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wangwill66 · 4 months ago

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奸詐與虛偽

H：三國第五十集對白

孫權對魯肅說「孔明奸詐劉備虛偽」，孫權明知討不回荊州卻非要去要。忠奸之辨全在立場。古人常言「對外精明，對內糊塗。」鄭板橋「難得糊塗」更是精髓。這一切都是聰明人的把戲。孫臏不裝瘋賣傻如何保全性命鬥垮龐娟。蘇軾「博觀而約取，厚積而薄發。」而「世人昨日看錯我曹操，今日又看錯了，也許明日還會看錯，可是我仍然是我，我從來不怕別人看錯我。」這是來自對岸歷史劇「新三國」中一代梟雄曹操臨終的遺言��不以人廢言做自己。慶餘年第二集范閑對五竹叔所說的「找到自己想做的事，為自己而活。」外面所傳不重要，自己心中所想才是主宰。20240730W2

網路字典：

奸詐

虛偽詭詐。《西遊記》第四三回：「他極奸詐，若放了他，恐生惡念。」《初刻拍案驚奇》卷一三：「一個外郎叫做丘三，是個極狡猾奸詐的。」也作「姦詐」。

奸詐

奸詐，漢語詞語，拼音：jiān zhà，注音：ㄐㄧㄢㄓㄚˋ 意思是奸偽狡猾。[1]

中文名

奸詐

外文名

Treacherous

拼音

jiān zhà

近義詞

狡詐奸刁奸猾奸滑陰險陰惡刁滑權詐奸險巧詐刁猾陰毒狡猾險詐奸巧狡滑刁鑽奸狡狡黠[2]

反義詞

忠誠篤實老實樸直誠實忠實忠厚敦厚憨厚正直篤厚赤誠誠懇[2]

虛偽

虛假不真實。《三國志．卷三五．蜀書．諸葛亮傳．評曰》：「循名責實，虛偽不齒。」《初刻拍案驚奇》卷一七：「說得確實，重重有賞。倘有虛偽隱瞞，我知道了，致你死地！」

《三國志·諸葛亮傳》記載，「君才十倍曹丕，必能安國，終定大事。若嗣子可輔，輔之；如其不才，君可自取。」對於這句話，東晉史學家孫盛認為，「備之命亮，亂孰甚焉！」又「詭偽之辭，非託孤之謂。

陳壽對劉備的評語"折而不撓，終不為下者，抑揆彼之量必不容己，非唯競利，且以避害云爾"，

諸葛亮：中國最虛偽的男人

作者：梅朝榮

語言：繁體中文

出版社：大旗出版社

出版日期：2012/12/01

內容簡介

　　〈隆中對〉三分天下，但他為何選擇了無權無勢的劉備？

　　〈出師表〉鞠躬盡瘁，但心中所想卻是「宮中府中俱為一體」？

　　千百年來人們對諸葛亮形象的認識與推崇，深受經典名著《三國演義》的影響：三顧茅廬、舌戰群儒、巧借東風、三氣周瑜、七擒孟��、揮淚斬馬謖、空��計……，這些家喻戶曉的故事，讓諸葛亮「上知天文，下曉地理，神機妙算，精謀善斷，盡忠輔主，鞠躬盡瘁死而後已」的形象深植人心。諸葛亮成了史上最受讚譽，也最具傳奇色彩的政治家、軍事家。

　　不過，正史上的諸葛亮真的是一位睿智過人、忠君愛國、無懈可擊的完美聖人嗎？中國知名學者梅朝榮從另一個角度思考諸葛亮的才華、智慧及為人，稱他是「中國最虛偽的男人」。此書在海內外的華人圈裡已掀起一場鋪天蓋地的攻防戰，學者與讀者之間爭相辯論諸葛亮的形象以及定位，千萬別錯過這部極具顛覆性的作品！

收回

前言

諸葛亮所到之處圖

第一章

前期作秀

背靠大樹

終南捷徑

言不由衷

毛遂自薦

言語宣傳

欲擒故縱

名人效應

第二章

多此一舉

逆天而行

貪天之功

指手畫腳

國不置史

事必躬親

裝神弄鬼

第三章

假仁假義

拉打結合

巧取豪奪

左右逢源

溜鬚拍馬

以退為進

第四章

投機取巧

欺上媚主

陽奉陰違

績效泡沫

勞民傷財

第五章

賠本買賣

唯我獨尊

爭權奪勢

自作聰明

貪圖權力

罪孽深重

第六章

笑裡藏刀

獨佔鰲頭

借刀殺人

替罪羔羊

第七章

任人唯親

虛假捏造

排除異己

過河拆橋

謊話連篇

後繼無人

附錄

前出師表

後出師表

諸葛亮生平事蹟

參考文獻

序

前言

　　《紅樓夢》第一回寫賈寶玉夢遊太虛幻境時，看到門上有一副對聯寫道：「假作真時真亦假，無為有處有還無。」王希廉《紅樓夢總評》云：「讀者須知，真即是假，假即是真；真中有假，假中有真；真不是真，假不是假……」曹雪芹寫這《紅樓夢》就是在敘述真事時用假象給以遮掩，講述假事時又有真事作鋪墊。歷史長河中真真假假，假假真真，太多的史實，後人不能一一弄清楚；太多疑問，後人不能一一��解決。

　　與《紅樓夢》同為四大名著之一的《三國演義》也為世人所推崇。人們為曹操的奸、劉備的仁、關羽的義、張飛的猛、諸葛的智所傾倒。人們往往用曹操來比喻猥瑣者之奸詐；用劉、關、張比喻兄弟手足之情深；用諸葛亮的謀略比喻聰明者之智慧。可以說一部《三國演義》裡面，有波瀾壯闊的戰爭場景，有感人至深的手足之情，有陰險狡詐的權謀之術。一本書裡留給後人太多的故事，吸引後來者不斷去鑽研，去領會。

　　諸葛亮是整個《三國演義》中濃墨重彩的描述對象。隆中躬耕數十載，埋沒鄉間無人問，等到皇叔三顧請，一鳴驚人天下知。自從諸葛亮出山後，一直左右三國發展形勢。諸葛亮一生，得到了許多人盼望得到而始終不能得到的東西，留下了許多人應該得到而沒有成為現實的東西。

　　諸葛亮的一生是帶有傳奇性的一生，太多的褒獎紛紛落入他的頭上。他上知天文，下曉地理；他運籌帷幄，決勝千里；他輔佐後主鞠躬盡瘁，死而後已。他是一個謀士，他是一個儒生，他是一個道士，他是一個忠臣，他是一個賢相。同一人演示了不同的角色，但是中國有句古話：「物極必反。」諸葛亮的一生也是充滿疑問的一生。

　　諸葛亮自比管仲、樂毅。至於他有沒有兩人的才能，卻是有疑問的。《三國演義》中他確實有無人能比的才華。但是，《三國演義》畢竟是演義，它裡面有許多東西經過了作者再加工，骨子裡有作者自己個人觀點取捨，無法避免羅貫中演義了諸葛亮，美化了諸葛亮。崔浩曾在他的《典論》中這樣評價諸葛亮：「夫亮之相劉備，當九州鼎沸之會，英雄奮發之時，君臣相得，魚水為喻，而不能與曹氏爭天下，委棄荊州，退入巴蜀，誘奪劉璋，偽連孫氏，守窮崎嶇之地，僭號邊夷之間。此策之下者。可與趙他為偶，而以為管蕭之亞匹，不亦過乎？」

前出師表

作者：諸葛亮　三國後出師表→本作品收錄於《三國志/卷35》和《文選注 (四庫全書本)/卷37》以及《古文觀止/卷6》〈　　澍案：《蜀志》，建興三��，曹丕殂，明年，曹叡立。五年，丞相亮帥諸軍北伐魏，乃上表。〉

姊妹計劃: 百科·數據項

　　臣亮言：先帝創業未��而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此誠危急存亡之秋也。然侍衞之臣不懈於內，忠志之士忘身於外者，蓋追先帝之殊遇，欲報之於陛下也。

　　誠宜開張聖聽，以光先帝遺德，恢弘志士之氣，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞忠諫之路也。

　　宮中府中，俱爲一體，陟罰臧否，不宜異同。若有作奸犯科及爲忠善者，宜付有司論其刑賞，以昭陛下平明之治，不宜偏私，使內外異法也。

　　侍中、侍郎郭攸之、費禕、董允等[1]，此皆良實，志慮忠純，是以先帝簡拔以遺陛下。愚以爲宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，然後施行，必能裨補闕漏，有所廣益。

　　將軍向寵，性行淑均，曉暢軍事，試用之於昔日，先帝稱之曰能，是以衆議舉寵爲督。愚以爲營中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行陣和穆，優劣得所也。

　　親賢臣，遠小人，此先漢所以興隆也；親小人，遠賢臣，此後漢所以傾頹也。先帝在時，每與臣論此事，未嘗不歎息痛恨於桓、靈也。侍中、尚書、長史、參軍，此悉貞亮死節之臣也，願陛下親之信之，則漢室之隆，可計日而待也。

　　臣本布衣，躬耕於南陽，苟全性命於亂世，不求聞達於諸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣於草廬之中，諮臣以當世之事，由是感激，遂許先帝以驅馳。後值傾覆，受任於敗軍之際，奉命於危難之間，爾來二十有一年矣。先帝知臣謹慎，故臨崩寄臣以大事也。受命以來，夙夜憂歎，恐託付不效，以傷先帝之明，故五月渡瀘，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，當獎率三軍，北定中原，庶竭駑鈍，攘除姦凶，興復漢室，還於舊都，此臣所以報先帝，而忠陛下之職分也。至於斟酌損益，進盡忠言，則攸之、禕、允之任也。

　　願陛下託臣以討賊興復之效；不效，則治臣之罪，以告先帝之靈。若無興德之言，則責攸之、禕、允等之慢，以彰其咎[2]。陛下亦宜自課，以諮諏善道，察納雅言。深追先帝遺詔，臣不勝受恩感激。

　　今當遠離，臨表涕泣，不知所云。

↑ 《三國志·董允傳》作「侍中郭攸之、費禕、侍郎董允等」。

↑ 《三國志·董允傳》作「若無興德之言，則戮允等以彰其慢」。

後出師表

作者：諸葛亮本作品收錄於《古文觀止/卷6》裴松之在《三國志》注引用自《漢晉春秋》，《漢晉春秋》引用於東吳張儼《默記》，並沒收錄於陳壽原纂的《三國志》及《諸葛亮集》，諸多學者爭論是否偽作。作者可能是諸葛恪。

姊妹計劃: 百科·數據項

　　先帝慮漢賊不兩立，王業不偏安，故託臣以討賊也。以先帝之明，量臣之才，故知臣伐賊才弱敵強也。然不伐賊，王業亦亡，惟坐待亡，孰與伐之？是故託臣而弗疑也。

　　臣受命之日，寢不安席，食不甘味，思惟北征，宜先入南，故五月渡瀘，深入不毛，幷日而食。臣非不自惜也，顧王業不得偏安於蜀都，故冒危難以奉先帝之遺意也，而議者謂爲非計。今賊適疲於西，又務於東，兵法乘勞，此進趨之時也。

　　謹陳其事如左：高帝明並日月，謀臣淵深，然涉險被創，危然後安。今陛下未及高帝，謀臣不如良、平，而欲以長計取勝，坐定天下，此臣之未解一也。劉繇、王朗各據州郡，論安言計，動引聖人，羣疑滿腹，衆難塞胸，今歲不戰，明年不征，使孫策坐大，遂幷江東，此臣之未解二也。曹操智計殊絕於人，其用兵也，髣髴孫、吳，然困於南陽，險於烏巢，危於祁連，偪於黎陽，幾敗北山，殆死潼關，然後僞定一時耳，況臣才弱，而欲以不危而定之，此臣之未解三也。曹操五攻昌霸不下，四越巢湖不成，任用李服而李服圖之，委夏侯而夏侯敗亡，先帝每稱操爲能，猶有此失，況臣駑下，何能必勝？此臣之未解四也。自臣到漢中，中間朞年耳，然喪趙雲、陽羣、馬玉、閻芝、丁立、白壽、劉郃、鄧銅等及曲長屯將七十餘人，突將無前，賨、叟、青羌散騎、武騎一千餘人，此皆數十年之內所糾合四方之精銳，非一州之所有，若復數年，則損三分之二也，當何以圖敵？此臣之未解五也。今民窮兵疲，而事不可息，事不可息，則住與行勞費正等，而不及今圖之，欲以一州之地與賊持久，此臣之未解六也。

　　夫難平者，事也。昔先帝敗軍於楚，當此時，曹操拊手，謂天下以定。然後先帝東連吳越，西取巴蜀，舉兵北征，夏侯授首，此操之失計而漢事將成也。然後吳更違盟，關羽毀敗，秭歸蹉跌，曹丕稱帝。凡事如是，難可逆見。臣鞠躬盡瘁，死而後已，至於成敗利鈍，非臣之明所能逆覩也。

太聰明會很累，簡單點，快樂點。

想得太多，容易情緒鬱結；

在乎太多，常會敏感多疑；

糾結太多，導致焦慮崩潰。

難得糊塗

←歸厚難得糊塗

作者：魯迅

子明

1933年11月6日古書中尋活字彙→本作品收錄於《准風月談》本篇最初發表於一九三三年十一月二十四日《申報·自由談》。

姊妹计划: 数据项

　　因為有人談起寫篆字，我倒記起鄭板橋有一塊圖章，刻著「難得糊塗」。那四個篆字刻得叉手叉腳的，頗能表現一點名士的牢騷氣。足見刻圖章寫篆字也還反映著一定的風格，正像「玩」木刻之類，未必「祇是個人的事情」：「謬種」和「妖孽」就是寫起篆字來，也帶著些「妖謬」的。

　　然而風格和情緒，傾向之類，不但因人而異，而且因事而異，因時而異。鄭板橋說「難得糊塗」，其實他還能夠糊塗的。現在，到了「求仕不獲無足悲，求隱而不得其地以竄者，毋亦天下之至哀歟」的時代，卻實在求糊塗而不可得了。

