#19th Roman legion

[ancientstuff]

I know next to nothing about the Roman army, but even I've heard of the lost 19th legion. Interesting find.

[blueiscoool]

The Roman 19th Legion Identified at Teutoburg Battle Site that shook Rome in AD9

Researchers in Germany have identified the metallurgic signature of the Roman 19th Legion in artifacts recovered from the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in Kalkriese, Germany, using a new chemical analysis method.

The Roman defeat by Germanic tribes at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in AD9 was such a disaster that it sent shockwaves throughout the empire. Three legions, totaling up to 20,000 men, were lost.

Now scientists used chemical analysis methods to track down the destroyed legions in Kalkriese and were able to identify the 19th Legion in Kalkriese.

The characteristic composition of trace elements in an artifact can be identified by mass spectrometer analysis of non-ferrous metals like bronze and brass.  Because each Roman legion had its own blacksmiths who worked constantly on the campaign to repair and replace weapons and equipment, even legions that fought together had a distinct chemical signature in their metals.

When dating and identifying complex battlefield remains like those at Kalkriese, the fact that this method can be used to conclusively link an object to a specific legion is a major archaeological breakthrough.

The discovery of coins and slingshot ammunition in a field in northeastern Germany in 1987 by Tony Clunn, a British army officer and amateur archaeologist, fueled speculation that the battle site had been discovered. However, for decades it was only a plausible theory.

Since then, Kalkriese has unearthed more than 7,000 artifacts, ranging from complete horse bridle fittings to everyday items to the oldest set of Roman plate armor ever discovered in Germany. Undoubtedly, a significant Roman battle from the first century took place there, but it took decades for the Teutoburg battlefield to be identified, and there is still some scholarly disagreement on the matter. For instance, it might have been a battle that happened during Germanicus’ campaign six years later. The archaeological finds cannot be dated within a six-year range by any scientific dating method available to us.

Let’s introduce the metallurgic signature. 550 samples were taken for the project from non-ferrous metal artifacts found at Kalkriese.

The metals used for repairs in the camp forges contain trace elements in such small amounts that the Roman forges did not notice them, and they were not intentionally manipulated. These elements entered the metals through the original ores, various additives used during processing, and tool adhesions. On-site processing has caused the legions to develop a distinct pattern in the composition of trace elements over time.

“In this way, we can allocate a legion-specific metallurgical fingerprint to the legions, for which we know the camp locations at which they were stationed,” German Mining Museum Bochum researcher Annika Diekmann continues. Based on this, all Roman non-ferrous metals from Kalkriese were sampled and compared with non-ferrous metals from numerous Roman locations where it is known from written records which legions were stationed here.

After the analysis is complete, it is evident that the 19th Legion in particular, which perished with Varus and was stationed in Dangstetten in southern Germany years earlier, stands out from the other legions, which were only deployed later in Germany in the Roman vengeance campaigns. This is based on the composition of the trace elements.

“When comparing the finds from Kalkriese with the finds from the other sites, we find that the finds from Dangstetten and Kalkriese show significant similarities. The finds that come from legion sites whose legions did not perish in the Varus Battle, on the other hand, differ significantly from the finds from Kalkriese and thus show significant differences to the finds from Kalkriese.

[anarchywoofwoof]

so today i learned that there’s a piece of graffiti written on the wall of a brothel in Pompeii that reads, “Weep, you girls. My penis has given you up. Now it penetrates men’s behinds. Goodbye, wondrous femininity!”

this lead me down a rabbit hole of Pompeii graffiti, in which i found the following:

From Herculaneum (a bar/inn joined to the maritime baths): "Two friends were here. While they were, they had bad service in every way from a guy named Epaphroditus. They threw him out and spent 105 and half sestertii most agreeably on whores."

From just outside the Vesuvius gate: "Defecator, may everything turn out okay so that you can leave this place."

From the peristyle of the Tavern of Verecundus: "Restitutus says: 'Restituta, take off your tunic, please, and show us your hairy privates.'"

From Herculaneum (a bar/inn joined to the maritime baths): "Apelles the chamberlain with Dexter, a slave of Caesar, ate here most agreeably and had a screw at the same time."

From the basilica: "O walls, you have held up so much tedious graffiti that I am amazed that you have not already collapsed in ruin."

that lead me down a rabbit hole of obscene ancient Roman graffiti such as the following:

Floronius, privileged soldier of the 7th legion, was here. The women did not know of his presence. Only six women came to know, too few for such a stallion.

Chie, I hope your hemorrhoids rub together so much that they hurt worse than when they ever have before!

Theophilus, don’t perform oral sex on girls against the city wall like a dog

Apollinaris, the doctor of the emperor Titus, defecated well here

Restituta, take off your tunic, please, and show us your hairy privates

I was fucking with the bartender

Secundus likes to screw boys

Phileros is a eunuch!

Cruel Lalagus, why do you not love me?

I made bread on April 19th

Gaius Sabinus says a fond hello to Statius. Traveler, you eat bread in Pompeii but you go to Nuceria to drink. At Nuceria, the drinking is better

Anyone who wants to defecate in this place is advised to move along. If you act contrary to this warning, you will have to pay a penalty. Children must pay [number missing] silver coins. Slaves will be beaten on their behinds.

Epaphra doesn’t play football well

You can ride your maid whenever you want. It’s your right

Pyrrhus to his colleague Chius: I grieve because I hear you have died; and so farewell

O walls, you have held up so much tedious graffiti that I am amazed that you have not already collapsed in ruin

My lusty son, with how many women have you had sexual relations?

