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has started actions to include novichok agents in the lists of prohibited agents. This is the story.

Keywords: Novichok; Nerve Agents; Poisons; OPCW; Skripal; Salisbury

The Beggining

In the spring of 2018, Sergei Skripal (former russian spy) and his daughter Yulia, started to feel ill. It was found that they were poisoned with a chemical hard to identify; however, an excellent chemical analysis let the analytical team to say that the chemical(s) employed were some nerve agents that were not included in the control lists establishers in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), however, this compounds are chemical weapons of a new class, never declared by any state party member of the CWC. The scientists arrived at the conclusión that the chemicals employed belong to a group of nerve agents known as Novichok. These chemicals act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, same as VX or Sarin, but more tonics (it is said that eight times as poisonous as VX, and with effects as rapid as 30 seconds [1-4].

According to Al Jazeera, Skripal and his daughter were found unconscious on a bench outside a mall in Salisbury on March 4, 2018, poisoned. Skripal is a former Russian military intelligence officer accused of spying for the United Kingdom. He was imprisoned in 2006, and later was part of an exchange program for Russian citizens accused of espionage in the United States. He was granted asylum in the United Kingdom. It is considered that the poisoning was made through the knob of the main door of his house, since that was the place where the highest concentration of nerve agent was found. The first actions of the british government included that 23 undeclared Russian intelligence officers were expelled from the UK. Before the analysis of the evidence gave a confirmation of the agent employed, a police officer who visited the Skripal’s home was admited in a hospital with symptoms characteristic with a nerve agent poisoning [5]. In the end, these three victims were capable of recovery. Several weeks later some civilians were found with similar medical condition in Amesbury, a town about 11 km from Salisbury. Charlie Rowley found a fake Premier Jour (Nina Ricci) parfume bottle that he recovered and gave to his wife, Dawn Sturges’. They assambled the atomizer and she applied the liquid in her wrists. And so, they were contaminated. The bottle contained not parfume but a nerve agent. This case was tested as terrorism by the british authorities [6]. Dawn went into ICU at Salisbury Hospital and died a week later. Charlie survived and was released from the hospital, but several days later he was admitted again with an acute case of meningitis and blindness, and unable to move his left arm. On March 12 Theresa May declared: “Either this was a direct action of the Russian State towards our country, or the russian government lost control over the substance with the potential for catastrophic destruction and allowed it to fall into the hands of others. On april 2018, scientists from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) confirmed the presence of Novichok in biological sampling from the Skripals as well as from the site of the presumed contamination. On september of the same year, a couple of suspects were identified, two russian citizens members of the russian intelligence body (GRU), that flew from Moscow to London just two days prior to the Skripal poisoning and were in Salisbury for only 30 minutes. They were identified as Alexander Mishkin, and Anatoly Chepiga Both were honored for their actions in Ukraine [7].

International Reacticos

This situation led to a series of diplomatic actions from several countries: USA expelled 60 russians from its territorial, including 12 officials from the Russia UN misión; UK made the same with 34 russian diplomats. Other EU countries expelled 34 diplomats, Ukraine did the same with 13 diplomats, the OTAN expelled 7 and other countries around the world added for 13 more expelled diplomats [8,9]. On its side, Russia retaliated by expelling 23 british diplomats and 60 from USA. And something bizarre: the russian government conducted a Twitter poll to let the russian people determine which USA consulate was to be closed. The winner was the St. Peterburg one.

In The 1970 Decade, the Soviets had a Nerve Agents Development Program Known as Folinate, that Intended to have Chemicals that were:

a) Non detected by conventional detection OTAN instrumentos;

b) Capable of penétrate the soldares’ body, even with full protecting clothes;

c) Safer to preparation, handling and storage.

By the end of the 1990 decade, the russian government was looking that this chemicals or their precursors were not mentioned by the CWC.

What we know and what we don’t:

Most of what we understood as of 2018 of Novichok agents comes from testimony and memoirs of Dr. Vil S. Mirzayanov, the Chief of the Department of Counteraction against Foreign Technical Intelligence at the Russian State Union Scientific Research Institute for Organic Chemistry and Technology (Gonio) [10]. In 1995, The Stimson Center published a document: Chemical weapons disarmament in Russia: Problems and prospects. 1995, The Stimson Center, consisting of several essays written by various specialists in chemical weapons and in Russia. Particularly, Mirzayanov wrote a paper: Dismantling the Soviet/Russian Chemical Weapons Complex: An Insider’s View. This can be read in this paper, Mirzayanov wrote that the soviets in 1978 finished the construction of a large facility for nerve agent’s production, with capacity to make 20,000 tons annually, and that they produced 15,000 tons of a chemical called Substance 33, similar to the nerve agent VX. He mentions a group of chemicals with the names A-230, A-232, and the series of chemicals called Novichok, intended to be handled as binary weapons, in response to the US Big Eye project, to produce Sarin in a binary way [11,12]. These Novichok chemicals (basically Substance 33, A-230 and A-232, as well as others named Novichok-5, Novichok-7 and a no-name Novichok, tested 1988-19989) were never mentioned in bilateral Memorandums of Understanding designed to promote mutual transparency among URSS/Russia and USA about chemical weapons programs.

Jonathan Tucker informed in 2000, that Russia denied any production of Novichok, but also signed an agreement with the Syria government to create a syrian center for chemical weapons defense, under the cover of a Syrian Center of Ecological Protection, and reports that three russian scientists working in that center were involved on the novichok program; Tucker also says that in 1999 a London based arabic newspaper reported that some Syrian missile warheads were loaded with VX and a novel agent called novichok [13]. So, for as long as 24 years the name novichok has been in the chemical weapons universe, but for over 20 of those years it was some kind of urban legend, untill 2018 when it surfaced publicly and with a lot of noise [14]. We now know that it is another chemical that interferes with the metabolism of the neuro transmitter acetylcholine, binding to the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, and that can result in death. And a recent technical report informs that it is much more toxic than VX because novichok (in a theoretical computer simulation) has fewer conformers than VX; while VX shows 6561 conformers, the novichok A-234 shows 486 and A-230 shows only 54, which leads to a faster binding among the neurotoxic agent and the acetylcholinesterase enzyme that governs the metabolic transformation of acetylcholinesterase.

Novichok and the OPCW

In the sixteenth session of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the OPCW, 4-6 April 2011, on the agenda item elevenNovel toxic compounds, two of the points discussed were related to novichok. I will reproduce them completelly, according to the published report. 11.1 The Chairperson introduced the topic of new toxic compounds that are not included in the schedules of chemicals. This has been attracting increasing attention in recent years, particularly among non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Although very little information has appeared in the public domain, there have been claims that a new class of nerve agents, known as “Novichoks”, has been developed. In December 2008, a former defence scientist published a book, which included information on structures reported to be those of the new agents. Some of these structures meet the criteria for Schedule 2 B4 (S2 B4); however, all others are non-scheduled chemicals [15]. The author claimed that the toxicity of certain “Novichok” agents may exceed that of VX. 11.2 In a discussion of the issue, SAB members emphasised that, to date, there has been no confirmation of the author’s claims, nor has any peer review been undertaken in regard to the information on these chemicals in the scientific literature on this subject. The SAB noted that those chemicals containing a phosphorus atom to which is bonded one methyl, ethyl or propyl (normal or iso) group but not further carbon atoms would be declarable as S2 B4 chemicals above a threshold of one tone [11]. The SAB asked the Secretariat if such chemicals had ever been declared. The Secretariat replied that it has no record of any such declarations. With respect to nonscheduled chemicals relevant to “Novichoks”, it was noted that for declarations under the other chemical production facility (OCPF) regime, the name of the chemical is not required, and therefore, the Secretariat would not be able to determine (from declarations received) if there are facilities producing “Novichok” agents that are also non-scheduled chemicals. So, as can be seen, the OPCW had an early information, but the internal procedures stablished by the CWC did not permit the organization to go further. However, the SAB understood that it was a serious danger and started working in two areas intended to prevent the resurgement of the chemical weapons, that is, education and outreach.

Because the Salisbury incident, the OPCW made an investigation and concluded (12 april 2018) that it was a toxic agent the chemical employed against Skripal and his daughter, that the identity of this toxic chemical coincided with the one obtained in UK analysis, and that it was of high purity. The name and stucture of the identified toxic chemical are contained in a classified report of the Technical Secretariat of the OPCW, available only to CWC States Parties. On 2 May 2018, the OPCW Director General made a request for information from States Parties on new types of nerve agents, supported by the 12 april report; in the same date, the Director General made an equal request from the SAB [16]. Later, on 4 september 2018, a report from the OPCW Technical Secretariat the findings were that the analysis of a simple of the small bottle found by Charles Rowley and Dawn Sturgess showed that the simple consisted of the same toxic chemical found in the Skripal’s simple, with a concentration of 97-98%. Once again, the name and chemical structure of the toxic chemicals identified are contained in the full confidential report that the Technocal Secretariat of the OPCW made available to all State Parties. The Russian position was that, since novichok was not listed in the prohibited substances, there was no violation of the CWC.

On october 2018, Russia’s military intelligence service (GRU) was accused of a hacking intent against OPCW headquarters, which led to four russians being expelled from The Netherlands after this alleged cyber strike. This came after UK government accused the GRU of some other cyber-attacks across the whole globe. A proposal made jointly by Canada, The Netherlands and the United States was revised in a OPCW Executive Council and in January of 2019 was adopted by the council, so was informed by Sabine Nolde, Canada’s representative, and confirmed the Dutch foreign ministry. This opened a 90 days period to object or make observations to this adopted proposal. In april of 2019 it was expected that the majority of the OPCW members would vote supporting the addition of novichok in the annex of the CWC forbidding some substances.

Conclusion

This kind of poisoning actions by Russia is not new, just remember the Alexander Litvinenko’s murder. This whole case shows that no matter the compromise of an international agreement to ban weapons of mass destruction, there will always be rogué states or groups of non-state actors willing to produce and use them; so, the OPCW must be fiercely supported by all nations and all people concerned with global peace and understanding.

https://lupinepublishers.com/pharmacology-clinical-research-journal/fulltext/salisbury-novichok-and-the-opcw.ID.000118.php

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[littleharpethcrossfit]

Tuesday, 14 September      Warmup.......Two WODs.

I sincerely hope some of our usual slugs are pre-viewing this workout.   It’s a little out of my ordinary purview.  And yours.  Try to arrive on time for a change, since the WODs will begin about  4 : 15.  

Warmup:

ROW !!!     You get 20 strokes (PULLS ON THE CHAIN) under a 1 minute time cap.  Please POST your CALORIES attained.

Armando/Brendan=26 

Timmy/Nathan/Andy=25

Robert=24

Ed=22

Dyer=20

Paul=18

Herb/Dana=17

Coach=16

Elisa=13

Sue=12

No Posting:     David A/Shannon/and others.

There are 2 WODS planned for your enjoyment.  Although they are listed as #1  and   #2, you are encouraged to do them in either order that pleases you most.

WOD  #1:

There are 6 rounds in this WOD.  Perform a Round of the below EVERY 3 MINUTES ON THE MINUTE.  Your posted score should be the weight you used for your LAST THREE ROUNDS of Back Squats.    

3 Back Squats

Run 200 / Row 250m

Brendan=325     Armando=300     Ed/Andy=255     Timmy=230     Herb=225     Paul/Robert/Nathan=205      Coach=195     Dyer=185     Dana=165     David A=125     Elisa=115     Sue=105     Shannon=75

WOD  #2:

This is somewhat of a FIELD workout.   5 Rounds For Time.

1  Lap of the Field carrying a Bag     (50/35)

1  Lap of the Concrete Strip Pushing a Prowler with Bag   (50/35)

5  Flips of a Tire     (Big Tire For Big Boys / Little Tire For Little Girls)

Armando=9:14     Brendan=10:52     Robert=11:02     Timmy=12:55    Ed=13:55  Sue=14:11     Herb=14:20      Dyer=14:55    Dana=15:15     Paul=16:00     Shannon=16:19     Coach=19:40     Elisa=“Did It”     Nathan/David A=Did it, no posting     Andy=excused early

Notes:

It’s been over a year since we pushed the Prowlers.  The last time we used them marks the closest I ever came to a major law-suit at LHCF.  Thankfully the period of discovery is past with no word from Bart Durham.  Many of you are aware that a neighbor threatened for 5 years to sue LHCF.  We’ve had a death, a heart attack, concussions, contusions, sutures, stitches, ruptured disc’s requiring surgery, and multiple other injuries requiring surgery (many of these surgeries were mine).  Not to mention  multiple episodes of sexual harassment.  But the Prowler injury was the very worst of all these by far.  

A person who will be un-named was pushing a Prowler when he apparently got stung.  It was a single sting.  Not a swarm.  It was on his hand.  Not his face.  No one witnessed this and no one saw the insect.  There was minimal redness and swelling.  There was no difficulty breathing or other symptoms of anaphylaxis.  We put a little ice on it and thought that was the end of it.

The apparent Hymenoptera was not a Bullet Ant, or a Red Velvet Ant (Cow-Killer), or the much-feared Tarantula Hawk Wasp.  It was not the ever present Solitary Earth Digging Cicada-Killer Wasp.  All of these are 3 or 4+ on the Schmidt’s Sting Pain Index scale (SPI).  No. it was most likely a member of the Halictidae family, otherwise known as Sweat Bees. Professor Schmidt puts these at O to 1 on his Pain Scale Index  (SPI).  However, we are aware that pain perception is a subjective matter.      

Days later,  we were informed of an Emergency Room visit and a visit to an Internist.  It seems that steroids and antihistamines were prescribed.  Perhaps even a course of antibiotics.  A litany of complaints were registered by the injured party every time they attended the gym.  No injury was visible.  

Miss Linda and I reviewed our Home-Owners insurance, our Umbrella coverage, and our required CrossFit Risk Management Insurance.  We hoped that our retirement nest-egg was not endangered.

Leaping ahead, we will be using the Prowlers on 14 September.  I have done everything I can think of to ensure that no Hymenoptera are residing on the Prowlers.  They have been moved, pushed, agitated and sprayed.  If you are scared, don’t touch them.  Welcome to outdoor CrossFit.

The 6 preceding paragraphs I should partially blame on my friend Ned.  You know him as the CrossFitting Entomologist who offered to suck the poison from the wasp sting on a lovely female at the gym.  She had sat on the wasp.  She hasn’t returned.  I don’t know whether to blame the wasp or Ned.

Anyway, today was a total mess.  Helter-Skelter.  Everyone was totally messed up and mixed up.  Very few people understood how to maximize the Rowing WOD.  Athletes showed up and started the Back Squat WOD whenever they wanted.  Subsequently, athletes just progressed onward willy-nilly and did the Field WOD whenever.  Athletes who started the Field events last were comforted by a light rain.  

Do you know the word ENTROPY ?  That’s what we experienced.  Yet almost everyone here complimented me on the programming of this chaotic workout.

Thursday at 4 PM.     A wine tasting will follow.  Will you bring a snack, or a bottle of wine ? 

[mikegranich87]

OnlyFans’ policy switch is the latest victory in Big Banking’s war on sex

OnlyFans, the platform that allows creators to sell material directly to customers, will soon implement new restrictions on the publication of adult content. Starting in October, the company will ban the sale of sexually explicit content and depictions of sexual acts. The move does not cover all nudity, but says that specific rules will be outlined in an as-yet unpublished acceptable use policy. In a statement, OnlyFans said that the changes were prompted by “requests” made by its “banking partners and payout providers.” In short, the company’s arm has been twisted by the same big banks that have waged war on online sex work for years.

Big Business

The business can certainly attribute much of its success to enabling sex work and helping sex workers to get paid. Over the last two years, OnlyFans has grown from relative obscurity into a brand that is synonymous with adult content. Earlier this year, it boasted that its creators had earned more than $3 billion, and the platform was name-checked in a Beyoncé remix. It’s believed that the company, which had around 7 million users in 2019, has seen that figure reach closer to 130 million in recent months. And, on June 16th, Bloomberg reported that the site was looking to attract investors in order to raise more funding at a valuation of more than $1 billion.

here's OF full statement. nice of them to throw the transparency report in there. here's that too: https://t.co/xfFrfmX4Wppic.twitter.com/8WqjSGjLUk

— Samantha Cole (@samleecole) August 19, 2021

It is clear, however, that a number of people who both create content for, and use, the site feel that the impending adult content ban is a betrayal. In a statement shared with Engadget, Isaac Hayes III, founder of Fanbase — a social media site that lets users sell their content — summed up the general sentiment rather neatly. Hayes said that the move was “disgraceful,” and that OnlyFans had “made billions off that user base.” He added that dumping sex workers after becoming a household name was “exactly what these platforms do. Discard the users who make it popular once they get what they want.” And in this case, it does seem as if the twin aims of securing more money from investors and retaining access to banking is what prompted the move. It’s a story that we’ve heard several times before.

Deja Vu

The most recent example, and one that we covered extensively at the time, was the cultivation and subsequent dumping of a sex work community on Patreon. Before 2017, the site had passionately and publicly courted sex workers, encouraging them to use its platform. In 2016, it loudly defied PayPal’s longstanding ban on payments to sex workers, allowing users to support content creators through its platform. At the time, Patreon even criticized PayPal’s lack of transparency, saying that its opaque policy “impacts the lives of Adult Content creators.”

This attitude did not, however, last very long. On September 15th, 2017, Patreon raised $60 million from investors, and updated its content policy a month later, seeming to repudiate the sex workers it had previously courted. In subsequent interviews, the updated policy was described as not a big deal, with the company pledging to work with creators to ensure compliance. The general notion was that Patreon would crack down on content that was illegal or otherwise nonconsensual.

A year later, however, and the site would further toughen its rules, saying that any and all adult content — including the famous erotic art project Four Chambers — was no longer permitted. (Four Chambers, the name of a British art-erotica collective led by artist Vex Ashley, was long held as the canary in the Patreon coal mine.) Patreon said that it had stepped up “proactive review of content [...] due to requirements from our payment partners.” In short, the same banks that Patreon had battled so loudly the year before had tied the site in knots, demanding it hunt out any and all content that could be considered adult.

It's worth noting that swerving away from sex work doesn't ensure the future prosperity of a business. In 2019, Patreon CEO Jack Conte told CNBC that its business model was not sustainable, and in April 2021, the Wall Street Journal said the site was still not profitable. Tumblr meanwhile, which under Engadget’s parent company mass-purged adult content from its site in 2018 but left a wide variety of neo Nazi content on its platform, saw its valuation fall from $1.1 billion in 2013 to just $3 million in 2019.

Tangled up in Paperwork

Back in April, MasterCard announced that it would further toughen the reporting requirements around adult content. John Verdeschi, Senior Vice President, wrote that banks using its network would need to “certify that the seller of adult content has effective controls in place to monitor, block and, where necessary, take down all illegal content.” This includes rules requiring platforms to keep a record of the identity of every performer shown, as well as who uploads the content. In addition, all content would need to be reviewed prior to release, and all platforms need to run a beefed-up complaints resolution process to take down illegal or non-consensual material within seven days.

As TechDirt wrote back then, as reasonable as these policies sound, they seem intentionally designed to block all adult content, not just the illegal stuff. As it explains, “the new policy [...] makes it impossible for streaming platforms to comply with the new rules. Since they’re not able to prescreen streamed content, they’re [sic] just going to start blocking anything that seems like it might lead to MasterCard pulling the plug.” Mary Moody tweeted, upon announcement of the policy change, that “OnlyFans, MyFreeCams & more are in danger.” As with Patreon, MasterCard's reporting requirements appear to be such a burden that companies would rather avoid the issue altogether than attempt to comply.

Today MasterCard introduced a policy that will ban much of online sex work, especially live streaming. OnlyFans, MyFreeCams & more are in danger. We need @ACLU@RoKhanna@AOC@ewarren@RonWyden to investigate this financial discrimination immediately.#MasterCensorspic.twitter.com/DUR93QXCXQ

— OF SALE🌈Mary Moody in VICE, NBC, & BBC ✨ (@missmarymoody) April 14, 2021

This isn’t a new story, however, and in 2015 Engadget laid out in detail how banks were systematically withdrawing access for adult content platforms. This isn’t just prohibitions on working with select adult content sites, but a blanket-ban that impacted individuals beyond their life in the sex industry. JPMorgan Chase shut down a number of bank accounts owned by adult performers, and refused banking services to a company that makes condoms. This crackdown had an disproportionate impact on individual accounts held by women and LGBTQ people.

The Right

This crackdown is part of a broader alliance between banks, lawmakers, right-wing pressure groups and religious extremists. As The New Republic explained late last year, these groups have been able to use the cover of sex trafficking to push an anti-porn, anti-sex agenda. The movement’s most successful victory was the passing of FOSTA-SESTA, a US law designed to tackle human trafficking by neutering the safe harbor provisions of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act 1996. Despite contravening the first amendment, the move has not shut down many groups of human traffickers, but has closed safety services created for, and used by, sex workers, and even forced Barnes & Noble to purge its ebook store of erotica.

Naturally, OnlyFans became a clear target of those campaigners both because of its success and because it contradicted their narrative. By enabling individuals to sell their material to consumers without intermediaries, it was allowing people to make a living. You can also argue that sites like OnlyFans have enabled people otherwise excluded from the workforce — this report from Arousability explains that a person with chronic pain who can’t work a 9-to-5 job found that sex work offered them financial independence they couldn’t have found otherwise.

Alternatives

We are drawing together a list of resources for sex workers impacted by the OF ban. If you are a sex worker with experience of online work and you have a bit of time today to add any advice, tips or recommendations to it, please DM us or email mutualaid@swarmcollective.org

— SWARM (@SexWorkHive) August 20, 2021

While creators wait for OnlyFans to detail just what content will be allowed, in its brave new world, many may wish to take their business elsewhere. There are a number of platforms that occupy a similar space in the market, including AVN Stars, FanCentro, Unlockd and AdultNode. Just For Fans, for instance, says that it is a sex worker owned-and-operated platform, and that it will welcome any and all creators that OnlyFans has “abandoned.” Similarly, a number of in-progress projects to build more sex-worker owned and operated platforms are currently underway.

Our statement based on today’s news. pic.twitter.com/3PHKmkQ5qQ

— JustForFans (@JustForFansSite) August 19, 2021

It’s likely that this will be seen as another reason to switch to a blockchain and cryptocurrency-based system as a way of escaping the reach of big banking. There are several, including SpankCoin and Nafty, that offer sex workers the ability to sell content through their systems. And as more major platforms are picked off by a combination of payment processors and regulators, this space is going to grow. 

But there are inherent risks to switching, including currency fluctuations and the risk that a sex work-specific currency can still be excluded from mainstream exchanges. And then there’s the fact that if a platform gets big enough, it gets noticed — and targeted — by anti-sex advocates. Crypto can shore up the finances, but pressure can always be exerted on providers, hosts and platform owners wherever they may be. 