　　糊塗主義，唯無是非觀等等——本來是中國的高尚道德。你說他是解脫，達觀罷；也未必。他其實在固執着，堅持着什麼，例如道德上的正統，文學上的正宗之類。這終於說出來了：——道德要孔、孟加上「佛家報應之說」（老、莊另帳登記），而說別人「鄙薄」佛教影響就是「想為儒家爭正統」，原來同善社的三教同源論早已是正統了。文學呢？要用生澀字，用詞藻，穠纖的作品，而且是新文學的作品，雖則他「否認新文學和舊文學的分界」；而大眾文學「固然贊成」，「但那是文學中的一個旁支」。正統和正宗，是明顯的。

　　對於人生的倦怠並不糊塗！活的生活已經那麼「窮乏」，要請青年在「佛家報應之說」，在「《文選》，《莊子》，《論語》，《孟子》」裡去求得修養。後來，修養又不見了，只剩得字彙。「自然景物，個人情感，宮室建築，……之類，還不妨從《文選》之類的書中去找來用。」從前嚴幾道從甚麼古書裡——大概也是《莊子》罷——找著了「幺匿」兩個字來譯Unit，又古雅，又音義雙關的。但是後來通行的卻是「單位」。嚴老先生的這類「字彙」很多，大抵無法復活轉來。現在卻有人以為「漢以後的詞，秦以前的字，西方文化所帶來的字和詞，可以拼成功我們的光芒的新文學」。這光芒要是只在字和詞，那大概像古墓裡的貴婦人似的，滿身都是珠光寶氣了。人生卻不在拼湊，而在創造，幾千百萬的活人在創造。可恨的是人生那麼騷擾忙亂，使一些人「不得其地以竄」，想要逃進字和詞裡去，以求「庶免是非」，然而又不可得。真要寫篆字刻圖章了！

　　十一月六日。

韜光養晦

釋　　義

韜光，收斂光采。養晦，隱藏蹤跡，以便修養。韜光養晦比喻隱藏才智，不使外露。

蘇軾名句

編輯

明月幾時有，把酒問青天，不知天上宮闕，今夕是何年？

我欲乘風歸去，又恐瓊樓玉宇，高處不勝寒。起舞弄清影，何似在人間。

轉朱閣，低綺戶，照無眠。不應有恨，何事長向別時圓？

人有悲歡離合，月有陰晴圓缺，此事古難全。

但願人長久，千里共嬋娟。——《水調歌頭》

浩浩乎，如馮虛御風，而不知其所止；飄飄乎，如遺世獨立，羽化而登仙。

其聲嗚嗚然，如怨如慕，如泣如訴，餘音嫋嫋，不絕如縷。——《前赤壁賦》

人生到處知何似，恰似飛鴻踏雪泥，

泥上偶然留指爪，鴻飛那復計東西。——《和子由澠池懷舊》

若言琴上有琴聲，放在匣中何不鳴？

若言聲在指頭上，何不於君指上聽？——《琴詩》

事不目見耳聞，而臆斷其有無，可乎？——《石鐘山記》

只恐夜深花睡去，故燒高燭照紅妝。——《海棠》

十年生死兩茫茫，不思量，自難忘。——《江城子》

天涯何處無芳草。

多情卻被無情惱。——《蝶戀花》

回首向來蕭瑟處，歸去，也無風雨也無晴——《定風波》

不識廬山真面目，只緣身在此山中。——《題西林壁》

處晦而觀明，處靜而觀動，則萬物之情畢陳於前。——《朝辭赴完州論事狀》

凡物皆有可觀。苟有可觀，皆有可樂。——《超然臺記》

蘇軾語錄

編輯

古之立大事者，不惟有超世之才，亦必有堅忍不拔之志。《晁錯論》釋意：自古以來能夠干成大事的人，不但需要超越世人的才能，更加需要堅持忍受永不放棄的精神。

生、死、窮、達，不易其操。翻譯:不論活著、死亡、貧窮或顯達，都不能改變做人應有的獨立人格和品行。

浩然之氣不依形而立，不恃力而行，不待生而存，不隨死而亡矣。故在天為星辰，在地為河嶽，幽則為鬼神，而明則復為人。此理之常，無足怪者。

與謝民師推官書

編輯

大略如行雲流水。初無定質，但常行於所當行，常止於所不可不止。文理自然，姿態橫生。孔子曰，言之不文，行之不遠。又曰，詞達而已矣，夫言止於達意，則疑若不文，是大不然。求物之妙，如係風捕影，能使是物瞭然於心者，蓋千萬人而不一遇也。而況能使瞭然於口與手乎。是之謂詞達。詞至於能達，則文不可勝用矣。揚雄好為艱深之詞。以文淺易之說，若正言之，則人人知矣。此正所謂雕蟲篆刻者。

書朱象先畫後

編輯

能文而不求舉，善畫而不求售。

留侯論

編輯

匹夫見辱，拔劍而起，挺身而鬬，此不足為勇也。天下有大勇者，卒然臨之而不驚，無故加之而不怒。此其所挾持者甚大，而其志甚遠也。

諸葛亮論

編輯

取之以仁義，守之以仁義者，周也。取之以詐力，守之以詐力者，秦也。以秦之所以取取之，以周之所以守守之者，漢也。仁義詐力雜用以取天下者，此孔明之所以失也。

書生之論，可言而不可用也。

信於久屈之中，用於至足之後；

流於既溢之餘，發於持滿之末。

博觀而約取，厚積而薄發。

──蘇軾〈稼說送張琥〉摘錄

稼說（送張琥）

作者：蘇軾　北宋本作品收錄於《東坡全集‎》和《東坡文鈔》

姊妹計劃: 數據項

曷嘗觀於富人之稼乎？其田美而多，其食足而有餘。其田美而多，則可以更休，而地力得完。其食足而有餘，則種之常不後時，而斂之常及其熟。故富人之稼常美，少秕而多實，久藏而不腐。今吾十口之家，而共百畝之田，寸寸而取之，日夜以望之，鋤耰銍��，相尋於其上者如魚鱗，而地力竭矣。種之常不及時，而斂之常不待其熟，此豈能復有美稼哉？古之人，其才非有以大過今之人也，其��居所以自養而不敢輕用以待其成者，閔閔焉如嬰兒之望長也。弱者養之以至於剛，虛者養之以至於充。三十而後仕，五十而後爵，信於久屈之中，而用於至足之後；流於既溢之餘，而發於持滿之末，此古之人所以大過人，而今之君子所以不及也。吾少也有志於學，不幸而早得與吾子同年，吾子之得亦不可謂不早也。吾今雖欲自以為不足，而眾且妄推之矣。嗚呼！吾子其去此而務學也哉。博觀而約取，厚積而薄發，吾告子止於此矣。子歸過京師而問焉，有曰轍子由者，吾弟也，其亦以是語之。

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sangokushi7 · 7 months ago

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郭嘉の嫁さん、ついに判明！その驚きの［正体］は？

郭嘉の嫁さん、ついに判明！その驚きの［正体］は？ #郭嘉 #三国志 #はじめての三国志

曹操(そうそう)の部下の中で天才的な軍略を見せた知将・郭嘉(かくか)。郭嘉は若くして亡くなってしまったため、息子の郭奕(かくえき)が郭嘉の跡を継ぐ事になります。ここでちょっと気になることがありませんか。それはこの郭嘉のお嫁さんで、彼の息子・郭奕を誰が産んだのかと言うことです。そして今回は郭嘉のお嫁さんを調査すると以外な事実が判明します。 kawausoの注意事項今回の記事は、郭嘉の嫁について確定情報を提供するものではありません。ライター黒田レンが見聞した話を載せているだけです。つまり伝聞情報ですが、それでも構わないという方はご覧下さい ※記事の内容に一部誤解を招く部分がありましたので追記致しました。郭嘉のお嫁さんっていったい誰!? 曹操軍の中でもトップクラスの軍略家として知られる郭嘉。彼は烏桓(うかん)討伐戦が終わった後、疲労がたた…

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craftercat · 7 months ago

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Cui Hao attended on [the ruler] and discussed things ahead, [Tuoba] Si [1] asked him and said:

"Liu Yu [2] is attacking Yao Hong [3], can he really prevail?"

[Cui Hao] answered and said:

"He will prevail."

[Tuoba] Si said:

"For what reason?"

崔浩侍講在前，嗣問之曰：「劉裕伐姚泓，果能克乎？」對曰：「克之。」嗣曰：「何故？」

[Cui Hao] answered and said:

"In the past, Yao Xing [4] was good at achieving a false reputation, yet little of what he did was useful. His son Hong is weak and often ill, and his brothers rebelled and contended [with him]. Yu takes advantage of its danger, for what reason would elite soldiers and a courageous commander not prevail?"

對曰：「昔姚興好事虛名而少實用，子泓懦而多病，兄弟乖爭。裕乘其危，兵精將勇，何故不克！」

[Tuoba Si] said:

"How does Yu's talent compare to Murong Chui [5]?"

[Cui Hao] answered and said:

"It surpasses his, Chui relied on his father and elder brother's wealth, restoring the old enterprise, the country's people returning to him was like insects approaching a flame by night. Even relying on a slight grant [of talent], it would be easy to establish merit. Liu Yu rose vigorously from humble origins, and did not originally even have a small amount of land. He launched an expedition to destroy Huan Xuan and reinstate the Jin, in the north captured Murong Chao [6], and in the south annihilated Lu Xun [7]. Towards him, nobody went forwards, if not for his outstanding talent, how could it be possible as such!"

嗣曰：「裕才何如慕容垂？」對曰：「勝之。垂藉父兄之資，修復舊業，國人歸之，若夜蟲之就火，少加倚仗，易以立功。劉裕奮起寒微，不階尺土，討滅桓玄，興復晉室，北禽慕容超，南梟盧循，所向無前，非其才之過人，安能如是乎！」

[Tuoba] Si said:

"Liu Yu then enters, and cannot advance or retreat, if I were to use elite cavalry to unexpectedly strike Pengcheng and Shoucun, what would he choose?"

[Cui Hao] responded:

"Now, the west has Qugai [8], and the north has Rouran, lying in wait for a crack in our country. Your Majesty cannot personally lead the six multitudes, although we have elite soldiers, we do not yet have wise and capable generals. Zhangsun [9] Song excels in ruling the country, but falls short in doing battle and is not a match for Liu Yu. I do not see benefit, it is not as good as resting and waiting for changes.

When Liu Yu defeats Qin, he will return and certainly usurp his sovereign. In Guanzhong, Hua (Han) and Rong (non-Han) mix together, and the customs are strong and fierce. Liu Yu desires to grasp the thorns, propagating and carrying out civilised customs inside, in Qin, this will be no different than taking off clothing to smother a fire or trying to catch a tiger with a net. Although he has left soldiers to defend this region, they will not be in harmony with the feelings of the people, or face and manage the differences in the population. They will amount to resources for invaders and foes, and that is all.

I hope that Your Majesty will hold back troops and let the people rest so as to observe changes, the land of Qin will in the end be in the possession of our country, so ride and observe."

Si laughed and said:

"Sir, you have assessed it with prudence and understanding."

嗣曰：「裕旣入關，不能進退，我以精騎直擣彭城、壽春，裕將若之何？」對曰：「今西有屈丐，北有柔然，窺伺國隙。陛下旣不可親御六師，雖有精兵，未睹良將。長孫嵩長於治國，短於用兵，非劉裕敵也。興兵遠攻，未見其利；不如且安靜以待之。裕克秦而歸，必篡其主。關中華、戎雜錯，風俗勁悍；裕欲以荊、揚之化施之函、秦，此無異解衣包火，張羅捕虎；雖留兵守之，人情未洽，趨尚不同，適足爲寇敵之資耳。願陛下按兵息民以觀其變，秦地終爲國家之有，可坐而守也。」嗣笑曰：「卿料之審矣。」

[Cui] Hao said: "I have already in private commented on generals, ministers and statesmen of the recent period. It seems as if Wang Meng [10] in running a country is Fu Jian [11]'s Guan Zhong [12]; Murong Ke [13] in assisting a young ruler is Murong Wei [14]'s Huo Guang [15], and Liu Yu in pacifying great turmoil is Sima Dezong [16]'s Cao Cao [17]."

浩曰：「臣嘗私論近世將相之臣：若王猛之治國，苻堅之管仲也；慕容恪之輔幼主，慕容暐之霍光也；劉裕之平禍亂，司馬德宗之曹操也。」

[Tuoba] Si said:

"What about Qugai?"

[Cui] Hao said:

"When Qugai's state was destroyed and his family brought to ruin [18], he became an orphaned person. He depended on the nourishment of the Yao clan, accepting their grants and wealth. He did not consider thanking this kindness and repaying it with righteousness, yet acted when the opportunity arose to seek gain [for himself] [19] and stole a region, arousing the hatred of his nearest neighbours. Emerging as a person with little virtue, although he can release his violence for a period of time, in the end he should be devoured by others, and that is all."

嗣曰：「屈丐何如？」浩曰：「��丐國破家覆，孤孑一身，寄食姚氏，受其封殖。不思醻恩報義，而乘時徼利，盜有一方，結怨四鄰；撅豎小人，雖能縱暴一時，終當爲人所吞食耳。」

[Tuoba] Si was very pleased, and they spoke until midnight. He bestowed [Cui] Hao with ten vessels of light blue imperial [20] wine, and a liang of essence of water [21] salt. He said:

"I taste your words like this salt and wine, therefore I desire to share this with you to offer their good taste [back to you]."

Yet he still ordered Zhangsun Song and Shusun [22] Jian to each be appointed elite soldiers to wait on [Liu] Yu passing west, crossing the [Yellow] River at Chenggao to encroach south upon Pengcheng and Pei commanderies. If [Liu Yu] did not in time pass [west], then they would lead the troops accordingly [23].