If anyone sits here, let him read this first of all: if anyone wants a screw, he should look for Attice; she costs 4 sestertii.

Samius to Cornelius: go hang yourself!

If anyone does not believe in Venus, they should gaze at my girl friend

To the one defecating here. Beware of the curse. If you look down on this curse, may you have an angry Jupiter for an enemy

We have wet the bed, host. I confess we have done wrong. If you want to know why, there was no chamber pot

What a lot of tricks you use to deceive, innkeeper. You sell water but drink unmixed wine

The finance officer of the emperor Nero says the food here is poison

Gaius was here – the oldest graffiti, dated 78 BCE; found in Pompeii.

Vote for Isidorus for aedile, he licks cunts the best

i fucking love human beings.

[psychotrenny]

While it's certainly not unheard of to find examples of fighting men who used swords as a primary weapon (even looking exclusively at Europe you can find examples ranging from the Roman Legions of antiquity to the Hussars of the 19th century), by and large their primary functions were as sidearms and signifiers of rank. This was especially the case in Western Europe from the 11-16th centuries i.e. a period of time where a disproportionate amount of media is either set in or draws obvious inspiration from. So whenever I see battle scenes with like hundreds of guys charging at each other with swords it feels like the equivalent of having a modern war movie where everyone is doing Gun Kata shit with pistols. Like yeah it's cool but you've got to admit it's pretty fucking stupid lol

[amberthefantasy]

Nitimur in Vetitum

chapter seven: potentia (power)

'Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus became the youngest Consul in Roman history on the 19th of August, 43 BCE'- The Life of Lucretia Augusta by Adelaide Lyons

"You want to be Consul?" Lucretia said, it was phrased as a question but wasn't really meant as one and Gaius didn't even bother to respond. "Well, they won't just give it to you."

Agrippa furrowed his brows, "does that matter? We have the army, we have the power."

Lucretia laughed and glanced at Gaius who also looked slightly amused, "ah my brave Agrippa, not all things can be solved with blood and steel," she ran her hand along his arm.

"Why not?"

"The men of the Senate are important and well-respected in Rome, we can't kill them all and it would look... un-Roman to threaten the city itself, the people would turn against us." Agrippa nodded in acquiescence but didn't look completely convinced.

"What did you have in mind?" Gaius asked, fixing the belt on his tunic.

"Ask for something bigger, a Triumph, ask for a Triumph" Lucretia suggested, both her lovers looked at her in question, "Cicero, who they will most certainly send given your history together, will refuse you. Then ask for the Consulship, he'll have to agree to one or the other and he can't give you a triumph."

Gaius blinked at her for a moment then his lips broke into a smile and he let out a short laugh, "my sweet sister you are a genius."

"I know." Agrippa suddenly grabbed her and pulled her in for a kiss, "our beautiful genius," he said as he kissed all over her face. Gaius joined him a moment later and Lucretia dissolved into laughter in their arms.

--

GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR.

Cicero looked almost exactly the same as when Gaius last saw him. The only differences being the slightly more haggard expression and the dirt covering the bottom of his white toga. "Cicero! Welcome," Gaius called, reaching out to grasp his arm in greeting.

"Young Caesar," Cicero said with a smile that didn't reach his eyes, "welcome back to Rome, and congratulations on your victory."

"Oh, Hirtius and Pansa did much, and what they didn't do I owe to Agrippa," he said humbly, as he waved his hand to offer Cicero a seat.

Cicero smiled at Agrippa, who stood behind Gaius' own chair. "But you are not here to discuss the victory at Mutina."

"No, I am not," Cicero agreed as his face became more serious, "I am here to ask on behalf of the Senate and the People of Rome why you have not yet surrendered your command."

"I do not believe that I have been appropriately... congratulated for my victory."

"Congratulated?" Cicero said, his voice confused, "how would you wish to be congratulated?"

"I won a victory against an enemy of Rome, surely that is worthy of a Triumph?" Gaius said, trying to contain the smirk that was edging onto his mouth.

"A... Triumph? That is a large request."

"I completed a large task."

"Yes but..." Cicero paused to collect his thoughts, "Mutina was a fine victory, it's true but it was a victory over other romans. And, as you stated yourself, Hirtius and Pansa-"

"Hirtius and Pansa are dead," Agrippa cut in.

"May the gods give them rest," Cicero said, looking Agrippa up and down slightly, "they are dead. However, it is well known that proper command of the battle was in their hands."

"The purpose of a battle is to remain alive," Gaius said, "they did not. I did."

"Indeed," Cicero conceded, "even so the victory is not quite complete. Marcus Antonius still lives, he still has men, we have had to send Marcus Lepidus and two legions north."

"Lepidus?" Gaius asked, of course Caesar's old master of horse would be getting involved now, "sending your very best then."

"I have every confidence that Lepidus will succeed."

'In taking down the man he worked with for years? I doubt it', Gaius didn't say it out loud, instead stating simply, "then he may have a triumph too if he wants one."

"The people would not look kindly on a triumph, not with your army at the walls of the city, a little unsavoury perhaps."

"Now there he has a point," Lucretia's voice came from the entrance to the tent as she walked back in, "hello Cicero."

"Lucretia! What a happy surprise," Cicero stood to greet the pale-haired woman. Lucretia and his exchanged greetings before he sat back down and Lucretia walked over to stand by Agrippa. Her and Gaius exchanged glances.