And that often forces creators to leap from platform to platform to keep one jump ahead of the people who want to strip them of their ability to make money. But every time they do so, they risk losing their user bases, and have to expend time and energy to recover the fans that they already had. Either way, until there is better political and corporate leadership who can handle the nuanced situation of online sex work, individuals will often be left with no choice but to keep moving, or sink.

from Mike Granich https://www.engadget.com/onlyfans-big-banks-war-adult-content-174041161.html?src=rss

[covid19updater]

COVID19 Updates: 08/17/2021

RUMINT(Texas):  My kids were exposed to covid and have tested positive. I notified the school and they told me the absences will be unexcused and they will also not be notifying any of the parents. This is so dangerous

New Zealand:  All of New Zealand has been put on lockdown after 1 new case of coronavirus, the first since February 

Nevada:  Henderson elementary transitions to distance learning because of COVID-19 LINK

World:  P681R mutation drives #delta advantage over #alpha #covid19 variant. Collaboration between PY shi lab, @scottweaverutmb @utmbnews @ihii_utmb @UTHealthHouston LINK

India:  Today number of #COVID19 cases in #Kerala shoot up to 21,613 with a high #TPR of 15.48%.

Rwanda:  More than half of the people in the city of Kigali considered to be in the COVID-19 risk group have been vaccinated, paving way for further reopening of activities in the coming months, according to health officials

Japan:  #Japan decides to expand #COVID19 state of emergency to 7 new prefectures: report LINK

Canada:  PPE must guard against airborne transmission of COVID-19, nurses' union demands> "[We] still, after all this time, we have nurses and health professionals out there that have restricted access to the proper PPE LINK

Thailand:  Thailand seeks 12 million Sinovac Covid-19 shots for mix-and-match vaccine strategy #Thailand #news #ThailandNews #ThailandUpdate LINK

World:  Wildfire smoke linked to higher COVID-19 death ratesA new study finds 2020 wildfires may have caused more than 19,000 COVID-19 cases and 700 deaths. LINK

RUMINT (US): Doctor:  We have had at least five fully vaccinated previously healthy people in our ICU with Delta, at least one of whom has died. That’s really making me nervous. It’s still rare & no vaccine is perfect, but what about the next variant? I really hope I’m wrong, but I’m getting scared.

World:  A grim warning from Israel: Vaccination possbly blunts, but does not defeat Delta LINK

UK:  Latest ONS deaths data (to week ending 6 August) has been released. 1,151 more deaths were recorded in-week compared to the 2015-19 year average. That’s 13% higher. Year-to-date there have been 354,283 deaths recorded, which is 8% higher than the 2015-19 average.

US:  NEW: Number of Americans hospitalized with COVID-19 tops 85,000

District of Columbia:  Health workers in DC are now required to be vaccinated against #COVID19 This requirement covers 121,844 licensed, certified, or registered persons. #TakeTheShotDC http://TakeTheShotDC.com

World:  How COVID-19’s origins were obscured, by the East and the West LINK

Florida:  7 fully vaccinated COVID-19 patients die in what doctors say is extremely rare situation LINK

Bahrain:  *BAHRAIN APPROVES SINOPHARM VACCINATION FOR 3-11 AGE GROUP

Japan:  Japan extends its virus emergency as record infections strain the health system

US:  NYT reports Biden administration has decided that most Americans should get a coronavirus booster shot eight months after they completed their initial vaccination, and could begin offering the extra shots as early as mid-September LINK

Tennessee:  UPDATE: Dr. Adrienne Battle, Director of Metro Nashville Public Schools, says she will defy Governor’s order on masking to “further review this order and explore all options.”

Op/Ed: Doctor:  I've heard about clinicians who only believed long COVID is real when either they, or someone they loved developed it. I sometimes wonder how different our responses to the pandemic would be if people just believed the suffering of others, without having to witness it themselves.

Florida:  5K+ Hillsborough Co. students in quarantine/isolation, emergency meeting called for Wednesday LINK

Arkansas:  COVID long-hauler down to 80 pounds, says everything tastes and smells like rancid meat She was once a marathon runner LINK

US:  The US reported 250,000 new cases yesterday. 7-day average now at 140k.

Arizona:  UA expert: Arizona could see 300+ coronavirus deaths a week by end of month LINK

Florida:  BREAKING Florida: HUGE new record: BOTH hospitalizations & ICU occupancy. 16,832 beds occupied. Almost 54% ICU beds occupied by COVID patients.

UK:  In Scotland, temporary emergency powers to impose lockdowns, close schools and release prisoners early could become permanent in the event of future public health threats, according to a new consultation put before the country today

UK:  The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has given emergency authorisation for the use of Moderna’s Covid vaccine among 12- to 17-year-olds in Britain. The JCVI will now consider whether to recommend the use of the jab to the government;

Europe:  Latest EU database figures on Pfizer-BioNTech jab’s safety show (as of July 29), out of 330M  doses given, a total of 244,807 cases of suspected side effects reported to EudraVigilance by EU countries. 4,198 involved a fatal outcome,  “unclear whether  was the cause”;

Australia:  The federal government will deploy five teams of Australian Defence Force personnel to western New South Wales as part of an urgent push to vaccinate vulnerable Indigenous communities, as the region scrambles to get ahead of a Delta outbreak;

Australia:  Sydney’s hospital system is under “enormous pressure” after a (+) Covid case resulted in 80 staff being forced into isolation at St George hospital. NSW Health Minister Brad Hazzard stated. Ambulances carrying coronavirus patients waited for hours outside another facility;

Japan:  The Japanese government and Pfizer have reportedly broadly agreed to a contract supplying an additional 120 million doses of the latter's coronavirusin 2022, as part of efforts to administer "booster" third doses.

New Jersey:  161 fully vaccinated and 119 unvaccinated COVID-19 cases in Hoboken since June, mayor says

US:  American Hospitals Buckle Under Delta, With I.C.U.s Filling Up LINK

New Zealand:  FOUR NEW CASES OF COVID-19 IN NEW ZEALAND, RNZ SAYS

Florida:  Palm Beach County, Florida is to declare state of emergency due to COVID-19

India:  Much lower than expected AstraZeneca vaccine efficacy against #DeltaVariant during India’s surge—only 28% efficacy 2-doses (after 14 days) against symptomatic #COVID19, 67% against moderate/severe, & 76% against needing oxygen. VE drops with runaway surges it seems. @SatwikRuma

Illinois:  CHICAGO TO ANNOUNCE INDOOR MASK MANDATE: CRAIN'S

Iceland:  It looked like #Iceland was getting on top of the outbreak, but a big spike today. New #Covid19 cases rise from 56 last Tuesday to 104 today. The 7 day rate is back over 230/100k

California:  BREAKING: Los Angeles County will now require people to wear masks at outdoor events like concerts & festivals - KABC

World:  Researchers May Have Discovered the Root Cause of Long COVID Syndrome LINK

New Zealand:  NEW Covid outbreak in New Zealand grows to five cases confirmed as Delta variant  VIA

Texas:  Texas Gov. and noted anti-masker Greg Abbott has tested positive for COVID-19. LINK

Texas:  Hours before the announcement that he tested positive, Gov. Abbott posted pictures to his Twitter account of himself sitting with Texas musician Jimmie Vaughan, brother of Stevie Ray Vaughan, and Vaughan’s family. They were not wearing masks.

US:  @TSA extends the Federal mask mandate for people in transit beyond September, 13 to January 18, 2022. The agency says this is “to minimize the spread of COVID-19 on public transportation.”

Texas:  First, Greg Abbott received a third booster dose of the vaccine, something not yet available to the public. Now he’s receiving monoclonal antibody treatment, something the FDA has only authorized for those with “high risk for progression to severe COVID-19.” Must be nice.

Israel:  Dr. Sharon Alroy-Preis (head of public health services at the MoH) voted against vaccinating people under the age of 60: "Israel is going for a massive vaccination without having sufficient safety data..." "We saw more cases of Myocarditis in younger ages"

Florida:  Dangerous move from the DeSantis admin: Florida education officials have voted to punish the Broward County and Alachua County school districts for requiring students to wear masks.

[hymn2000]

Called To Be A Rock - Frostiron feat. Spiderson AU fanfic - C26

Previous chapters: 1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25

Comments/reviews/questions welcome as always

Overall Desc.:  Peter is staying with Tony and Loki one summer while his aunt is away working/travelling.

Chapter Desc.: The first full day of the holiday is underway. In true style, tiredness causes a bit of conflict, but the wonder of a new place is a good distraction 

Ship(s) involved: Tony x Loki aka Frostiron

Verse: Personal AU

Ongoing Warnings/themes/cw mentions: domestic, hurt/comfort, family dynamic, Tony in Dad Mode, holiday stuff

Chapter 26 - The Fairest Sun I’ve Ever Seen

-

Peter knelt up on the back seat of the hire car, pressed up against the window to see as much as possible.

“Peter, put your belt on” Tony said. 

Peter did as he was told, not taking his eyes off the passing view. 

“So, Manchester? What is there in Manchester?” he asked. “Big hotels?”

“We’re not staying in Manchester: it was just the most accessible place to land” Tony told him. “We’ve got a bit of a drive before we get to where we’re staying”

He handed Loki a box of travel pills.

“I took some this morning” Loki said.

“Well, take another one, just to be on the safe side”

Peter peered up at the sky. England. He’d never once considered the possibility that they’d be going to England. It felt so strange. His phone had kicked in to the timezone change. He adjusted his watch to match it. They’d arrived at 7pm, GMT. Five hours ahead of home.

-

Peter went quiet for a while, taking it all in. 

“Either of you two hungry? We’re not really gonna have time to cook when we get to where we’re staying. Might be worth grabbing a bite”

“Ok” Peter nodded, still looking out the window. “What can we get that’s properly English at this time?”

“Kebab” Loki said.

“Kebabs aren’t English”

“They’re part of the culture though”

“Yeah, hangover culture” Tony cut in. “We’ll seek out traditional stuff some other time. Just look out for the golden arches: that’ll do for tonight. That ok with both of you?”

Peter made a vague noise of agreement. Loki didn’t respond. He wasn’t hungry. 

“Loki?” Tony pressed him. “That ok with you?”

Loki shrugged. “I’m not really hungry”

“Oh, don’t start!”

“I’m not starting anything” Loki grumbled. “It’s all the travel: it’s made me feel funny” 

Tony sighed. “Alright, I get it. Still, you’ll need to try to eat something: it’s been a good 10 hours since you had breakfast, and I know you didn’t eat on the flight”

“Well, you know what I like...” he suddenly sat up straight, looking panicked. 

Tony looked at him in the rear view mirror. “You alright there, honey?”

“I left my pig on the jet!”

Tony reached into the bag in the passenger foot well, pulling out Loki’s pig and handing it over.

“For all your attachment to it, you never do a good job of remembering it” 

Loki held the pig against his chest, resting his nose against it’s snout. He could feel himself being watched, and looked over at Peter.

“What? I’m allowed a comfort blanket”

“How long have you had it?”

“Since I moved in with Tony” 

Peter nodded, looking back out the window - and spotted a familiar gleam in the near distance.

“GOLDEN ARCHES!”

Tony jumped slightly, but was in a good mood and laughed it off, simply reaching back and giving Peter a sharp tap on the leg.

“Not so loud next time, kiddo” 

-

They all felt a bit more energised once they’d had something to eat. They were parked up in the customer car park, and once they’d finished eating, Loki got out for a cigarette. Peter got out too, having a little wander and looking at the license plates and the familiar-but-not-familiar building and menus. 

“Don’t you go wandering off” said Tony, who was leaning against the car with a coffee.

Peter went back over to the car. “Is the air different here? Don’t you think it’s different? Or is it just because we’ve been inside for so long?”

“Don’t start another game of twenty questions. Please” Loki sighed, glancing at him. 

“Hey, Mr Loki?”

“What did I just say?”

“Fine, I’ll ask Mr Stark” Peter turned to Tony. “Why is he English?”

Tony raised an eyebrow. “What?”

“Why is he English? Y’know, his accent and the way he speaks and acts and stuff. Why is he English?”

Tony shook his head. “Haven’t the foggiest. He gets their humour better than I do as well”

“You get a lot of it” Loki said, looking off into the distance.

“Yeah, but only because I was basically raised by a couple of English people. You didn’t have any of Earth’s influences, so god knows why you’re so connected to it”

“It’s a mystery, then: just one of those things” Peter concluded.

Loki smiled. A mystery indeed.

-

It was all very exciting until they merged onto the M6.

“230 miles” Loki said, surprising the rest of the car, as he hadn’t said a word since finishing his cigarette a good hour prior. 

“What?”

“The M6. It’s 230 miles long” 

Peter nodded, finally sitting back properly in his seat. “Are we nearly there?”

“Still at least another hour to go, pet. Probably longer, especially if the traffic is bad” Tony answered.

Peter checked his watch. 8.30pm. 

-

Loki and Peter both nodded off. Tony didn’t mind: he quite enjoyed the long roads and the soft sounds of the car breaking the silence. Every so often he’d check on them in the rear view mirror. They were leant against their own doors, Loki with his pig under his head, Peter with his jacket under his, almost perfect mirror images of each other. Tony smiled to himself. He loved his funny little family.

-

Loki and Peter woke up almost simultaneously.

“Hey, you two” Tony said gently. “Not too much longer to go now”

Peter rubbed his eyes. He looked out the front window, but it was dark now, and the headlights only really illuminated the road markings, not the surroundings. He was a bit disappointed: he’d quite fancied watching the sunset. It took him a minute to realise they were no longer on the motorway: it was much quieter, the roads more winding. He grumbled to himself, leaning against the car door and closing his eyes.

“Hey, don’t you go back to sleep just yet” Tony said, reaching back and giving his knee a little shake. 

Peter whined, opening his eyes and slapping Tony’s hand away.

“Peter! Don’t you get like that with me, young man”

“Sorry” Peter was just as surprised as Tony was. “I’m just tired”

“Even so, please try to stay awake a little longer: I won’t carry you inside. I’m not sure Loki would either” he glanced back at them. “Loki?”

Loki still had his head on his pig, and he looked every bit as annoyed as Peter. 

“What? Are you feeling all fed up too?”

Loki grumbled. 

“I know, it’s been a long day” he said. “You’ll both feel better after a good nights sleep”

He wasn’t really feeling the fatigue himself. He had to stop himself from laughing at their grumpiness. Peter was fed up and irritated from the tiredness, and Loki was much the same. He complained silently to himself. What was he doing here? He wanted to be back home, curled up in his bed with the silk covers, a book in one hand and a mug of tea in the other. He didn’t want to be stuck in a car in almost total darkness, far away from the only place he’d ever really thought of as home. He almost wished they hadn’t bothered.

-

Peter fought with himself and managed to stay awake - just. A light went on, and he looked up, blinking a bit, and found that Tony had pulled onto a private drive in front of a large house. He parked up and stopped the engine. 

“Here we are” he said, unplugging his seatbelt. “Come on, let’s get the boot unloaded”

He grabbed his bag from the footwell and climbed out of the car, forcing the other two to do the same. Peter made his way round to the boot, his eyes fixed on the house. He couldn’t really see it properly in the dark. Tony put an arm round his shoulders, giving him a quick squeeze. Peter leant into him, turning and burying his face in his chest for a moment.

“Tired...” 

“I know, kiddo. We won’t bother unpacking tonight, but let’s get all this stuff inside. Then you can go to bed”

-

They unloaded the car, being a bit lazy about it and wandering off to the toilet and for a glass of water between trips back outside. They left most of it in the hallway, while Tony locked up behind them. Loki and Peter were too tired to take in the surroundings properly. 

“Right, it’s a three bed. Do I have to assign rooms, or do you two want to kill each other for the best one?”

They recovered a bit of energy to see the bedrooms and then fight it out on the landing. Loki won. Peter acted annoyed, but he didn’t really mind: all the rooms were good. He got second pick, across the landing from Loki, while Tony took the middle bedroom. 

They took their own cases to their rooms, and the tiredness hit all three of them. Tony gave up on his idea of giving them an itinerary for the next day. Loki was starting to veer off to one side, Peter looked like he might collapse, and they were both visibly fighting to keep their eyes open. Tony pulled them both close for a hug, and they all retired to their own rooms. None bothered with pyjamas or washing: they merely stripped down and crawled into bed, falling asleep mere seconds after their heads hit their pillows.

-

It was light when Peter woke up. He pulled a blanket round himself and crawled out of bed, rubbing his eyes. He went over to the window and pulled back the curtains. All elements of tiredness seemed to disappear, and his mouth fell open. He turned on his heel and ran across the hallway to Loki’s room, pushing the door open and giving Loki a shake.

“Mr Loki! Mr Loki, wake up!” 

“I’m awake, I’m awake! Stop shaking me”

“Sorry” Peter stepped back. 

Loki sat up. He’d found his dressing gown at some point during the night. He pulled it back round himself properly.

“What’s up?”

“You need to look out the window! Look out the window!”

Loki stood up and drew back the curtains.

“Oh wow” 

Peter stood beside him, hands on the windowsill, staring out over the fields and dry stone walls and the mountains in the not-too-far distance. He’d never seen anything like it.

“Beautiful, isn’t it?”

Peter and Loki looked over their shoulders at Tony, who came over and put his arms round them.

“So... where are we?”

“The Lake District. Cumbria” Tony answered. “What do you think, Lolly?”

Loki looked out of the window, at the blue sky and the sheep in the fields. It was so beautiful, so serene...

“It’s wonderful...” 

Tony kissed him on the cheek and gave them both a squeeze. “Get dressed, you two, and then come downstairs for breakfast” 

“Aww, but I’m not finished looking yet!” Peter whined.

“You’ll have time enough for admiring the view. Now, get washed and dressed, come downstairs, have breakfast, and then we’ll head out. We’ve got plans!”

-

Peter didn’t eat much at breakfast, and Tony got a little worried. 

“Are you alright? You’re not feeling ill, are you?” he asked, feeling Peter’s forehead.

“I’m fine, I’m just excited, yknow?”

“You’re a bit warm”

“Leave him alone, darling” Loki said, pulling Tony close for a kiss. “You worry too much”

Tony kissed him firmly. “I’m just checking~”

“So” Loki said, keeping his arms round Tony’s waist. “What’s the plan for today, baby?”

“I thought we’d take it easy today. We need to get some food in, so we’re going to head to a little town where there’s some cool looking artisan shops and a big supermarket. So we can see some stuff and get a food shop. And then there’s somewhere I’d like to take you later on. You’ll have to bring your camera”

“Well, of course. After I’ve spent all that money on an SD card, it’d be a shame to waste it” he kissed Tony on the nose. “Are you going to be my model? You’d make a good model”

“I know. You’d be a better one though”

“Stop flirting and lets go!” Peter whined, grabbing at Loki’s arm. “Let’s go!”

Tony laughed at him. “Not just yet, kiddo. Give us a chance to finish our drinks”

“So where are we going today, huh? Huh, where are we going? Huh? Huh? Huh? Huh? H-”

“Stop the broken record impression and go and get your shoes” Tony said, ruffling his hair. 

“Only if you do the same!” 

He ran to find his shoes anyway. Loki shook his head fondly.

“He’s a funny kid” 

“He’s a good one” Tony kissed him again. “We’d better neck these and get our own shoes on: I have a feeling his patience is going to break”

Loki nodded. “I quite agree” he grabbed his tea and downed the rest of it. “I wish we’d remembered my mug”

“Never mind. Keep an eye out and if you see one you really like, we’ll get it for you. Holiday mug”

“Sounds good to me” he gave Tony one more kiss and released him from the hug. “I’ll go and get my shoes”

“Don’t forget your travel pills”

-

Peter was too interested in taking in the scenery to make proper conversation in the car. He was mostly quiet for a lot of the journey. 

“Llama’s Pyjamas!” he said suddenly. “That B&B is called Llama’s Pyjamas”

“Fabulous, I love it already” Tony said. “Just another ten minutes till we’re there”

“Till we’re where?”

“Penrith” 

“Penrith?”

“Penrith. There’s supposed to be some good shops, and then we’ll go to the supermarket before we head back to the house” Tony said. 

“Ooh, what kinda shops?”

“I don’t know; I’ve never been before. Just don’t be can-I-’aving every two seconds” 

-

They parked up and walked down into the centre of the town. It was a bright, mild day, and all three were in a good mood. Loki and Tony strolled along hand in hand while Peter bounded ten steps ahead, mesmerised by this new town, turning his head this way and that to take in as much as possible. Loki leant his head closer to Tony’s.

“What’s with the pigeon impression?”

“Leave him alone” Tony said, but he grinned.

Peter heard them laughing and glanced back at them momentarily, but went back to admiring the new surroundings. 

-

Loki grabbed Peter by the shoulders.

“Say ‘woah’ one more time, and I will tape your mouth shut”

Tony laughed at him. “Oh, leave him alone: it’s just high spirits” 

“He’s said it at every shop”

“Not every shop” Peter said. “But can you blame me? I mean, look at this place!”

He gestured wildly, and Loki had to grab his wrist so stop him from smacking a passer-by in the face. 

“A bit different from the concrete jungle, eh?” Tony said.

Peter nodded. “Uh-huh. Hey, what’s this?”

“Looks like some sort of shopping arcade. Looks a bit dodgy” 

“Can we go in anyway?”

Tony nodded. “Sure”

-

Tony’s preconception was proved wrong as soon as they saw the prices outside the children’s clothing shop at the entrance. Loki stopped for a while, rubbing his bottom lip and looking at all the clothes outside and those that could be seen through the window.

“What are you looking at baby stuff for?” Peter asked, curling his lip. 

“He likes babies” Tony said quietly, giving Loki’s hand a squeeze. “Let’s move on, honey”

Loki nodded slowly, letting Tony guide him onwards. 

“As if you like babies!” Peter laughed. “Imagine you as-”

“Peter, don’t be insensitive” Tony interrupted him sharply. 

He said it with such severity that Peter immediately shut his mouth. He turned his head away - and spotted something he quite liked. He went over to the shop window, looking at the display of expensive shirts and shoes and jackets and cufflinks. 

“Hey, Mr Loki, Mr Stark, come and look at this!” 

They went over to him, looking into the shop window. 

“Ooh wow. These are much nicer than that shop we passed earlier” Tony said. “Let’s have a little look in, shall we?”

Loki was all too happy with that. Peter followed them in, although he felt a little out of place. The men in the shop were dressed in the same finery they were selling, and greeted them when they walked in, but let them browse uninterrupted. Peter stuck by Tony’s side, looking at shirts and jackets with him while Loki looked at tie and cufflink sets on the other side. The shop seemed terribly crowded, Peter thought, with it’s vast collection of tweed and wool and whatever else, all with price tags enough to make the average person wince. 

Peter lost interest quite quickly. He saw Loki talking quietly to the man by the till, but chose not to say anything to Tony. He kept his eyes on him, but he couldn’t see what he was buying, and whatever it was was quickly put into his shoulder bag, so there was no way to sneak a peak either. 

-

The rest of the small shopping arcade wasn’t so exciting, so they u-turned and headed back out onto the main street, soon stumbling across a delicatessen.

“Woah, this looks fancy!” Peter said, looking up at the sign. “James and John Graham...”

“Established 1793″ Tony said. “Looks traditional”

“Are we gonna stand here all day or are we going to have a look?” Loki asked, smiling at Tony. 

Tony gestured. “After you, my dear”

Peter and Tony were visibly more impressed than Loki. They spent a long time looking at everything, with Peter periodically grabbing something else to show Loki.

