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Hi !

OKAY so I'm back again and this time I promise I will try to stick around! I'm currently studying Japanese and I quit Chinese! Got a lil bit tired and decided to take a break... I will probably make language posts again, if you are still interested! But I need to know if langblrs are still a thing??? Also, I'm going to Japan next month so I was thinking I could upload my pics here? Would you be interested?? Let me know!!! Bye for now, cuties!!!!

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words that should exist: “glottonaut”

A glottonaut is someone exploring languages without necessarily acquiring them (thereby becoming a polyglot). Most people doing linguistic typology can be considered glottonauts. 

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hola marion

ANNA

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Wow I didn’t see that post! Thank you <33333

Christmas is here and seeing as the year is coming to a close (thank gods), I thought I’d show my appreciation for the blogs which make my tumblr experience wonderful on a daily basis.

Seguir leyendo

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BY THE WAY, I should change a bit my bio and my profile pic!! I’m not blond anymore :0

Hello there, I’m back!!! I think I’ve been out for like one year??? And I still have followers????? Thank you very VERY much for sticking around!!!! I promise I will try to be more active and create new content! Stay tuned my lovely followers!! :D

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simplified map of Barcelona

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Estructura Castells

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The Okinawan Language

Anybody who has studied Japanese and Linguistics will know that Japanese is a part of the Japonic language family. For many years it was thought that Japanese was a language isolate, unrelated to any other language (Although there is some debate as to whether or not Japanese and Korean are related). Today, most linguists are in agreement that Japanese is not an isolate. The Japonic languages are split into two groups: Japanese (日本語) and its dialects, which range from standard Eastern Japanese (東日本方言) to the various dialects found on Kyūshū (九州日本方言), which are, different, to say the least. The Ryukyuan Languages (琉球語派). Which are further subdivided into Northern and Southern Ryukyuan languages. Okinawan is classified as a Northern Ryukyuan Languages. There are a total of 6 Ryukyuan languages, each with its own dialects. The Ryukyuan languages exist on a continuum, somebody who speaks Okinawan will have a more difficult time understanding the Yonaguni Language, which is spoken on Japan’s southernmost populated island. Japanese and Okinawan (I am using the Naha dialect of Okinawan because it was the standard language of the Ryukyu Kingdom), are not intelligible. Calling Okinawan a dialect of Japanese is akin to calling Dutch a dialect of English. It is demonstrably false. Furthermore, there is an actual Okinawan dialect of Japanese, which borrows elements from the Okinawan language and infuses it with Japanese. So, where did the Ryukyuan languages come from? This is a question that goes hand in hand with theories about where Ryukyuan people come from. George Kerr, author of Okinawan: The History of an Island People (An old book, but necessary read if you’re interested in Okinawa), theorised that Ryukyuans and Japanese split from the same population, with one group going east to Japan from Korea, whilst the other traveled south to the Ryukyu Islands. “In the language of the Okinawan country people today the north is referred to as nishi, which Iha Fuyu (An Okinawn scholar) derives from inishi (’the past’ or ‘behind’), whereas the Japanese speak of the west as nishi. Iha suggests that in both instances there is preserved an immemorial sense of the direction from which migration took place into the sea islands.” (For those curious, the Okinawan word for ‘west’ is いり [iri]). But, it must be stated that there are multiple theories as to where Ryukyuan and Japanese people came from, some say South-East Asia, some say North Asia, via Korea, some say that it is a mixture of the two. However, this post is solely about language, and whilst the relation between nishi in both languages is intriguing, it is hardly conclusive. With that said, the notion that Proto-Japonic was spoken by migrants from southern Korea is somewhat supported by a number of toponyms that may be of Gaya origin (Or of earlier, unattested origins). However, it also must be said, that such links were used to justify Japanese imperialism in Korea. Yeah, when it comes to Japan and Korea, and their origins, it’s a minefield. What we do know is that a Proto-Japonic language was spoken around Kyūshū, and that it gradually spread throughout Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. The question of when this happened is debatable. Some scholars say between the 2nd and 6th century, others say between the 8th and 9th centuries. The crucial issue here, is the period in which proto-Ryukyuan separated from mainland Japanese. “The crucial issue here is that the period during which the proto-Ryukyuan separated(in terms of historical linguistics) from other Japonic languages do not necessarily coincide with the period during which the proto-Ryukyuan speakers actually settled on the Ryūkyū Islands.That is, it is possible that the proto-Ryukyuan was spoken on south Kyūshū for some time and the proto-Ryukyuan speakers then moved southward to arrive eventually in the Ryūkyū Islands.” This is a theory supported by Iha Fuyu who claimed that the first settlers on Amami were fishermen from Kyūshū. This opens up two possibilities, the first is that ‘Proto-Ryukyuan’ split from ‘Proto-Japonic’, the other is that it split from ‘Old-Japanese’. As we’ll see further, Okinawan actually shares many features with Old Japanese, although these features may have existed before Old-Japanese was spoken. So, what does Okinawan look like? Well, to speakers of Japanese it is recognisable in a few ways. The sentence structure is essentially the same, with a focus on particles, pitch accent, and a subject-object-verb word order. Like Old Japanese, there is a distinction between the terminal form ( 終止形 ) and the attributive form ( 連体形 ). Okinawan also maintains the nominative function of nu ぬ (Japanese: no の). It also retains the sounds ‘wi’ ‘we’ and ‘wo’, which don’t exist in Japanese anymore. Other sounds that don’t exist in Japanese include ‘fa’ ‘fe’ ‘fi’ ‘tu’ and ‘ti’. Some very basic words include: はいさい (Hello, still used in Okinawan Japanese) にふぇーでーびる (Thank you) うちなー (Okinawa) 沖縄口 (Uchinaa-guchi is the word for Okinawan) めんそーれー (Welcome) やまとぅ (Japan, a cognate of やまと, the poetic name for ‘Japan’) Lots of Okinawan can be translated into Japanese word for word. For example, a simple sentence, “Let’s go by bus” バスで行こう (I know, I’m being a little informal haha!) バスっし行ちゃびら (Basu sshi ichabira). As you can see, both sentences are structured the same way. Both have the same loanword for ‘bus’, and both have a particle used to indicate the means by which something is achieved, ‘で’ in Japanese, is ‘っし’ in Okinawan. Another example sentence, “My Japanese isn’t as good as his” 彼より日本語が上手ではない (Kare yori nihon-go ga jouzu dewanai). 彼やか大和口ぬ上手やあらん (Ari yaka yamatu-guchi nu jooji yaaran). Again, they are structured the same way (One important thing to remember about Okinawan romanisation is that long vowels are represented with ‘oo’ ‘aa’ etc. ‘oo’ is pronounced the same as ‘ou’). Of course, this doesn’t work all of the time, if you want to say, “I wrote the letter in Okinawan” 沖縄語で手紙を書いた (Okinawa-go de tegami wo kaita). 沖縄口さーに手紙書ちゃん (Uchinaa-guchi saani tigami kachan). For one, さーに is an alternate version of っし, but, that isn’t the only thing. Okinawan doesn’t have a direct object particle (を in Japanese). In older literary works it was ゆ, but it no longer used in casual speech. Introducing yourself in Okinawan is interesting for a few reasons as well. Let’s say you were introducing yourself to a group. In Japanese you’d say みんなさこんにちは私はフィリクスです (Minna-san konnichiwa watashi ha Felixdesu) ぐすよー我んねーフィリクスでぃいちょいびーん (Gusuyoo wan’nee Felix di ichoibiin). Okinawan has a single word for saying ‘hello’ to a group. It also showcases the topic marker for names and other proper nouns. In Japanese there is only 1, は but Okinawan has 5! や, あー, えー, おー, のー! So, how do you know which to use? Well, there is a rule, typically the particle fuses with short vowels, a → aa, i → ee, u → oo, e → ee, o → oo, n → noo. Of course, the Okinawan pronoun 我ん, is a terrible example, because it is irregular, becoming 我んねー instead of  我んのー or 我んや. Yes. Like Japanese, there are numerous irregularities to pull your hair out over! I hope that this has been interesting for those who have bothered to go through the entire thing. It is important to discuss these languages because most Ryukyuan languages are either ‘definitely’ or ‘critically’ endangered. Mostly due to Japanese assimilation policies from the Meiji period onward, and World War 2. The people of Okinawa are a separate ethnic group, with their own culture, history, poems, songs, dances and languages. It would be a shame to lose something that helps to define a group of people like language does. I may or may not look in the Kyūshū dialects of Japanese next time. I’unno, I just find them interesting.