"I bend to your wise counsel," Gaius said, turning back to Cicero, "no triumph."

Cicero smiled, "we shall still find some fitting way to celebrate your glory. Perhaps a temple to Caesar Victoria, that sounds rather fine doesn't it."

Hmm, barely, "If I cannot have a triumph, I was rather thinking of taking the Consul's chair."

Cicero's brows furrowed, "you wish to be Consul?" He asked, confused.

"It's a vanity I know. But I think I deserve it, and it would please my men."

Cicero scoffed softly, "you are nineteen. You're too young to be Senator, leave alone Consul, my dear boy," he glanced at Agrippa and Lucretia. "You've been listening to bad advice. You have no experience, you have no connections."

"He has an army," Agrippa said in a monotone.

Cicero looked like he was seeing Gaius for the first time when he looked at him again. Gaius could see the thoughts racing behind his eyes. Then he let out a single chuckle, "well, I'll speak with the other Senators. We'll see if it's possible."

Gaius lent forward. "Though if you were to be Consul," Cicero continued, "you must promise to be guided by my council, it is an office of high complexity."

"And I am well aware of my inexperience," Gaius said, "I will not utter a word without your advice, your consent."

Cicero stood, "well, perhaps something can be done." He nodded once to Gaius, Agrippa and Lucretia then left.

"Old fool," Agrippa said with a laugh after a moment. Gaius spun to look at him and Lucretia, who was also smiling softly. 

"We won," Lucretia whispered. "We. Won."

--

LVCRETIA IVLIA CAESARIS. 11th Day Before the Kalends of Sextilis (22nd July)

Three days after the meeting with Cicero, the Senate confirmed that Gaius would be made Consul until the first days of the new year when the two new consuls would be sworn in for the next year. To celebrate, Lucretia and Gaius had fallen into bed together again.

"Fuck Gaius," Lucretia murmured as they lay in her bed.

"We just did," Gaius joked, making Lucretia roll her eyes.

"You're going to be Consul," she said.

"I am."

"What's the first thing you'll do?"

"What do you think?" Gaius looked down at Lucretia.

"They'll burn?" she asked.

"They'll burn," he confirmed. Lucretia laughed in joy for a moment before pulling him in for another kiss and flipping herself onto him.

--

14th Day Before the Kalends of September (19th August)

Lucretia placed her head against the wooden barrier between the chamber where the Senate was meeting and the back room. Her eyes darted between the other entrance and the statue of Pompey in the centre of the room. Agrippa was standing beside her, his hand on his hip where she knew he wished his gladius was. "He'll be okay," she said, "they know not to hurt him."

"That's what Caesar thought," Agrippa muttered. Lucretia pursed her lips and he whispered an apology. She went to answer but the door behind the Consul chair's opened and Gaius walked out, wearing the purple lined robes of the Consul. He looked perfect.

"Esteemed Senators. I take this first moment before you not to glorify myself, but to honour my father." Gaius began reciting the speech that the two of them had spent days planning. "In his honour I declare that my term as Consul shall usher in a new era. An era of moral virtue, of dignity. The debauchery and chaos we have had to endure will now end. Rome shall be again as she once was. A proud Republic of virtuous women and honest men."

The Senators broke into applause. "I speak to you now, not as a soldier or citizen, but as a grieving son. As my first act in this reborn Republic and in honour of my father, I propose a motion. TO declare Brutus and Cassius murderers and enemies of the state." The Senators began to mutter amongst themselves. Cicero stood and walked over to Gaius, he began to whisper something to him, trying to convince him to change his mind no doubt. The old fool. Gaius spat something at him and Cicero slowly walked away.

"My father died on this floor. Right there," he pointed to the spot before the large statue that dominated the room. "Stabbed twenty-seven times. Butchered, by men he called his friends. Who will tell me that is not murder? Who will tell my legions, who love Caesar as I do, that that was not murder?" Agrippa took his que, waving some of the men that were standing behind them forward and entering the room. The Senators' eyes darted between them and Gaius. "Who will speak against the motion?"

Silence. 

They. Had. Won.

NiV masterlist / full masterlist

[theprotagonistisdead]

kaz - 19 - they/them - white - nonbinary femme lesbian

commie - catholic

my spotify

instagram is graypsps

kpop blog is @crystylecore (i make povs sometimes), star wars blog is @padme-nabierre, oc blog is @characterswrittenbykaz

Tag Explanation

#how could she forget? - god/religious posts

#creature of desire - pictures of me

#reporting live from circe's island - random tidbits from my live & my thoughts on things

#germposting - german stuff

#lesbianism - lesbian stuff

#transgenderism and other wonders - trans stuff

#not femme as in female but femme as in love - about my gender identity as a femme lesbian

#eat or be eaten - general cannibalism stuff, specifically the hannibal book series

#abeloth: general horror stuff

#weird books for weird girls: general book stuff

#otp: the fbi's angel of death and her pet serial killer - clarice starling and hannibal lecter from the hannibal books

#otp: kings and queens - kaz brekker and inej ghafa from six of crows

#otp: embarrassing freak couple - buffy summers and spike from buffy the vampire slayer

ok here are my history tags (some of them are hyperspecific references about the place i'm from)

#ancient egypt - history and mythology

#the envy of the gods above - ancient greek history and mythology

#quintili vare legiones redde - ancient roman history and mythology

#divorced beheaded died divorced beheaded survived - tudor stuff

#age of the flowers - renaissance and baroque eras

#age of revolution - 17th and 18th century, specifically american and french revolution (occasional 19th and 20th century revolutions too)