“Hey, hey, look at this!” Peter said for at least the twentieth time. “Chinese gunpowder tea”

“Oh, weird” Loki said. “I think I’ll stick with what I’ve got. Here, what do you think of this?”

He showed Peter a little bottle of Kendal Mint Cake Liqueur. 

“Looks pretty! Woah, it’s so bright! You should get it” Peter said, grinning. “What’s Kendal Mint Cake?”

“Uuh. It’s basically just mint flavoured sugar” Loki said. “It’s supposed to be good if you go walking”

“Oh. Oh wait, I should’ve got my walking stuff out today!”

“Same, but I don’t suppose it matters too much: we’ll have plenty of time. Tony said we’re on holiday for three weeks” 

"Yeah... Sounds like hard work, all those mountains" 

"I think I'll stay on the ground if he suggests Helvellyn or Scarfell Pike" Loki said. "I'm not so resilient as I used to be: I prefer taking it easy" 

"I'm not sure I fancy the idea of dragging myself up a mountain every day either" Peter said. "Although I bet the views at the top are pretty cool" 

"Yes, but they're just as good from down here" 

"We've only seen a little bit though. I'm looking forward to seeing more" Peter said. "Hey, I know Mr Stark said not to be can-I-’aving, but there's some good looking biscuits in here..." 

Loki smiled at him. "We'll say they're to share. Go and choose some: my treat. Go and grab yourself a drink too" 

"Woah, really? Thank you!" 

He went to choose a couple of boxes while Loki decided on a couple more mini bottles and a selection of Kendal Mint Cake, partly for Peter's sake. Peter came back over, and was distracted by the chocolates and cheeses displayed on the middle counter. 

"Woah, can we get some of this stuff?" 

"I think you've got enough treats for now. Let's go and pay for these" 

- 

Tony said they could explore Penrith further at a later date. They made their way back up to the supermarket. As they were getting near, Peter noticed something he'd somehow missed the first time round. 

"Antique centre! Hey, Mr Loki, let's have a look!" 

"Not right now" 

"Aww, please" he clung to Loki's arm. "Please please please please please please please-" 

"Shut up! Tony, make him stop!" 

Tony laughed at them, and put a hand on Peter's shoulder. "Ok, kiddo, if you're quiet, we'll have a little look. It's not like we're in a rush" 

Peter stopped chanting and grinned triumphantly. Loki grabbed him firmly by the wrist before he could go running off. Peter looked at him, brow furrowed. 

"What are you doing?" 

"I'm not paying for your mistakes if you go barging in there like a little elephant and break some priceless antique" 

Tony laughed at him. "Leave the kid alone! He's not going to break anything"

"What makes you so sure?" 

Tony detached Loki's hand from Peter's wrist. "He'll be careful. Won't you, Pete?" 

Peter nodded. 

"See? Come on. Might find something interesting" 

They entered the courtyard, and Tony was immediately distracted by the old vehicles and mechanic equipment outside, and wandered over for a proper look. Loki followed Peter in through the main entrance. It was strange and cluttered like every antique centre, but seemed to be sectioned into little 'rooms' within the warehouse-type building. Peter could feel Loki keeping a close eye on him, so initially he made a great show of keeping his hands behind his back. This didn't last long. He picked up a small faded plastic box of old photo slides, taking a few out to have a proper look. 

"Woah, hey, Mr Loki, look at these" he showed Loki a few of the slides. "Looks like someone's old holiday photos. I wonder how they ended up here" 

"Probably a death with next of kin that didn't really care" Loki guessed. "They're interesting though, aren't they? There's another box there" 

Peter set the first box down and had a look through the other one. He couldn't tell if they were the same people as the pictures in the first one. 

"These are so cool. I kinda want them" 

"What would you do with them? They'd just end up sat on a cabinet or at the bottom of a cupboard collecting dust" Loki said. "They're only worth buying if you work in a museum" 

"I guess you're right" Peter set the box down carefully. "Do you like antiques?"

Loki shrugged. "I like some antiques. But as you've already seen, the most antiqued things in my home are the inhabitants" 

"Do you want more antiques?" 

"I don't know. Maybe. I suppose I have always liked old tea sets. I'd love a proper full royal Albert tea set" he sounded wistful. 

"How much are they?" 

"It depends where you look, since there’s lots of knock-offs, and they’re not all antique: they're still in production, I'm pretty sure. Usually around the 250 mark for a proper set" 

"Ouch" his idea of tracking one down and surprising him with it went out the window. "That's expensive" 

"I know" Loki said mournfully. 

Peter frowned. "Why are you always so funny about spending money? You wouldn't buy one of those Zippo lighters you told me about, you won't buy yourself the tea set. I mean, it's not like you can't afford it. It'd barely make a dent in Mr Stark's fortune. I mean, I've looked it up, and a million seconds is about 11 days, and a billion seconds is about 31 years. That's an insane amount of money. You should treat yourself if you've got the means to" 

"Tony earnt that money" 

"Well, yeah, but he gives you money, doesn't he?" 

Loki nodded slowly. "Yes, he gives me money..." 

"Why don't you use it then?" 

"I do use it. Some of it. Just because I'm not blowing thousands on diamonds and speedboats, doesn't mean I don't spend any money" 

"Well, what do you spend your money on? Aside from cigarettes" 

"Whatever I need" Loki said simply. 

"That's not very specific"  

"It's also none of your business. Stop being so nosey" 

"How can I? It's in my name" 

Loki gave his nose a tweak. "Stop. Don't you remember what happened to Mr Nosey?" 

Peter looked at him, rubbing his sore nose. "You like the Mr Men as well? Oh my god. What Mr Man are you?" 

"Depends who you ask" 

"What about Mr Stark?" 

"He's a mix between Mr Funny, Mr Clever, and Mr Brave" Loki answered. 

"Cute. What about me?" 

"Mr Nosey, obviously. I've already said that" 

"Ok, ok. So back on the subject of money-" 

"One more financial question, and I will smack the nose clean off your face"

Peter huffed. "Fine. I'm going to find Mr Stark" 

- 

Peter found Tony in the back warehouse, deep in conversation with a member of staff. He approached cautiously, not wanting to interrupt, but Tony seemed pleased to see him.

"Ah, here he is" he held an arm out to Peter. "He's a bit of a whizz at this too. Still finding his feet, still a bit more on the sciencey side, but a pretty clever kid" 

Peter soon got drawn deep into the conversation too. He quite enjoyed it, having Tony show off about him and have a proper chat about it. The man showed him all sorts of things that he wasn't quite familiar with, so it was an interesting talk all round. 

- 

Eventually they were forced to tear themselves away and continue up the street to the supermarket. Peter felt that Loki might be upset with him, so he stayed close to Tony and talked to him instead. 

"Have you had a think about what meals you want?" Tony asked. "I don't want to be eating out three times a day, really" 

"Oh, I don't really mind" Peter shrugged. "You choose. But I do wanna try a bunch of English stuff. Can I borrow your phone? What are some traditional home cooked English dishes?" 

Tony laughed and handed him his phone. "Knock yourself out" 

It took Peter a matter of seconds to find a Wikipedia page listing some meals.

"Ok, some of these sound gross" Peter said, wrinkling his nose at the thought of jellied eels and liver. "But some of it looks good. Aww, pasties! We passed that bakery earlier: you should've let me stop" He pouted, scrolling through the list. "Hey, Mr Loki, help me choose" 

"Why?" he said, taking the phone from him. "Look, if you want to eat what they eat here, look at what they have in the shops and on cafe and pub menus, not this list. No one eats half this stuff anymore" 

"How would you know? Maybe everyone here still puts fish heads poking out of their pies" 

Loki gave him an exasperated look, and turned to Tony with a pained one.

"Please say this supermarket has a cafe" 

"Well, we'll see in a minute" Tony said as they approached the entrance. "Oh, yeah, they have. Do you wanna sit and have a drink while we do the shopping?"

"Yes. Your son is starting to do my head in" 

"Well you've been doing my head in all morning!" Peter snapped back, pouting and folding his arms over his chest. 

"Stop bickering" Tony said. "You can go and have a sit down for a while while we sort this, ok darling?" 

"Thank you. Come and get me when you're done" 

Loki was glad to be shot of them. 

Tony shook his head and turned to Peter. "I think we'll need more than a basket"

"Yeah, ok" Peter looked round, soon spotting the trolleys. "I'll grab one of those"

-

"Don't you think it's weird?" 

"What?" 

"This. Yknow, this is just normal and boring for everyone else here. But it's all new and different and exciting for us" Peter said. 

"Always good to try something new. I think we should get Loki a little treat: he seems pretty fed up" 

"Aww just leave him" Peter said bitterly. "It's not our fault he's a spoilsport sourpuss" 

Tony raised an eyebrow. "Have you two had a falling out?" 

Peter ignored him, pretending to look at the pick and mix breads. He was starting to feel pretty fed up too. Tony ruffled his hair. 

"How do you like these?" 

Peter turned to the fridge Tony was surveying.

"Oh woah, these look cool! Can we get some?" 

"Sure. 2 for £2. I'd get a bit of a selection if I were you" 

Peter spent a while looking at all the different options, finally going for choux buns, fresh cream éclairs, and fresh cream donuts. 

"Good selection. You get first pick when we're back at the house, ok?" 

"OK!" Peter grinned. 

Tony smiled. "There, that's cheered you up" 

Peter stuck his tongue out at him.

- 

Tony enjoyed looking round a new supermarket just as much as Peter did, but he tried not to let it show. He did, however, give in to Peter's clamouring for this, that and everything, and ended up with a trolley which was quite a bit fuller than he'd anticipated. 

"Wait, wait! Mr Stark! They've got Kinder eggs! I've always wanted to try these!"

Tony sighed a little, if only for show.. "Ok, put them in the trolley" 

"How many? Can I get five? I want five" 

Tony laughed at him. "Sure. Here, you're starting to bankrupt me a bit here: we'd better go and pay" 

Peter nodded without protest. Their shop had put him in a good mood.

- 

Loki was in a better mood too when they met up with him, although he raised an eyebrow when he saw the trolley. 

"You know, I'll be honest: I didn't expect you to buy enough food to feed a small country" 

"Couldn't resist" Tony grinned. "And I'll be honest; it's mainly treats for the kid"

Loki nodded. "I've got something for him too" 

Peter took the envelope Loki offered him. 

"What's this?" 

"Why don't you open it and find out?" 

Peter did so, and was surprised at what he found: a bundle of twenty pound notes, totalling two hundred pounds. 

"Woah! Thank you!" he was admittedly quite amazed by the generosity. 

Loki smiled slightly. "Holiday money. This way you don't have to ask every time you see something you want" 

"Wow... Are you sure this is ok? It’s a lot of money" 

"Positive" 

Tony gave Peter a nudge. "Put it away and help get these bags into the boot"

Peter shoved the envelope in his pocket and did as he was asked. £200! He felt like he could go crazy, have a proper shopping spree. He'd be able to buy anything, and he'd be able to get May a really good holiday present too, not to mention Ned. This was amazing. He really was getting spoilt.

-

Peter cuddled up against Loki in the car on the way back to the holiday home. 

“Sorry for being all insensitive with you earlier”

Loki nodded, giving him a hug. “Thanks. Sorry I got snappy with you”

Tony watched them in his rear-view mirror. He couldn’t help minding that they were so hot and cold with each other sometimes.

-

Peter made himself useful and helped unload the shopping. Tony was right: a lot of it was treats for Peter, so much so that Tony assigned him his own cupboard to keep his things separate from the communal food. 

“You should probably start policing all those snacks” Loki said, rearranging the bottles in the fridge. “I love a binge as much as the next person, but he’s going to make himself sick if you let him have free reign of all that”

“I am here, you know” Peter said. 

“He’ll be fine” Tony said. “He’s not going to make himself sick”

Loki wasn’t convinced. “Ok, well when he is - and I say when with conviction here - it’s gonna be you staying up with him”

“I’m not gonna make myself sick!”

“I’m getting sick of this topic of conversation” Tony said. “What do you want for lunch?”

“Did you buy any Philadelphia?”

“Yes”

“Yeah”

Peter quirked an eyebrow, but Loki paid him no mind and headed out into the living room to have a look at the shelf of DVDs.

“Peter? How about you?”

“Yeah...”

He followed Loki. Tony sighed heavily. ‘He’ll get what he’s given then’ he thought.

-

Peter went and stood beside Loki, peering at the DVDs.

“You wanna watch a film while we have lunch?”

Loki nodded slowly. “Maybe. They’ve got quite a lot here”

“What are you thinking?”

Loki shrugged. “I’m not sure. You know my DVDs, the ones my brother got me? They’ve got some of those”

Peter looked over the DVDs. “Ooh, they’ve got Coraline! Have you ever seen it? It’s creepy, but I think you’d like it”

“I don’t think so” he took the box down from the shelf, reading the summary on the back. “May as well give this one a go”

“Ok, good!” Peter took the DVD from him and knelt down to work out the DVD player.

“Oh, are you two watching a film then?” Tony asked, coming into the room and setting a couple of plates down on a nearby coffee table.

“Thought it’d be a good thing to do” Loki said.

“I’ll leave you to it. I’m gonna eat outside, just to make a change” Tony said. “Have you got your cigs on you?”

“Yeah?”

“Mind if I pinch one?”

“Since when did you smoke?” Peter frowned.

“I fancy one sometimes” Tony said.

Loki handed him his cigarettes and lighter.

“Thanks hun. I’ll join you in a bit” 

Loki took one of the plates and took a seat on the sofa. Peter got the DVD set up, grabbed the remote and the other plate, and flopped down on the sofa with Loki.

“Uhh, do you know what’s in this?”

“Philadelphia” Loki said, glancing at his identical plate. “Same as me” 

“Huh, ok” he pressed play on the remote. “You’ll like this one” 

“Best be quiet now, then”

-

Something about the opening and it’s soundtrack set Loki on edge. He’d grown to like stop-motion, and the style of this was something different, so he found it quite interesting, if a little unsettling.

The soundtrack invoked something in him. He finished eating and put his plate aside, glued to the screen. He could see why Peter had guessed he’d like it. He barely even noticed when Tony later came and joined them. He couldn’t quite figure out his emotions while watching. He couldn’t help but relate to it - it felt familiar: the neglect, the manipulation, the strange tunnel, the need to run away and escape, the way something seemingly so good turned so bad so quickly, the solidarity found in the most unlikely places... There was something so lonely about it. He loved the cinematography though. It was so unique in style, and the colour themes were so important to the story: the way the characters lived in colour in a grey world in the real house, and how they lived in grey in a colourful world in the Other Mother’s house. The atmospheric change between the two settings felt drastic. There was always something mildly unsettling about the other world, even before it all went wrong. Maybe it was the buttons. Eyes hold so much feeling: take them away, and there’s no real emotion..

-

“Well, that was suitably disturbing” Tony said, standing up as the credits rolled. “Even more so than the first time I saw it” 

He went to turn the DVD off, and Peter shifted closer to Loki, kneeling beside him.

“So what did you think, huh? You liked it, right? Right?”

Loki slowly turned his head to look at the boy. “That was wild”

Peter laughed at him. “It’s great, don’t you think?”

“I think” Tony said, putting the DVD back on the shelf. “That I read something somewhere that said that it’s something that scares adults, but kids see as an adventure”

“I’d say that’s about right” Loki said, resting his head in his hand. 

“Right, are you two gonna get your shoes on?”

Peter looked up. “Why?” 

“There’s somewhere I want to take you. I said that this morning”

“Oh! Ok!” he sprang up from the sofa and ran to the corridor to find his shoes.

Tony sat down beside Loki and gave him a hug. “Bring your camera”

Loki pulled away from him and went upstairs to find the bridge camera he’d found in the cupboard at home. He hadn’t really used it yet. He double checked the SD card, made sure he had spare batteries, and slung the camera case over his shoulder. 

-

Tony parked up. The car park was small, just a patch of gravel really, and empty. Peter couldn’t help feeling sceptical about it, but got out the car without saying anything. Loki adjusted the camera case, looking at the National Trust sign.

“Aira Force...” he read.

“Thought we’d be better coming off-peak. Apparently it gets pretty busy here” Tony said, linking arms with Loki. “Watch your step; ground might be rough”

“Oh, I don’t think I need to worry~” Loki said, kissing Tony on the cheek. 

Peter rolled his eyes at them and made for the dirt steps down from the car park. It was uneven ground, and it took a bit of concentration to navigate. The dirt track was surrounded by trees, just like any old forest. Still, as he continued round, the sound of running water hit his ears, and he stopped for a moment. He shook his head slightly, carried on a little further, and found himself face to face with a cascade of water, tearing down rough rocky edges.

“Woah!” he leant against the wooden safety barrier, looking down into the pool below. “Woah..!”

He heard the whir and click of a camera, and looked over his shoulder. He grinned.

“Look at this! You gotta come and look!”

Tony smiled. “This is just a tiny part of it. It gets even better from here on out”

*

[bestcoffeespan]

COFFEE-THE HEALTH EFFECTS AND BENEFITS OF DRINKING COFFEE

OVERVIEW

Coffee is one among the foremost consumed beverages within the world. in additional than 70 countries people cultivate coffee, there are two main countries producing coffee within the world. they're Brazil and Colombia. The climate of Canada doesn't allow the cultivation of coffee. But there's tons of processing of imported beans. we all know that Canadians drink over 15 billion cups of coffee per annum . the typical coffee consumer drinks three cups each day . Contrary to popular belief, coffee contains vitamins and minerals also as antioxidant compounds.

Contents hide

Overview

Effects of coffee on health

Liver disease

Sports performance.

The fiber in coffee?

What about the nutritional value of those coffees?

Coffee and caffeine: groups in danger

Coffee over time

When did coffee start as a drink?

Decaffeinated coffee

Flavored coffees.

ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AND PROPERTIES

 BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

Coffee contains quite a dozen bioactive compounds. Most of them are formed during the method of roasting (roasting) the bean. we will find three of them therein great concentration. and that they are important from a physiological point of view. These are caffeine, diterpene alcohols, and phenolic compounds known for his or her antioxidant effects.

CAFFEINE.

This compound is far and away the simplest characterized thus far in coffee. within the us , they estimate that 75% of the caffeine consumed comes from coffee. Canadian researchers have estimated this quantity at 60%. the remainder comes from tea, chocolate, energy drinks, etc.

The caffeine content in coffee varies counting on the sort of beans, the roasting method, and therefore the method of brewing it (for more details, see our Caffeine sheet). we all know caffeine primarily for its stimulant effects.

In healthy adults, alittle amount can increase alertness and concentration. On other hand, however, it can cause unwanted biological effects like insomnia, headaches, irritability, and nervousness.

According to Health Canada, in adults, caffeine consumed carefully (three cups of it per day). It doesn't cause adverse effects, particularly about behavior (anxiety, attention span), cardiovascular health, or cancer.

 DITERPENE ALCOHOLS.

The coffee berry contains a natural and a big amount of diterpene alcohols, the cafestol and kahweol. These compounds, present within the oils of its beans, are released on contact with predicament . They increase cholesterol levels.

Depending on the tactic of preparation, it'll contain more or fewer diterpenes. for instance , boiled coffee contains 1.2 mg to 18 mg of cafestol and kahweol per 100 ml while espresso coffee contains 0.2 mg to 4.5 mg.

Filter it, on the opposite hand, contains hardly any (from 0 mg to 0.1 mg).

 ANTIOXIDANTS.

This drink contains several antioxidant compounds. Given the frequency of its consumption, it can make a crucial contribution to the antioxidant capacity of the diet. during this regard, a Norwegian study shows that it's the food item within the diet. It contributes the foremost to total antioxidant intake during this population.

A study has shown it. The antioxidant capacity of plasma increases significantly following the ingestion of one cup of filter coffee (200 ml). this means that it might probably exert its preventive effect on certain diseases because of its antioxidant power.

Among the antioxidant compounds in coffee are phenolic compounds, including some volatile substances produced during roasting. People attribute these volatile substances to the characteristic its smell.

To Read : Best coffee maker under 100

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS.

Coffee contains high amounts of phenolic acids, including caffeic and chlorogenic acids. A 7 oz (approx. 200 ml) cup of coffee provides 70 mg to 350 mg of phenolic acid.

For comparison, blueberries, cherries, plums, apples, and kiwi are the fruits richest in phenolic acids of an equivalent family it. They contain 10 mg to 230 mg per serving of 100 g to 200 g.

Several researchers believe that caffeic and chlorogenic acids are largely liable for the antioxidant its effect.

Coffee contains appreciable amounts of lignans, phenolic compounds that are quite common in plants. Lignans are converted into enterolignans by intestinal bacteria then enter the bloodstream.

Lignans act as antioxidants. and that they believe to be associated, in humans, with a reduced risk of disorder and certain cancers.

 EFFECTS OF COFFEE ON HEALTH

DISCOVER OUR COFFEE RECIPE WITH OATS AND ALMOND MILK.

We know most of the info on the link between coffee consumption and reduction in chronic disease coming from epidemiological studies.

According to some researchers, they ought to interpret these results with caution, as they'll involve methodological biases. for instance , the thanks to calculate the quantity of coffee and caffeine consumed daily. So it can vary greatly from one study to a different . it's various within the size of a cup, the duration of brewing, the sort of beans used, etc.

Besides, certain “confounding” factors like alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking, often related to heavy coffee consumption. we will not always evaluate them well.

It should be borne in mind that it's just one of the danger modulators of certain diseases. Despite certain benefits related to its consumption. So it remains prudent, during a public health context, to recommend moderation.

HOW MUCH doesn't COFFEE EFFECT ON HEALTH?

This means, in additional concrete terms, consuming three cups of coffee per day or 400 mg to 450 mg of caffeine daily. consistent with Health Canada, this quantity doesn't represent a danger to human health.

The majority of the epidemiological studies published so far indicate that it, consumed in large quantities, would scale back the danger of affected by type 2 diabetes.

A meta-analysis identified data from nine prospective studies grouping together on the brink of 200,000 participants. It shows that consumption of six cups of coffee each day and reduced by 35% the danger of type 2 diabetes, compared to but two cups each day . Consuming four to 6 cups reduces the danger by 28%. 

TYPE 2 DIABETES

Besides, a recent review of the literature including a meta-analysis showed. They inform us of the danger of type 2 reducing to a maximum of protection at 6 cups of coffee per day.

It is impossible , from the info from this sort of study, to suggest a mechanism of action, nor to determine a cause and effect link. However, it's been speculated that the chlorogenic acid present in coffee could interfere with the action of an enzyme whose function is to release glucose into the blood.

Chlorogenic acid can also decrease the absorption of glucose from the intestine by blocking its transport to the membrane of the intestine. As for caffeine, it might not be liable for the beneficial effect since decaf also lowers the danger of type 2 diabetes.

They rather divided the clinical studies on the effect produced by its consumption on some indicators of diabetes. this is often what the authors of a review published during a 2006 report.

Thus, some data show that it improves the sensitivity of cells to insulin and glucose metabolism following a meal or a sugary drink. Rather, other data indicate that coffee consumption doesn't affect fasting glucose or insulin levels and even on markers of insulin sensitivity.

We know most of those studies done over a brief period (i.e. one day). Only controlled and randomized clinical studies, administered over longer periods, will establish the link between coffee consumption and sort 2 diabetes.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

 The effect of coffee consumption on the danger of disorder has been the topic of an outsized number of studies over the past 40 years, but the topic remains controversial. it's still difficult to determine clearly whether coffee is harmful or beneficial for heart health.