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Hello! I have a question. One of my friend is korean and he is from Busan. He said Busan has own dialect. Do you maybe know some Busan-korean sentences? I would like to learn a little to surprise him If not it's okay too, and also awesome blog!

The National Institute of Korean Language decreed that the Seoul “dialect" is how modern Korean should be spoken. Hence the Seoul accent is considered the standardised Korean dialect (표준어). Yet like any country, and with any language, you will come across many different dialects.

Busan (부산) is one of the main cities encompassed within the Gyeongsang Province, which also includes cities like 대구, 마산, 포항, 경주 etc. 경상도 사투리 is the dialect spoken by people from the Gyeongsang Province area.

There are quite a few notable differences between the two dialects, but I will only list a few of significance. For example, 경상도 speakers are often unable to pronounce ㅆ when it appears at the beginning of a word, such as 쌀 (rice) and so it will often be pronounced 살. 

Speakers of this dialect also miss the vowel sound for “ㅡ” which has a “eu” sound, and will instead replace it with “ㅓ” and pronounce it with an “oe” sound. This means words such as 음악 “music” will be pronounced like 엄악.

Gyeongsang dialect also has difficulty with compact vowels, such as ㅘ or ㅢ, which means that it is common for the first vowel of a compact vowel to be dropped. So words like 사과 “apple” is pronounced like 사가, and 의사 “doctor” is pronounced like 이사.