嗣大悅，語至夜半，賜浩御縹醪十觚，水精鹽一兩，曰：「朕味卿言，如此鹽、酒，故欲與卿共饗其美。」然猶命長孫嵩、叔孫建各簡精兵伺裕西過，自成皋濟河，南侵彭、沛；若不時過，則引兵隨之。

-- Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 118

1. Also known as Taizong of Northern Wei or Mingyuan of Northern Wei.

2. Also known as emperor Wu of Liu Song, at this point a powerful general and regent for the developmentally disabled Emperor An.

3. The son of Yao Xing and the final emperor of Later Qin.

4. Emperor Wenhuan of Later Qin; the son of the founding emperor who greatly expanded his father's enterprise.

5. Emperor Chengwu of Later Yan; restored the Former Yan. The main rival of Tuoba Si's father Tuoba Gui.

6. The final emperor of Southern Yan, a state conquered by Liu Yu.

7. A warlord in the south who was defeated by Liu Yu.

8. Referring to Helian Bobo. Qugai (屈丐) 'Bent Beggar' was a derogatory nickname given to him by Tuoba Si, meaning 'lowly', referring to his status as a traitor to his benefactors including his liege and his wrongful usurpation of power.

9. Should be Baba, as the Baba clan changed their clan name to Zhangsun under the reforms of Emperor Xiaowen.

10. A chancellor under Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin (Fu Jian).

11. Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin; notably briefly unified northern China for a brief period, but after being defeated in a southern campaign, his vassals rebelled against him.

12. A famous chancellor of the Spring and Autumn Period. This comparison hints at Wang Meng's talent.

13. A prince of the Former Yan dynasty and the capable regent of his nephew Murong Wei.

14. Emperor You of Former Yan; the last emperor of the Former Yan dynasty.

15. A famed minister of the Han dynasty; was regent for the young Emperor Zhao (Liu Fuling). This comparison suggests that Murong Ke, like Huo Guang, was a capable regent.

16. Emperor An of Jin; the ruling emperor of Jin at this point.

17. A famed general of the Three Kingdoms era who wielded power over Emperor Xian of Han, the last emperor of the Han dynasty. This comparison may hint that Cui Hao believed that the Jin dynasty would soon fall (he would soon confirm this belief).

18. Referring to Tuoba Gui's campaign against the Tiefu Xiongnu in 391, in which Helian Bobo's father Liu Weichen was killed. Helian Bobo was 10 years old at that time.

19. Referring to Helian Bobo's rebellion against Yao Xing and seizure of territory.

20. The word 'imperial' means that this was wine typically reserved for the emperor.

21. The salt is referred to as 'essence of water' salt due to being bright and clear like water.

22. Should be Yizhan, as the Yizhan clan changed their clan name to Shusun under the reforms of Emperor Xiaowen.

23. I speculate that the purpose of this move was to prevent Liu Yu from seeing Northern Wei as an easy target, and to discourage Liu Yu from launching an attack on Northern Wei.

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changchaokan · 8 months ago

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粒史學加000485《史記》卷三十五〈管蔡世家〉08：好奇心差點讓曹國滅亡！？

──────────原文────────── 共公十六年，初，晉公子重耳其亡過曹，曹君無禮，欲觀其駢脅。釐負羈諫，不聽，私善於重耳。二十一年，晉文公重耳伐曹，虜共公以歸，令軍毋入釐負羈之宗族閭。或說晉文公曰：「昔齊桓公會諸侯，復異姓；今君囚曹君，滅同姓，何以令於諸侯？」晉乃復歸共公。二十五年，晉文公卒。三十五年，共公卒，子文公壽立。文公二十三年卒，子宣公彊立。宣公十七年卒，弟成公負芻立。成公三年，晉厲公伐曹，虜成公以歸，已復釋之。五年，晉欒書、中行偃使程滑弒其君厲公。二十三年，成公卒，子武公勝立。武公二十六年，楚公子棄疾弒其君靈王代立。二十七年，武公卒，子平公須立。平公四年卒，子悼公午立。是歲，宋、衛、陳、鄭皆火。悼公八年，宋景公立。九年，悼公朝于宋，宋囚之；曹立其弟野，是為聲公。悼公死於宋，歸葬。 ──────────翻譯────────── 曹共公在位第十六年，原先…

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#AI繪圖 #史記 #司馬遷 #晉文公 #曹國 #粒史學加 #重耳

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harvardwang · 8 months ago

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歷年交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

榮譽榜

2021/03/12

歷年交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

112年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

李友賢陳冠廷吳悅恩紀琪云湯育銘廖子軒金智勇

李悦恩陳芮蓁鄭楚玄吳怡儒陳冠典林政閔郭彥呈

林昕穎柯博壬樊洪範王　曦陳紜璽金祺昌彭吉民

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吳峻安陳威仁吳舜齊歐乃瑄何凡宜賴冠勳唐聖傑

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陳奕丞

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廖柏銜　蔡怡安　黃博裕　郭裴珞　潘家偉　李　韡

112年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

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應德樫　吳玟玟　陳莞昀　許家洋　　王彥翰　董昀澍

秦詡洋　蔡國禎　蕭瑋呈

111年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

蔡承展王邦宇李明穎王哲明陸泓瀚陳冠元

薛雅琪黃維慈楊鈞皓蘇柏鴻翁定謙張澄明

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呂信宏

111年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

吳雨修　陳彥旭　王柏騰　王靖元　龔俊霖　高家維

陳麒元　劉朝瑞　邱毓媜　高瑜懃　郭紋均

110年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

陳兆群　陳孟唐　楊智凱　蔡欣哲　陳冠宇　蕭可豪

葉建邑　黃彥欽　陳奕岑　傅振宣　陳志瑜　林儀靜

林俋帆　廖懿德　陳明穎　陳平宏　林宇晏　金莒譯

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110年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

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110年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