Coffee contains a mess of chemical compounds whose effects are often the other . Studies seem to point out that the presence or absence of a protective effect could depend upon the quantity consumed.

Besides, the tactic of preparing the coffee (filtered or boiled) would influence the cardiovascular risk 1. The results of a meta-analysis of 14 studies show that boiled coffee, compared to filtered coffee, increases total cholesterol and LDL (“bad” cholesterol) levels.

This increase is more significant in people with already high cholesterol. The boiled coffee contains high amounts of cafestol and kahweol. They think these two compounds to be liable for the rise in cholesterol within the blood.

The use of paper during the preparation of coffee makes it possible to significantly reduce its concentrations since the filter captures the bulk of cafestol and kahweol.

HOW CAN COFFEE WITH ANTIOXIDANTS REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE?

Coffee contains antioxidants and other substances. We believe them to assist reduce the danger of disorder in people that consume moderate filter coffee. a minimum of that's what the authors of a review published in 2007 report 21. A recent meta-analysis administered in 2014 once more demonstrated moderate coffee consumption (3 to five cups per day). We inversely related to cardiovascular risk 58. it's mainly the polyphenols in coffee that have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular health 1.

Caffeine, meanwhile, wouldn't bring any benefit during this regard. it might even have deleterious effects, consistent with some researchers.

CAFFEINE IN INCREASING CARDIOVASCULAR RISK.

A recent study has demonstrated the main role of caffeine in increasing cardiovascular risk. Caffeine is additionally related to a rise in vital sign , a cardiovascular risk factor.

However, the consumption of coffee (which doesn't contain only caffeine) wouldn't have a negative impact, probably due to the protective effect of its other compounds 23, 24.

In conclusion, it seems increasingly clear that enormous consumption of unfiltered coffee (more than six cups a day) is bad for the guts . However, moderate consumption of coffee, mainly filter coffee, could lead on to some benefits.

This would flow from , among other things, to the presence of antioxidant compounds like polyphenols. These would counteract the harmful effects of caffeine and compounds present in coffee oil (cafestol and kahweol) 1.

CANCER

 According to epidemiological data, they linked coffee consumption to a discount within the risk of certain sorts of cancer, including carcinoma , colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer.

Data on carcinoma show that, in premenopausal women, drinking four or more cups of coffee per day decreases the danger of developing this sort of cancer by 40% 25. during this study, however, they are doing not demonstrate an equivalent association in postmenopausal women or women consuming but four cups of coffee per day.

A genetic study published in 2006 shows that ladies with one among the 2 genetic mutations that predispose to carcinoma and who consume six or more cups of coffee per day have significantly less risk of developing carcinoma than those that don't consume coffee.

EFFECT ON carcinoma

On the opposite hand, a recent meta-analysis examining the connection between coffee consumption and therefore the risk of carcinoma showed no link except in women with non-hormone-dependent carcinoma where coffee consumption decreased the danger of carcinoma .

Regarding the connection between coffee and therefore the risk of colorectal cancer, the authors of a meta-analysis 27 mention that the info seem to point that drinking coffee decreases this risk. They warn, however, that the shortage of consensus between the varied epidemiological studies doesn't allow such a link to be established with certainty.

Finally, a recent meta-analysis published in 2013 showed that coffee consumption was inversely associated with the danger of endometrial carcinoma 60.

LIVER DISEASE

 Several studies show that coffee consumption is related to a reduced risk of liver damage, particularly cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis. consistent with some authors, this effect is due to caffeine. Others associate the protective effect of coffee with its content in phenolic acids, antioxidant compounds that are thought to act together with caffeine.

A large prospective study, administered on a cohort of quite 125,000 subjects, shows that the danger of affected by alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis is inversely linked to coffee consumption.

Heavy coffee drinkers (four cups and more per day) would be more protected than light drinkers (three cups and fewer per day).

In this study, coffee consumption was also linked to a lower prevalence of elevated liver enzymes (markers of liver damage) within the blood. during a previous study, an equivalent authors had shown a reduced risk of mortality from hepatic cirrhosis in coffee drinkers. the danger was reduced by 22% per cup of coffee consumed per day.

Data from a US national survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, has linked high coffee consumption (more than two cups per day) to a lower risk of chronic disease in those in danger .

LIVER PROBLEMS.

Finally, the results of a meta-analysis of nine studies published between 2002 and 2007 show that coffee consumption (an increase of two cups per day) is related to a 43% reduction within the risk of cancer of the liver .

It is important to say that these are epidemiological studies which no mechanism of action might be discovered in these studies, which limits the interpretation of the results.

Besides, albeit the coffee was protective on the liver, the simplest approach to scale back the danger of alcohol-type liver cirrhosis is to scale back alcohol consumption. 

GALLSTONES

 Coffee acts on several processes involved within the formation of lithiasis or gallstones (commonly called “stones”). Epidemiological data show that coffee and caffeine have protective effects against the formation of gallstones, but these results aren't unanimous within the scientific community.

While some authors reported that prime consumption of coffee reduces the danger of gallstones, others rather observe an increased risk with high consumption.

A prospective study administered on a cohort of nearly 81,000 women followed for 20 years demonstrated that the consumption of 4 or more cups of coffee per day is related to a 25% reduction within the risk of cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder). biliary).

In this study, a decreased risk of cholecystectomy was also observed with the consumption of caffeine, but not with the consumption of decaf .

CAFFEINE RISK

A prospective study administered in additional than 46,000 men shows a big decrease within the risk of gallstones in those that consume four or more cups of coffee per day.

This protective role of coffee, however, has not been observed altogether studies. Thus, research administered in Japanese men shows approximately twice the prevalence of gallbladder disorders in heavy users of coffee (more than five cups per day) or caffeine (more than 300 mg per day), compared to those that consume but 100 mg per day 38.

Data from a study within the us from 1988 to 1994 in nearly 14,000 subjects show that the prevalence of gallbladder disorders isn't related to coffee consumption, the maximum amount in humans than women 39.

Several factors, both genetic and environmental, are often related to the formation of gallstones. The role of coffee or caffeine should be further analyzed to raised assess its importance within the incidence of this ill health .

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

 Most large epidemiological studies show that coffee consumption is related to a reduced risk of Parkinson’s disease, particularly in humans 13. The results of a serious meta-analysis point within the same direction.

Recently, researchers analyzed data from approximately 6,700 subjects who participated during a prospective study and whose follow-up spanned 22 years.

They found that consuming ten or more cups of coffee per day reduced the danger of Parkinson’s disease by 74%. The decrease was 38% among people that consumed four to nine cups of coffee per day, compared to those that didn't . This association was even stronger in obese people.

A recent review of the literature administered in 2013 showed that coffee consumption reduced the danger of Parkinson’s disease. This effect was greatest at 3 cups per day.

It appears that both genetic and environmental factors are related to the onset of Parkinson’s disease. Oxidative stress might be one among the mechanisms involved within the evolution of the disease. Coffee, because of its antioxidant content, would offer some protection.

GOUT

 Consumption of normal coffee and decaf is assumed to be related to a decrease within the incidence of gout. Gout is that the commonest sort of inflammatory arthritis in adult men.

It is characterized by increased concentrations of acid within the blood and manifests itself in acute inflammatory attacks, often within the great toe . A recent prospective study, conducted over 12 years in additional than 45,000 North American men, shows that increasing coffee consumption reduces the danger of gout.

Thus, people that consume four to 5 cups of coffee per day and people who consume quite six cups respectively reduce their risk of affected by gout by 40% and 59%, compared to those that don't .

A decreased risk was also observed with decaf , but not with caffeine. this means that a substance aside from caffeine (perhaps one or more antioxidant compounds) may play a task within the observed effect.

A second prospective study, administered using data from 14,000 participants representative of the adult American population, shows that the consumption of coffee and decaf , but not caffeine, is related to a big decrease in acid concentration. within the blood.

These results are very interesting, but it should be kept in mind that these are epidemiological studies which several important variables, known to influence the onset of gout, couldn't be controlled. Only randomized and well-controlled clinical studies are going to be ready to determine whether coffee reduces the danger of gout.

SPORTS PERFORMANCE.

We have shown caffeine to possess beneficial effects on athletic performance, especially by increasing lipolysis and preserving glycogen reserves during exercise.

So we expect caffeine having possible effects on adrenaline, contraction , and therefore the central systema nervosum by reducing the sensation of fatigue and increasing endurance.

Caffeine would be effective during short efforts of very high intensity or endurance. it's the impact that's felt within an hour of ingestion.

It is vital to see your tolerance before consuming it because everyone can react differently. Indeed, some side effects like irritability, tremors, gastrointestinal discomfort can occur in people that don't have an honest tolerance to caffeine.

An average intake of three mg of caffeine per kg of weight would be the optimal dose to realize the specified effects.

OTHER PROPERTIES

 Is coffee an antioxidant?

Data not available

Does coffee have a high glycemic load?

There is no glycemic load for coffee. Brewed coffee doesn't contain carbohydrates.

MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS

Magnesium. Espresso coffee is a superb source of magnesium for ladies and an honest source for men (men have more magnesium requirements than women).

We know Magnesium involved in bone development, protein building, enzymatic actions, contraction , dental health, and therefore the functioning of the system . It also plays a task in energy metabolism and therefore the transmission of nerve impulses.

VITAMIN B3.

Espresso coffee is a superb source of vitamin B3. We also called niacin, vitamin B3 involving in many metabolic reactions and particularly contributes to the assembly of energy from the carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol that we ingest. It also helps within the process of DNA formation, allowing normal growth and development

VITAMIN B2.

Brewed coffee and espresso coffee are good sources of vitamin B2 for ladies , and sources for men (men have more vitamin B2 requirements than women). we all know vitamin B2 as riboflavin. Like vitamin B1 , it plays a task within the energy metabolism of all cells. Besides, it contributes to the expansion and repair of tissues, the assembly of hormones, and therefore the formation of red blood cells.

SOURCE COPPER.

Espresso coffee may be a source of copper. As a component of several enzymes, copper is important for the formation of hemoglobin and collagen (a protein used for the structure and repair of tissues). Several copper-containing enzymes also help within the body’s defense against free radicals.

SOURCE pantothen .

Brewed coffee may be a source of pantothen . Also referred to as vitamin B5, pantothen is a component of a key coenzyme that permits the body to adequately utilize energy from the foods we eat. it's also involved in several stages of the manufacture of steroid hormones, neurotransmitters, and hemoglobin.

What is a “serving” of coffee worth?

Volume / weight

Brewed coffee, 250 ml / 250 g

Espresso coffee, restaurant preparation, 100 ml / 101 g

Regular soluble coffee 250 ml / 253 g

Calories

3.0

2.0

5.0

Protein

0.3 g

0.1 g

0.3 g

Carbohydrates

0.0 g

0.9 g

Lipids

Source: Health Canada. Canadian Nutrient File 2007.

THE FIBER IN COFFEE?

Coffee beans are rich in dietary fiber. a particular amount would find yourself within the brewed coffee. At least, that’s what a gaggle of Spanish researchers reports which evaluated the soluble fiber content of various coffees.

Most Nutrition Facts tables indicate that coffee is fiber-free. Rather, the info from this study shows them. The espresso, filter coffee, and soluble coffee contain 0.65 g, 0.47 g, and 0.75 g of soluble fiber per 100 ml, respectively.

It should be noted that the assay method utilized in the study (enzymatic method followed by dialysis). it's not the common method wont to assay fiber in food.

According to this study, coffee is, therefore, one among the few drinks to contain dietary fiber. it's consumed frequently and in relatively large quantities (two to 3 cups per day), coffee. they might thus contribute to the daily intake of fiber.

Coffee contains soluble fiber 56. Its content varying between 1.5 to 2.3 g per cup (250 ml). Soluble fiber can contribute to the prevention of disorder by notably reducing the absorption of bile acids. they will also help control type 2 diabetes, among other things by slowing down the digestion of glucose from food.

COFFEES FOR ALL TASTES

In North America, the foremost consumed sort of coffee remains regular or “traditional” brewed it. However, consumption habits are changing rapidly, and more and more amateurs are discovering new sorts of so-called “specialized” coffee. Here are a couple of examples.

ESPRESSO.

Coffee prepared employing a very high-pressure percolation process from a really roasted fine grind. A characteristic of the successful espresso is that the formation of an opaque, hazelnut-colored cream. So it adheres to the walls of the cup.

 CAPPUCCINO.

Then we compose it of a 3rd of espresso, a 3rd of heated milk, and a 3rd of milk foam. Thus it's sometimes sprinkled with cocoa or cinnamon.

 COFFEE WITH MILK.

 So we add it an equal portion of hot milk and a touch frothed milk. it's usually served during a large mug or bowl. it's made up of long or double espresso, sometimes with strong filter coffee.

 LATTE COFFEE.

Café Latte is that the Italian variation of café au lait. it's made an equivalent way as a latte, but using ¼ espresso and ¾ hot milk. the essential building block of latte is usually an espresso.

 ESPRESSO MACCHIATO.

It’s an espresso with a touch of milk froth on top.

 LATTÉ MACCHIATO.

Coffee prepared by pouring hot milk followed by frothed milk into a tall, narrow and transparent glass. The espresso is then poured gently in order that it sits between the milk and therefore the foam. The ingredients must not mix. This we will serve it sprinkled with cocoa, cinnamon, or other spices.

 MOCHA COFFEE.

Drink prepared from a mix of espresso, chocolate or chocolate sauce , and foamy hot milk. To serve, garnish with topping and chocolate flakes.

 WHAT ABOUT THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE of those COFFEES?

Regular filter coffee, with no added sugar, milk, or cream, provides just three calories per cup and 0 carbs. this is often not the case with certain specialty coffees, whose calorie and sugar content varies consistent with the ingredients. They compose them.

Thus, a mocha coffee will contain up to 140 calories and 20 g of carbohydrates per cup. Because it prepared with chocolate sauce . One cup of latte and one cup of latte, made with 2% milk, will contain 67 and 97 calories respectively, also as 7 g and 9 g of carbohydrates (sugars from milk). These sorts of coffees provide a minimum of half a serving of dairy products.

PRECAUTIONS

 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Symptomatic hiatal hernia

These esophageal disorders are characterized by burning sensations within the chest (retrosternal burns). And acid regurgitation caused by the acid content of the stomach rising into the mouth. These symptoms usually appear after a meal.

Certain foods can play a task in improving the sensation of well-being. and that they also improve the standard of lifetime of people with these problems. Among other things, these people are advised to avoid the consumption of foods rich in methylxanthines. they're coffee, chocolate, tea, and cola.

These foods decrease the resting tension of the lower esophageal sphincter. Thus they contribute to the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus.

Besides, to stop irritation of the esophageal lining, it's recommended to avoid consuming regular coffee. And it decaffeinated it which may cause epigastric burns.

 PEPTIC ULCER

A peptic ulceration is an open lesion of the liner of the stomach. This lesion is usually amid inflammation and destruction of this mucosa . People with peptic ulceration disease should drink coffee carefully since it contains methylxanthines.

These can cause severe pain, especially when coffee is consumed on an empty stomach or simply before bedtime. Finally, it seems reasonable to recommend consuming carefully foods that, at the very least experimentally, increase gastric acidity.

This is the case for foods that contain methylxanthines (coffee, tea, chocolate, cocoa, cola) and decaffeinated drinks.

 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

 Caffeine can exacerbate the symptoms of individuals with irritable bowel syndrome. it's prudent to see the consequences and limit consumption, if necessary.

 IRON ABSORPTION

The chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic compound coffee, may be a potent inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of non-heme iron. that's to mention , the iron present within the plant products.

The results of an intervention study have administered in healthy men. in order that they show the amount of phenolic compounds in one cup of soluble (instant) coffee. It decreases iron absorption by 60% to 90%. According to a synthesis of studies identifying different research in humans, the consumption of 150 ml to 250 ml of coffee. they need taken during a meal would decrease iron absorption by 24% to 73%.

A widely cited study, the Framingham Heart Study, shows them. So within the elderly, every cup of coffee consumed per week. it had been related to a tenth decrease in iron stores within the blood.

 COFFEE AND CAFFEINE: GROUPS in danger

 Coffee and tea are the most sources of caffeine in adults. there's some evidence that children, women of childbearing age, pregnant and breastfeeding women could also be more susceptible to the consequences of caffeine.

This, consumed in large quantities, might have undesirable effects, among other things on certain factors of reproduction and development.

CAFFEINE ON ABORTION

Caffeine consumption of quite 300 mg per day has been related to decreased fertility during a few studies. Also, there could also be a link between high caffeine consumption and therefore the risk of miscarriage . However, there's no consensus on this subject within the scientific literature.

The data from epidemiological studies are conflicting, but everything suggests that moderate caffeine consumption is usually not harmful.

ON CHILD BEARING WOMEN

However, as a precautionary measure, Health Canada recommends it. Women of childbearing age and pregnant women limit their caffeine intake to a maximum of 300 mg per day. Or the equivalent of roughly two 8 oz (250 ml) cups. ) regular coffee. This recommendation also applies to breastfeeding women. So caffeine can pass into breast milk, which may cause irritability within the baby and disrupt sleep.

RECOMMENDATION ON CHILDREN

As for youngsters , Health Canada recommends to not exceed 45 mg of caffeine per day for ages 4 to six , 62.5 mg per day for ages 7 to 9, and 85 mg per day for ages 10 to 12 years. These recommendations were formulated in response to concerns about the possible effects of caffeine on the event of the systema nervosum .

It is supported the results of clinical studies controlled. So it seems that caffeine consumption of but 3 mg/kg of weight doesn't harm the child’s behavior (hyperactivity, attention deficit). In Canada, an intake of two .5 mg/kg weight was used as a benchmark for calculating the utmost recommended intake.

To read also- Coffee and Health

 COFFEE OVER TIME

Café ” first appeared within the French language in 1610. It derives from the Italian caffè, which borrowed it from the Arabic Mahwah, pronounced within the Turkish kahvé. in order that they attribute various meanings to the present word, including “that which keeps awake” and “wine”, a drink prohibited in Islam. So coffee replaced. In France, we colloquially use the shape out. It derived from the Arabic for Algeria and brought over by the military within the XIX century.

In several languages, “coffee” designates both the drink and therefore the establishment where people serve it. Which testifies to the immense importance it's acquired in social life. “ Cafeteria ”, derived from English, refers to an equivalent reality.

WHERE DOES IT are available ARAB?

We usually agree that Arabian coffee comes from Abyssinia on the sting of the Red Sea (present-day Ethiopia). We found traces of his presence dating from the VII century.

The best-known legend has it. A shepherd discovered the stimulating properties of coffee after seeing it. His goats were more dashing once they ate the tiny wild berries.

Domesticated in Yemen, coffee spread throughout the Arab world. because of the Sufis. They believe it. They appreciate its exciting effects. The drink allowed them to remain awake during their long hours of practice. We believe that it had been moreover a Sufi sheik who first thought of roasting the grains before boiling them. Until then, we used the green bean to form coffee.

WHEN DID COFFEE START AS A DRINK?

Because of the ban on alcohol, coffee will become the drink of choice for Arabs. For quite two centuries, they're going to keep the exclusivity of its culture and its trade, boiling or drying within the sun the grains to kill the germ. Before the XVI century, no coffee only grew outside that region of the world .

Then, reckless travelers will achieve bringing out of Yemen a couple of fertile grains to sow them in foreign soil. Thus they're going to introduce in Europe within the XVI century and America within the early XVII century.

COFFEE HISTORY

Along with tea, chocolate, and mate, coffee is one among the foremost consumed drinks within the world. And a bit like them, the historian links its history to empires, wars, and revolutions. As early as 1511, the authorities of Mecca began to burn bags of coffee within the streets of the town , in protest against the recognition of cafes in large cities like Cairo, Istanbul, Damascus, and Algiers, places, consistent with them, of debauchery and political intrigue.

COFFEE IN EUROPE

In 1600, Italian priests tried to possess it banned by Pope Clement VIII because it had been the drink of the infidels. However, after taking a cup of it, the Pope decreed that he loved her. To counter the objections of the priests, he undertook to administer the sacrament of baptism within the café to legalize it …

In London in 1674 women signed a petition to ban coffee. They argued it. Thus he kept their husbands away, who preferred to hold call at establishments. where they serve him instead of occupy home.

They also argued that it lessened their virile ardor. A year later, King Charles II wanted to shut the cafes on the pretext. So these establishments were places where the revolution was fomented. But the general public reaction was such he had to quickly abandon his project.

COFFEE IN GERMANY

In Germany, they wanted to ban women, claiming that it made them sterile, which prompted Johann Sebastian Bach to write down a cantata mocking the German authorities. King Frederick the good wanted to ban it in 1775 because it affected the trade beer produced within the country in Prussia.

So it replaced tea after the Boston party event. They overwhelmed the excessive taxes imposed on tea by English within the us , . The Bostonians threw into the water the cargoes of tea from English ships anchored within the Harbor.

Two species are cultivated on an outsized scale, namely Arabian coffee and robusta coffee (often called robusta coffee , because it's the foremost productive sort of this species).

The beans of C. arabica have a more pronounced and richer flavor, with lower caffeine content. But this species is a smaller amount productive and fewer immune to climatic variations also on insects and diseases. Despite this, 75% of world production is provided by C. arabica.

Some people mainly use the beans of C. canephora for the assembly of lower quality coffee, especially for soluble coffee. But this species provides excellent Robusta. we'd like a particular proportion in espresso coffee because it's the Robusta that provides this coffee its crema, this golden foam that covers it and which may be a sign of quality.

COFFEE IN SULTANATE

 Few today know this manner of doing things, which consists of infusing the shells surrounding the coffee beans. it had been in use in Turkey where the sultanas would have introduced the style .

It appears in various old works, including the Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1704), the Encyclopédie de Diderot et d’Alembert (1758), and therefore the Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine (1873) by Dumas père. Unlike grains, hulls are said to possess calming effects, but to our knowledge, there are not any studies on these effects. a couple of coffee producers occasionally sell it.

COFFEE IN SOUTH AMERICA

Although people grow coffee in additional than 100 countries,80% of worldwide production is provided by 13 countries. they're namely Brazil – the world’s largest producer – Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, India, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Uganda, Côte d’Ivoire, Costa Rica , Vietnam, El Salvador , and Kenya.

The quality of the coffee varies counting on the species, but also on the soil, altitude, climate, and processing. the simplest coffees would be people who come from coffee trees grown at an altitude of over 1000 m in volcanic soil. in order that they have select many cultivars over the centuries.

Depending on the duration of roasting, the coffee beans will lose their green color to a blonde, brown, or black shade. Also, counting on the coffee preparation method, we'll use a more or less fine grind: ultra-fine for Turkish coffee , very fine for espresso, fine for the manual filter its maker, a touch less fine for the kitchen appliance . with electric filter, and medium-fine or coarse for the percolator.

As with wine and tea, there are great vintages linked to specific terroirs. the simplest known is Blue Mountain (Jamaica), Kona (Hawaii), Moka (Ethiopia), and Java (Java Island).