#victorian era history

#chinese history, mostly qing dynasty until ca. 1950s

#375 years of peace - war history in general

[dariascultureblog]

Dacians & Romans War

The Dacians were the first to inhabit the territory of modern-day Romania. The Dacian empire becomes more powerful under the rule of Bure Bista (82 BC-44 BC). However, the Dacians did not escape the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Hungarian Kingdom had conquered Transylvania (the middle part of Romania) already in the 11th century. The Ottoman Empire was threatening the Romanians during their siege to Central Europe, in which they were successful until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. ​The Romans then colonized and lived within the territory (until the 3rd century AD), now called Romania. Centuries of migratory tribes' invasions followed the fall of the Roman Empire. Roman Dacia was of great importance to the military stationed throughout the Balkans and became an urban province. In 101, the Dacians led massive assaults on the Roman legions. In 102 Trajan moved his army down the Danube to Oescus. There the Roman armies converged for a final assault and defeated the Dacian army at the Battle of Tapae this led to the end of the conflict between the two and they were at peace in the end.

Map of Dacia soldiers

This is a tiny bit of the map where the Dacians had marched to invade and protect their contry away from the Romans. The areas circled in red were all the areas they had fought and marched in during the AC period. The Dacians wanted to remain out of the borderline for more safety so the Romans do not have an easy way of winning over or causing deaths.

History Fashion

The Romanian popular costume finds its roots in the part of Thracian, Dacian and Getae ancestors and resembles that of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula, of course with differences consisting of decorative and colourful details. Before the occupation of Romans over Dacia, the women’s clothing differed from nowadays traditional clothing and we get this evidence from the portrayal of Dacian women in the Trajan column. Dacian women wore shirts rippled at the neck, sleeves were either long and wide or short, and the dress was long to the ground over which sometimes was attached a wide draped mantle. On the feet, they wore leather sandals in summer and fur sandals in winter. This idealisation of Romanian clothing appeared in the mid-19th century in order to differentiate their culture from the other ones. Nowadays, the Romanian people as a national motif during certain events and celebrations in folk dances. 

Decebalus

Decebalus was the last Dacian king as he was famous for fighting within three wars and success in every war he had, he was the bravest and strongest king that fought with the other Dacians beside them. He was honoured and respected for his help in saving them and fighting for his own people. He fought against the Roman Empire bravely and tried to protect his people first. He had changed their world completely. After raiding south across the Danube, he defeated a Roman invasion in the reign of Domitian, securing a period of independence during which Decebalus consolidated his rule. When Trajan came to power, his armies invaded Dacia to weaken its threat to the Roman border territories of Moesia. Decebalus was defeated and remained in power as a client king but continued to assert his independence, leading to a final and overwhelming Roman invasion north of the Danube in 105 AD. The sculpture shown here was Decebals face that was carved in throughout time to remember how brave he was for us and protected their country well because of him, he cannot be forgotten as he is on a high cliff based in Romania. To this day, the Decebal statue is still standing and able to visit.

Here is more information if you would like to know more about the history of Decebal and how he became a brave hero in Romania.

[ramrodd]

Who Changed the Bible & Why? Diane Rehm Show

COOMENTARY:

Tertullian cites Roman archives in Latin that indicates that Tiberius received an intelligence report from Judea, that is, Pilate, that indicates that Roman soldiers were calling  Jesus Followers “Christians" before Jesus was arrested and that what ever was in the intelligence report impressed Tiberius sufficiently for him to propose elevating Jesus to the Roman Pantheon. Tiberius dies in 37 CE, four years after Jesus was executed, This immediate timing of this communication is completely consistent with ANY diplomatic/military enterprise and the euangelion designation of this communication reflects an official urgency consistent with its subject matter: a divine covenant between the Jewish god and the Roman Republic as represtented by Cornelius of the Italian Regiment. The interesting thing for me in Tertullian's research is the instant hostility of the Senate and Roman society to the Christians to the extent that Tiberius felt compelled to protect the Christians from Roman persecution of some sort. I've spent my entire life taking the hostility of Romans to Christians for granted. I could understand the stoning of Stephen by the Jews as the sort of thing Jews still do to what they consider heresy, but Pilate’s euangelion gets to Tiberius before Stephen was stoned and before Saul sets off for Damasucs. It turns out the Roman hatred of Christians had nothing to do with Jesus but with their fear and loathing of Tiberius in the wake of the execution of Sejanus and any related purges. Christians became a proxy for Tiberius for Roman society and Tacitus inherited this hostility to the tribe of Christians 30 years later. Sejanus was exectued in 31 CE. The Jesus Seminar version of Jesus has Him dying in 30 CE, so the connection to Christians and Roman hostility  simply wouldn't have happened. But colleagues  of Peter J. Williams have determined through astronomy that Jesus died in 33 CE, so the connection between the hostility of Roman society towards Christians and the death of Sejanus is unavoidable in a rational world., and obviates Ehrman's alleged consensus of scholars dating of the Gospel of Mark as late as 65 CE as an absurd propositon. The fact of the matter is that the first 19 books of the New Testament plus Revelation had been completed and  in circulation between Rome and Alexandria, and the 19th blessing had been added to the amidah, by the death of Nero. Irenaeus noted that the Jesus Followers had evacuted from Jerusalem after the withdrawl of the 12th Legion from Jerusalem (and it's destruction) in 66 CE based on Jesus's prophecy as recorded in Mark 13. And the Holy Spirit had brought Peter and Cornelius together between the death of Tiberius and the death of Caligua to trade notes on Jesus resulting in the Latin autograph of the Gospel of Mark being conveyed to Rome with the expanded euangelion of Mark 1:1 by the time of the Council in Jerusalem of 48 CE in Acts 15:7. In short, there is no historic basis for the Jesus Seminar's timing for the Gospels nor Ehrman's premise that the Gospel of Mark is, in any way, derivative of Pauline Theology, The fact of the matter is that Pauline Theology is the result of the extraction of Paul's rabbinic principles from the Mark 1:1 euangelion. In this, N.T. Wright has properly interpreted Pauline Theology, He only believes he has rejected Hegel in favor of the dialectical Marxism of the Jesus Seminar and Post Modern Historic Deconstruction , Ehrman's thesis is pruely a function of his Apostasy business model and Chapel Hill power politics.