本次測驗因疫情取消。

110年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

陳銘堯曾冠銘胡峻瑋蘇文芯林濬承許慶成姚羽珊楊智凱

侯書堯廖英順李毓寧賴政穎王鈺馨黃子庭賴秉程詹興瑋

慕丞林彣珊鍾采君劉峻廷邱晉偉張皓翔余崢陳宗慶

孫靚

109年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

朱峻葳黃紹輔謝添旺朱正育張廣澄楊秉鈞林澔暐高伯宗

連泓安顏筱甄蔡淙和黃伯凱

109年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

王律翔馬碩澤秦得仁鄭琰勳徐允恩許碩軒涂修銓曾宇質

蔡翔宇王順漢蔡朝景陳昱言陳建智蕭丞恩郭宜雯洪脩益

紀以謙郭博彥洪閔德朱芳琪呂偉豪王啟哲康翠芳劉沛禎

蕭仕揚

109年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

鄞嘉慧曹彤吳祐緯林宥宗何勝揚黃靖翔陳威宇石光仁

潘千瑞余柏樟沈芳妤王昱筌游家慶沈琮德沈得桓曾丞佑

劉彥輝龔世宇林彥均郭偉達呂學杰林昆毅蘇聖欽陳翰

109年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

本次測驗因疫情取消。

108年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

洪郁雯李吉林安蕎張家偉陳立朋吳東翰姚冠名郭學頤

陳昫耘顏情晴陳均軒簡呈宇楊翊愷

108年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

許至賦曹家豪吳哲瑋黃信鈞陳道賢楊智雄陳冠恩劉奕頡

黃熙宇洪佳琦張博堯陳冠丞楊政達葉重宏吳宛蓉陳柏霖

張宇鈞胡榮發楊崇杰顏碩慧蔡承叡黃昶豪許釗華陳致恩

陳語謙

108年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

林怡馨林佩璇曾玟靜李明戚瑋宣徐廣圻陳以諾孫暐翔

楊沛珍鄭為遠張朝復涂易瑜吳旻憲洪榮佑馮郁軒吳佩芸

陳琇瑩翁浥迪蔡定�� 陳彥均葉志鵬許心茹

108年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

喬��薷陳子博孔繁軒楊旻桓李名仁歐嘉玲陳奕鴻黃臣延

盧至恒馬菀嚀許䟫源龔士翔劉宏倫

107年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

吳晴杰陳家馨劉仲傑林政廷李孟霖陳銘仁

107年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

廖振超江欣學潘祥漢洪正霖張豪中陳民旻陳弈叡葉原銘

鄭亘庭葉祐廷葉信旻曾多郁鄭凱軒陸宜宗陳冠璿張寶智

江佳臻楊曜宇趙國程

107年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

邱瑜惠許郁培陳翰星陳昱先莊蕙羽曾宇鞍張睿宏陳靜儀

周琬絨吳協益王相智許瑋庭邱子倫閆景宇吳宗憲莊爾修

107年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

林宏洋王宗政曾詩忠郭沂道范廣玉郭阜達黃　笙游竣凱

林群翔林谷翰汪宗宇王竣薰黃煜超賴仁傑李俊廷黃赫立

陳柏皓蘇泓文林祥億呂柏樺吳錫安李孟霖林資堯蘇美娟

吳宗翰沈丞潁戴岳軒張家瑋黃孝瑞范家銘沈文彬廖尉翔

黃炫縢曾詠鈞陳妙盈李庭瑜梁秉辰葉馨憶辛萬億陳維萱

許志豪張閎涵詹皓閔吳連恩洪綺郁

106年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

許詠媛蔡政宏林峻民許秦維林駿吉趙瀚恩張皓翔張晏碩

李珮瑜王　騰張睿鈞李聖昱張文憲范乃歡蔡博文洪嘉揚

曾威榮陳政廷

106年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

陳柏翔王翊名孫朝義王泓逸許文豪龔世豐葉宗憲

106年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

黃彥文邱光輝林羿羚馬瑞遠傅志豪劉耘辛陳政廷朱冠溱

王奕云邱胤文陳彥均徐　旻葉品樂童銘澄林瑞紘林佳泓

林胤名沈立翔陳盈佐王崇任方建宏朱　昱馬崇恩施振宇

田宗翰吳承翰賴昱傑林承緯黃至煒簡舒苗吳佳霖黃幸星

吳珮瑗魏郁庭蘇育萱王映庭黃致捷許秉閎粘銘翔巫嘉瑋

莊逸椽鄭哲誠鄭崴鴻邱亭芝曹廷筠郭柏賢施奕如廖柏彰

毛漢瑜許明理蔡承杰孫大程

106年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

黃基軒江重毅鐘承志許雅如林伯翰吳仲軒王家偉張家瑜

藍家盛黃祺翔蔡孟欣林于暄楊婷儒林煒翔 ��俊丞袁乙天

陳厚凱詹前奕黃耀德吳宜興

105年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

張雅嵐謝翔任連育瑩蘇冠綸宋亞翰吳清元楊子毅陳威仲

謝晉銘陳奕儒邱欣灝陳柏文羅��穎黃奕姉劉曉青陳宣余

105年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

陳柏宏洪翊庭楊卓翰陶玉龍黃馨億張耿豪陳裕翔欒又鈞

劉昊融

105年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

施自雄蘇群閎蔡瑞洋張紹敏楊佳銘曾泰航高舜業吳中博

甘龍諭褚原鑌彭有國

105年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

馬亞聖黃湣傑許鼎宗陳昱中陳祈維陳奕睿賴立凱王玉萱

李靖群蔡雨諦郭丞恩賴啟堯呂昭諭洪振華賴澔興郭家豪

林志華洪敬翔邱元昱李翊甄陳柏奕陳琬菁蔡岱庭

104年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

黃昱維溫宇晴柯昂里楊涵媜溫威霖林明正芮佩霖彭如軒

林雅婷蔡佳頴黃文孝林顯隆葛瑞翔劉珮芬張嘉琳黃崑育

周明翰鄭素惠林奕豐林文琦廖芝瑩黃冠惟曾彥鈞許瑋麟

劉家豪林昭年楊松儒戴瑋儒廖庭雅陳柏宇郭家愷林勇吉

104年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

曾慶峰李尚儒

104年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

林松杰蔡銘全吳育恩宋政杰劉博華許珮瑤賴俊丞謝柏軒

郭明駒劉心瑀古偉寧林宴週阮皇宗

104年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

梁騰皓賴均和鄧紹彬行淑絹李健為陳泰睿魏文志林威丞

杜恩瑜陳昱辰鐵翔雲倪昇暉張嘉棋林茂聯江　盈謝政良

黃德倫劉宗諺詹欣怡楊宗岳簡得晉蕭翔懌李常榮曾宇浩

藍晨愷郭寧佑洪浩竣林子正高志忠

103年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

洪紹航徐志穎郭晉愷張仕翰凃松騏曾文衡鄭智文鄧琨憲

曾善群楊鎧溥方冠融洪琮恩陳雅俐林慧華游林鴻盧文傑

蔡有倫聶秀軒駱俊明劉暉弘殷裕翔陳泓銘賴孟輝林俞錞

陳畇廷黃子容彭繼威吳東橋康路恩林燿志張文成黃欣婷

黃文駿張　庭簡佑任彭家慶張　皓鄭任硯楊建隆劉家宏

林逸嘉蘇泊僑蘇��瑛曾子樵陳履安高偉智莊承翰吳榮三

103年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

許國威陳俊傑吳聯成黃登羣夏暘竣羅凱俊陳佳歡楊承儒

顏宏旭林哲弘曹雁棋黃郁茵曾姿儀王雅瑜廖　罡張修振

陳韋智鍾裕臣林維麒邱彥翔李明軒趙立紘蔡曉蓉張韶邠

103年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

李廷恩王俊皓劉向森戴憶芳劉承惠蔡文鐘薛湘樺許智勇

關百亨張立杰陳俊宏林奇陽卓明峰王建豐方正揚簡顯蘊

魏均婷吳佳宜許家霖陳逢駿曾勇程楊瀚昇郭仲鈞霍中璟

李宜庭蔡東軒陳宏明賴昱中江宇奇林凱俐吳佑財饒旻晉

張桓碩張丹齡黃俊嘉盧國光楊世華林靖勳張簡久揚

103年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

陳冠宇余慧倫林子均吳紫綺黃安源蔡怡倩楊韻潔謝宗儒

徐仲維黃鈺荃王怡靜周昱伶蕭敬詒蘇鈺涵張峪稱黃仁遠

呂俊麟胡家齊王銓朗陳坤新鄭慧賢林旻佐范弘軒陳亞權

洪碩謙王振豪何紀宏鞠慧航簡荐普許有勝胡維岑蔡易樺

103年第一次河海人員特考通過名單

陳思樺黃子寧林家暉辛金山陳仁玉周心如林宗賢施睦庭

102年度第四次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

楊偉民李政德張家瑜劉育菖陳昶廷詹智丞張婷茹劉鈞瑋

莊清彥李珊銘涂世達陳翊瑋龔　恆王玉婷陳志杰葉玳鑛

陳明宏鐘郁甯劉羿成王煇荃葉艾棋

102年度第三次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

林千又陳子循趙炳荃周東穎呂伯樂王重隆張家銘彭姿凱

孫境佑胡家芸陳端容林宗賢曾琬茹蔡能玄林芯羽駱昱如

梁益齊鄭家茹黃建舜林沛儒駱文斌施睦庭

102年度第二次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

林宏豪王新一戴怡琳何明得陳宗彥蘇柏諺邱郁茹林冠志

唐涫鐄柳建廷朱至祥張煐慰莊惠閔陶孝慈蕭松鍇許世昊

陳保丞郭永杰伍紋萱詹雅棋楊雙安江佩玲朱威銘蔡舜文

陳清

102年第二次河海人員特考通過名單

李芳王立偉張煐慰童思叡林柏伸林永惟邱睿騫林晉宏

陳冠廷楊雙安呂昱賢芮偉霖陳長宏林皓群

102年度第一次交通部航海人員測驗通過名單

謝傑宇陳俊宏鍾智堯葉益成郭盈萱

102年考選部第一次河海人員特考通過名單

洪海洲蔡宗勇林甫育李妍萱劉晉平陳伯齊楊德正林忻怡

許曉佩陳央傑潘逸妍李昱錡陳羿君吳岱鴻黃家聲賴信銓

林龍全楊博鈞林易昌羅煥昇榮志豪劉政杰黃賓弘黃冠中

林志諺簡政躍黃揚庭柳亭玲

國立高雄科技大學航運技術系. 網頁設計 DESIGNGOGO

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lamalamam · 10 months ago

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AA ep 1-5

ep2 "否則我殺人啦" <-why does cao cao sound like a disciplinary teacher

can't stand liu xie's portrayal. the show is painting him as a 無能君主 but still i have a soft spot for him...!

why does every c-drama has a slow-mo meet-cute moment for their romance arc

ep 3 yang xiu's actor is so expressive with his body language. Nodding his head, touching his chin, etc., these gestures would be excessive on any other character but they suit him so well

the screaming??? that is some weird directing

ep 4 雖然令君口口聲聲說司空對他極爲信任但一路看來曹也多次向他施壓試探

感覺其實他們的關係也是暗流涌動, definitely not as solid as cao & feng xiao's relationship

這個局也設得太假了吧 can't believe yang xiu didn't see through their scheme

cc is ruthless towards cao pi. 他對子桓一點也不客氣雖説是荀和兒子暗地裏反對自己但就只拿子桓撒氣對荀則是各種旁敲側擊

smy 演出十分用力

"這兩個老廢物生出的兒子倒各有高招啊" <-曹孟德日常覬覦別人家兒子

the (failed) prison break adds nothing to the plot

yang xiu's speech in the prison!!

cc and his stick-and-carrot approach 把令君哄得死死的

奉孝進來時那狡黠又聰慧的小表情好可愛

i know the show's supposed to be centre around sima yi & yang xiu's kingmaking rivalry but the cc-xun yu-guo jia trio absolutely steals the show

speaking of, yu hewei gives one of the best cc portrayals ever, he's not as thespian as 94' 央三 but still has more flair than 2010s 新三 cc. i love that u can tell he enjoys his role a lot.

#im still not very far into the show but aa has been amazing especially when compared with sot3k!#advisors alliance #lamaup m3 #too lazy to edit this sorry

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hydrochloric-ac1d · 1 year ago

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刚拿到就迫不及待地看完了脆师傅的三国杀同人本！我全平台repo之！十年前开始玩三国杀从三国杀入三国坑，十年后还可以看到三国杀同人本，同人女伟大😭（我们的游戏真是在蒸蒸日上呀👊）

从开始搞三国搞曹魏就经常在脑内脑补乱世中曹家兄弟（昂，丕，彰，植，熊）小时候的相处模式，感谢脆师傅圆满了我的想象😭手写的字迹超可爱，跟画风超搭，特别喜欢这种形式的小漫画💕几格简单的分镜就把故事表达得清晰又不失情感深度！！我学习！

一直觉得丕这么喜欢年上（连两个老婆都是年上，我说的是甄姐和郭女王）是因为自从昂死后自己就是大哥了，在家里当大哥太累了，才希望自己有一个可以撒娇的大哥哥（或者大姐姐🤣）。丕在同母兄弟里是最大的，所以丕对昂这个同父异母有血缘关系的大哥哥会更依恋吧（贝蒂小熊你先死一死，子桓语）。感谢脆师傅让我吃到我一直默默敲碗的昂丕昂！还有两个人的视角，超爱这种叙事方式😭

最喜欢的三页，不知道可不可以放😭🤲↓

总之就是期待脆鲨鱼老师下一本大作！你，去给我炒俩菜！

#三国同人

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sassy324 · 2 years ago

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論歷史的記憶（14）：

*1946年，劉胡蘭配合武工隊打擊國軍，將雲周西村村長石佩懷殺死。起因是石佩懷曾接愛國軍閻錫山的命令，為國軍準備糧草，錢款，遞送情報。石佩懷被殺後，閻部決定報復。於是出現劉胡蘭被捕鍘死的一幕。 *香港最大連鎖咖啡店近日招聘超過百位員工，不問學歷，只重"性格熱誠"。 *李光耀最成功的地方，就是抓住"關鍵的少數人”：政治人才與專業人才。政治人才的任務就是把專業人才找到，把他們用好。 *英國首相約翰遜論脫歐：我們終於拿回對法律與命運的控制權。 *企鵝胃內惊現口罩。 2020年有超過18億隻口罩流入全球海洋，相當6500噸海洋塑膠污染，分解需要幾百年，進入食物鏈。 *戈爾巴喬夫：（蘇聯解體）這件事讓美國人傲慢、自我滿足。他們宣稱自己是冷戰勝利者，“而實際上是我們一起將世界從對抗中拯救出來。 *楊繼繩：在“政教合一’’的製度下，權力中心就是真理中心，毛澤東時代的製度就是“政教合一’’的製度。在這個制度下，誰的權力最大，誰就代表真理，最高領導人就是真理的化身。 *明朝貿易帶來了美洲農產品，美洲作物：甘藷、土豆、花生、玉米、煙草、辣椒、鳳梨、腰果、木薯。 *拿破崙：一隻獅子率領的部隊，永遠要比一隻綿羊率領的獅子部隊強。 *1941.12.8,日本偷龔珍珠港，美對日宣戰：蔣中正仰面大笑：‘‘我們終於等到這一天，我們看到了勝利的曙光！ ’′ *中國古代四大名琴：焦尾琴、齊桓公的號鍾琴、楚莊王的繞樑琴、司馬相如的綠綺琴。 *曹操求賢令：不拘品行，不計出身，唯才是舉。 *魯迅讚揚曹操：不忠不孝不要緊，只要有才使可，這又是別人所不敢說的。 *元順帝這只菜鳥也沒有遺傳祖先的雄才大略的基因，自知不是朱元璋的對手，於是放棄大都，逃往北方草原。 *公元1436年，朝鮮李朝世��時，開始用字模澆鑄鉛活字使用，是世界上製造鉛活字的首創者。 *印刷之父：15世紀德國人谷登堡在中國木活字和朝鮮鉛活字的基礎上，創造了鉛合金活字字母，並用木頭做了一台手板式壓印機，延用了300年，直至1755年。 (加拿大司馬田 2023.4)

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zl181 · 2 years ago

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Comprehensive Biography of Zhang Ci

Zhang Ci (張羨) was the Grand Administrator of Changsha. He was a subordinate of Liu Biao, but the two did not get along, so he rebelled in favor of Cao Cao.

Ancestry

Zhang Ci came from Nanyang.[1]

Life

He previously served as Chiefs of Lingling and Guiyang, where his governance won the hearts of its people. Later, he became a subordinate to Liu Biao. Liu Biao belittled Zhang Ci for his stubborn and unyielding nature, then showed him little respect. Zhang Ci was frustrated under Liu Biao.[1] He served as Grand Administrator of Changsha.[2]

Around 200, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao faced off at Guandu. Liu Biao supported Yuan Shao. Huan Jie, one of Zhang Ci's advisors, told him that Liu Biao was acting unrighteous and that he should not be supported. Zhang Ci then asked,

"If thus, what to do, and is it possible?"

Huan Jie stated that if Zhang Ci were to support Cao Cao, Cao Cao would attack Liu Biao on the outside, while Zhang Ci would cripple Liu Biao in the inside. Zhang Ci agreed and rebelled against Liu Biao.[3] Liu Biao besieged Zhang Ci for several years, without success.[2]

Death

However, Zhang Ci fell ill and died during the siege, yet Changsha opted to support Zhang Ci's son, Zhang Yi (張懌), to continue the resistance. However, Liu Biao put an end to the rebellion shortly after.[2]

References

[1] - 【張羨，南陽人。先作零陵、桂陽長，甚得江、湘間心，然性屈彊不順。表薄其為人，不甚禮也。羨由是懷恨，遂叛表焉。】《英雄記》

[2] - 【長沙太守張羨叛表，表圍之連年不下。羨病死，長沙復立其子懌，表遂攻并懌，南收零、桂，北據漢川，地方數千里，帶甲十餘萬。】《三國志•劉表傳》

[3] - 【後太祖與袁紹相拒於官渡，表舉州以應紹。階說其太守張羨曰：「夫舉事而不本於義，未有不敗者也。故齊桓率諸侯以尊周，晉文逐叔帶以納王。今袁氏反此，而劉牧應之，取禍之道也。明府必欲立功明義，全福遠禍，不宜與之同也。」羨曰：「然則何向而可？」階曰：「曹公雖弱，杖義而起，救朝廷之危，奉王命而討有罪，孰敢不服？今若舉四郡保三江以待其來，而為之內應，不亦可乎！」羨曰：「善。」乃舉長沙及旁三郡以拒表，遣使詣太祖。】《三國志•桓階傳》

#Zhang Ci #Cao Cao #Liu Biao #sanguo #huan jie

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fuyonggu · 4 years ago

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Biography of Sima Jiong (Book of Jin 59)

齊武閔王冏，字景治，獻王攸之子也。少稱仁惠，好振施，有父風。初，攸有疾，武帝不信，遣太醫診候，皆言無病。及��薨，帝往臨喪，冏號踴訴父病為醫所誣，詔即誅醫。由是見稱，遂得為嗣。元康中，拜散騎常侍，領左軍將軍、翊軍校尉。趙王倫密與相結，廢賈后，以功轉遊擊將軍。冏以位不滿意，有恨色。孫秀微覺之，且憚其在內，出為平東將軍、假節，鎮許昌。倫篡，遷鎮東大將軍、開府儀同三司，欲以寵安之。

Sima Jiong was styled Jingzhi; his posthumous title was Prince Wumin ("the Martial and Pitied") of Qi. He was the son of Prince Xian ("the Presented") of Qi, Sima You. Even as a child, Sima Jiong won acclaim for his kind and benevolent attitude and enjoyed being generous; he had the same spirit as his father.

Before Sima You's death, although he had become ill, Emperor Wu did not really believe that he was sick. So he sent the imperial doctors to examine and diagnose Sima You, and they declared that he was not ill. When Sima You then passed away and Emperor Wu went to attend the mourning service, Sima Jiong was in a fit of grief, declaring that the doctors had given false reports about Sima You's illness. Emperor Wu ordered the doctors put to death, and Sima Jiong won renown for this act and was permitted to inherit his father's title as Prince of Qi (although he was not the eldest son).

During the Yuankang reign era (291-300), Sima Jiong was appointed as a Cavalier In Regular Attendance, as acting General of the Left Army, and as Colonel Who Supports The Army. The Prince of Zhao, Sima Lun, secretly formed ties with him.

For his role in helping to depose Jia Nanfeng (in 300), Sima Jiong was appointed as General of Roaming Assault. But Sima Jiong was not satisfied by this position, and he often looked resentful. When Sun Xiu realized this, he was afraid to keep Sima Jiong too close at hand, so he had him sent away as General Who Pacifies The East and Credential Holder and had him garrison Xuchang.

When Sima Lun usurped the throne (in 301), he appointed Sima Jiong as Grand General Who Guards The East and granted him the privilege of a Separate Office with equal ceremonial to the Three Excellencies, in order to mollify and appease him.

冏因眾心怨望，潛與離狐王盛、潁川王處穆謀起兵誅倫。倫遣腹心張烏覘之，烏反，曰：「齊無異志。」冏既有成謀未發，恐或泄，乃與軍司管襲殺處穆，送首於倫，以安其意。謀定，乃收襲殺之。遂與豫州刺史何勖、龍驤將軍董艾等起軍，遣使告成都、河間、常山、新野四王，移檄天下征鎮、州郡縣國，咸使聞知。揚州刺史郗隆承檄，猶豫未決，參軍王邃斬之，送首於冏。冏屯軍陽翟，倫遣其將閭和、張泓、孫輔出堮阪，與冏交戰。冏軍失利，堅壘自守。會成都軍破倫眾于黃橋，冏乃出軍攻和等，大破之。及王輿廢倫，惠帝反正，冏誅討賊党既畢，率眾入洛，頓軍通章署，甲士數十萬，旌旗器械之盛，震於京都。天子就拜大司馬，加九錫之命，備物典策，如宣、景、文、武輔魏故事。

Sima Jiong was planning to take advantage of the anger and resentment of the people against Sima Lun, and he secretly plotted with Wang Sheng of Lihu and Wang Chumu of Yingchuan to rise up with soldiers to overthrow Sima Lun. But at the same time, Sima Lun had sent one of his confidantes, Zhang Wu, to keep a close eye on Sima Jiong. When Zhang Wu returned to the capital, he reported, "The Prince of Qi has no ulterior motives against you." And since Sima Jiong's plans were not yet complete, he was afraid that the plot might leak out. So he joined with his Army-Marshal, Guan Xi, to kill Wang Chumu, then sent Wang Chumu head to Sima Lun in order to allay his concerns. However, once Sima Jiong's plan was complete, he arrested Guan Xi and killed him.