DECAFFEINATED COFFEE

About 10% of world production is decaffeinated. In Canada, the utmost caffeine content must be 0.1% for roasted coffee and 0.3% for soluble it. There are two main processes for decaffeinating its beans. The mechanical process uses water, CO2 (CO 2 ), or coffee oil to get rid of the caffeine.

This would retain the aroma and flavor of the bean and produce higher quality decaf . we will also extract caffeine using solvents, like ester or dichloromethane . These chemical methods are, however, less and fewer used. We use the sort of process. Then we package it.

COFFEE VARIATION

Researchers currently focused on the event of coffee varieties containing little caffeine. we will produce these varieties traditionally, by survival and crossbreeding, or by genetic modification.

We would thus avoid all the steps necessary for the extraction of caffeine. and that we would obtain a superior quality “decaf”, whose aroma and flavor would be better preserved.

Currently, researchers have successfully produced plants within the laboratory that contain 50% to 94% less caffeine. In 2004, researchers discovered this tree in Ethiopia with virtually zero caffeine content (less than soluble decaffeinated coffee).

This discovery should cause the choice of latest cultivars producing this drink which will not require any decaffeinate.

CULINARY USES

 To access other recipes, you'll attend the CuisineAZ.com cooking recipes site, which offers the subsequent recipes, among others: coffee cake, eclair, ice cream

CHOOSE WELL

 Depending on the length of roasting, the coffee are going to be smooth, velvety, or full-bodied. Light roasting leads to a reddish-brown bean with a light flavor. A medium roast produces a darker bean with a stronger flavor (velvety).

Finally, a extended roast gives a way darker grain, with a full-bodied flavor like charcoal and caramel. In Europe, one or two other categories are often added. The degree of roasting may be a matter of taste. It doesn't change the caffeine content of the drink prepared. Nor its strength depends on the ratio between the quantity of water and occasional .

CULINARY PREPARATIONS IN DRINK

To brew an honest cup of coffee, you'll use about 2 tbsp. tablespoon for 180 ml of water. you'll replace cow’s milk in it with soy milk. Some people hate it, but others are fine with it. The honey and syrup could replace sugar, but the coffee flavor are going to be somewhat modified.

 FLAVORED COFFEES.

There are dozens of pre-flavored coffees, but foodies argue that it’s best to flavor your coffee yourself. You can, for instance , add almond or vanilla to freshly brewed it. First, pour within the water. Then you'll also add a vanilla pod, cardamom pods, cloves, fennel, or anise seeds to the bottom it. Or, sprinkle hot coffee with cinnamon or ground nutmeg.

 ICED COFFEE.

Flavor freshly brewed coffee with a couple of drops of vanilla or flavorer . Then mix in equal parts with milk and pour into a glass crammed with ice cubes.

 MOCHA COFFEE.

Mix cocoa and hot it in equal parts. Add milk or cream, chocolate , and ground cinnamon. To the devil: add a touch hot pepper.

 ICE COFFEE.

Allow strong this drink to chill , then add ice and, to taste, sugar, milk, or cream. otherwise you blend half a cup of cold or temperature coffee with a bit of banana, yogurt. Then you'll add one or two ice cubes. And you'll desire, a spoonful of nutriment .

KOPI LUCK

 The people of Indonesia produce a really special coffee. It comes from beans eaten by alittle animal, the civet. After eating the healthiest and most ripe beans, the civet sheds the partially digested and fermented grains in its feces. Harvested and cleaned by the producers, they take, it seems, a specific flavor, much appreciated by Indonesians.

IS THIS AN URBAN LEGEND?

One thing is for certain , this coffee sells for alittle fortune.

Add a couple of spoonfuls of ground coffee to a Thai sauce or marinade; marinate pieces of pigeon breast for a couple of hours or overnight. Drain the chicken and cook on the grill. Heat the marinade and pour it over the chicken.

Add a couple of spoonfuls of finely ground it to a pasta sauce . Or stir a cup of drink into a meat and spaghetti sauce .

Roll whole fish or fillets in coarsely ground coffee before grilling.

People make an equivalent with steaks or chops of lamb, veal, beef, etc. Or mix one part coarsely ground coffee, one part chopped walnuts, and one part breadcrumbs. Or, coat chicken breasts with a mix of the bottom it and spices (cardamom seeds, coriander, cumin …), and bake.

To deglaze a pan during which meat has been cooked, replace the vinegar or wine with this drink.

Add a few cup of coffee to the pot-au-feu or boiled water before cooking. Or add it to the preparation of chili con carne or sin Carne.

Replace some or all of the water or milk with it within the preparation of cakes, cookies, muffins, etc. we will use it within the preparation of countless desserts: mousses, creams, pastry creams, ice creams, or sorbets. it's an important a part of the famous tiramisu.

To freshen your breath, bite into a coffee berry or two.

 CONSERVATION

 Store it in an airtight container, faraway from strong odors, because it absorbs them easily. Ground or in beans, We store it within the freezer.

GROUND.

On contact with air, ground coffee oxidizes within a couple of days. Therefore, they recommend it to stay within the refrigerator only the quantity . you'll consume in five or seven days. However, vacuum-packed it'll keep for much longer . Check the expiration date.

Whole roasted beans. About four weeks at temperature .

Green grains. a couple of years.

ORGANIC GARDENING

 For fun, you'll grow a potted coffee . So you bring indoors within the fall, but the plant is unlikely to supply fruit. Use green beans for seedlings, roasted beans being sterile.

Ecology and environment

Organic, fair, and profitable

RECYCLE COFFEE

Coffee grounds (residue after brewing) are an exceptional resource. People largely underutilize. The coffee cultivators generate thousands of tons per annum across the earth . People can compost or applied it as a mulch within the garden. We also are studying its potential within the fight against certain undesirable, especially slugs.

Finally, a Canadian engineer has developed the Java log, a log for those that have a home. They distribute this log throughout North America and may recycle quite 42 million kilos of dregs per annum .

So they affix the “certified fair trade” logo to the packaging guarantees. we've produced it. and that we sell in compliance with certain standards concerning the standard of it. The working conditions of the farmers, and respect for the environment.

The NGO Agronomists and Veterinarians borderless published in January 2007. A study on the effect of fair trade on coffee producers is in southern Ecuador.

ORGANIC COFFEE

It reveals that certified fair trade and organic coffee producers are more successful than others. But it's time in weathering the international price crisis. therefore the industry experienced from 2000 to 2003. While many of the opposite producers had to abandon their land, temporarily or definitively. Besides, they were ready to stay their land because of an adequate income.

Besides, the families enrolled within the program can adequately buy the temporary workers. Otherwise, they need to travel and offer their services in banana plantations or shrimp farms.

Fairtrade, therefore, makes it possible to prevent temporary migration and maintain peasant agriculture. The author of the report concludes: “In reference to the organic certification process, associations. It plays a driving role within the sustainable management of natural resources”.

[liberalartssustainability]

“39 Ways To Save The Planet” - A BBC Radio 4 Podcast Review

“When you educate a woman, you give her agency”

Recently I had been searching through Spotify for new podcasts to listen to, when I came across one which seemed extremely relevant to our modern-day environmental situation (our climate crisis). “39 Ways To Save The Planet” is a BBC Radio 4 podcast hosted by BBC presenter Tom Heap. Launched in December 2020, the podcast is relatively new to the scene and comprises of 13 episodes (so far), each one addressing a different way through which we can begin to tackle climate change. The episode I chose to listen to was episode 4: Educating and empowering women and girls. Having recently written an essay on the interventions put forward to combat maternal mortality, I wanted to know more about how education and empowerment of women and girls can be directly linked to climate change, having already looked at the link between women and sustainability as part of SDG 5 (gender equality) and SDG 3 (good health and wellbeing: maternal mortality). Firstly I'll discuss the content of this podcast episode, and then I'll share my own opinion and conclusion.

The podcast episode is centred around CAMFED (Campaign for Female Education), a non-profit organisation founded by Ann Cotton in Zimbabwe in1993 whose aim is to keep African girls in school. For CAMFED, education is the key which opens all doors for women and girls, giving them the power and freedom to decide which route their life takes. Secondary education can be extremely useful for girls in their fight for climate change, both in terms of family planning as well as propelling them into positions of leadership where they can have a great impact on policies and changes made. There were some stark differences between the experiences of uneducated women versus educated women, especially when it came to family planning, and this is where the link to climate change could be found. Without an education, girls are more likely to marry young and have many children, due to a lack of access to family planning resources. Meanwhile, girls with an education will be able to earn 25% more, which would allow them to access more resources for their family, which could also mean reducing the risk of death of children under the age of 5. Through helping girls access the education they deserve, CAMFED are working towards combatting poverty, a major obstacle which stands between girls and their education and the first Sustainable Development Goal. The podcast addressed a common misconception: that families do not want girls to go to school and get an education. The truth, however, is that they simply do not have enough money to fund both the girls and the boys in a family, and so the boys are prioritised when it comes to paying for school. This demonstrates the blatant inequality which girls face which stops them from making a difference in their lives, in their community, and even further afield. 

Some numbers which really surprised me were the differences in the ages at which uneducated and educated girls get married, as well as how many children they have (on average). An educated woman will marry at around 21 and have on average 3.1 children, compared to an uneducated woman who is more likely to marry at 19 and have 6 children. This, to me, really highlighted the importance of education and tackling poverty in low-income countries. Girls can drop out of school at 13 or 14, and by the age of 30 they can have 5 or 6 children already. One lady recalled such a story about girls from her year in school, whereas she is now 32 with only 1 child (out of choice) thanks to the help she received from CAMFED, who provided her with all the resources she needed to complete her education and start a business. 

In the final few minutes of the podcast, we hear from Dr Tamsin Edwards from King’s College, London, who spoke directly about the future of women and climate change. She stated that through growing the educated female population, we could reduce total carbon emissions by 5% of the current emissions, a very significant portion! Access to family planning for women plays a key role in this decline through reducing the rate of population growth. For example, currently there are 230 million women in low to middle-income countries who do not have access to family planning and contraception, which leads to bigger issues such as maternal deaths through unsafe abortions. The expansion of education coupled with effective family planning could lead to a population reduction of 834 million people by 2050, significantly impacting carbon emissions in these low-income countries. However, the point is not to control population growth, but rather being able to give women the control and option to not be restricted or conform to a life of motherhood and poverty. According to Dr Edwards, with greater female representation in national parliaments, we can achieve more stringent climate policies and subsequently lower carbon emissions. Through education comes empowerment, and through empowerment comes change - local and global.

Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed this podcast episode, and will be listening to more of the series in due course. It gave me a different perspective on how women and gender equality connects to issues of sustainability. I always associated the two in a social sustainability manner, never thinking of the direct environmental connection. I didn't know about CAMFED as an organisation before hearing this podcast, and hearing the success stories from women themselves in Zimbabwe gave me hope for the future as well as proving that this organisation does have a positive impact. However, we must remember that the organisation, though it was set up in Zanzibar, was founded by a white entrepreneur, which may raise issues of the "white saviour". Keeping this in mind, I do still believe this podcast episode was a primary example of how, even if we may currently be living in a dystopia when looking at gender equality as well as the changing climate, there is hope for the future with the rapid and effective implementation of interventions as proposed by CAMFED in Africa.

- Jagoda. C

Heap, Tom. “Educating and Empowering Girls”. 39 Ways to Save the Planet. Podcast Audio, January 4. 2021. https://open.spotify.com/episode/5YS2716PAUouq4tEWu4AOR?si=6tTq1B5NROuYUR9kdpk4dQ 

[nithyanandaparamashivam]