[orthodoxydaily]

SAINTS&READING: THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2024

august 22_september 4

Leavetaking of the Dormition

HIEROMNARTY PHOTINUS , BISHOP OF LYON

(France 177)

Pothinus was the elderly bishop of Lyons in 177. Seized with many of his church people, he was locked in a prison cell about the size of a wash machine. Here is an account from a contemporary letter, describing the abuse he suffered. He is remembered because of this suffering.

"The blessed Pothinus, who had been entrusted with the bishopric of Lyons, was dragged to the judgment seat. He was more than 90 years of age, and very infirm, scarcely indeed able to breathe because of physical weakness; but he was strengthened by spiritual zeal through his earnest desire for martyrdom. Though his body was worn out by old age and disease, his life was preserved that Christ might triumph in it."

Source: Captive Faith

St VICTOR MARTYR OF MARSEILLE ( France_3rd c.)

Abbaye St Victor, Marseille relics of St Victor

Victor of Marseille, born on an unknown date and died on July 21, 303 or 304 in Marseille, was a Roman soldier, an officer in the Theban legion, partly composed of Christians, which was massacred under the reign of the emperors Diocletian (285-305) and Maximian Hercules (285-305) in Agaune (today Saint-Maurice, in Switzerland), according to Eucher, archbishop of Lyon. According to Amédée Thierry, a 19th-century historian, Victor, an officer in the emperor's guard, arrived in Marseille on the occasion of the emperor Maximian Hercules's visit to the city1. Another tradition sees Victor, commander of the Roman troops of Marseille, as a brave and committed defender of the Christian faith. He warned the city's believers of the dangerous arrival of the executioner emperor Maximian Hercules. This act of warning, a testament to his bravery, led to his denouncement, accusation, and order to abjured around 288.

According to other sources, in early July 303 (or 304), Officer Victor was brought to the Marseille tribunal where the praetorian prefect Euticius (or Eutychius) sat. Refusing to collect his pay, threatening to leave the army, and claiming that he was a Christian, he refused to sacrifice to the gods as the judge asked him to. He was then dragged through the city, his arms tied behind his back in an attempt to ridicule him.

Brought before the judge, Victor again refused to submit: "I will not sacrifice; this is due to the Creator, not to a creature." Hearing this, the tribune Asterius slapped him, and the soldiers beat him with clubs. After this, Asterius ordered him to be hung up and martyred with leather straps. Then, he was taken down and locked in a dungeon. There, he converted three guards: Longinus, Alexander, and Felician. According to tradition, they did it themselves at the sight of the dungeon filled with supernatural light.

Martyrium in the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Victor.

The Abbey of Saint-Victor in Marseille, engraving from 1818. On July 21, Victor was released from custody and brought before the prefect Euticius again. As before, he refused to sacrifice to the gods several times. The judge insisted and showed him where to do it. Still, Victor could not even bear to look at this altar dedicated to false divinities. With a kick, he made it fall from the priest's hand to the ground. The angry judge ordered that the foot that had given the kick be cut off; then, as Victor did not change his position, he ordered it be placed under the baker's millstone, driven by an animal, where grain is usually ground.

The Christians of Marseille, who had seen where the body had been thrown into the sea, went to retrieve it, then hastily buried it in the old Greek quarry that had become a cemetery on the hillside. Thirty-two Christians died as martyrs at that time. Later, on the same site, an abbey was founded on the initiative of John Cassian, to which his name was given: the Abbey of Saint-Victor of Marseille, which would become one of the high places of Catholicism in the south of France. On this subject, Jean-Baptiste Grosson wrote in 1773 in his Collection of Antiquities and Monuments of Marseilles that may interest history and the arts about the origins of the abbey:

"The origin of this Church is due to the piety of the first faithful. It was first only a cave or cavern which, being at that time far from the city and in the location of the old Champs-Élysées, or ossuarium of the people of Marseilles, served as a retreat for the first Christians, to go there to celebrate the holy Mysteries, and to bury the bodies of the martyrs. Near this cave, enclosed in the lower Church today, is a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Confession, whose altar was built under Emperor Antoninus, who lived in the year 140. Victor, an officer of the Marseille troops, having suffered martyrdom under Diocletian in the year 303, on July 21, the faithful buried his body in this cave.