Then Sima Jiong raised an army, together with the Inspector of Yuzhou, He Xu, the Dragon-Soaring General, Dong Ai, and others. He sent word around to inform others of his plot: the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong, the Prince of Changshan, Sima Ai, and the Prince of Xinye, Sima Xin.

Sima Jiong sent out a proclamation of his intentions to every general or minister, to all the Generals Who Conquer, Generals Who Guard, Inspectors, Administrators, Prefects, and Interior Ministers, so that everyone might know what his designs were.

When the Inspector of Yanzhou, Chi Long, received Sima Jiong's proclamation, he was hesitant and could not decide whether to support him or not. But one of his Army Advisors, Wang Sui, beheaded Chi Long and sent his head to Sima Jiong.

Sima Jiong camped his army at Yangdi. Sima Lun sent his generals Zhang Hong, Lü He, and Sun Fu to march out through Eban, where they met Sima Jiong in battle. Sima Jiong had the worst of the fighting, so he withdrew into his defenses and fortified his ramparts. But in the meantime, Sima Ying's army routed Sima Lun's forces at Huangqiao. So Sima Jiong led his army out again and attacked Lü He and the others, this time greatly routing them.

Once the Princes had finished deposing Sima Lun and restoring Emperor Hui to the throne and Sima Jiong had completed his executions of Sima Lun's partisans in villainy, Sima Jiong led his troops into Luoyang, where he made arrangements for accommodating his troops. He had hundreds of thousands of armored soldiers, with a full panoply of flags and banners and military gear, and the capital region trembled.

Emperor Hui appointed Sima Jiong as Grand Marshal and granted him the Nine Bestowments. He was granted regent authority to handle all canons and policies, just as Sima Yi, Sima Shi, Sima Zhao, and Emperor Wu had once wielded such power on behalf of the government of Wei.

冏於是輔政，居攸故宮，置掾屬四十人。大築第館，北取五穀市，南開諸署，毀壞廬舍以百數，使大匠營制，與西宮等。鑿千秋門牆以通西閣，後房施鐘懸，前庭舞八佾，沈於酒色，不入朝見。坐拜百官，符敕三臺，選舉不均，惟寵親昵。以車騎將軍何勖領中領軍。封葛<方與>為牟平公，路秀小黃公，衛毅陰平公，劉真安鄉公，韓泰封丘公，號曰「五公」，委以心膂。殿中御史桓豹奏事，不先經冏府，即考竟之。於是朝廷側目，海內失望矣。南陽處士鄭方露版極諫，主簿王豹屢有箴規，冏並不能用，遂奏豹殺之。有白頭公入大司馬府大呼，言有兵起，不出甲子旬。即收殺之。

Sima Jiong thus acted as regent over the government. He lived in Sima You's old palace, and selected forty assistants and subordinates for himself. He greatly expanded the rooms and buildings of his palace, extending the estate north to reach the Five Grains Market and south to connect with the various government offices. He demolished hundreds of homes and buildings in the process. He ordered the Grand Architect to lay out his palace to be on the same scale as Emperor Hui's residence at the Western Palace. He bored a hole through the Qianqiu Gate to make a direct path to the Western Pavilion, and he hung up bells in his rear chambers and arrayed dancers in eight rows (an imperial privilege) in his front hall. He indulged himself in wine and sensual pleasures, not bothering to attend court.

Sima Jiong appointed various ministers without any ceremony, just granting the appointments from where he sat, and he issued commands to the Three Bureaus of the government simply by a mark. And in his selections and promotions, he was not impartial, but only favored those who were close to him and familiar. He appointed the General of Chariots and Cavalry, He Xu, as General Who Leads The Army of the Center. He also appointed Ge Yu as Duke of Mouping, Lu Xiu as Duke of Xiaohuang, Wei Yi as Duke of Yinping, Liu Zhen as Duke of Anxiang, and Han Tai as Duke of Fengqiu; they came to be known as the "Five Dukes", and all of them were Sima Jiong's close companions.

The Secretary of the Central Hall, Huan Bao, submitted a petition without first sending it to Sima Jiong's office for review, for which he was submitted to interrogation. From then on, the court ministers all glanced about in fear, and everyone within the Seas lost hope in Sima Jiong.

A recluse of Nanyang, Zheng Fang, submitted an essay harshly remonstrating with Sima Jiong (his essay is listed below). And one of the Registrars, Wang Bao, often warned Sima Jiong against what he was doing (his essays and biography are in the Biographies of Loyal Ministers). But Sima Jiong did not follow either of their advice, and he even arranged to have Wang Bao killed.

A white-haired gentleman ran into the office of the Grand Marshal, exclaiming that there would be an uprising soon, before the next Jiazi year (in 304). He was arrested and killed.

冏驕恣日甚，終無悛志。前賊曹屬孫惠復上諫曰：惠聞天下五難，四不可，而明公皆以居之矣。捐宗廟之主，忽千乘之重，躬貫甲胄，犯冒鋒刃，此一難也。奮三百之卒，決全勝之策，集四方之眾，致英豪之士，此二難也。舍殿堂之尊，居單幕之陋，安囂塵之慘，同將士之勞，此三難也。驅烏合之眾，當凶強之敵，任神武之略，無疑阻之懼，此四難也。檄六合之內，著盟信之誓，升幽宮之帝，復皇祚之業，此五難也。大名不可久荷，大功不可久任，大權不可久執，大威不可久居。未有行其五難而不以為難，遺其不可而謂之為可。惠竊所不安也。自永熙以來，十有一載，人不見德，惟戮是聞。公族構篡奪之禍，骨肉遭梟夷之刑，群王被囚檻之困，妃主有離絕之哀。曆觀前代，國家之禍，至親之亂，未有今日之甚者也。良史書過，後嗣何觀！天下所以不去于晉，符命長存於世者，主無嚴虐之暴，朝無酷烈之政，武帝餘恩，獻王遺愛，聖慈惠和，尚經人心。四海所系，實在於茲。今明公建不世之義，而未為不世之讓，天下惑之，思求所悟。長沙、成都，魯、衛之密，國之親親，與明公計功受賞，尚不自先。今公宜放桓、文之勳，邁臧、劄之風，芻狗萬物，不��其化，崇親推近，功遂身退，委萬機于二王，命方岳於群後，燿義讓之旗，鳴思歸之鑾，宅大齊之墟，振泱泱之風，垂拱青、徐之域，高枕營丘之籓。金石不足以銘高，八音不足以讚美，姬文不得專聖於前，太伯不得獨賢於後。今明公忘亢極之悔，忽窮高之凶，棄五嶽之安，居累卵之危，外以權勢受疑，內以百揆損神。雖處高臺之上，逍遙重仞之墉，及其危亡之憂，過於潁、翟之慮。群下竦戰，莫之敢言。惠以衰亡之余，遭陽九之運，甘矢石之禍，赴大王之義，脫褐冠胄，從戎于許。契闊戰陣，功無可記，當隨風塵，待罪初服。屈原放斥，心存南郢；樂毅適趙，志戀北燕。況惠受恩，偏蒙識養，雖復暫違，情隆二臣，是以披露血誠，冒昧幹迕。言入身戮，義讓功舉，退就鈇鑕，此惠之死賢於生也。冏不納，亦不加罪。

Sima Jiong only grew more arrogant by the day, and he never did reform his desires.

A former official from the office of Bandit Management, Sun Hui, also wrote a letter to Sima Jiong remonstrating with him. He wrote,

"I have heard that Your Highness has faced five hardships to reach your current position, and I am familiar with four truths about the impermanence of power. Yet Your Highness remains unconcerned about any of these things.

"To set aside your gravity as keeper of your family’s ancestral temple and lay down your majesty of being lord of a domain of a thousand chariots in favor of personally donning armor and helmet and braving risks and facing dangers was the first hardship Your Highness undertook. To muster a band of three hundred fellows, devise plans for decisive and total victory, assemble soldiers from every corner, and gather together brave heroes was the second. To abandon the hallowed halls of your palace and dwell in the wretched conditions of a soldier's tent, peacefully enduring the noise and filth of the camp and sharing the labor and toil of the generals and soldiers was the third. To organize a flock of conscripts, prepare them to resist the fearsome might of the enemy, devise for them genius plans of martial prowess, and temper them with courage and resolve was the fourth. And to send out proclamations in every direction, gain the trust of sworn allies, restore the deposed Emperor to the throne, and revive the imperial fortunes was the fifth.

"At the same time, I observe these truths: even a great reputation cannot ensure one's position, even great merits cannot secure one in office, even great influence cannot be wielded forever, and even great authority cannot be counted to last.

"Yet Your Highness does not recognize the extent of these five hardships you faced to get where you are, nor do you acknowledge these four truths. I cannot help but be concerned for you.

"In the eleven years since the start of the Yongxi era (in 290), there have been no instances of public virtue, but only reports of slaughter. The imperial clan has suffered the disasters of usurpations and struggles for power, and imperial relatives have inflicted punishments and executions against their own flesh and blood; princes have endured the indignities of jail cells and prison carts, and consorts have lamented their fates of being cut off and set aside. Indeed, in all of history, though we read of states that suffered disasters and close relatives that warred among themselves, never has there been a situation as dire as this one. If the historians be honest about our faults, how will our descendants ever bear to read about them?

"Why then has the realm not abandoned Jin, and why has the Mandate not passed from our dynasty? Only because the ruler has not exhibited tyranny and severity and the court has not governed with violence and cruelty, because of the enduring grace of Emperor Wu and the lasting love of Prince Xian (Sima You). It was their sage benevolence and their kindly magnanimity which bound the hearts of the people toward Jin. And these are the things which secure the support of all those within the Four Seas.

"Now although Your Highness displayed an unparalleled sense of righteousness when you led your uprising against the usurper, still you have failed to show an equivalent sense of peerless virtue by yielding your position afterwards. The realm wonders at the reasons for this, and they seek an answer. Furthermore, the Princes of Changsha (Sima Ai) and Chengdu (Sima Ying) have the same close bond to one another as the ancient lords of Lu and Wey, they are the immediate family members of the Emperor (as his younger brothers), and when one considers whom among the three of you accomplished the most during the recent campaign and deserved the greatest rewards, it is difficult to be certain that Your Highness has an undisputed claim to supremacy. By continuing what you are currently doing, Your Highness will be giving up the good achievements of Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin when they selflessly rescued the royal family of Zhou from peril, and treading the same path as Zang and Zha instead. Straw dogs and all the beings of creation are not treated any differently out of any consideration of benevolence.

"Your Highness should honor your relatives and yield in favor of those near in stature to you, considering that your work is complete and withdrawing from the center. Entrust affairs to the two Princes, while you supervise the heirs of the various feudal lords. Display the banner of your righteous intention to yield power and sound the call of your wish to return to your noble fief, dwell within your domain as lord of the great Qi region, catch the spirit of the billowing wind, take the areas of Qingzhou and Xuzhou into your hands, and stand proud at your post at Yingqiu. If you do these things, then even gold will not be a good enough medium to record the greatness of your achievements and even the Eight Sounds will not be sufficient tunes to sing your praises; Ji Wen (King Wen of Zhou) would no longer have the sole claim for sagacity, nor Taibo for worthiness.

"But if you forget the dangers of the great precipice you are standing upon and heedlessly ascend towards the summit, you would be abandoning the security of the Five Peaks and making your position as precarious as a stack of eggs. Without, your power and authority would invite suspicion, and within, your reputation among the officials would suffer. Even if you were to venture to the top of a high terrace or seclude yourself behind rows of walls, I would still presume to fear for your safety, even more now than at the time of Yingchuan and Yangdi (during the uprising). Your subordinates quiver with fear for you, but none dare say a word.

"Now who am I, Sun Hui, to tell you these things? Nothing but a sad remnant in fact. But inviting the onset of calamity and welcoming the perils of the slings and arrows, I once rushed to Your Highness's righteous call; casting aside my common clothes and putting on my helmet, I followed your army to Xu (Xuchang). Of great and glorious deeds in the line of battle, I have none to claim. Yet I followed you through the wind and dust of those days, and I am prepared to receive punishment in addressing you now. Though Qu Yuan was exiled, his heart was always with Ying in the south; though Yue Yi fled to Zhao, his thoughts were always with Yan in the north. Can it be any different with me, who has received your grace and was blessed with your recognition and your care? Though it may seem that I go against your wishes, I am your man through and through; I am baring my flesh to show the sincerity of my blood, and it is thus that I offer you such unpalatable advice. Having presented my words, I am prepared for my punishment. If by writing these things I can convince you to righteously yield power and to secure your achievements, I go to the chopping block willingly, for it would be a worthy end to my life."

Though Sima Jiong did not accept Sun Hui's advice, neither did he punish him.