2020年7月18日，聖尊尼希亞南達帕冉瑪希瓦上師之尼希亞共修講座

*帕冉玛希瓦直接来自凯拉萨的信息 *PARAMASHIVA’S MESSAGE DIRECTLY FROM KAILASA *今天我们正式发布了各组织的社交媒体页面: 橙黄色OM、红色OM、蓝色OM、绿色OM、白色OM、黄色OM。 *TODAY WE ARE OFFICIALLY LAUNCHING THE SOCIAL MEDIA PAGES OF THE ORGANISATIONS: SAFFRON OM, RED OM, BLUE OM, GREEN OM, WHITE OM, YELLOW OM. *我们现在才正式组建这些组织，但多年来，从一开始，我们就在这样做: *WE ARE OFFICIALLY FORMING THE ORGANISATIONS ONLY NOW BUT FOR MANY YEARS, FROM THE BEGINNING, WE WERE DOING THESE: *在我��岁的时候，我被开悟存在团队认出是转世化身，并受训于印度教（兴都教）瑜伽科学和印度教（兴都教）圣典等训练。 *AT THE AGE OF THREE, I WAS RECOGNISED BY THE TEAM OF ENLIGHTENED BEINGS AS AN INCARNATION AND TRAINED IN VARIOUS YOGIC SCIENCES OF HINDUISM AND YOGA AND HINDU SCRIPTURES. *在我10岁时，帕冉玛希瓦化身为阿如那吉瑞-尤吉士瓦冉出现，指引我，点化和祝福我，并通过祂的存在开始显化祂的能量。 *AT THE AGE OF 10, PARAMASHIVA HIMSELF CAME AS ARUNAGIRI YOGISHWARA AND GUIDE, INITIATED, BLESSED, STARTED MANIFESTING HIS ENERGY THROUGH THIS BEING. *接着，第230位来自THONDAIMANDALA AADHEENAM的大教主上师 供奉ACHARYA ABHISHEKAM（上师圣浴）。 *AFTER THAT THE ACHARYA ABHISHEKAM WAS PERFORMED BY THE 230TH GURU MAHASANNIDANAM OF THONDAIMANDALA AADHEENAM. 译注： Thondaimandala Aadheenam是最古老的Shaivite Mutts(修道院)之一，最初由玛哈萨达希瓦自己建立，5000年前创建。Thondaimandala Aadheenam是由一修道院的一位灵性领袖领导，叫做“Maha Sannidhanam”。这个修道会致力于维护特殊的寺庙道场传统，并成为印度教僧侣完整血统的一部分，僧侣是众多希瓦寺庙的管理者。Thondaimandala aadheenam下面有15座希瓦寺庙，位于Thondaimandala（位于印度安德拉邦）和Kanchipuram（位于印度泰米尔纳德邦）地区。 *然后蒂鲁瓦纳马莱（印度的城市：也是师父出生地）的开悟者在1994年举行了瑜伽加冕仪式，并宣布我为第1008位继承人。这是来自帕冉玛希瓦本人的一个幸运的发生——开悟大师活生生的传承。 *THEN THE ENLIGHTENED BEINGS OF TIRUVANNAMALAI PERFORMED THE YOGA PATTABHISHEKAM IN 1994 AND DECLARED ME AS THE 1008TH SUCCESSOR. TI SI A FORTUNATE COINCIDENCE FROM PARAMASHIVA HIMSELF - THE LINEAGE OF LIVING STREAM OF ENLIGHTENED MASTERS. *瑜伽加冕仪式正式完成以后，他们把继承的传统交给我，从此开始了凯拉萨的复兴。差不多有26年了。 *YOGA PATTABHISHEKAM WAS DONE FORMALLY AND THEY HANDED OVER THE TRADITION FOR ME TO CARRY ON FROM THEN ON STARTED THE REVIVAL OF KAILASA. IT IS ALMOST 26 YEARS. *当我看到女神点化后那天起我就开始了神像的雕刻，当我开始在神像中激活了女神能量，从那一天开始神圣艺术大学就开始了。幸运的是，那段时间大家还能看到我的物理身体。 事实上祂教会了我如何“诞生”神像，从那天起，尼希亚南达神圣艺术大学就诞生了。但我们大概在2002年才开始运作。我还记得，TIRUCHI SWAMIGAL是对我影响最大的人之一，在班加罗尔他有一个凯拉萨道场。他建造了一座巨大的RAJARAJESHWARI 寺庙，附近还有很多寺庙。 *THE DAY I STARTED CARVING THE DEITY AFTER HAVING VISION OF DEVI DARSHAN, BIRTHING OF DEVI IN THE FORM OF DEITY WHEN I STARTED, THAT DAY THE SACRED  ARTS UNIVERSITY STARTED. FORTUNATELY THAT WAS THE TIME I USED TO BE SEEN AT PHYSICALLY . LITERALLY HE TAUGHT ME HOW TO BIRTH THE DEITY AND FROM THAT DAY THE NITHYANANDA SACRED ARTS UNIVERCITY STARTED. BUT WE HAVE STARTED ORGANISING OURSELVES IN MAYBE 2002. I STILL REMEMBER, TIRUCHI SWAMIGAL ONE OF THE GREATEST INFLUENCE IN MY LIFE, IN BENGALURU HE HAS AN ASHRAM KAILASA ASHRAM. HE BUILT A HUGE RAJARAJESHWARI TEMPLE AND MANY TEMPLE LAL OVER. *当我有幸坐在他莲足下接受训练的时候…我曾见过他VADAM KAAYAVIKKIRATHU(制作了一些零食）——和雕塑家（STHAPATIS）坐在一起用炭笔或者钢笔进行绘画。 *WHEN I HAD THE GREAT FORTUNE OF SITTING AT HIS FEET AND HAVING THE TRAINING..I HAVE SEEN HIM VADAM KAAYAVIKKIRATHU - DRAWING WITH CHARCOAL ON FLOOR SITTING WITH STHAPATIS OR WITH PEN. *通常当他坐在地板上时，他和雕塑家（STHAPATIS）一起坐在地板上，这是非常罕见的。通常弟子们会被打发出去。我们都坐着。当他一说拿起木炭大家就都走了，我也要离开。但他亲自叫住我，让我坐下来。他过去对待雕塑家STHAPATI就像对待自己的儿子一样，因为他从小就认识他。 *USUALLY WHEN HE SITS ON THE FLOOR, HE WILL SIT WITH THE STHAPATIS ON THE FLOOR WHICH IS VERY RARE. USUALLY DISCIPLES WILL BE SENT OUT. WE WERE ALL SITTING. THE MOMENT HE SAID GET THE CHARCOAL ALL WALKED OUT AND I ALSO WALKED OUT. BUT HE PERSONALLY CALLED ME AND ASKED ME TO SIT. HE USED TO TREAT THE STHAPATI LIKE HIS OWN SON BECAUSE HE KNOWS HIM FROM WHEN HE WAS A KID. *他开始画画来告诉我神像们的眼睛和耳朵应该怎么弄。我想知道他为什么要我坐下来。他奇特地说：“是的，我看到了！你会制造很多神像！” 我当然会祝福你。他的VAK SIDDHI（出言成真的法力）。他所说的话正通过我来显化。阿如那吉瑞-尤吉士瓦冉 (希瓦神化身）点化了我唤醒神像的科学以及凯拉萨的道场激发了我，教育我，越来越多的文化呈现让我进化。 *HE STARTED DRAWING TO TELL HOW DEITIES EYES EARS ALL SHOULD COME. I WAS WONDERING WHY HE ASKED ME TO SIT. HE SAID IN SINGULAR, ‘AYE SEE!YOU HAVE TO BUILD A LOT!” OF COURSE I WILL TAKE A BLESSING. HIS VAK SIDDHI. THE WORD HE UTTERED IS MANIFESTING THROUGH ME. ARUNAGIRI YOGISHWARA INITIAED ME INTO THE SCIENCE OF BIRTHING DEITIES AND KAILASA ASHRAM INSPIRES ME, EDUCATED ME, EVOLVED ME WITH MORE AND MORE OF PRESENTING THE CULTURE. *他是一位专家，精通寺庙科学和寺庙生活方式。 *HE IS AN EXPERT, ADEPT IN TEMPLE SCIENCE AND TEMPLE BASED LIFESTYLE. *在泰米尔纳德邦，有一个小社区NATTUKOTTAI NAGARATHAR。他们一生的生活方式都是以寺庙为基础。 *IN TAMILNADU, THERE IS A SMALL COMMUNITY NATTUKOTTAI NAGARATHAR. THEIR WHOLE LIFE IS TEMPLE BASED LIFESTYLE. * TIRUCHI SWAMI上师的整个道场都来自NATTUKOTTAI NAGARATHAR的文化。他会很好地管理一切。我曾经惊讶于这种严谨的作风，现在我也把严谨的作风带到了凯拉萨。每个物品都保留在特定的地方。 *WHOLE ASHRAM OF TIRUCHI SWAMI IS FROM THAT NATTUKOTTAI NAGARATHAR CULTURE. SO BEAUTIFULLY HE WILL RUN EVERYTHING. I USED TO WONDER ABOUT THE METICULOUSNESS WHICH IS AM STILL STRUGGLING TO BRING IN KAILASA.EACH OBJECT WILL BE KEPT ONLY IN ITS PLACE. *寺庙的运作方式-极致的虔诚！ 2002年因为我的师父阿如那吉瑞-尤吉士瓦冉 的点化和启发，它开始发展成为一所大学。我曾经亲自去MAHABALIPURAM（马马拉普拉姆，是印度泰米尔纳德邦Kancheepuram县的一个城镇），最初从洛杉矶的VENKATESHWARA（财神）开始。我想先从GANAPATI（象头神）开始。开启小的GANAPATI（象头神）然后是洛杉矶的VENKATESHWARA（财神）然后是俄亥俄州尼希亚南迪世瓦拉帕冉玛希瓦神像，然后神圣艺术大学都在不断的发展。每一项工作，我们现在让它成为一个国际组织。 *AND THE WAY THE TEMPLE IS RUN - EXTREME SINCERITY! ARUNAGIRI YOGISHWARA INITIATED, INSPIRED AND IN 2002, IT STARTED EVOLVING AS A UNIV. I USED TO PERSONALLY GO TO MAHABALIPURAM AND FIRST STARTED WITH LOS ANGELES VENKATESHWARA. I WANTED TO START WITH GANAPATI. SO SMALL GANAPATI AND THEN LOS ANGELES VENKATESHWARA THEN NITHYANANDESHWARA PARAMASHIVA IN OHIO AND THEN THE UNIVERCITY EVOLVED. EACH OF THE WORK, WE ARE NOW MAKING IT AS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION 当我开始挨家挨户地募捐，举办各种各样的项目，把贡品（PRASAD：供奉给��灵的食物）分发到每家每户，把相关财富账目读给我所有的团队知晓——我组建了第一个团队，凯拉萨诞生了。现在，我们正在把它运作成一个国际组织，现在我们正在发展成为世界上最大的印度教（兴都教）大学，而且我们将会有越来越多的发展。 WHEN I STARTED GOING HOUSE TO HOUSE AND COLLECTED DONATION AND CONDUCTED VARIOUS PROGRAM AND DISTRIBUTED PRASAD TO EVERY HOUSE AND READ THE ACCOUNTS TO ALL MY TEAM -THE FIRST TEAMILY I FORMED, KAILASA IS BORN. NOW WE ARE ORGANISING OURSELVES AS INTERNATIONAL BODY AND NOW WE ARE EVOLVING INTO WORLD LARGEST HINDU UNIVERCITY AND WE ARE GOING TO EVOLVE MORE AND MORE. 所以这个橙黄色OM，致力于世界和平冲突的解决，宗教自由。我现在正式启动橙色OM的社交媒体平台。它可以发挥作用了。 SO THIS SAFFRON OM, DEDICATED TO WORLD PEACE CONFLICT RESOLUTION, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. I AM OFFICIALLY LAUNCHING THE SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM FOR THE SAFFRON OM NOW. IT IS ALREADY AVAILABLE. *红色OM致力于各类救灾工作。 *RED OM FOR ALL KINDS OF RELIEF WORK. *绿色OM致力于环境保护 *GREEN OM FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION. *从根本上说，无论我们之前做什么，我们都将朝着国际化的方向发展。 *FUNDAMENTALLY WHATEVER WE WERE DOING EARLIER WE WILL EVOLVE IT MORE IN AN INTERNATIONALLY ORGANISED WAY. *蓝色OM-致力于动物权利保护 *BLUE OM - FOR ANIMAL RIGHTS *白色OM -用于心理治疗精神咨询，帮助人类在精神上，情感上，心理上。 *WHITE OM - FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALING SPIRITUAL COUNSELING, HELPING HUMAN BEINGS MENTALLY, EMOTIONALLY, PSYCHOLOGICALLY. *黄色OM——复兴所有与印度教(兴都教）相关的阿育吠陀科学、艺术、文化。 *YELLOW OM - REVIVING ALL THE SAT VIDYA YOGI AYURVEDIC SCIENCES ARTS CULTURE EVERYTHING RELATED TO HINDUISM. *所以，我正式宣布这些组织成立。我们还在组建100多个新组织。 *SO FORMALLY, I AM INAUGURATING THESE ORGANISATIONS. AND WE ARE ALSO FORMING MORE THAN 100 NEW ORGANISATIONS. *这个新组织不受任何国家法律的约束。这是国际准则。它将成为一个独立的国家。这是非常重要的信息! 有一种法律条款叫做国际组织，它超越了任何国家的法律。它是一个独立的机构，就像独立的国家一样。所以这些都是在这个条款下发展的。比如联合国如何独立于所有国家的法律，这样这些国际组织就形成了。 *THIS NEW ORGANIZATION ARE NOT BOUND BY ANY INDIVIDUAL COUNTRY'S LAW. IT IS INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. IT WILL BE JUST AN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY. THAT IS VERY IMPORTANT INFORMATION! THERE IS A CLAUSE CALLED INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION WHICH IS BEYOND ANY COUNTRY’S LAW. IT IS A SEPARATE STANDALONE BODY LIKE INDEPENDENT NATION. SO THESE ARE EVOLVING UNDER THAT CLAUSE. LIKE HOW UNITED NATIONS IS INDEPENDENT OF ALL COUNTRY LAW , IN THAT WAY THESE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION ARE GETTING FORMED. *有些国家允许这些注册和先决条件发生。所有这些都基本运作完成，这就是这些组织发展的方式。所有详细的好消息将在12月14日之后公布。 *THERE ARE CERTAIN COUNTRIES THAT ALLOW THESE REGISTRATIONS AND PRE CONDITIONS TO BE FULFILLED. ALL THESE ARE PRACTICALLY DONE AND THAT'S THE WAY THESE ORGANIZATION ARE EVOLVING. ALL THE DETAILED GOOD NEWS WILL BE ANNOUNCED AFTER DECEMBER 14TH. *所以，让我们开始在这些对应名字的机构下开展工作。 *SO LET US ALL START ORGANISING OURSELVES UNDER THIS NAMES AND BODIES. *印度教（兴都教）正在复兴。它已经存在几百年了。这就是复兴的意义。我不是在改造它，我只是在复兴。无论经书里有什么，我只是在复兴相关的传统。用现代的方式让它对每个人都有帮助。 *REVIVAL OF HINDUISM HAPPENING NOW. IT IS HAS BEEN THERE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS. MEANING OF REVIVING. I AM NOT REFORMING I AM ONLY REVIVING. WHATEVER IS THERE IS IN SCRIPTURE, TRADITION I AM JUST REVIVING. AND MAKING IT USER FRIENDLY FOR EVERYONE IN THE MODERN WAY. *复兴者的定义：复兴者是一个敢于承担责任，勇敢的人，如果你想成为一部分的话就跟我一起工作。否则我也会独自去做。如果你反对，尽管你反对，我还是会让它发生的。就是有这种勇气。 *DEFINITION OF REVIVOR: REVIVOR IS THE PERSON WHO STANDS WITH RESPONSIBILITY, BOLDY, IF YOU WANT TO BE PART COME ALONG WITH ME . IF NOT I WILL DO IT ALONE. IF YOU OPPOSE, IN SPITE OF YOU, I WILL MAKE IT HAPPEN. THIS COURAGE. *拿起责任努力工作无可替代。在这个星球上仍然找不到替代品来完成这项艰巨的工作。诚恳地，我将继续回顾发生在这件事上的事……这就像一台自动检阅机。我的脑海中有着谷歌自动报警器。每天都在发生。 *RESPONSIBLE HARD WORK HAS NO REPLACEMENT. STILL NO REPLACEMENT IS FOUND ON PLANET FOR THIS HARD WORK. SINCERELY I WILL GO ON REVIEWING WHAT HAPPENED TO THIS…….LIKE AN AUTOMATIC REVIEWING MACHINE. THERE IS AUTOMATIC GOOGLE ALARM IN MY HEAD.EVERYDAY IT WILL JUST START. *真诚、有强度地努力工作。这就是复兴的定义! *SINCERE, INTENSE HARD WORK. THAT'S ALL IS THE DEFINITION OF REVIVOR! *当我从三摩地中醒来并坐下来的时候，……寺庙里发生了什么事……他们开始像帕冉玛希瓦在《阿戈玛》经书中所说的那样种植花朵了吗。十年前我一直在说我们要开始在寺院内种花……有时候我们试过，但没有发生，但我不会去休息，直到让它成为定期持续供应而强而有力真诚地努力着。 *THE MOMENT I GET UP AND SIT FROM SAMADHI,....WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN TEMPLE..HAVE THEY STARTED GROWING FLOWERS LIKE PARAMASHIVA TOLD IN AGAMAS. TEN YEARS BACK I HAVE BEEN TALKING WE NEED TO START GROWING FLOWERS INSIDE THE TEMPLE..SOMETIMES WE TRY, IT DID NOT HAPPEN, BUT I WILL NOT REST TILL IT BECOMES REGULAR SUPPLY CONTINUOUS INTENSE SINCERE HARD WORK. *你们所有人都必须成为新冠病毒疫情后的复兴者。疫情的发生将会带走你所知道的一切。连锁反应的危机仍未开始。12月14日以后会开始。需要大量的能量和毅力。没有时间允许流行性疲劳症的发生。要有这样的意识。 *ALL OF YOU HAVE TO BECOME REVIVIORS POST CORONA. THIS IS GOING TO TAKE AWAY EVERYTHING YOU KNOW. THE CASCADING CRISIS IS STILL NOT STARTED. IT WILL START AFTER DECEMBER 14TH. LOTS OF ENERGY AND WILL PERSISTENCE IS REQUIRED. NO TIME TO ALLOW PANDEMIC FATIGUE. CONSCIOUS. *在3月22日印度宣布封锁之前，我在那天通知了长期住寺志工/长住全职志愿者（AADHEENAVASIS）和凯拉萨居民（KAILAYAVASIS），并告诉他们，“将有6个月的封锁。”他们感到震惊。 *BEFORE EVEN THEY ANNOUNCED CURFEW IN INDIA ON MARCH 22ND, THAT DAY ITSELF I CALLED THE AADHEENAVASIS, AND KAILAYAVASIS AND TOLD THEM,”THERE IS GOING TO BE 6 MONTH LOCKDOWN. THEY WERE SHOCKED. *通常人们不相信我说的。我习惯了想说什么就说什么，即使别人不相信。我不指望你相信我，或者通过你的眼光能理解我说的话。我只是继续讲我想讲的。过了一些日子他们才明白。我告诉他们要有计划地存储食物。 *USUALLY PEOPLE DON'T BELIEVE WHEN I SAY. I AM HABITUATED TO TALK WHATEVER I WANT EVEN THOUGH PEOPLE DON'T BELIEVE. I DON'T EXPECT BELIEF OR YOU UNDERSTOOD WHAT I SAID IN YOUR EYES. I JUST GO ON TELLING WHAT I WANTED TO TELL. ONLY AFTER A FEW DAYS THEY UNDERSTAND. I TOLD THEM PLAN TO STORE FOOD. *我对他们说整个国家都被被封锁了。不仅在印度，全世界都是如此。所以开始储存食物吧。我并不是说我们得不到食物。价格成本会增加，质量会降低。你也不能进行ANNADHAAN（在吠陀传统中，ANNADHAAN首先提供给神明，然后与饥饿者分享的免费食物，被认为是最重要的社会和灵性服务。）。在那之后，他们也只宣布了21天的封锁。我说:“听着……这会带来好的心情，但它会再次回来。6个月封锁。” *I TOLD THEM WHOLE NATION WILL BE SEALED. NOT ONLY IN INDIA, WORLDOVER. SO START STORING FOOD. I AM NOT SAYING WE WILL NOT GET FOOD. THE COST WILL INCREASE, QUALITY WILL REDUCE. YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO FEED ANNADHAAN. AFTER THAT ALSO THEY ANNOUNCED ONLY 21 DAY CURFEW. I SAID “LISTEN ….THEY WILL LIFT BUT AGAIN IT WILL BE BACK. 6 MONTHS CURFEW.” *当然，其他很多事情我都讲得很详细。我说过整个经济会崩溃。人们会吃尸体，极端的饥荒，我告诉我们所有的灵修院ADHEENAM，把水箱加深我们已经开始储存雨水做雨水收集。启动农业，建立太阳能系统，政府将无法提供电力，金钱将无法为你提供食物。我能看到这一切的发生。 *OF COURSE, MANY OTHER THINGS I TOLD VERY ELABORATE IN DETAILED WAY . I SAID WHOLE ECONOMY WILL COLLAPSE. PEOPLE WILL EAT DEAD BODIES, EXTREME FAMINE AND I TOLD ALL OUR ADHEENAM, DEEPEN THE TANK WE HAVE STARTED STORING RAIN WATER DO RAINWATER HARVESTING. START AGRICULTURE, GO FOR SOLAR SYSTEM GOVERNMENT WILL NOT BE ABLE TO SUPPLY ELECTRICITY, MONEY WILL NOT GET YOU FOOD. I CAN SEE ALL THAT HAPPENING. *在世界瓦解之后，我甚至不想用新冠疫情后或流行病过后这个词。因为新冠病毒疫情所带来的危机将是新冠病毒疫情本身的十倍，所以在12月14日之后，你不会记得这只是新冠疫情，但你会记得这是一个世界瓦解。 *POST PRALAYA, I DON'T EVEN WANT TO USE THE WORD POST COVID OR POST PANDEMIC. BECAUSE THE CASCADING CRISIS OF THE CORONA IS GOING TO BE TEN TIMES OF CORONA - SO AFTER DEC 14TH YOU WILL NOT REMEMBER THIS AS COVID BUT YOU WILL REMEMBER THIS A PRALAYA. *世界瓦解后的日子， 你需要有复兴者强大的毅力。 *THE POST PRALAYA YOU NEED A STRONG WILL PERSISTENCE OF REVIVOR. *只有强大的毅力才能成为财富。其它都不是。很多你曾经见过的人都不在了。过去以社会为基础来评估的东西将不再有价值，就像房地产一样。许多你从未重视过的东西将变得如此珍贵。你会具备毫无拖延能力去吃印楝和��子粉。 *ONLY THAT IS GOING TO BE THE WEALTH. NOTHING ELSE. MANY PEOPLE YOU USED TO SEE AROUND WILL NOT BE THERE. THING WHICH YOU USED TO VALUE BASED ON THE SOCIETY VALUING IT WILL NOT HAVE VALUE ANYMORE LIKE REAL ESTATE ANYMORE. MANY THINGS YOU NEVER VALUED WILL BECOME SO VALUABLE. YOUR ABILITY TO TAKE NEEM AND HARITAKI WITHOUT POSTPONING. *你的拖延会说，货架上没有，商店里没有，不是有机的……要具备从舌头中UNCLUTCHING(放开）的能力并将所有这一切作为灵性指引，这将成为巨大的财富。 *YOU POSTPONE SAYING, IT IS NOT THERE IS NOT THERE IN THE RACK, NOT THERE IN SHOP, NOT ORGANIC….ABILITY TO UNCLUTCHING FROM TONGUE AND TAKE ALL THIS AS SPIRITUAL INSTRUCTION WILL BECOME GREAT WEALTH. *食用素食，学会莲花式盘坐，不断听到负面消息-你的身体会有肌肉疼痛。你的肌肉质量会下降。学会莲花式盘坐，以消除新冠病毒疫情负面消息带来的影响。 *VEGETARIAN FOOD, ABILITY TO SIT IN PADMASANA, CONTINUOUS HEARING NEGATIVE NEWS - YOUR BODY WILL BUILD MUSCLE PAIN.THE QUALITY OF YOUR MUSCLES WILL COME DOWN. LEARN TO SIT IN PADMASANA TO NULLIFY THE EFFECT OF COVID 19 PANDEMIC NEGATIVE NEWS. *决定每日都以莲花式盘坐的姿势聆听共修讲座。 *DECIDE EVERYDAY IN SATSANG YOU WILL SIT ONLY IN PADMASANA. *它能使你的肌肉复原。如果你是莲花式盘坐，你内在会有力量和一致性。内心具备坚持不懈的愿力。 *IT RECOVERS YOUR MUSCLES. IF YOU SIT IN PADMASANA YOU WILL STRENGTH AND INTEGRITY INSIDE. THE WILL PERSISTENCE INSIDE. *你确实需要像我一样的耐力在后世界瓦解时期——身体上的，精神上的，意识上的——这就是为什么我复制我自己，我的DNA在你们所有人身上。 *YOU NEED LITERALLY MY STAMINA - PHYSICALLY, MENTALLY, CONSCIOUSLY FOR POST PRALAYA - THAT IS WHY I AM REPRODUCING MYSELF, MY DNA IN ALL OF YOU. *你们正在成为凯拉萨的人。你的灵魂被带到凯拉萨重启完成，带回来并插入到系统中，使用整个凯拉萨软件。 *YOU GUYS ARE LITERALLY BECOMING KAILASHIANS. YOUR SOUL IS TAKEN TO KAILASH REBOOTING DONE AND BROUGHT BACK AND INSERTED INTO THE SYSTEM, WITH THE WHOLE KAILASA SOFTWARES. *为了避免流行性疲劳症带来的精神崩溃，请加入帕冉玛希瓦团队项目。如果你是新加入共修团的成员，请参加PARAMASHIVOHAM16天的课程项目。 *TO AVOID MENTAL BREAKDOWN PANDEMIC FATIGUE PLEASE JOIN PARAMASHIVA GANA PROGRAM. IF YOU ARE NEW TO SANGHA PLEASE JOIN PARAMASHIVOHAM PROGRAM. *所以来加入成为创建数码国度的一员服务整个人类，给人来带来超意识突破。 *SO COME JOIN BE PART OF THIS DIGITAL NATION BUILDING TO SERVE HUMANITY, TO GIVE A SUPERCONSCIOUS BREAKTHROUGH TO HUMANITY. *PARAMASHIVOHAM16天的课程项目链接：paramashivoham.org *LINK TO PARAMASHIVOHAM PROGRAM: paramashivoham.org *帕冉玛希瓦团队项目注册链接：https://kailaasa.org/paramashivaganas *LINK TO PARAMASHIVA GANA PROGRAM: https://kailaasa.org/paramashivaganas ~尼希亚南达翻译小组

[edisonashley]

Comments on the “Platform Accountability and Consumer Transparency Act” (the “PACT Act”)

Last month, Sens. Schatz and Thune introduced S. 4066, “Platform Accountability and Consumer Transparency Act” (the “PACT Act”). The bill was pitched as a narrow and modest bipartisan reform of Section 230; and Daphne Keller of Stanford labeled the bill an “intellectually serious effort” and a “huge step forward” compared to other alternatives. While the PACT Act may lack the malevolence of more extreme Section 230 reform proposals, it’s not narrow, modest, or good. Some of the bill’s biggest problems: the bill doesn’t appear to solve any problems; its regulatory approach contravenes the First Amendment; and it imposes significant costs on UGC sites that will grow exponentially when the bill’s features are weaponized. Unless you generously grade this bill on a curve against the burn-it-all-down anti-Section 230 proposals, this is not the reform alternative you are looking for.

Overview of the Bill

The bill has three main components: dictating procedural operations for UGC sites (what I call the “Santa Clara Principles”); reducing Section 230; and requesting studies.

1) “Santa Clara Principles”

The Santa Clara Principles emerged alongside the Santa Clara University conference on Content Moderation and Removal in 2018. The Santa Clara Principles encourage UGC sites to improve their disclosures through transparency reports (“numbers”) and adopt more due process-like procedures, including providing users with notice of the site’s editorial decisions (“notice”) and the right to appeal (“appeals”).

The bill contains a package of reforms loosely following the Santa Clara Principles, plus a requirement to honor court decisions that declare content/actions illegal. Pursuant to the bill, UGC sites would be required to:

adopt an “acceptable use policy” (AUP) that describes what content is acceptable on the site and what steps the site takes to ensure AUP compliance.

accept notifications of court decisions and complaints of AUP violations via an email address, a web form, AND a toll-free phone number staffed by humans.

provide an “easily accessible” mechanism (presumably an automated web tool) for complainers to track their complaints.

honor court decisions within 24 hours of receipt, but only if the court found “illegal activity” under federal law or “illegal content” under federal law or state defamation law. This provision would partially overturn Blockowicz v. Williams, Hassell v. Bird, and a few similar decisions.

act on notices of alleged AUP violations in 14 days.

if the UGC site removes content based on an alleged AUP violation identified in a third-party’s complaint, it must (1) give an explanation to the content uploader and complainer, and (2) provide an appeals process to the uploader.

if the UGC site removes content for alleged AUP violations for other reasons (such as human or automated moderation), then the uploader can complain to the UGC site, which then has 14 days to review the content (again?), determine if there was in fact an AUP violation, “take appropriate action” in response to that determination, and notify the uploader of its decision and the actions it took.

publish an exceptionally detailed quarterly transparency report via an “open license” and in a “machine-readable and open” format.

To get a flavor for the requirements, here’s just one of the reporting obligations: “the number of instances in which the interactive computer service provider took action with respect to illegal content, illegal activity, or known potentially policy-violating content due to its nature as illegal content, illegal activity, or known potentially policy-violating content, including content removal, content demonetization, content deprioritization, appending content with an assessment, account suspension, account removal, or any other action taken in accordance with the acceptable use policy of the provider, categorized by—(i) the category of rule violated; (ii) the source of the flag, including government, user, internal automated detection tool, coordination with other interactive computer service providers, or personnel employed or contracted for by the provider; (iii) the country of the information content provider; and (iv) coordinated campaign, if applicable”

The Santa Clara Principles provisions do not apply to vendors who provide “web hosting, domain registration, content delivery networks, caching, back-end data storage, and cloud management.” The transparency report and toll-free number obligations do not apply to “small” UGC sites who in the “most recent 24-month period (A) received fewer than 1,000,000 monthly active users or monthly visitors; and (B) accrued revenue of less than $25,000,000.” Instead of the 24 hour/14 day turnarounds, small UGC sites would need to act within a “reasonable time.”

As an FTC Act Section 5 violation, the FTC can enforce the provisions on transparency reports and notifications to complainers and uploaders. The bill doesn’t specify enforcement for the other Santa Clara Principles.

2) Section 230 Amendments

The bill proposes to amend Section 230 three ways:

Paralleling the affirmative obligation to honor court decisions, to reinforce that Section 230(c)(1) does not apply when UGC sites are notified of court decisions (subject to the same exclusions referenced above).

To add a new exclusion for federal government enforcement of any “[Federal] civil statute, or any regulations of an Executive agency (as defined in section 105 of title 5, United States Code) or an establishment in the legislative or judicial branch of the Federal Government.” I’m not sure exactly what an “establishment” is, but this page might help.

State AGs may enforce federal civil law without restriction from Section 230.

3) Studies

The bill authorizes two studies:

GAO should research the costs/benefits of providing whistleblower protections and awards to employees/contractors of Internet companies.

NIST should develop voluntary standards for “good faith moderation practices.” FWIW, the Trust & Safety Professional Association will provide the infrastructure to help improve industry-wide moderation practices without any government involvement.

My Top 9 Concerns (yes, and I could write SO MUCH MORE)

1) What Problems Do the Bill Seek to Solve? 

This bill contains a lot of different policy ideas. It adds multiple disclosure obligations, regulates several aspects of sites’ editorial processes, makes three different changes to Section 230, and asks for two different studies. Any one of these policy ideas, standing alone, might be a significant policy change. But rather than proposing a narrow and targeted solution to a well-identified problem, the drafters packaged this jumble of ideas together to create a broad and wide-ranging omnibus reform proposal. The spray-and-pray approach to policymaking betrays the drafters’ lack of confidence that they know how to achieve their goals.

2) What Problems Do the Section 230 Amendments Solve?

At the App Coalition event, Sen. Schatz stressed that Section 230 needed to be refreshed due to its age. To me, that perfectly encapsulated my problem with the bill–it seeks to do something to Section 230, but lacks clarity about why other than Section 230 is a quarter-century old and the Internet “is different now” (I believe that’s what he said). We especially see the problem-solution nexus concern with the Section 230 reforms. What problems are those intended to solve?

First, regarding removing content/activity that courts have declared as illegal–how often does this problem come up? Virtually every UGC site routinely honors court decisions without hesitation, even though they are not legally required to do so. So, what are the situations where that is not happening, and what evidence indicates this is a problem? I’ll address many other concerns with the court decision issue in a moment.

Second, the bill seeks to exclude federal government enforcement of federal civil law from Section 230. This is puzzling because the federal government is rarely limited by Section 230. The few examples stand out because of their rarity: HUD ran into a Section 230 defense in its enforcement action against Facebook for discriminatory ad delivery (it’s not clear Facebook’s defense was meritorious); and the FTC occasionally runs into Section 230 defenses, though it overcomes them (see, e.g., FTC v. Accusearch; FTC v. LeadClick). Despite that, this is not a narrow change. The federal civil law is massive and wide-ranging, so it’s hard for me to enumerate all of the potential consequences of excluding federal civil law from Section 230. The bill drafters should be explicit about why this exception is needed, its potential unintended consequences, and if a more precise exemption would adequately address the places (if any) where Section 230 is being overly restrictive.

Third, why are state AGs needed to help enforce the federal civil law newly exposed by Section 230? If federal civil law needs to be excluded from 230 (which I don’t think is the case), this should be done in two stages: first, relax Section 230 for federal civil laws; and if that change doesn’t produce the intended result because the DOJ can’t adequately enforce, then deputize the state AGs to supplement the DOJ. Doing both changes at once doesn’t make sense, as illustrated by FOSTA. Among other changes, FOSTA partially removed Section 230’s constraints on state AGs’ actions, but I am not aware that any state AG has yet used this new power–so why was the FOSTA exclusion needed? Meanwhile, there are good reasons to be concerned about how state AGs would enforce Section 230. Most critically, state AGs are provincial and many are elected, so their motivations differ–usually in unfavorable ways–from the DOJ’s administrative and national orientation. I explain these and other concerns more here.