Abbaye

Philippians 2:5-11

5 Let this mind be in you which was also in Christ Jesus, 6 who, being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery to be equal with God, 7 but made Himself of no reputation, taking the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men. 8 And being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself and became obedient to the point of death, even the death of the cross. 9 Therefore God also has highly exalted Him and given Him the name which is above every name, 10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of those in heaven, and of those on earth, and of those under the earth, 11 and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

Matthew 24:13-28

13 But he who endures to the end shall be saved. 14 And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in all the world as a witness to all the nations, and then the end will come. 15 Therefore when you see the 'abomination of desolation,' spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (whoever reads, let him understand), 16 then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. 17 Let him who is on the housetop not go down to take anything out of his house. 18 And let him who is in the field not go back to get his clothes. 19 But woe to those who are pregnant and to those who are nursing babies in those days! 20 And pray that your flight may not be in winter or on the Sabbath. 21 For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been since the beginning of the world until this time, no, nor ever shall be. 22 And unless those days were shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the elect's sake those days will be shortened. 23 Then if anyone says to you, 'Look, here is the Christ!' or 'There!' do not believe it. 24 For false christs and false prophets will rise and show great signs and wonders to deceive, if possible, even the elect. 25 See, I have told you beforehand. 26 Therefore if they say to you, 'Look, He is in the desert!' do not go out; or 'Look, He is in the inner rooms!' do not believe it. 27 For as the lightning comes from the east and flashes to the west, so also will the coming of the Son of Man be. 28 For wherever the carcass is, there the eagles will be gathered together.

[annachum]

Several things ASOIAF got right and wrong about depicting the Middle Ages ( my opinion )

I know more of those tv series than the books, so I'm just gonna go off with what I know about that Franchise so far

RIGHT :

. Feudalism - castles, titles, what have you

. Arranged marriages for diplomatic purposes - I mean, these are common amongst royals in the Olden Days. But those Royal parents/guardians wjth standards will also take in the 2 potential bethrothes' consent and personal compatibility into account. Also, forced marriages are widely frowned upon even in the Olden Days

. The roles of women in the Middle Ages : Women in the Olden Days partook in a variety of jobs - lower and middle class women then are often farmers, businesswomen, fishers, etc., while noble and royal women often handle their household estates/legions, gatekeep their castles while their male relatives in tow are off to a war, and several of them can actually physically fight as a form of self defense. ( look at Ellaria Sand, for starters )

. Cousin marriages : Happens often with royalty in the Olden Days

. Royal/noble fashions in feudalistic setting often akin to their house sigil colors and symbols/national flag colors and symbols

. Diplomatic councils in a nation/region/empire, where the representatives of those regions send at least one representative of that region to be in that council in a capital of that nation/empire ( that's a similar case with the Holy Roman Imperial council, for starters )

WRONG

. Lack of headdresses in the GOT series : Where are the hats, veils and headdresses in that TV series?! People in the Middle Ages often have headdresses and/or veils depend upon their social backgrounds and such

. Underage marriages : Now this is one thing I really don't like in the ASOIAF books. People in the Olden Days do often marry younger on average, but rarely ever under 16 ( legal age of marriage in the Olden Days up till 19th century ). In fact, many people in the Olden Days would be shocked if a 14 year old girl was pushed to marry a 21 year old ASAP for whatever reason ( yeah, the Romeo and Juliet tale angered MANY people even in the Middle Ages )

. Sibling, Uncle/Niece and Aunt/Nephew incest : Okay, while cousin marriages are common in the Olden Days, I doubt anyone with a sane mind even in the Middle Ages would be okay with siblings marrying each other. And uncle/niece and aunt/nephew marriages are VERY rare ( aka hardly ever happened )

. Younger sons of royal/noble houses often uphold important offices adjacent to their courts. That didn't happen much in ASOIAF, for some reason

. Ladies hardly ever survive childbirth in their early teens ( if ever ). Margaret Beaufort ( mother of Henry VII ) was an exception - she had Henry VII at around 14 and both she and Henry VII nearly died in childbirth. And that experience becomes so traumatic to her, that Margaret Beaufort never conceived more children ever again. That also contributed to why Margaret Beaufort becomes so hell bent on her son to gain power, because he was her only child and a one key route for the Lancasters to gain even more power. FYI the average of ladies to get married in the Olden Days up till 19th century was 16 to early 20s. They most often have kids between 18 to early to mid 20s.

. Castles in the Olden Days are often decorated with bright colors and banners, not dim with little lighting

Seriously, on a side note, Romeo and Juliet is supposed to be a precautionary tale of getting with a wrong person AND of what can go wrong in a courtship scene in the Middle Ages. Those Capulets in tow practically screwed Juliet over in more ways than one, and the karma they got was very much well deserved.

[liberty1776]

The Vallum

The Vallum is a huge earthwork associated with Hadrian's Wall in England. Unique on any Roman frontier, it runs practically from coast to coast to the south of the wall. I first heard of it reading an old Prince Valiant Comic Strip September 20 1942 "One Day Val Encounters a huge ditch extending over hill and valley as far as the eye can reach. He is puzzled, in fact, to this day people are wondering why the Romans dug the "Vallum." " Harold R Foster. Makes me wonder if Hal Foster actually visited the sites where he set his great Comic Strip. He certainly did a lot of research for his strip.