翊軍校尉李含奔于長安，詐云受密詔，使河間王顒誅冏，因導以利謀。顒從之，上表曰：王室多故，禍難罔已。大司馬冏雖唱義有興復皇位之功，而定都邑，克寧社稷，實成都王勳力也。而冏不能固守臣節，實協異望。在許昌營有東西掖門，官置治書侍御史，長史、司馬直立左右，如侍臣之儀。京城大清，篡逆誅夷，而率百萬之眾來繞洛城。阻兵經年，不一朝覲，��官拜伏，晏然南面。壞樂官市署，用自增廣。輒取武庫秘杖，嚴列不解。故東萊王蕤知其逆節，表陳事狀，而見誣陷，加罪黜徙。以樹私黨，僭立官屬。幸妻嬖妾，名號比之中宮。沈湎酒色，不恤群黎。董艾放縱，無所畏忌，中丞按奏，而取退免。張偉惚恫，擁停詔可，葛旟小豎，維持國命。操弄王爵，貨賂公行。群奸聚黨，擅斷殺生。密署腹心，實為貨謀。斥罪忠良，伺窺神器。臣受重任，蕃衛方嶽，見冏所行，實懷激憤。即日翊軍校尉李含乘驛密至，宣騰詔旨。臣伏讀感切，五情若灼。《春秋》之義，君親無將。冏擁強兵，樹置私黨，權官要職，莫非腹心。雖復重責之誅，恐不義服。今輒勒兵，精卒十萬，與州征並協忠義，共會洛陽。驃騎將軍長沙王乂，同奮忠誠，廢冏還第。有不順命，軍法從事。成都王穎明德茂親，功高勳重，往歲去就，允合眾望，宜為宰輔，代冏阿衡之任。

The Colonel of 翊軍, Li Han, fled from the capital to Chang'an, the base of the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong. He lied and said he had received a secret edict from Emperor Hui, calling on Sima Yong to punish Sima Jiong, and that Li Han had been sent to Sima Yong to help facilitate the plot.

Sima Yong believed Li Han. He submitted a petition to the court: "The imperial family has suffered from many incidents of late, and disasters and difficulties continue to plague us. Although the Grand Marshal, Sima Jiong, may claim the credit of having called an uprising and restoring the Emperor to the throne, in truth it was thanks to the Prince of Chengdu's efforts that the capital region was pacified and the altars of state were secured. Yet Sima Jiong, not content to observe his proper duties as a minister and subject, has begun to harbor nefarious intentions.

"At Sima Jiong's army camp at Xuchang, he set up eastern and western Ye Gates like one sees at the Emperor's palace, and on his staff there, those whom he appointed as Secretaries of Recordskeeping, as Chief Clerks, or as Marshals all hovered about him with the same ceremony that residents of the palace would show towards the Son of Heaven. During the campaign, although the capital had already been entirely purged and the usurpers and traitors punished before his arrival, Sima Jiong still led an army of a million soldiers to infest the walls of Luoyang. He has kept his troops garrisoned there for an entire year by now. He never attends court, but makes the government ministers bow and perform obeisance before him, while he sits serenely facing south (in imitation of the Emperor). He has torn down buildings of the Music Bureau and the marketplace purely to expand and broaden his own estate. He has helped himself to the stored equipment of the Arsenal, and he has imposed martial law on the city without any sign of lifting restrictions. The former Prince of Donglai, Sima Ruí (Sima Jiong’s elder brother), recognized that Sima Jiong had betrayed his duties, and he presented a petition to the court listing Sima Jiong's offenses, but he was only met with slander and infamy, until he was charged with a crime and suffered demotion and exile. Sima Jiong has presumed to fill the government ministries with his own partisans and minions, and he grants his favored lovers and floozies titles comparable to those used in the Emperor's harem. He freely indulges himself in wine and in sensual pleasures, showing no regard for the common people. He allows his henchman Zong Ai to do whatever he pleases without any hesitation or suspicion, for though the government receives complaints about Zong Ai's behavior, he always gets let off from any charge. He permits a nobody like Zhang Wei to determine whether imperial edicts shall be allowed to go out or not, and he entrusts a miscreant like Ge Yu with control of the state. He hands out noble titles as he pleases, and bribes change hands freely and openly. He surrounds himself with a rogues' gallery, and he makes the call on who will live or who will die. His closest confidantes think only of how to enrich themselves. And he has slandered and punished good and worthy people, while gazing with longing towards the sacred instruments of power.

"I was assigned a serious charge and am responsible for protecting and defending a strategic area of the realm. But as I have witnessed Sima Jiong's actions, I have nursed a sense of righteous indignation. Then this very day, the Colonel of 翊軍, Li Han, secretly came to me by courier horse to present to me the imperial will and decree. When I bowed before him to hear the reading of this edict, which called upon me to raise my banners and turn against my own flesh and blood, my feelings were assailed and all my senses were aflame. And is it not a principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals that one may never war against their liege or their kinfolk? Yet Sima Jiong has a powerful army at his beck and call, he has placed his favorites into positions of power, and not a one of the important offices of state exists but is filled by one of his cronies. So though in turning my sword against Sima Jiong I would be committing a serious crime which deserved death, still I am afraid I could no longer in good conscience accept what he has done.

"Thus I am now marching at the head of a hundred thousand elite soldiers. May the provincial commanders join me in this loyal and righteous cause and combine their forces with mine at Luoyang. I ask that the General of Agile Cavalry and Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai, likewise prove his loyalty and sincerity by removing Sima Jiong from power and sending him back to his estate. Anyone who refuses to heed the imperial order shall be dealt with by military law.

"The Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, is wise, virtuous, luxuriant, and friendly; his achievements are lofty and his deeds profound. When he departed the capital last year and yielded his power, he gained the hopes and admiration of all. He is suited to serve as regent over the government. Let him take up the role of A-Heng (Yi Yin) in Sima Jiong's stead."

顒表既至，冏大懼，會百僚曰：「昔孫秀作逆，篡逼帝王，社稷傾覆，莫能禦難。孤糾合義眾，掃除元惡，臣子之節，信著神明。二王今日聽信讒言，造構大難，當賴忠謀以和不協耳。」

When Sima Yong's petition arrived at Luoyang, Sima Jiong was terrified. He summoned the ministers and said to them, "When Sun Xiu plotted his treason before and usurped and oppressed the Emperor and the Princes, the very altar of state was nearly toppled, and no one else was able to stand against such difficulties. I was the one who gathered together soldiers to begin an uprising, and I was the one who swept away and purged the chief evil. I have maintained my duty as a subject and as a son, and the spirits can attest to my trustworthiness. Yet now these two Princes have returned my trust with slander and are causing great trouble. Gentlemen, I shall depend on your loyal advice for how to reconcile with these wayward foes."

司徒王戎、司空東海王越說冏委權崇讓。冏從事中郎葛旟怒曰：「趙庶人聽任孫秀，移天易日，當時喋喋，莫敢先唱。公蒙犯矢石，躬貫甲胄，攻圍陷陣，得濟今日。計功行封，事殷未遍。三臺納言，不恤王事，賞報稽緩，責不在府。讒言僭逆，當共誅討，虛承偽書，令公就第。漢、魏以來，王侯就第甯有得保妻子者乎！議者可斬。」於是百官震悚，無不失色。

The Minister Over The Masses, Wang Rong, and the Minister of Works and Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, advised Sima Jiong to resign his authority and honor the others by yielding his position.

But Sima Jiong's Attendant Officer of the Palace Gentlemen, Ge Yu, angrily told them, "The commoner of Zhao (Sima Lun) heeded and employed Sun Xiu, and he abused his authority; Heaven and Earth themselves changed based purely on his whims. Everyone talked and talked about doing something back then, but no one else dared to speak up first. It was our lord who braved the slings and arrows, personally wearing armor and helmet and attacking the enemy lines and breaking their formations, and who brought us to this happy day. Considering the rewards he has received for all that he has done on behalf of the state, one could argue that he has still not gotten all that he deserves.

"For members of the Three Bureaus to say such things shows how much you disregard the Prince's affairs. It is no fault of his that rewards for others have been slow in coming. Besides, those who speak slander and stir up chaos should all be put to death. How can you heed the empty orders of this presumptuous letter and command our lord to retire to his estate? And through all the time of Han and Wei, what prince or noble that retired to his estate has ever been able to protect his wife and children? Anyone who suggests such a thing out to be beheaded."

The ministers were greatly disturbed and trembling, and all of them turned pale.

長沙王乂徑入宮，發兵攻冏府。冏遣董艾陳兵宮西。乂又遣宋洪等放火燒諸觀閣及千秋、神武門。冏令黃門令王湖悉盜騶虞幡，唱云：「長沙王矯詔。」乂又稱：「大司馬謀反，助者誅五族。」是夕，城內大戰，飛矢雨集，火光屬天。帝幸上東門，矢集御前。群臣救火，死者相枕。明日，冏敗，乂擒冏至殿前，帝惻然，欲活之。乂叱左右促牽出，冏猶再顧，遂斬於閶闔門外，徇首六軍。諸黨屬皆夷三族。幽其子淮陵王超、樂安王冰、濟陽王英于金墉。暴冏屍於西明亭，三日而莫敢收斂。冏故掾屬荀闓等表乞殯葬，許之。

The Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai, rushed into the palace, then raised troops to attack Sima Jiong's office. Sima Jiong sent Zong Ai to array troops west of the palace. Sima Ai also sent Song Hong and others to set fire to and burn down the various pavilions and the Qianqiu and Shenwu Gates.

Sima Jiong ordered the Prefect of the Yellow Gate, Wang Hu, to steal all the Zouyu Banners and display them (thus compelling all soldiers to cease fighting) while announcing, "The Prince of Changsha has forged an imperial decree."

But Sima Ai also spread the message, "The Grand Marshal has plotted rebellion, and anyone who helps him will have their families executed to the fifth degree."

That night, there was great fighting within the city; flying arrows poured down like rain, and the glow of the fires outshone the heavens. Emperor Hui was at the Shangdong Gate when a flurry of arrows came his way. His ministers were trying to put out the fires, and they fell down dead in heaps.

By the next day, Sima Jiong had been defeated. Sima Ai brought Sima Jiong to the Front Hall. Emperor Hui, feeling sad for him, wished to let him live, but Sima Ai ordered those around him to lead Sima Jiong away, even as Sima Jiong kept looking back. Sima Ai beheaded Sima Jiong outside the Changhe Gate, and displayed his head to the six armies (of the capital soldiers).

Those who were in league with Sima Jiong were executed with their families to the third degree. The Princes of Huailing, Le'an, and Qiyang, Sima Jiong's sons Sima Chao, Sima Bing, and Sima Yīng, were imprisoned at the Jinyong fortress.

Sima Jiong's body was left publicly exposed at Ximing Terrace, and for three days no one dared to claim the body for burial. Then Sima Jiong's former subordinates, Xun Kai and others, petitioned to be allowed to hold a mourning for Sima Jiong and to bury him, and their request was granted.

初，冏之盛也，有一婦人詣大司馬府求寄產。吏詰之，婦人曰：「我截齊便去耳。」識者聞而惡之。時又謠曰：「著布袙腹，為齊持服。」俄而冏誅。

Earlier, when Sima Jiong had been at his zenith, a woman had visited the Grand Marshal's office to ask for some supplies. When the officials had scolded her, she had said, "I'll just make things nice and tidy and then go." This disturbed some people, for they recognized that the term she had used, 截齊, could be interpreted as "cut down (the Prince of) Qi".

And there had also been a ditty going around: "Wrap the cloth 'round the middle bit, to make it all (or, Qi) nice and fit (or, to submit)." And indeed, it wasn't long before Sima Jiong was executed.

永興初，詔以冏輕陷重刑，前勳不宜堙沒，乃赦其三子超、冰、英還第，封超為縣王，以繼冏祀，曆員外散騎常侍。光熙初，追冊冏曰：「咨故大司馬、齊王冏：王昔以宗籓穆胤紹世，緒于東國，作翰許京，允鎮靜我王室。涎率義徒，同盟觸澤，克成元勳，大濟潁東。朕用應嘉茂績，謂篤爾勞，俾式先典，以疇茲顯懿。廓士殊分，跨兼吳楚，崇禮備物，寵侔蕭、霍，庶憑翼戴之重，永隆邦家之望。而恭德不建，取侮二方，有司過舉，致王於戮。古人有言曰：'用其法，猶思其人。'況王功濟朕身，勳存社稷，追惟既往，有悼於厥心哉！今復王本封，命嗣子還紹厥緒，禮秩典度，一如舊制。使使持節、大鴻臚即墓賜策，祠乙太牢。魂而有靈，祗服朕命，肆寧爾心，嘉茲寵榮。」子超嗣爵。

At the beginning of the Yongxing reign era (305), an edict was issued declaring that Sima Jiong's offenses had not been serious enough to merit the harsh punishment that he had received, and that due to his earlier good deeds, his lineage should not be snuffed out. Thus his three sons Sima Chao, Sima Bing, and Sima Yīng were all pardoned and allowed to return to their estates, and Sima Chao was appointed as Prince of a county in order to continue Sima Jiong's lineage. Sima Chao eventually served as a Cavalier In Regular Attendance Without Assignment.

At the beginning of the Guangxi reign era (306), Sima Jiong was posthumously honored with a decree by Emperor Hui.

"I declare the following regarding the late Grand Marshal and Prince of Qi, Sima Jiong:

"The late Prince might have quietly and meekly inherited the fief which he was due. Yet rather than sequester himself in his eastern domain (at Qi), he sent forth his proclamation from Xujing (Xu or Xuchang), and fully acted to protect our royal family and quell the disturbance of the imperial household. Zealously leading forth his followers for a righteous cause and forging an alliance at Lake Chu, he achieved successes and performed the greatest of deeds, and was very accomplished at Yingdong (eastern Yingchuan?). I ought to have responded to these things with congratulations for his exceptional performance, thanking him for his loyal and faithful service, and honoring him according to the ancient standards, thereby ensuring and glorifying his legacy. He ought to have been granted a fief even grander than those once held by Han's Princes of Wu and Chu, and he ought to have been honored with such exceptional courtesy and respect that he would have rivaled the favor enjoyed by Xiao He or Huo Guang. The great assistance and protection which he provided us entitled him to the everlasting admiration of the royal clan and the state.

"Yet the Prince failed to practice virtue, he incurred the enmity of two of his peers, the officials pressed him for his faults, and in the end he was executed. The ancients had a saying: 'Enforce the law, but think of the accused.' How much less can I ignore this sentiment when it was thanks to the Prince's deeds that I remained safe and the fortunes of state were preserved? And how tragic, how heart-rending it seems that only posthumously may his achievements be recognized!