Note: this obviously wrong “finding” (emphasis added) undermines the bill’s credibility: “Online consumers are not adequately protected in the United States because, with the exception of Federal criminal statutes, providers of interactive computer services are immune from the enforcement of most Federal statutes and regulations.” Sorry, what? In addition to the federal crimes exception, Section 230 statutorily excludes federal IP claims (except DTSA) and ECPA claims. Furthermore, general-purpose laws not specific to UGC are untouched by Section 230. See, e.g., Chicago v. StubHub (involving a local tax, but the general principle would extend to general-purpose federal laws).

3) Unconstitutional Regulation of Editorial Functions

I generally support the Santa Clara Principles as aspirational goals for the few large players that can afford them, but I did not sign onto the principles because I don’t believe the UGC community should be subject to one-size-fits-all obligations. For this reason, it’s easy to simultaneously like the Santa Clara Principles and not like the PACT Act. Making the principles compulsory would impose detailed new requirements on small and mid-sized companies that even Internet giants like Facebook or YouTube will struggle to meet.

The bill also runs head-first into a huge First Amendment brick wall. If mandatory, the Santa Clara Principles tell online publishers how to manage their editorial practices, which the First Amendment doesn’t permit the government to do. Imagine how it would look if a legislature tried to compel book publishers to follow the Santa Clara Principles, such as:

mandating that book publishers publicly announce what book manuscripts they consider acceptable and which they won’t. Book publishers routinely voluntarily post submission standards, but I can’t think of any medium where a law mandates that private publishers make such disclosures.

dictating how book publishers accept complaints about book content and requiring publishers to provide an easily accessible tracking mechanism for those complaints.

requiring that the publishers stop publishing books within 24 hours of a court finding that the book has defamatory content (indeed, recall the old maxim that equity doesn’t enjoin a libel, though that principle isn’t absolute).

acting on complaints that published books that don’t comply with the publisher’s submission guidelines within 14 days.

giving book authors a mandatory right to appeal rejections of their manuscripts.

mandating quarterly reports about book manuscript submissions, complaints received about published books, etc. (cf. Washington Post v. McManus).

I’m not sure which of these obligations would be constitutional. I suspect none of them. The reality is that most regulators would never go there, even in heavily concentrated media niches. I hope some of my colleagues will do the detailed, time-consuming, and tedious work to explore the unconstitutionality of each of the Santa Clara Principles requirements.

4) The Challenges of Honoring Court Decisions

Superficially, it sounds appealing to require UGC sites to honor court determinations of illegal content/activities. Stanford’s Keller called it “low-hanging fruit.” We trust courts as authoritative decision-makers, and we trust they will make better illegality determinations than UGC sites will. Yet, there are good reasons to be skeptical of the bill’s approach.

First, illegitimate court orders are a serious concern. There are many ways to game the system. One known approach is to intentionally sue the wrong content uploader, establish “service,” and then get a default judgment. Some plaintiffs have literally forged court orders. Prof. Volokh has documented dozens of examples. The bill acknowledges this risk, specifying that the plaintiff tendering a court decision must include a pointer to the court docket and make declarations under “penalty of perjury” (a statement that is toothless, as we’ve seen with the perjury declaration requirement in 512(c)(3) notices). However, as I mentioned above, UGC sites routinely honor court decisions already, so the bill’s atmospherics about better quality notifications won’t abate any gaming.

Second, as the EFF points out, the bill requires UGC sites to honor lower court decisions before the defendant has exhausted all of its appeals. We saw an example of how premature content removal can go wrong in Garcia v. Google, when the Ninth Circuit dubiously issued a secret court order compelling Google to remove the Innocence of Muslims video that the Ninth Circuit later concluded was always legal.

Third, I don’t understand how the UGC site is supposed to implement a court decision that content or activity is illegal. The bill seems to contemplate that the decision will give the UGC site a roadmap of exactly how to surgically excise the illegal stuff, but in reality many orders are likely to be unspecific about exactly what is illegal and how it’s supposed to be remedied. The plaintiff’s notice to the UGC site is supposed to include an “[i]dentification of the illegal content or illegal activity, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the provider to locate the content or each account involved”–but how granular must this be? What happens if the plaintiff’s instructions are not consistent with the court order, or the instructions are imprecise and require the UGC site to make judgment calls on how to implement it? Remember, the UGC site has to implement the court decision in 24 hours, so it doesn’t have the luxury of seeking clarification.

Two related questions: (1) does the court order impose ongoing obligations on the UGC site? The bill says “Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to condition the applicability of paragraph (1) to a provider of an interactive computer service on the provider monitoring the interactive computer service or affirmatively seeking facts indicating illegal content or illegal activity in order to identify instances of noticed activity or content additional to any instances about which the provider has received a notification.” However, the bill contemplates that UGC sites must honor the removal of accounts, which prospectively eliminates all future activity–legitimate or not–by that account. Also, I wonder how UGC sites will handle a court order that prospectively bans certain content or accounts in the future; even if this bill says the UGC site doesn’t have an ongoing monitoring duty, will UGC sites feel comfortable ignoring the court order with the associated risk of being held in contempt?

(2) the obligation to remove accounts will remove all content associated with that account, even legitimate content; and removing accounts and content can orphan any third-party content attached to the removed material, such as Facebook comments to someone else’s post that gets removed. The fact the bill mandates this collateral damage on legitimate content highlights some of the bill’s significant First Amendment and due process problems.

Note: in addition to the mandatory removal requirement, the bill carves back Section 230(c)(1) protection for content/activity identified by the court decisions but surgically leaves Section 230(c)(2) in place. Section 230(c)(2) generally doesn’t protect leave-up decisions (the only decisions that would be targeted by court orders contemplated by the bill), but this distinction still confused me.

Fourth, the bill sidesteps the vexing problem of whether or not the plaintiff must sue UGC sites as part of obtaining the court order. There are downsides to each approach.

[Note: in part, this issue arises because FRCP 65 doesn’t allow courts to impose injunctions on unrelated parties, but this bill seeks to require UGC sites to honor court orders that FRCP 65 would not otherwise apply to them. I couldn’t tell if the bill is amending FRCP 65, directly or implicitly, and if this bill follows the proper process for such an amendment.]

If UGC sites must be named defendants in order to be bound by the court decision, UGC sites will be included in pretty much every lawsuit over online content to preserve the remedy option. That would impose substantial litigation costs on them.

If UGC sites aren’t named as defendants, then it’s an obvious due process problem to obligate them to comply with court decisions from litigation they didn’t participate in. This is why FRCP 65 restricts who can be bound by a court decision. Cf. Hassell v. Bird, where the plaintiff improperly tried to bind Yelp to the results of a lawsuit even though it wasn’t a defendant in the suit. Notice how the bill’s 24 hour turnaround time exacerbates the due process problem because the UGC site won’t have time to challenge the court decision. 24 hours isn’t even enough time to conduct a cursory investigation of the order’s legitimacy; so where the bill says the UGC site can have more time “based on concerns about the legitimacy of the notice,” that will occur only when gross problems are impossible to ignore.

Not only does this compulsion raise due process problems, but it highlights the First Amendment defects with the bill. The bill ignores that UGC sites may have their own independent freedom of speech/freedom of press interests in publishing third-party content. I address this issue more in my analysis of California’s online eraser law. (There never has been a First Amendment challenge to that law because everyone has ignored it). The omission of UGC sites from the underlying litigation would mean that the court didn’t properly consider the UGC sites’ independent First Amendment interests in crafting the outcome (part of the due process problem).

5) Compliance Costs and the Small Business Carveout

The bill imposes compliance costs on UGC sites. To comply with the bill, UGC sites would have to revamp their UGC operations, build custom software tools, transition their databases to meet the law’s requirements, hire new employees to deal with all of the complaints, explanations, and appeals, obtain new insurance coverage, and spend money on lawyers to redraft their policies and review all of the compliance obligations.

To mitigate the costs of complying with the Santa Clara Principles, UGC sites would cut as many corners as possible. Most obviously, the UGC sites would make their AUPs as unspecific as possible–in direct contravention of the bill’s purported transparency goal. The bill says that the AUPs must “reasonably inform” users about what content is acceptable, but because every detail in the AUP will create compliance obligations, the lawyers will push to disclose as little as possible. Similarly, the explanations will be quite general–how much transparency does it really add to tell an uploader that their content was removed due to a hate speech violation? And where possible, all of the interactions (other than the toll-free number) will be automated and not actually involve human interaction. Thus, if the bill permits it, the “reviews” of complained-about content will be automated as much as possible, even if the initial editorial decisions were also automated. (If not, the costs of doing manual human reviews on demand could be overwhelming, especially after the bill is weaponized as discussed below).

Furthermore, the bill eliminates some obligations for small businesses, but the quantitative standards for determining small business eligibility are poorly designed:

the traffic measuring stick is 1M “monthly active users or monthly visitors.” How are months measured–calendar months or any 30-day period? How are “visitors” counted–is it unique visitors or does it include repeat visits? No matter; “monthly visitors” always will be larger than “monthly active users,” so MAUs is the only relevant test.

there is a 24-month lookback period for the traffic measuring stick. The bill doesn’t distinguish between averages and maxima. If the latter, a small UGC site with seasonal spikes or a single viral hit will get walloped with a payload of compliance obligations.

is there a phase-in period? Or does a UGC site need to comply immediately after it crosses the numerical threshold?

the revenue measuring stick is over 24 months, not the more typical annual measure. So the $25M standard is more like $12.5M annually.

the revenue covers the entire enterprise, not just the UGC functions. So a large company with a small UGC offering will clear the standard even if the UGC offering is not integral to the business. A good example would be online retailers that let shoppers comment on vended items. The bill would encourage big companies with small UGC functions to shut down the UGC component due to the costs.

the bill applies if a UGC site satisfies either the traffic or revenue measuring sticks. Thus, a UGC site drops out of the small business exception if it has more than 1M MAUs OR $25M in revenues over 2 years.

For reasons that are unclear to me, bill-drafters routinely struggle to distinguish bigger from smaller UGC sites. Small-business carveouts don’t cure bad policy ideas, but they don’t do anything useful when improperly designed. Any attempt to distinguish big from small Internet services should, at a minimum:

require the regulated company to meet both the traffic and revenue measures, not just one or the other. Otherwise, the carveout creates false positives for low revenue but highly leveraged sites and for big companies with a small UGC presence.

use MAUs as a traffic measure, but only if they are averaged over a sufficiently long period to avoid the seasonal/viral spikes.

measure only revenue from the UGC function, not the overall corporate enterprise–say, a newspaper’s UGC tools, not its entire revenues including print subscriptions.

provide a proper phase-in period after both measurements are met.

The bill’s Santa Clara Principles can apply to nonprofit UGC sites (the bill expressly says this) and UGC sites with no revenue at all. It’s perplexing to see non-commercial and non-revenue services included within FTC”s Section 5 authority.

Because the bill reaches every UGC site, even the tiniest ones, many sites will exit the UGC industry. For example, I’d probably shut down blog comments rather than creating a complaint tracking system. The costs also raise entry barriers, discouraging new entrants, and solidifying the position of incumbents. The bill claims that it’s our country’s policy “to preserve the internet and other interactive computer services as forums for diversity of political discourse, unique opportunities for cultural development, and myriad avenues for intellectual and commercial activity,” but this bill is a hard shove in the opposite direction.

6) Weaponized Complaints and the Decline of Automated Editorial Practices

The bill makes an unstated assumption that notices to the UGC site (e.g., a third party notice of an alleged AUP violation, or an uploader protesting the removal of its content) are legitimate. At this point in the Internet’s history, that assumption is not credible. The bill acknowledges that “the user may submit a complaint in good faith” through the required notification systems, but the bill doesn’t explain what happens if the complaint isn’t made in good faith. Can the UGC site just ignore it without legal consequence? Who knows.

The bill could have specified more details for submitting notices, like the requirements of Section 512(c)(3) (including, crucially, precisely specifying the location of the allegedly AUP-violative content) and meaningful legal consequences for bogus notifications (not like the toothless 512(f)). It makes sense to raise notification costs, even minimally, and any mandatory prerequisites would help the UGC site weed out non-compliant notices. The bill seems to contemplate that UGC sites can structure their web intake forms with mandatory fields, but that won’t affect notices submitted via the required email and toll-free intake systems.

These Santa Clara Principle features are easily weaponized. Some of the many possible ways:

a user could submit an alleged AUP-violation that “content on the site defames me.” The bill requires UGC sites to “review the content”–presumably the entire site, since the complaint didn’t specify an individual item of content. Multiply that by thousands or millions of clueless and malicious similar notifications. Now what?

a coordinated group of attackers could target a site author, submitting complaints about each and every post and forcing the site to review every single post by the targeted author for AUP violations. At some point, the cost of keeping that author might be prohibitive (something that almost certainly would come up for speakers from marginalized communities). This is especially true if the attackers can use the toll-free number to drain the company’s costs and tie up the review process.

Because AUP policies will certainly restrict IP violations by users, IP owners will flood the system with the robo-notices they are already generating. More on that in a moment.

A malicious content submitter, like a spammer, can demand a review for every single removed item. If a spammer submits millions of filtered items, the spammer can demand millions of reviews. Spammers might do this for shits-and-giggles, but it’s also a way of increasing the costs of a targeted UGC site. This poses a significant threat to all content moderation processes.

Every extrajudicial notice process, such as 512(c)(3) notices and other types of NOCIs, gets weaponized, so of course the bill’s features will be weaponized too.

7) The Bill’s Interplay With Section 512 and Other Laws

The bill doesn’t mention the notice-and-takedown procedures in Section 512 at all. Per the 512 prerequisites, AUPs are essentially required to prohibit copyright infringement (512 says sites must notify users of their repeat infringer policy). This means copyright owners can simultaneously take advantage of both the DMCA procedures and this bill’s Santa Clara Principles features. That means:

all UGC sites would need to provide a way for copyright owners to easily track the status of their 512(c)(3) notices. In light of the millions of robo-notices already being sent, this sounds like a major engineering expense for many UGC sites.

all UGC sites would need to investigate any alleged copyright infringement (the bill says the site must “review the content [and] determine whether the content adheres to the acceptable use policy of the provider”). This implicitly modifies the DMCA notice-and-takedown scheme, which lets service providers honor or ignore takedown notices without doing any investigation at all (though those choices may have liability implications).

the bill also requires UGC sites to “determine whether the content adheres to the acceptable use policy of the provider; and (iii) take appropriate steps based on the determination made under clause (ii).” This overlays the notice-and-takedown scheme by creating a 14 day resolution period; in contrast to the DMCA’s prerequisite of an “expeditious” response. I think most people nowadays would say that 14 days isn’t an expeditious response (see, e.g., Feingold v. RageOn, saying an 18 day turnaround was not expeditious); but the PACT Act would create a hard stop.

unlike 512(c)(3), the bill would let copyright owners submit complaints as generic as “your site has content that infringes my copyright” and force UGC sites to review those unspecific complaints. Every copyright owner will love this; it would be a great supplement to the 512(c)(3) notices they send, plus the PACT Act-required reviews could create actual knowledge or red flags of infringement that disqualifies the UGC site from the 512 safe harbors.

The bill also doesn’t address its interactions with the 512(g) counternotification process. In addition to or instead of the 512(g) process, an uploader accused of posting copyright-infringing material could respond with a PACT Act appeal. But this would put the UGC site in a worse-off position. Per 512(g), the UGC site can restore the complained-about work without doing any further investigation. The PACT Act requires the UGC site to review the appeal, make a determination, and notify the content uploader AND the copyright owner of the determination. What will result if, after review, the UGC site concludes that the uploader is indeed infringing and the UGC site tells the copyright owner of that conclusion? Where 512(g) would have kicked this issue completely over to the courts, the UGC site is likely to pull the content–despite the counternotification & 512(g) terms–to avoid hosting infringing content that it has concluded likely infringes. All of these troubles can be avoided if the content uploader only files a 512(g) counternotice and not a PACT Act appeal. Did the bill authors really intend to create a mechanism that would make users worse off compared to the existing baseline?

More generally, the bill overlays a massive range of laws that already cover similar ground, and it does little or nothing to harmonize with those laws. Some other examples:

We generally assume that non-copyright IPs are subject to a common-law notice-and-takedown requirement, but without the DMCA’s specificity. How would the PACT Act requirements affect that common-law scheme? At a minimum, IP owners would get a complaint tracking system and a guaranteed response within 14 days (the common-law scheme may already require shorter reaction times–not sure). It’s unclear how a UGC site would evaluate a content uploader’s appeal. 512(g) provides an immunity for restoring content when the prerequisites are met, but the common law doesn’t–so UGC sites would regularly side against the content uploader at the peril of creating liability to the IP owner. I’m also unclear about the risks of the process to trade secret owners alleging misappropriation. Could the required explanation to the content uploader reveal what items are actually trade secrets…?

With respect to third-party complaints asserting that content qualifies as child sexual abuse material (CSAM), the bill would require the UGC site to notify the uploader that it removed the content as CSAM. If the uploader knows anything about the law, this will tip off the uploader that the matter has been referred to NCMEC and likely to law enforcement. That would give the uploader a heads-up to take affirmative steps to mask their tracks for law enforcement. (The bill says that the UGC site doesn’t have to provide an explanation if there is a known “ongoing law enforcement investigation,” but that does not describe a NCMEC referral). Could the bill actually aid CSAM criminals???

8) Opening the Door to State-Level Variations. One of Section 230’s strengths is that it eliminates state law variation, a boon for UGC sites that necessarily have users across the country. The uniformity of federal law lets UGC sites worry only about one law–Section 230–plus the mostly federal nature of the Section 230 exclusions (such as federal criminal law and, in some jurisdictions, only federal IP claims).

To their credit, the bill drafters generally sought to preserve this benefit by focusing on federal law. Despite that, the bill opens up UGC sites to state law variation in two important ways. First, as discussed above, it would expose them to new enforcements by state AGs with heterogeneous motivations and disparate interpretations of the law. Second, the bill opens up Section 230 to court decisions on state defamation law–an area with significant variation among the states.

9) Is There a Private Right of Action for the Santa Clara Principles?

The bill’s Santa Clara Principles obligations (Section 5 of the bill) aren’t assigned to a specific part of the US code. I’m not sure what default enforcement options apply to them. Some violations of the Santa Clara Principles “shall be treated as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or deceptive act or practice” in the FTC Act. Normally, Section 5 of the FTC Act does not authorize private rights of action. However, the bill does not make those portions exclusively subject to FTC enforcement. The other parts are not enforceable by the FTC. So who has enforcement authority? Would the entire Santa Clara Principles be subject to a private right of action? That would be devastating because the bill requirements are detailed/technical and govern literally trillions of content decisions, so the volume of litigable questions could be enormous.

Conclusion

Some of the problems I identify could be fixed relatively easily. For example, the bill could add minimum specifications for notices complaining about user content (similar to 512(c)(3)), exclude copyright notices from its scope, and expressly eliminate any private right of action for the Santa Clara Principles. Those fixes seem so obvious to me that I don’t understand how the drafters introduced the bill without them. Still, minor tweaks won’t fix the bill’s architecture. Even with easy fixes, it will remain overstuffed with too many policy ideas, not enough clarity on the problems it seeks to fix, and intrinsic incompatibility with the First Amendment. As much as I’d love to give some love to the bill sponsors for their efforts, I cannot support this bill.

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Comments on the “Platform Accountability and Consumer Transparency Act” (the “PACT Act”)

Last month, Sens. Schatz and Thune introduced S. 4066, “Platform Accountability and Consumer Transparency Act” (the “PACT Act”). The bill was pitched as a narrow and modest bipartisan reform of Section 230; and Daphne Keller of Stanford labeled the bill an “intellectually serious effort” and a “huge step forward” compared to other alternatives. While the PACT Act may lack the malevolence of more extreme Section 230 reform proposals, it’s not narrow, modest, or good. Some of the bill’s biggest problems: the bill doesn’t appear to solve any problems; its regulatory approach contravenes the First Amendment; and it imposes significant costs on UGC sites that will grow exponentially when the bill’s features are weaponized. Unless you generously grade this bill on a curve against the burn-it-all-down anti-Section 230 proposals, this is not the reform alternative you are looking for.

Overview of the Bill

The bill has three main components: dictating procedural operations for UGC sites (what I call the “Santa Clara Principles”); reducing Section 230; and requesting studies.

1) “Santa Clara Principles”

The Santa Clara Principles emerged alongside the Santa Clara University conference on Content Moderation and Removal in 2018. The Santa Clara Principles encourage UGC sites to improve their disclosures through transparency reports (“numbers”) and adopt more due process-like procedures, including providing users with notice of the site’s editorial decisions (“notice”) and the right to appeal (“appeals”).

The bill contains a package of reforms loosely following the Santa Clara Principles, plus a requirement to honor court decisions that declare content/actions illegal. Pursuant to the bill, UGC sites would be required to:

adopt an “acceptable use policy” (AUP) that describes what content is acceptable on the site and what steps the site takes to ensure AUP compliance.

accept notifications of court decisions and complaints of AUP violations via an email address, a web form, AND a toll-free phone number staffed by humans.

provide an “easily accessible” mechanism (presumably an automated web tool) for complainers to track their complaints.

honor court decisions within 24 hours of receipt, but only if the court found “illegal activity” under federal law or “illegal content” under federal law or state defamation law. This provision would partially overturn Blockowicz v. Williams, Hassell v. Bird, and a few similar decisions.

act on notices of alleged AUP violations in 14 days.

if the UGC site removes content based on an alleged AUP violation identified in a third-party’s complaint, it must (1) give an explanation to the content uploader and complainer, and (2) provide an appeals process to the uploader.

if the UGC site removes content for alleged AUP violations for other reasons (such as human or automated moderation), then the uploader can complain to the UGC site, which then has 14 days to review the content (again?), determine if there was in fact an AUP violation, “take appropriate action” in response to that determination, and notify the uploader of its decision and the actions it took.

publish an exceptionally detailed quarterly transparency report via an “open license” and in a “machine-readable and open” format.

To get a flavor for the requirements, here’s just one of the reporting obligations: “the number of instances in which the interactive computer service provider took action with respect to illegal content, illegal activity, or known potentially policy-violating content due to its nature as illegal content, illegal activity, or known potentially policy-violating content, including content removal, content demonetization, content deprioritization, appending content with an assessment, account suspension, account removal, or any other action taken in accordance with the acceptable use policy of the provider, categorized by—(i) the category of rule violated; (ii) the source of the flag, including government, user, internal automated detection tool, coordination with other interactive computer service providers, or personnel employed or contracted for by the provider; (iii) the country of the information content provider; and (iv) coordinated campaign, if applicable”

The Santa Clara Principles provisions do not apply to vendors who provide “web hosting, domain registration, content delivery networks, caching, back-end data storage, and cloud management.” The transparency report and toll-free number obligations do not apply to “small” UGC sites who in the “most recent 24-month period (A) received fewer than 1,000,000 monthly active users or monthly visitors; and (B) accrued revenue of less than $25,000,000.” Instead of the 24 hour/14 day turnarounds, small UGC sites would need to act within a “reasonable time.”