Before the middle of the 19th century, the Vallum was most commonly known as Agricola's Ditch, since antiquarians wrongly thought that it had been constructed during the period when Agricola was Governor of Britannia, the Roman province spanning what is now England, Wales and southern Scotland. After John Hodgson published the final portion of his History of Northumberland in 1840, it became generally accepted that the Wall and Vallum had been built during the reign of Hadrian. Hodgson based his view on evidence which included a stone tablet now in the Great North Museum: Hancock, Newcastle upon Tyne, which had been found in Milecastle 38 on the Wall in the previous century, its significance having been overlooked. The inscription on the tablet, probably made and erected to mark the completion of the milecastle, includes the names of Hadrian and Aulus Platorius Nepos (Governor of Britannia during Hadrian's reign), as well as "Legio II Augusta" (Second Augustan Legion). It is now accepted that units of that Roman legion built the section of Hadrian's Wall which includes the milecastle, and they would have automatically included the names of the current emperor and governor on the tablet.

The Vallum is known to have been constructed some time after the wall was completed, as it deviates to the south around several wall-forts which were either completed or under construction when the wall was nearing completion. There would have been a crossing-point like a causeway or bridge to the south of each wall-fort – several such causeways are known, such as the one still visible with the base of an ornate arch at the fort of Condercum in Benwell, a western suburb of Newcastle. Causeways have also been detected to the south of several milecastles.

[petnews2day]

Rottweiler Trivia 2022: Here are 10 great and fascinating dog facts about the adorable Rottweiler breed 🐶

New Post has been published on https://petnews2day.com/pet-news/dog-news/rottweiler-trivia-2022-here-are-10-great-and-fascinating-dog-facts-about-the-adorable-rottweiler-breed-%f0%9f%90%b6/

Rottweiler Trivia 2022: Here are 10 great and fascinating dog facts about the adorable Rottweiler breed 🐶

The last two years have seen many of us welcome a new four-legged friend into our homes, as the Kennel Club saw dog ownership soar over the pandemic.

But with 221 different breeds of pedigree dog to choose from, there’s plenty of thinking to do before you select your perfect pup.

There’s even academic guidance to seek out, with Psychologist Stanley Coren’s book ‘The Intelligence of Dogs’ ranking breeds by instincts, obedience, and the ability to adapt.

One dog that often appears at the top of people’s canine wishlists is the Rottweiler – it’s a breed often mistakenly thought to be aggressive but they have a range of positive attributes that make them a great family pet.

Here are 10 fun and interesting facts about the breed.

1. An ancient breed

The Rottweiler is thought to be one of the oldest breeds of dog in the world, dating back to Ancient Rome. Rottweilers marched over the Alps with invading Roman legions, protecting both the soldiers and their livestock.

Photo: Canva/Getty Images

2. A bad reputation

The American Kennel Club’s describes the Rottweiler as being “a calm, confident and courageous dog”. Despite this, many people have a negative image of the Rottweiler being aggressive. It’s thought this misunderstanding comes from inaccurate portrayals in films and television – most notably in The Omen, where a Rottweiler was shown violently protecting the son of Satan – the original ‘devil dog’.

Photo: Canva/Getty Images

3. Stars of screen

Other films and television programmes have sought to picture Rottweilers in a fairer and most lovable form – including buddy cop comedy Lethal Weapon 3 hit US show Entourage.

Photo: Canva/Getty Images

4. A lucky escape

In the 19th century the Rottweiler almost became extinct, due to its traditional role as cattle herders being made redundant by roads and the railway. Luckily in the early 1900s it was found that they also made very good police and military dogs – so the breed thrived once more.

Photo: Canva/Getty Images

[history-today]

Today In History:

A bit of October 19th history…

202 BC - Battle of Zama: Hannibal Barca and the Carthaginian army are defeated by Roman legions under Scipio Africanus, ending 2nd Punic War

1781 - British forces under General Cornwallis sign terms of surrender to Washington and de Rochambeau at Yorktown, ending the US Revolutionary War (pictured)

1901 - Edward Elgar’s “Pomp and Circumstance March” premiers in Liverpool

1943 - Streptomycin, the 1st antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis, is isolated

2005 - Saddam Hussein goes on trial in Baghdad for crimes against humanity

2014 - A working human intestine is generated in a lab from stem cells in the US

2019 - UK parliament votes for the Letwin Amendment in a special Saturday sitting, which forces Boris Johnson to ask the EU for an extension and delays vote on his Brexit deal 

[whattolearntoday]

A bit of October 19th history...

202 BC - Battle of Zama: Hannibal Barca and the Carthaginian army are defeated by Roman legions under Scipio Africanus, ending 2nd Punic War

1781 - British forces under General Cornwallis sign terms of surrender to Washington and de Rochambeau at Yorktown, ending the US Revolutionary War

1901 - Edward Elgar’s “Pomp and Circumstance March” premiers in Liverpool

1943 - Streptomycin, the 1st antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis, is isolated

2005 - Saddam Hussein goes on trial in Baghdad for crimes against humanity

2014 - A working human intestine is generated in a lab from stem cells in the US (pictured)

2019 - UK parliament votes for the Letwin Amendment in a special Saturday sitting, which forces Boris Johnson to ask the EU for an extension and delays vote on his Brexit deal

[greatworldwar2]

• Lafayette Pool

Lafayette Green Pool was an American tank-crew and tank-platoon commander in World War II and is widely recognized as the US tank ace of aces, credited with 12 confirmed tank kills and 258 total armored vehicle and self-propelled gun kills, over 1,000 German soldiers killed, accomplished in only 81 days of action.