"I hereby restore the Prince to his former title as Prince of Qi, and command that his son and heir be permitted to return and to inherit this title. The salary and privileges, canons and systems associated with the title shall all be as they once were. And I hereby send the Commissioner Bearing Credentials and Grand Diplomat to convey my words to the tomb of the late Prince and to offer a Grand Sacrifice to his spirit. If the dead are still aware of what takes place in this world, then may they take note of my command; may the spirit of the late Prince feel peace in his heart and be joyful of this favor and honor."

Sima Jiong's son Sima Chao thus inherited his title as Prince of Qi.

永嘉中，懷帝下詔，重述冏唱義元勳，還贈大司馬，加侍中、假節，追諡。及洛陽傾覆，超兄弟皆沒于劉聰，冏遂無後。太元中，詔以故南頓王宗子柔之襲封齊王，紹攸、冏之祀，曆散騎常侍。元興初，會稽王道子將討桓玄，詔柔之兼侍中，以騶虞幡宣告江、荊二州，至姑孰，為玄前鋒所害。贈光祿勳。子建之立。宋受禪，國除。

During the Yongjia reign era (307-311), Emperor Huai also issued an edict which again praised Sima Jiong for having the chief accomplishment of having sounded the call to rise up against Sima Lun. Emperor Huai posthumously restored Sima Jiong's rank as Grand Marshal, and he also appointed him as a Palace Attendant and a Credential Bearer and gave him his posthumous name (Wumin).

When Luoyang fell (to Han-Zhao, in 311), Sima Chao and his brothers were all lost to Liu Cong, leaving Sima Jiong without any descendants.

During the Taiyuan reign era (376-396), Emperor Xiaowu issued an edict appointing Sima Rouzhi, the son of the late Prince of Nandun, Sima Zong, as Prince of Qi in order to continue Sima You's and Sima Jiong's lineage. Sima Rouzhi rose in office as high as Cavalier In Regular Attendance. At the beginning of the Yuanxing reign era (402), when the Prince of Kuaiji, Sima Daozi, was about to campaign against the rebel general Huan Xuan, an edict was issued appointing Sima Rouzhi as a Palace Attendant, and he was sent out with the Zouyu Banners to command the soldiers of Jiangzhou and Jingzhou (under Huan Xuan's command) to stand down. But when Sima Rouzhi came to Gushu, he was killed by Huan Xuan's vanguard. He was posthumously appointed as Superintendent of the Crown Prince's Household.

Sima Rouzhi's son Sima Jianzhi inherited the title Prince of Qi. But after Liu Yu accepted the abdication of the Jin dynasty and established the Song dynasty (in 420), Sima Jianzhi's fief was abolished.

鄭方者，字子回，慷慨有志節，博涉史傳，卓犖不常，鄉閭有識者歎其奇，而未能薦達。及冏輔政專恣，方發憤步詣洛陽，自稱荊楚逸民，獻書於冏曰：「方聞聖明輔世，夙夜祗懼，泰而不驕，所以長守貴也。今大王安不慮危，耽于酒色，燕樂過度，其失一也。大王檄命，當使天下穆如清風，宗室骨肉永無纖介，今則不然，其失二也。四夷交侵，邊境不靜，大王自以功業興隆，不以為念，其失三也。大王興義，群庶競赴，天下雖甯，人勞窮苦，不聞大王振救之令，其失四也。又與義兵歃血而盟，事定之後，賞不逾時，自清泰已來，論功未分，此則食言，其失五也。大王建非常之功，居宰相之任，謗聲盈塗，人懷忿怨，方以狂愚，冒死陳誠。」冏含忍答之云：「孤不能致五闕，若無子，則不聞其過矣。」未幾而敗焉。

Zheng Fang was styled Zihui. He was a passionate man with a sense of duty and ambition, and he waded through and absorbed all the Histories and Annals. He was exceptionally talented and zealous, and those in his district who knew him all sighed in admiration of how much he stood out. Yet he never held office, because there was no one able to recommend him.

When Sima Jiong held power over the government and abused his authority, Zheng Fang was so moved with indignation that he set out by foot to visit Luoyang. Styling himself a wanderer from Jing and Chu, he presented a letter to Sima Jiong.

"I have heard that when the sage and wise steer the affairs of the age, day and night they are always careful and cautious, nor do they get carried away in their joy. Thus do they preserve and defend their honor. Yet you, Great Prince, are currently relaxed and not thinking of any danger, sinking into the depravity of wine and sensual pleasures and overindulging yourself in feasting and music; this is your first fault. You ought to be as respectful to the realm as the pure wind, and there should not be the slightest distance between yourself and your kinfolk and your flesh and blood, yet there currently is; this is your second fault. The barbarians are pressing in from every side and the borders are unstable, yet you consider that you have already accomplished enough and you take no notice of these things; this is your third fault. When you launched your uprising, all the people rushed to your banner, yet although there is now peace in the realm, the people continue to suffer endlessly, and I have heard nothing of any orders from you on how their burdens might be lifted; this is your fourth fault. And you made a covenant with blood-smeared lips and pledged to those that supported you in your uprising that after things had been completed, rewards would not be slow in coming, yet although the evil has already been purged, there have been no discussions of merit or distributions of rewards; you have eaten your words, and this is your fifth fault.

"Great Prince, you have achieved uncommon deeds, and you now occupy the role of chief minister of the state. Yet you allow slander and rumor to swirl around you and you do nothing while people bear anger and hatred against you. Though it be rash and foolish of me, still I would risk death to demonstrate my sincerity to you."

Sima Jiong bit his tongue and only responded, "I had no idea of my five shortcomings. If not for you, Sir, I would never have heard of them."

It was not long before Sima Jiong was destroyed.

史臣曰：冏名父之子，唱義勤王，摧偽業于既成，拯皇輿於已墜，策勳考績，良足可稱。然而臨禍忘憂，逞心縱欲，曾不知樂不可極，盈難久持，笑古人之未工，忘己事之已拙。向若采王豹之奇策，納孫惠之嘉謀，高謝袞章，永表東海，雖古之伊、霍，何以加焉！

The Historian's Appraisal: Sima Jiong was the son of a famous father, he sounded the call to rise up and rallied the Princes to his banner, he smashed Sima Lun's false designs and kept them from fruition, and he rescued Emperor Hui from falling into oblivion. Truly his actions and deeds were excellent and worthy of praise. Yet afterwards, when he himself stood at the brink of destruction, he failed to heed the danger, but only indulged his heart's desires and did whatever he wished. Did he not know that pleasure cannot go unbridled, or a host of difficulties left unchecked? Was it not ironic that he mocked the ancients who never finished their work, not realizing that his own achievements had been undone? If only he had plucked out the fine plan offered by Wang Bao or accepted the good advice provided by Sun Hui, by magnanimously yielding his imperial splendor at the capital and going out to his fief on the Eastern Sea, where his lineage might have endured! If he had done that, could even Yi Yin or Huo Guang have surpassed him?

贊曰：偉哉武閔！首創宏謨。德之不建，良可悲夫！

Crown Prince Li Xian of Tang's Appraisal:

Pity the magnificent Prince Wumin!

His deeds were bold, his plans so keen!

Alas, his virtues he did not keep

And thus for this good man we weep.

#Sima Jiong #Eight Princes #War of the Eight Princes #Book of Jin #Jinshu #Jin Dynasty #Western Jin #Chinese History #China

18 notes · View notes

aliu-ga · 4 years ago

Text

刘氏的起源始祖

源流一

　　部分刘姓最早的祖先之封地：尧曾封其第九子监明于刘地（也称留地，今河北保定唐县）。

　　按当时依封地为氏的惯例为祁姓里的刘氏，氏是姓的分支，监明（或曰又名源明）雄才大略，开拓进取。他把后裔分两支南迁：一支到山东平源，占领黄河下游一大片沃地；一支迁到山西一带，建立南唐（都临汾）和北唐（边界线上）。监明十八代刘氏里刘累名气最大。

　　《史记》载：夏朝孔甲时，监明十八世孙刘累善养龙，被夏封为御龙氏，为豕韦后专事养龙。传说在今河南临颖县豢龙城一共饲养了四条，不幸有条雌龙病死，刘累畏罪，领带全家老��一同逃到河南鲁山县一带隐居起来，称为豕韦氏。商朝又在唐（今山西省翼城县西边）立国，称为唐氏。周成王灭唐后，把他的子民迁往杜原（今陕西西安市南杜林）建立杜国，因范围小称杜伯，便以杜为姓，称杜伯氏，又称唐杜氏。200年后周宣王灭杜国，杀害了杜伯，其子隰叔逃往晋国，叔的儿子杜蒍，任晋狱讼官，称为士师，故又名士蒍。其子成伯缺生子士会，在晋为大夫。士会才智过人，操守严谨，深得晋主赏识，封其食邑于范，亦称范氏。晋襄公去世，士会奉命赴秦迎襄公之第公子雍（在秦作亚卿）回国继位。晋太子夷皋的生母闹求大臣赵盾立幼子夷皋为晋君，故当士会和雍一行到达晋国边境时，遇晋兵阻挠，打败了护送的秦军，士会便滞留在秦国。赵盾考虑士会留秦对晋不利，便以献魏地为名，私召回士会。士会归晋，其子康和一些亲族仍留秦国，恢复刘姓。士会生长子明，明生远，远生阳。秦灭魏后，其第10世孙获被迁徙梁国（今河南开封）生子清，清迁至沛县生仁号（又名荣），号生煓字执嘉，嘉生子四：伯、仲、季（邦）、交。邦是为汉高祖（尧帝第76代孙），郡望彭城郡、沛郡（郡治分别是今江苏徐州市和安徽北部一带），刘邦后裔里中山王（中山国，今河北南部）刘胜儿子多达120余人，成汉景帝后代里分衍最多的支系。历史上最有名的刘氏开拓日本人物，是今天日本原田、高桥、大藏等家族的共同祖先阿知王。刘姓在韩国亦有分布。另外，根据日本可查档案记载日本第三大姓高桥氏出自中国刘姓，为刘邦后裔。

　　源流二

　　源于姬姓，出自周定王赐给弟弟姬季子的封地，属于以封邑名称为氏。

　　周定王姬瑜八年（公元前599年）前后，周定王将刘邑(今河南偃师)，封给他的弟弟姬季子做领地。至此，姬姓刘子国就正式地在东周王畿之内建立起来了，刘康公也就成了姬姓刘氏的肇姓始祖。姬姓刘氏世代任周朝卿士，主理内政外交长达一百多年。

　　《左传》成公十一年：晋郤至与周争鄇田，王命刘康公、单襄公讼诸晋。

　　源流三

　　源于投降汉朝的秦末齐国将领刘到：据史书记载，“平都孝侯刘到，平都。索隐县名，属东海。以齐将，高祖三年降，定齐，侯，千户。五年孝惠四年庚戌（公元前191年）六月乙亥，孝侯刘到元年。索隐故齐将。巳上孝惠时三人也”。

　　源流四

　　赐姓或改姓。

　　1.出自项氏：汉初赐项羽的叔父项伯等人为刘氏，封射阳侯，刘邦当了皇帝之后，为感谢项伯的救命之恩。

　　还封了三位项氏族人：桃侯项襄封邑在山东汶上，平皋侯项它封邑在河南温县、玄武侯，对这三位项氏侯爵及其家人均赐姓为刘氏。

　　2.出自姒姓娄氏：赐娄敬为刘氏，封关内侯：娄敬，齐国人，刘邦采纳了娄敬迁都长安的建议，赐姓为刘氏。

　　3.源于汉代礼仪（官职），出自汉代皇室秋祭——貙膢（貙刘），属于以官称为氏。注意：貙刘一支刘氏，本字为貙膢，因此正确姓氏读音作lòu(ㄌㄡˋ)，不可读作líu(ㄌㄧㄡˊ)。

　　4.出自王氏：东汉舞阳人王常，平王莽立大功，被更始帝刘玄赐姓刘；王郎冒名汉成帝之子刘子舆，自立为帝，被诛。

　　5.出自龚氏：宋真宗继位后，赐皇后刘娥表兄（一说前夫）龚美姓刘，认其为弟；明朝嘉靖年间著名大将军都督刘显原姓龚，为报人知遇之恩，改姓刘。

　　6.出自卢氏：安定三水人卢芳，诈称武帝曾孙刘文伯,曾自立为帝，据平凉等地，后失败逃奔匈奴：

　　7.出自寇氏：三国蜀将刘封，原姓寇。为刘备义子，改姓刘。

　　8.出自丘氏：西晋义阳(今河南新野)人丘沈冒称汉宗室后裔，改姓刘名尼。被拥立为帝，建年号为神凤。汉高祖刘邦。

　　9.出自留氏：留氏改刘氏：后坡刘氏为永春留氏族裔，于宋末元初的动荡中易姓为刘；另《清源留氏族谱》载：第三十九世留天禄，泉州路录事，因军情严重，不仕，复入永春，居留安故地，改留为刘，为本支始祖。

　　10.出自柳氏，为唐朝文学家柳宗元之后，因柳宗元和当时朝政大臣不和，招惹很多皇室亲信，其后人恐遭陷害，逃荒到山西的洪桐县，改姓为刘。很多年后因当地遭水灾，他们纷纷迁移到河南的周口、安徽的亳州、山东的曹县、泰安一带。

　　11.出自薛氏：沙陀北汉王刘继恩，本姓薛，因是刘承钧的外甥和养子，改姓刘。

　　12.出自何氏：沙陀北汉王刘继元，本姓何，因是刘承钧的外甥和养子，亦改姓刘。

　　13.一说元末陈友谅败亡后其后代有改姓刘的。

　　14.唐宦官刘贞亮，原名俱文珍，无嗣。

　　15.明代宦官刘瑾本姓谈(音dan)，改姓刘，无嗣。

　　16.出自侯氏：刘亨赙(1872－1926年)，又名侯夏饱，字图琼，号纯青，菲律宾名何塞·伊格拉西澳·宝华，福建南安码头人，是菲律宾独立战争中的一位华侨将军。其他近代、现代改姓刘氏者略。