As an FTC Act Section 5 violation, the FTC can enforce the provisions on transparency reports and notifications to complainers and uploaders. The bill doesn’t specify enforcement for the other Santa Clara Principles.

2) Section 230 Amendments

The bill proposes to amend Section 230 three ways:

Paralleling the affirmative obligation to honor court decisions, to reinforce that Section 230(c)(1) does not apply when UGC sites are notified of court decisions (subject to the same exclusions referenced above).

To add a new exclusion for federal government enforcement of any “[Federal] civil statute, or any regulations of an Executive agency (as defined in section 105 of title 5, United States Code) or an establishment in the legislative or judicial branch of the Federal Government.” I’m not sure exactly what an “establishment” is, but this page might help.

State AGs may enforce federal civil law without restriction from Section 230.

3) Studies

The bill authorizes two studies:

GAO should research the costs/benefits of providing whistleblower protections and awards to employees/contractors of Internet companies.

NIST should develop voluntary standards for “good faith moderation practices.” FWIW, the Trust & Safety Professional Association will provide the infrastructure to help improve industry-wide moderation practices without any government involvement.

My Top 9 Concerns (yes, and I could write SO MUCH MORE)

1) What Problems Do the Bill Seek to Solve? 

This bill contains a lot of different policy ideas. It adds multiple disclosure obligations, regulates several aspects of sites’ editorial processes, makes three different changes to Section 230, and asks for two different studies. Any one of these policy ideas, standing alone, might be a significant policy change. But rather than proposing a narrow and targeted solution to a well-identified problem, the drafters packaged this jumble of ideas together to create a broad and wide-ranging omnibus reform proposal. The spray-and-pray approach to policymaking betrays the drafters’ lack of confidence that they know how to achieve their goals.

2) What Problems Do the Section 230 Amendments Solve?

At the App Coalition event, Sen. Schatz stressed that Section 230 needed to be refreshed due to its age. To me, that perfectly encapsulated my problem with the bill–it seeks to do something to Section 230, but lacks clarity about why other than Section 230 is a quarter-century old and the Internet “is different now” (I believe that’s what he said). We especially see the problem-solution nexus concern with the Section 230 reforms. What problems are those intended to solve?

First, regarding removing content/activity that courts have declared as illegal–how often does this problem come up? Virtually every UGC site routinely honors court decisions without hesitation, even though they are not legally required to do so. So, what are the situations where that is not happening, and what evidence indicates this is a problem? I’ll address many other concerns with the court decision issue in a moment.

Second, the bill seeks to exclude federal government enforcement of federal civil law from Section 230. This is puzzling because the federal government is rarely limited by Section 230. The few examples stand out because of their rarity: HUD ran into a Section 230 defense in its enforcement action against Facebook for discriminatory ad delivery (it’s not clear Facebook’s defense was meritorious); and the FTC occasionally runs into Section 230 defenses, though it overcomes them (see, e.g., FTC v. Accusearch; FTC v. LeadClick). Despite that, this is not a narrow change. The federal civil law is massive and wide-ranging, so it’s hard for me to enumerate all of the potential consequences of excluding federal civil law from Section 230. The bill drafters should be explicit about why this exception is needed, its potential unintended consequences, and if a more precise exemption would adequately address the places (if any) where Section 230 is being overly restrictive.

Third, why are state AGs needed to help enforce the federal civil law newly exposed by Section 230? If federal civil law needs to be excluded from 230 (which I don’t think is the case), this should be done in two stages: first, relax Section 230 for federal civil laws; and if that change doesn’t produce the intended result because the DOJ can’t adequately enforce, then deputize the state AGs to supplement the DOJ. Doing both changes at once doesn’t make sense, as illustrated by FOSTA. Among other changes, FOSTA partially removed Section 230’s constraints on state AGs’ actions, but I am not aware that any state AG has yet used this new power–so why was the FOSTA exclusion needed? Meanwhile, there are good reasons to be concerned about how state AGs would enforce Section 230. Most critically, state AGs are provincial and many are elected, so their motivations differ–usually in unfavorable ways–from the DOJ’s administrative and national orientation. I explain these and other concerns more here.

Note: this obviously wrong “finding” (emphasis added) undermines the bill’s credibility: “Online consumers are not adequately protected in the United States because, with the exception of Federal criminal statutes, providers of interactive computer services are immune from the enforcement of most Federal statutes and regulations.” Sorry, what? In addition to the federal crimes exception, Section 230 statutorily excludes federal IP claims (except DTSA) and ECPA claims. Furthermore, general-purpose laws not specific to UGC are untouched by Section 230. See, e.g., Chicago v. StubHub (involving a local tax, but the general principle would extend to general-purpose federal laws).

3) Unconstitutional Regulation of Editorial Functions

I generally support the Santa Clara Principles as aspirational goals for the few large players that can afford them, but I did not sign onto the principles because I don’t believe the UGC community should be subject to one-size-fits-all obligations. For this reason, it’s easy to simultaneously like the Santa Clara Principles and not like the PACT Act. Making the principles compulsory would impose detailed new requirements on small and mid-sized companies that even Internet giants like Facebook or YouTube will struggle to meet.

The bill also runs head-first into a huge First Amendment brick wall. If mandatory, the Santa Clara Principles tell online publishers how to manage their editorial practices, which the First Amendment doesn’t permit the government to do. Imagine how it would look if a legislature tried to compel book publishers to follow the Santa Clara Principles, such as:

mandating that book publishers publicly announce what book manuscripts they consider acceptable and which they won’t. Book publishers routinely voluntarily post submission standards, but I can’t think of any medium where a law mandates that private publishers make such disclosures.

dictating how book publishers accept complaints about book content and requiring publishers to provide an easily accessible tracking mechanism for those complaints.

requiring that the publishers stop publishing books within 24 hours of a court finding that the book has defamatory content (indeed, recall the old maxim that equity doesn’t enjoin a libel, though that principle isn’t absolute).

acting on complaints that published books that don’t comply with the publisher’s submission guidelines within 14 days.

giving book authors a mandatory right to appeal rejections of their manuscripts.

mandating quarterly reports about book manuscript submissions, complaints received about published books, etc. (cf. Washington Post v. McManus).

I’m not sure which of these obligations would be constitutional. I suspect none of them. The reality is that most regulators would never go there, even in heavily concentrated media niches. I hope some of my colleagues will do the detailed, time-consuming, and tedious work to explore the unconstitutionality of each of the Santa Clara Principles requirements.

4) The Challenges of Honoring Court Decisions

Superficially, it sounds appealing to require UGC sites to honor court determinations of illegal content/activities. Stanford’s Keller called it “low-hanging fruit.” We trust courts as authoritative decision-makers, and we trust they will make better illegality determinations than UGC sites will. Yet, there are good reasons to be skeptical of the bill’s approach.

First, illegitimate court orders are a serious concern. There are many ways to game the system. One known approach is to intentionally sue the wrong content uploader, establish “service,” and then get a default judgment. Some plaintiffs have literally forged court orders. Prof. Volokh has documented dozens of examples. The bill acknowledges this risk, specifying that the plaintiff tendering a court decision must include a pointer to the court docket and make declarations under “penalty of perjury” (a statement that is toothless, as we’ve seen with the perjury declaration requirement in 512(c)(3) notices). However, as I mentioned above, UGC sites routinely honor court decisions already, so the bill’s atmospherics about better quality notifications won’t abate any gaming.

Second, as the EFF points out, the bill requires UGC sites to honor lower court decisions before the defendant has exhausted all of its appeals. We saw an example of how premature content removal can go wrong in Garcia v. Google, when the Ninth Circuit dubiously issued a secret court order compelling Google to remove the Innocence of Muslims video that the Ninth Circuit later concluded was always legal.

Third, I don’t understand how the UGC site is supposed to implement a court decision that content or activity is illegal. The bill seems to contemplate that the decision will give the UGC site a roadmap of exactly how to surgically excise the illegal stuff, but in reality many orders are likely to be unspecific about exactly what is illegal and how it’s supposed to be remedied. The plaintiff’s notice to the UGC site is supposed to include an “[i]dentification of the illegal content or illegal activity, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the provider to locate the content or each account involved”–but how granular must this be? What happens if the plaintiff’s instructions are not consistent with the court order, or the instructions are imprecise and require the UGC site to make judgment calls on how to implement it? Remember, the UGC site has to implement the court decision in 24 hours, so it doesn’t have the luxury of seeking clarification.

Two related questions: (1) does the court order impose ongoing obligations on the UGC site? The bill says “Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to condition the applicability of paragraph (1) to a provider of an interactive computer service on the provider monitoring the interactive computer service or affirmatively seeking facts indicating illegal content or illegal activity in order to identify instances of noticed activity or content additional to any instances about which the provider has received a notification.” However, the bill contemplates that UGC sites must honor the removal of accounts, which prospectively eliminates all future activity–legitimate or not–by that account. Also, I wonder how UGC sites will handle a court order that prospectively bans certain content or accounts in the future; even if this bill says the UGC site doesn’t have an ongoing monitoring duty, will UGC sites feel comfortable ignoring the court order with the associated risk of being held in contempt?

(2) the obligation to remove accounts will remove all content associated with that account, even legitimate content; and removing accounts and content can orphan any third-party content attached to the removed material, such as Facebook comments to someone else’s post that gets removed. The fact the bill mandates this collateral damage on legitimate content highlights some of the bill’s significant First Amendment and due process problems.

Note: in addition to the mandatory removal requirement, the bill carves back Section 230(c)(1) protection for content/activity identified by the court decisions but surgically leaves Section 230(c)(2) in place. Section 230(c)(2) generally doesn’t protect leave-up decisions (the only decisions that would be targeted by court orders contemplated by the bill), but this distinction still confused me.

Fourth, the bill sidesteps the vexing problem of whether or not the plaintiff must sue UGC sites as part of obtaining the court order. There are downsides to each approach.

[Note: in part, this issue arises because FRCP 65 doesn’t allow courts to impose injunctions on unrelated parties, but this bill seeks to require UGC sites to honor court orders that FRCP 65 would not otherwise apply to them. I couldn’t tell if the bill is amending FRCP 65, directly or implicitly, and if this bill follows the proper process for such an amendment.]

If UGC sites must be named defendants in order to be bound by the court decision, UGC sites will be included in pretty much every lawsuit over online content to preserve the remedy option. That would impose substantial litigation costs on them.

If UGC sites aren’t named as defendants, then it’s an obvious due process problem to obligate them to comply with court decisions from litigation they didn’t participate in. This is why FRCP 65 restricts who can be bound by a court decision. Cf. Hassell v. Bird, where the plaintiff improperly tried to bind Yelp to the results of a lawsuit even though it wasn’t a defendant in the suit. Notice how the bill’s 24 hour turnaround time exacerbates the due process problem because the UGC site won’t have time to challenge the court decision. 24 hours isn’t even enough time to conduct a cursory investigation of the order’s legitimacy; so where the bill says the UGC site can have more time “based on concerns about the legitimacy of the notice,” that will occur only when gross problems are impossible to ignore.

Not only does this compulsion raise due process problems, but it highlights the First Amendment defects with the bill. The bill ignores that UGC sites may have their own independent freedom of speech/freedom of press interests in publishing third-party content. I address this issue more in my analysis of California’s online eraser law. (There never has been a First Amendment challenge to that law because everyone has ignored it). The omission of UGC sites from the underlying litigation would mean that the court didn’t properly consider the UGC sites’ independent First Amendment interests in crafting the outcome (part of the due process problem).

5) Compliance Costs and the Small Business Carveout

The bill imposes compliance costs on UGC sites. To comply with the bill, UGC sites would have to revamp their UGC operations, build custom software tools, transition their databases to meet the law’s requirements, hire new employees to deal with all of the complaints, explanations, and appeals, obtain new insurance coverage, and spend money on lawyers to redraft their policies and review all of the compliance obligations.

To mitigate the costs of complying with the Santa Clara Principles, UGC sites would cut as many corners as possible. Most obviously, the UGC sites would make their AUPs as unspecific as possible–in direct contravention of the bill’s purported transparency goal. The bill says that the AUPs must “reasonably inform” users about what content is acceptable, but because every detail in the AUP will create compliance obligations, the lawyers will push to disclose as little as possible. Similarly, the explanations will be quite general–how much transparency does it really add to tell an uploader that their content was removed due to a hate speech violation? And where possible, all of the interactions (other than the toll-free number) will be automated and not actually involve human interaction. Thus, if the bill permits it, the “reviews” of complained-about content will be automated as much as possible, even if the initial editorial decisions were also automated. (If not, the costs of doing manual human reviews on demand could be overwhelming, especially after the bill is weaponized as discussed below).

Furthermore, the bill eliminates some obligations for small businesses, but the quantitative standards for determining small business eligibility are poorly designed:

the traffic measuring stick is 1M “monthly active users or monthly visitors.” How are months measured–calendar months or any 30-day period? How are “visitors” counted–is it unique visitors or does it include repeat visits? No matter; “monthly visitors” always will be larger than “monthly active users,” so MAUs is the only relevant test.

there is a 24-month lookback period for the traffic measuring stick. The bill doesn’t distinguish between averages and maxima. If the latter, a small UGC site with seasonal spikes or a single viral hit will get walloped with a payload of compliance obligations.

is there a phase-in period? Or does a UGC site need to comply immediately after it crosses the numerical threshold?

the revenue measuring stick is over 24 months, not the more typical annual measure. So the $25M standard is more like $12.5M annually.

the revenue covers the entire enterprise, not just the UGC functions. So a large company with a small UGC offering will clear the standard even if the UGC offering is not integral to the business. A good example would be online retailers that let shoppers comment on vended items. The bill would encourage big companies with small UGC functions to shut down the UGC component due to the costs.

the bill applies if a UGC site satisfies either the traffic or revenue measuring sticks. Thus, a UGC site drops out of the small business exception if it has more than 1M MAUs OR $25M in revenues over 2 years.

For reasons that are unclear to me, bill-drafters routinely struggle to distinguish bigger from smaller UGC sites. Small-business carveouts don’t cure bad policy ideas, but they don’t do anything useful when improperly designed. Any attempt to distinguish big from small Internet services should, at a minimum:

require the regulated company to meet both the traffic and revenue measures, not just one or the other. Otherwise, the carveout creates false positives for low revenue but highly leveraged sites and for big companies with a small UGC presence.

use MAUs as a traffic measure, but only if they are averaged over a sufficiently long period to avoid the seasonal/viral spikes.

measure only revenue from the UGC function, not the overall corporate enterprise–say, a newspaper’s UGC tools, not its entire revenues including print subscriptions.

provide a proper phase-in period after both measurements are met.

The bill’s Santa Clara Principles can apply to nonprofit UGC sites (the bill expressly says this) and UGC sites with no revenue at all. It’s perplexing to see non-commercial and non-revenue services included within FTC”s Section 5 authority.

Because the bill reaches every UGC site, even the tiniest ones, many sites will exit the UGC industry. For example, I’d probably shut down blog comments rather than creating a complaint tracking system. The costs also raise entry barriers, discouraging new entrants, and solidifying the position of incumbents. The bill claims that it’s our country’s policy “to preserve the internet and other interactive computer services as forums for diversity of political discourse, unique opportunities for cultural development, and myriad avenues for intellectual and commercial activity,” but this bill is a hard shove in the opposite direction.

6) Weaponized Complaints and the Decline of Automated Editorial Practices

The bill makes an unstated assumption that notices to the UGC site (e.g., a third party notice of an alleged AUP violation, or an uploader protesting the removal of its content) are legitimate. At this point in the Internet’s history, that assumption is not credible. The bill acknowledges that “the user may submit a complaint in good faith” through the required notification systems, but the bill doesn’t explain what happens if the complaint isn’t made in good faith. Can the UGC site just ignore it without legal consequence? Who knows.

The bill could have specified more details for submitting notices, like the requirements of Section 512(c)(3) (including, crucially, precisely specifying the location of the allegedly AUP-violative content) and meaningful legal consequences for bogus notifications (not like the toothless 512(f)). It makes sense to raise notification costs, even minimally, and any mandatory prerequisites would help the UGC site weed out non-compliant notices. The bill seems to contemplate that UGC sites can structure their web intake forms with mandatory fields, but that won’t affect notices submitted via the required email and toll-free intake systems.

These Santa Clara Principle features are easily weaponized. Some of the many possible ways:

a user could submit an alleged AUP-violation that “content on the site defames me.” The bill requires UGC sites to “review the content”–presumably the entire site, since the complaint didn’t specify an individual item of content. Multiply that by thousands or millions of clueless and malicious similar notifications. Now what?

a coordinated group of attackers could target a site author, submitting complaints about each and every post and forcing the site to review every single post by the targeted author for AUP violations. At some point, the cost of keeping that author might be prohibitive (something that almost certainly would come up for speakers from marginalized communities). This is especially true if the attackers can use the toll-free number to drain the company’s costs and tie up the review process.

Because AUP policies will certainly restrict IP violations by users, IP owners will flood the system with the robo-notices they are already generating. More on that in a moment.

A malicious content submitter, like a spammer, can demand a review for every single removed item. If a spammer submits millions of filtered items, the spammer can demand millions of reviews. Spammers might do this for shits-and-giggles, but it’s also a way of increasing the costs of a targeted UGC site. This poses a significant threat to all content moderation processes.

Every extrajudicial notice process, such as 512(c)(3) notices and other types of NOCIs, gets weaponized, so of course the bill’s features will be weaponized too.

7) The Bill’s Interplay With Section 512 and Other Laws

The bill doesn’t mention the notice-and-takedown procedures in Section 512 at all. Per the 512 prerequisites, AUPs are essentially required to prohibit copyright infringement (512 says sites must notify users of their repeat infringer policy). This means copyright owners can simultaneously take advantage of both the DMCA procedures and this bill’s Santa Clara Principles features. That means:

all UGC sites would need to provide a way for copyright owners to easily track the status of their 512(c)(3) notices. In light of the millions of robo-notices already being sent, this sounds like a major engineering expense for many UGC sites.

all UGC sites would need to investigate any alleged copyright infringement (the bill says the site must “review the content [and] determine whether the content adheres to the acceptable use policy of the provider”). This implicitly modifies the DMCA notice-and-takedown scheme, which lets service providers honor or ignore takedown notices without doing any investigation at all (though those choices may have liability implications).

the bill also requires UGC sites to “determine whether the content adheres to the acceptable use policy of the provider; and (iii) take appropriate steps based on the determination made under clause (ii).” This overlays the notice-and-takedown scheme by creating a 14 day resolution period; in contrast to the DMCA’s prerequisite of an “expeditious” response. I think most people nowadays would say that 14 days isn’t an expeditious response (see, e.g., Feingold v. RageOn, saying an 18 day turnaround was not expeditious); but the PACT Act would create a hard stop.

unlike 512(c)(3), the bill would let copyright owners submit complaints as generic as “your site has content that infringes my copyright” and force UGC sites to review those unspecific complaints. Every copyright owner will love this; it would be a great supplement to the 512(c)(3) notices they send, plus the PACT Act-required reviews could create actual knowledge or red flags of infringement that disqualifies the UGC site from the 512 safe harbors.

The bill also doesn’t address its interactions with the 512(g) counternotification process. In addition to or instead of the 512(g) process, an uploader accused of posting copyright-infringing material could respond with a PACT Act appeal. But this would put the UGC site in a worse-off position. Per 512(g), the UGC site can restore the complained-about work without doing any further investigation. The PACT Act requires the UGC site to review the appeal, make a determination, and notify the content uploader AND the copyright owner of the determination. What will result if, after review, the UGC site concludes that the uploader is indeed infringing and the UGC site tells the copyright owner of that conclusion? Where 512(g) would have kicked this issue completely over to the courts, the UGC site is likely to pull the content–despite the counternotification & 512(g) terms–to avoid hosting infringing content that it has concluded likely infringes. All of these troubles can be avoided if the content uploader only files a 512(g) counternotice and not a PACT Act appeal. Did the bill authors really intend to create a mechanism that would make users worse off compared to the existing baseline?

More generally, the bill overlays a massive range of laws that already cover similar ground, and it does little or nothing to harmonize with those laws. Some other examples:

We generally assume that non-copyright IPs are subject to a common-law notice-and-takedown requirement, but without the DMCA’s specificity. How would the PACT Act requirements affect that common-law scheme? At a minimum, IP owners would get a complaint tracking system and a guaranteed response within 14 days (the common-law scheme may already require shorter reaction times–not sure). It’s unclear how a UGC site would evaluate a content uploader’s appeal. 512(g) provides an immunity for restoring content when the prerequisites are met, but the common law doesn’t–so UGC sites would regularly side against the content uploader at the peril of creating liability to the IP owner. I’m also unclear about the risks of the process to trade secret owners alleging misappropriation. Could the required explanation to the content uploader reveal what items are actually trade secrets…?

With respect to third-party complaints asserting that content qualifies as child sexual abuse material (CSAM), the bill would require the UGC site to notify the uploader that it removed the content as CSAM. If the uploader knows anything about the law, this will tip off the uploader that the matter has been referred to NCMEC and likely to law enforcement. That would give the uploader a heads-up to take affirmative steps to mask their tracks for law enforcement. (The bill says that the UGC site doesn’t have to provide an explanation if there is a known “ongoing law enforcement investigation,” but that does not describe a NCMEC referral). Could the bill actually aid CSAM criminals???

8) Opening the Door to State-Level Variations. One of Section 230’s strengths is that it eliminates state law variation, a boon for UGC sites that necessarily have users across the country. The uniformity of federal law lets UGC sites worry only about one law–Section 230–plus the mostly federal nature of the Section 230 exclusions (such as federal criminal law and, in some jurisdictions, only federal IP claims).

To their credit, the bill drafters generally sought to preserve this benefit by focusing on federal law. Despite that, the bill opens up UGC sites to state law variation in two important ways. First, as discussed above, it would expose them to new enforcements by state AGs with heterogeneous motivations and disparate interpretations of the law. Second, the bill opens up Section 230 to court decisions on state defamation law–an area with significant variation among the states.

9) Is There a Private Right of Action for the Santa Clara Principles?

The bill’s Santa Clara Principles obligations (Section 5 of the bill) aren’t assigned to a specific part of the US code. I’m not sure what default enforcement options apply to them. Some violations of the Santa Clara Principles “shall be treated as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or deceptive act or practice” in the FTC Act. Normally, Section 5 of the FTC Act does not authorize private rights of action. However, the bill does not make those portions exclusively subject to FTC enforcement. The other parts are not enforceable by the FTC. So who has enforcement authority? Would the entire Santa Clara Principles be subject to a private right of action? That would be devastating because the bill requirements are detailed/technical and govern literally trillions of content decisions, so the volume of litigable questions could be enormous.

Conclusion

Some of the problems I identify could be fixed relatively easily. For example, the bill could add minimum specifications for notices complaining about user content (similar to 512(c)(3)), exclude copyright notices from its scope, and expressly eliminate any private right of action for the Santa Clara Principles. Those fixes seem so obvious to me that I don’t understand how the drafters introduced the bill without them. Still, minor tweaks won’t fix the bill’s architecture. Even with easy fixes, it will remain overstuffed with too many policy ideas, not enough clarity on the problems it seeks to fix, and intrinsic incompatibility with the First Amendment. As much as I’d love to give some love to the bill sponsors for their efforts, I cannot support this bill.

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