Lafayette Green Pool was born in Odem, Texas, on July 23rd, 1919, to John K. and Mary Lee Pool. He had a twin brother, John Thomas, (who served in the Navy during World War II) and a sister, Tennie Mae. Lafayette attended high school in Taft, Texas, graduating in 1938; he later attended Texas College of Arts and Industries in Kingsville, Texas, studying engineering and participating very successful in amateur boxing. Pool left college after one year when he was inducted into military service in the summer of 1941. Pool was drafted into the United States Army on June 14th, 1941, from Fort Sam Houston in his native Texas and assigned to the new 3rd Armored Division. Pool married Evelyn Wright while on leave in December 1942. While undergoing training at the Desert Training Center and Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, Pool was noted as a very aggressive sergeant, always wanting the best from his men; he even refused a commission as an officer so he could remain close to the front.

Pool was promoted to staff sergeant and deployed overseas with the 3rd Armored Division in September 1943. Pool served with the 3rd Platoon of Company I, 32nd Armored Regiment, 3rd Armored Division, in France between June and September 1944. He successively commanded three Sherman tanks; an M4A1, and two M4A1(76)Ws, all of which bore the nickname "IN THE MOOD" (they were not suffixed with a letter or Roman numeral). He kept the same crew throughout the majority of the war. The first tank used by Pool lasted between 23rd and 29th of June of 1944 during the time which his platoon laid siege on Normandy at Villiers-Fossard. Pool and his crew’s Sherman tank were however knocked out by a Panzerfaust, retiring it completely. Pool’s second tank was hit by friendly fire after lasting between July 1st and 17th August, 1944. During this time, Pool’s Combat Command A was on the verge of clearing the German forces from Fromental Village when P-38 knocked out the Sherman. On the night of 15th September 1944, while Combat Command A attempted to force a Siegfried Line at Munsterbusch, Pool’s third Sherman was completely destroyed by a Panther that had laid an ambush. The panther hit the Sherman twice before Pool could salvage the situation and back-up. The two hits flipped the Sherman over the edge of a ditch. This double hit blew Pool out of his commanding hatch and badly mangled his leg with a shell splinter. He was lucky to have survived the ordeal although his leg had to be amputated. The leg was so badly mangled that it later had to be amputated eight inches above the knee. As a result, Pool would not return to amateur boxing after the war. Pool’s successful encounters in the war led him to be nicknamed “War Daddy” by his crew. During a brief 83 days in combat in France, Belgium and Germany, Pool and his tank crew were credited with destroying 258 enemy vehicles, including tanks, self-propelled guns and armored cars. He and his crew killed over 1,000 enemy soldiers and took over 250 prisoners. His was the point tank in 21 full-scale engagements, and he survived many harrowing close calls with death.

Pool was discharged from the Army in June 1946. After 22 months of rehabilitation and being fitted with a prosthesis, Pool opened a filling station and garage at his home in Sinton, Texas, followed by several other businesses, before he re-enlisted in the Army and went into the Transportation Corps. He was recalled to active duty in 1948 to serve as an instructor with 3d Armored Division at Fort Knox, Kentucky. He retired from the Army on September 19th, 1960 as a Chief Warrant Officer 2d Class. Afterwards he went to business college, followed by a job as a preacher for $25.00 a week. He also coached little league baseball. Pool died in his sleep on May 30th, 1991, in Killeen, Texas, at the age of 71. He is interred at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery in San Antonio, Texas. He was survived by his wife Evelyn, four sons and four daughters. A movie, ‘Fury’, made to Pool's honor was released in 2014 where he was played by Brad Pitt. Before his death on March 30th, 1991, he had received the Distinguished Service Cross, The Legion of Merit, The Légion d’Honneur, a Silver Star and Purple Heart medals.

[paganimagevault]

Thusnelda in Rome by Anton Romako 1853

"An auxiliary lieutenant to the Roman general Publius Quinctilius Varus, Arminius used his knowledge of Roman tactics to lead an allied coalition of Germanic tribes to a decisive victory against three Roman legions and their auxiliaries in the historic Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, in 9 AD. The defeat would precipitate the Roman Empire's permanent strategic withdrawal from Magna Germania, and the Romans were to make no more concerted attempts to conquer and hold Germania beyond the Rhine river. Modern historians have regarded Arminius's victory as "Rome's greatest defeat" and one of the most decisive battles in history. After subsequent defeats by the Roman general Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, Arminius′ influence waned and he was assassinated on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs. During the Unification of Germany in the 19th century, Arminius became hailed by nationalists as a symbol of German unity and freedom. Following World War II, however, schools often shunned the topic since it had become associated with the militant nationialism of the Third Reich, and many modern Germans have not heard about Arminius. The 2000th year anniversary of the battle was not commemorated by the German government." Sadly, anti-German attitudes and modern day propaganda have contributed to Germany's abandonment of her national history. From Spiegel Online: "The old nationalism has been replaced by an easy-going patriotism that mainly manifests itself at sporting events like the soccer World Cup". Tillmann Bendikowski, has gone as far to say Hermann's story is a fabrication of history: "The myth of Hermann will continue to wane," said Bendikowski. "What will remain of him will be the experience of how a historical myth was created, and how a nation sought to invent itself by fabricating history. It may help us to understand ourselves and other nations better." Even the Romans disagreed; Tacitus called Hermann the liberator of Germany in "Annals Book 2 - section 88" (sourced below).

https://paganimagevault.blogspot.com/2020/01/thusnelda-in-rome-by-anton-romako-1853.html