　　其他民族或外国刘姓

　　我国是一个多民族的国家，长期以来的民族混合，也反映在姓氏的演变上，刘姓是颇为典型的一例。

　　中华刘姓始祖苑。

　　1.匈奴刘氏：西汉初年匈奴强盛，刘邦采“和亲政策”，以刘姓宗女嫁给匈奴单於冒顿（普通话音modu墨读）为妻，冒顿姓挛（音luandi銮低）。匈奴族文化上汉化后，匈奴很多后代有以刘为姓者。汉朝打败匈奴后，南匈奴投降汉朝后，与汉族人杂居而作，慢慢文化上同化，由游牧转入农耕，姓名也改为汉字，当时说法是“胡人附刘，十胡九刘”。五胡十六国时期记载有汉国-前赵国建立者匈奴屠各部刘渊、刘曜，夏国建立者匈奴铁弗部刘屈孑（即赫连勃勃）匈奴铁弗部刘虎、襄国刘显等。

　　2.独孤部：是五胡十六国末期出现的北方游牧部落之一，匈奴后裔。后归附拓跋鲜卑。北魏时孝文拓跋宏采取了一系列的汉化政策，部分独孤氏改为刘姓，(另一部分仍保持独孤姓，如李渊和杨广的外祖父独孤信)成为当时北魏鲜卑贵族最显赫的八姓之一。

　　3.稽胡，又称山胡、步落稽，源于南匈奴。北魏时期稽胡首领刘蠡升、其孙北周时期稽胡首领刘没铎等曾先后称帝，建立割据政权。离石胡是山胡的一支,隋末唐初，离石胡人刘龙儿、刘季真，刘苗王曾建立割据政权。

　　4.沙陀刘氏：唐德宗时，中亚沙陀人内附，定居于今山西大同一带，长期与汉族杂居，不少人改汉姓。其中沙陀部的刘知远家族两度建立政权：后汉（刘知远建立）和北汉（刘崇建立）、还例如五代．后汉刘承佑、五代北汉刘崇旻、五代北汉刘承钧、五代．北汉刘继恩、五代．北汉刘继元。后降宋朝，沙陀刘氏散居北方各地，成为刘姓又一支脉。

　　5.契丹刘氏：

　　辽太祖耶律阿保机建立大辽之后，因为追慕汉高祖皇帝，便将自己的耶律氏兼称刘氏，起汉名刘亿。《辽史·后妃传》“序”：“太祖慕汉高皇帝，故耶律兼称刘氏。以乙室、拔里比萧相国，遂为萧氏。”《金史》记载“移剌曰刘“。（“移剌氏”即契丹国姓“耶律氏”）因此耶律氏有改为刘姓的。当代天津市郊区宝坻区耶律各庄村中刘姓村民较多。当地人说，这个村刘姓村民多为坐地户，是当年随蒙古军队来到这里定居的，刘姓是由耶律姓衍转过来的。

　　6.魏晋时乌桓部族有刘姓者；另外后燕时独孤部刘亢泥曾被封为乌桓王。

　　7.据《旧唐书·南蛮传》所载，唐代南蛮有刘姓者。

　　8.回族中的刘姓，多为改姓。中国回族形成于宋元之间，初无固定姓氏，入居中原后，回、汉杂居，很多人使用汉字姓。刘姓是从古兰经经名译音“辽艾辽艾”（汉语义为珠宝）转音而来。明初以后，随着回汉民族间人文交融，内地回民普遍使用汉字姓，其中刘姓不少。至元七年（1207年）授蒙古国诸万户府奥鲁总管的铁迈赤之子，虎都铁木禄（字汉卿），母姓刘，故改名刘汉卿。（参见《古今同姓名大辞典)。清代归附回回伊不热业墨，“原隶内务府，后在凤城县（分属辽宁）入籍，改姓刘氏，遂为凤城刘姓回民先祖。”（《中国回族人名大词典》）另有元至正十七年（1357年）任河南行省平幸政事的刘哈刺不花，虽《元史》言“其先江西人”，但就其“哈刺不花”和“探马赤军户”的身份，以及受回回人泰不华（达不华）赏识推举为椽史（属员）的迹象来看，或是回回人。哈剌不花的刘姓，赐即改。再有，甘肃的回族中，也有将马、白等回族显姓，改为刘姓者。刘姓回族在中国分布较广，主要分布于河北、京津、山东、河南。

　　9.蒙古族刘姓

　　（1）元朝蒙古族中刘氏出现在公元1285年，元仁宗爱育黎拔力八达即位，后来有位蒙族人名呼图克特穆尔的名士，酷爱汉族书籍和文化，他的母亲是汉人，姓刘。有一天，这位名士拜见元仁宗皇帝，谈论中，元仁宗对他的汉学水平加以赞赏，并为他起了个汉人的名字，叫刘汉卿。从此，刘汉卿的后代就形成了一支刘氏家族。

　　（2）蒙古族鄂尔果诺特氏，满语为ErgonoteHala，亦称鄂柳特氏，本蒙古族姓氏，世居喀尔喀，后多冠汉姓为刘氏。

　　（3）蒙古族刘佳氏，亦称留佳氏，后有满族引为姓氏者，满语为LingiyaHala，世居李佳和罗、瓦尔喀、乌喇、辉发、松花江等地，后多冠汉姓为刘氏、雷氏(蒙古留佳氏世居察哈尔)。

　　（4）蒙古族崔珠克氏，亦称赤穆特氏，世居察哈尔，后有满族引为姓氏者，满语为CuijukHala，多冠汉姓为崔氏、刘氏。

　　10.满族刘姓，源于满族，属于汉化改姓为氏。据史籍《清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》记载：

　　（1）满族乌库理氏，亦称乌色里氏，满语为UkuriHala，汉义“细鳞鲮鱼”，满族最古老的姓氏，源于金国时期女真“乌古伦”，世居黑龙江，后多冠汉姓为商氏、刘氏、乌氏、李氏、讷氏、桑氏等。

　　（2）满族宁古塔氏，满语为NinggutaHala，汉义“六”，既清六祖世居地。以地为氏，所冠汉姓为宁氏、刘氏，世居宁古塔、绥分、珲春、讷殷和佟吉等地。元朝时女真人乌古伦氏迁居到中原，改姓刘氏，其后裔中有位刘国杰，英勇善战，成为湖广行省的要官，后又升任光禄大夫。还有一支女真人宁古塔氏也迁居到中原，改姓宁和刘，宁为宁古塔氏的头一个字；而“宁古塔”按满语的意思是“各六”或“每六”，其实就是“六”，“刘”与“六”同音，故姓氏为刘。

　　（3）满族钮图氏，亦称宁武图氏，满语为NiotuHala，世居哈达。后有锡伯族引为姓氏者。后多冠汉姓为钮氏、刘氏。

　　（4）满族喜塔喇氏，亦称奇塔喇氏、喜特勒那氏，是满族大姓，满语为SitaraHala，汉义“指甲”或“插孔雀翎的管”。俄国学者史禄国认为，它与瓜尔佳氏，满语为同属“阔雅里满洲”。另考，《龙飞御天歌》有哈兰都达鲁花赤姓“奚滩”，乃明时女真望族，曾冠汉姓为“刘”，有学者认为喜塔拉即其演变而来。世居尼雅满山、蜚优城、长白山盖吉、佛克顺等地，所冠汉姓为管氏、赵氏、图氏、祝氏、文氏、齐氏、孙氏、希氏、奚氏、喜氏、线氏、祁氏等。

　　（5）满族伊喇氏，亦称伊拉喇氏，满语为IlanHala，汉义“三”，满族最古老的姓氏，源于金国时期女真“移喇”(即契丹国姓“耶律”)，世居三姓，后多冠汉姓为刘氏、王氏、肖氏、萧氏、李氏、黄氏、白氏。

　　（6）满族纽塔氏，亦称努他氏，满语为Nuntamongu，老满洲部族，人数很多，有四个分支。满语NINGUTA为远祖之意，推想表示其远祖来自宁古塔，后多冠汉姓为刘氏。

　　（7）满族查佳氏，满语为CagiyaHala，是满族脱谱姓氏之一，今内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市的满族同胞中有此氏，后改汉姓为刘氏。

　　（8）钮祜禄氏（多改汉姓为钮或郎，改姓刘的不多）。

　　其他还有伊里氏、伊拉齐氏、刘佳氏、以及隶属各旗本为汉族的刘氏和朝鲜族刘氏。

　　11.朝鲜族\朝鲜国\韩国刘姓

　　中国朝鲜族刘姓人口数量位居第30名左右。��鲜族刘氏以江陵为核心本贯，后来分衍有忠州、巨昌、金城、裴州、延安、我州、庆山、平尚等数本。在韩国的二百五十多个姓氏中，韩国刘氏人口总数排在第三十二位。据记载泉州人刘载在高丽哲宗元佑三年(公元1088年)定居高丽后，被任用为“守司空尚书右仆射”。日本第三大姓高桥氏出自中国刘姓，为刘邦后裔。

　　12.京族\越南刘氏

　　京族原称为越族，人口近两万，有31个姓氏，居住在广西南疆诸岛，刘姓人口数量在京族中占20%，是这个少数民族的第一大姓。在越南的京族刘姓有三类，一类是完全融入越南民族的刘姓，一类是越南族人使用汉字姓刘氏而形成的刘姓，再一类就是近代以后移民越南的华侨、华人。不过，今天这几种不同的刘姓已很难区分了。

　　13.傣族、景颇族刘姓

　　明朝初期，朝廷派军队到滕冲地区屯田戎边，许多内地刘氏将士随军来到该地，其中一部分人则定居下来，与当地主要民族傣族、景颇族女子联姻，成家立业，繁衍生息。由于这些刘氏人与傣族、景颇族人通婚，其后代多随父姓为刘氏，融入傣族、景颇族。据近年云南腾冲刘氏收集到的351个族谱中发现，有七支刘姓演变为傣族、景颇族。

　　14.维吾尔族刘姓

　　维吾尔族刘姓形成于元末明初。元代在河南为官的维吾尔族人刺真海牙，曾孙名叫忽都海牙，明初随祖母姓刘，名仲琛，隐姓埋名，作为普通百姓繁衍生息下来。刘姓维吾尔族人现居河南渑池县尚有500余人，一小部份移居到西安等地。

　　15.壮族刘氏：

　　湖南、广西等地都有壮族刘氏分布，名人有唐代著名的歌仙刘三姐。

　　16.高山族刘姓

　　高山族人本无固定姓氏，清乾隆二十三年，朝廷赐给高山族七个姓（卫、金、钱、廖、王、潘、黎）。高山族人多依托当地汉族人，认其姓为己姓，据统计共有79个姓，其中有刘姓。

　　17.柯尔克孜族刘姓

　　清末民国初期，柯尔克孜族姓氏改称汉姓，并从柯尔克孜族姓“蔡音德热”分化出汉族姓“刘”。

　　18.达斡尔族刘姓

　　清末民初两次户籍调查时，满文已被汉文代替。用多个汉字书写达斡尔族姓氏已不方便，于是便采用“哈勒”或“莫昆”音首或意义字表记，随着社会的发展和不同民族的联烟，达斡尔族又增加了讷迪、扎尼、雅库斯、尼尔登、涂库敦、张、王、李、赵、徐、邵、刘、陈等姓氏。

　　19.仫佬族刘姓

　　在仫佬山乡的客家人主要居住在龙岸镇，他们当中有刘家、陈家、李家、古家等13个姓氏

　　20.苗族刘姓，湘西等地有分布

　　21.瑶族刘姓，湘南等地有分布

　　22.白族刘姓，湖南桑植、慈利的白族姓氏比较多，有谷、王、钟、熊、李、段、高、杨、张、刘、孔、施、车、于、马等。

　　23.藏族刘姓，古代藏族逐渐发展成为六��氏族，即赛、穆、党、东、札和珠，各大氏族中又分化出若干小氏族和家族，取的汉姓中，其中有刘姓。其实，藏族人取汉姓是历史及生活环境的产物，也是社会发展、民族融合这一大趋势的产物。

　　其他外国刘姓的来源，略。

　　魏晋南北朝时期

　　刘氏大举南迁，在江南影响很大，部分迁往日本和朝鲜半岛。据日本史籍也有关于此事的记载。有一部分汉朝皇室成员(刘氏)因出使、避难等原因开始渡海来到日本。西文首氏(王氏)也有人到达了日本。阿知使主及其儿子都加使主率领的汉人，自称为汉灵帝的后裔;身狭村主青又自称为吴孙权的后裔；再晚些如司马达止等则自称为南朝司马氏的后裔等等。刘姓作为两汉皇族也是此时到达日本的汉族归化人的主力。历史上最有名的刘氏开拓日本人物，是今天日本原田、高桥、大藏等家族的共同祖先阿知王。阿知(也写作阿智)王，又称阿知使主，是东汉最后一个皇帝汉献帝的玄孙。日本原田家族族谱《大藏朝臣原田家历传》称，阿知王是汉献帝的玄孙。后来司马氏灭魏建立西晋，刘氏皇族地位表面上没有改变，但实际情况开始恶化。太康十年(289年)，刘阿知见当时天下混乱之像已生，便于五月初一召集旧臣商议对策。这样，刘阿知便率领他的儿子刘都贺、舅舅赵舆德和族人刘国鼎、刘涛子、刘鹤明、刘信子等男女共2040多人，离开中国本土，飘洋过海，几经艰难，日本。阿知王到达日本后。据记载，当年随阿知王来日本的，还有段姓、郭姓、李氏、多姓、皂姓、朱姓、高姓等7个姓。阿知来日本后，派遣使都前往高丽、百济、新罗等国，将许多流落在这些地方的同乡族人招来日本。

　　明末

　　明末开始，闽、粤刘氏陆续有人移居台湾，后又有不少人到海外谋生。

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