Here are some phrases and examples:

What are you going to do today?

Seoul Dialect: 오늘 뭐 하실거에요? OR 오늘 뭐 하실겁니까? OR 오늘 뭐 할거야? OR 오늘 뭐 할거니?

Busan Dialect: 오늘 뭐 하실겁니꺼? OR 오늘 뭐 하실건데���? OR 오늘 뭐 하끼고? OR 오늘 뭐 하낀데?

Did you eat?

Seoul expression: 밥 먹었니? 

Busan expression: 밥 문나?

문다 is “eat” in Busan dialect. 먹다 is “eat” in Seoul dialect.

Really?

Seoul: 그래? 

Busan: 맞나?

Isn’t it? 

Seoul: ~잖아? 

오늘 월요일이잖아: Today is Monday, isn’t it/ Today is Monday (we both know it is) 

우리 친구잖아: You’re my friend (You know and I know it) /We’re friends.

Busan: ~아이가? 

오늘 월요일 아이가: Today is Monday, isn’t it/ Today is Monday (we both know it is) 

우리 친구 아이가: You’re my friend (You know and I know it) /We’re friends.

What did you say? 

Seoul: 뭐라고?

Busan: 뭐라카노?

How? 

Seoul: 어떻게?

Busan: 우예?

Really/very/a lot

Seoul: 정말, 너무, 많이, 매우

Busan: 억수로

Why? 

Seoul: 왜?

Busan: 와?

Please do for me.

Seoul: ~해 줘 

찾아 줘: Please find it 

사 줘: Please buy it

Busan: ~해 도 

찾아 도: Please find it 

사 도: Please buy it

I could go on, but there is a lot more! >.

If you want to hear Busan dialect in use, I recommend a Korean drama called “Reply 1997″. That should give you some great insight! 

If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask! ^^

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Basically, artists and songs that I enjoy listening to in my French-learning endeavor. As any playlist, it’s completely subjective, as well as a tad bit messy (since I’m not very systematic when music is concerned so expect time eras to overlap freely), but I hope you will like it anyway!

Also in this series: Random Music in Spanish

Édith Piaf – no surprises here, she really is a classic (and understandably so). I also love older music, so it wasn’t long before I was obsessed with a couple of songs. Personal favorites are Les Mômes de la clôche [x] (this one is reeeally old, it dates back to 1936!), L’Accordéoniste [x], Sous le Ciel de Paris [x] and the universally known Non, je ne regrette rien [x].

Zaz – definitely a more recent one, even though she has covered many classic pieces; I’m mostly in love with her jazzy voice and vocalizing. The first song I listened to was Je Veux [x], but I would also recommend On Ira [x], Gamine [x] and her wonderful cover of Dans Ma Rue [x] (be ready to bawl your eyes out). 

Michel Sardou – whatever your opinion on the movie La Famille Bélier, it’s difficult to deny that its musical side was pretty cool. Listen to Je Vole [x] (here goes also Louane’s version [x]), En Chantant [x], and, if you are a les Mis fan, enjoy him Enjolras-ing in the Original French Concept album [x]!

Stromae – I’m well aware he’s actually Belgian, but I shall use the term French to designate the language here. There’s probably no further need to recommend him as I’m sure he’s pretty well known, but I like him so much that I’ll do it anyway, haha. Personally, I enjoy his original take on Bizet’s Carmen [x], Tous Les Mêmes [x], and of course Papaoutai [x].

Georges Brassens – a singer-songwriter that inspired many (and among those Fabrizio De André), his witty lyrics and rich voice are timeless. Listen to La Mauvaise Réputation [x], Mourir Pour Des Idées [x], and Les Passantes [x].

Joe Dassin – I’ll be honest and admit that I don’t have extensive knowledge of his discography, but I do know Les Champs Élysées [x] and truthfully it such a fun song to sing along to that I just had to include it in this list.

Les Choristes – actually a movie and not an artist; I first saw it in my last year of primary school and had its soundtrack stuck in my head for weeks. If you like choirs, these songs should be a good fit: Vois Sur Ton Chemin [x], La Nuit [x] and Caresse Sur L’Océan [x].

MIKA – kinda sure you’ve heard of this guy ;) There’s not much more to say other than his songs are extremely catchy in any language. The only ones I know well are Boum Boum Boum [x] and Elle Me Dit [x], but I’ll gladly listen to more if I find them!

Dalida – the Egyptian-born Italian-French singer (!), who tragically committed suicide in 1987, sang both in French and Italian. Personally, and for obvious reasons, I am more versed in her Italian production, but I can say that T’Aimer Follement [x] is a huuuge earworm for me, just like the French version of Ciao, Amore, Ciao [x] (I’ve got to warn you, though, if you aim for a native-like pronunciation don’t imitate her, for as far as I can tell she has a discernible Italian accent).

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Expressing uncertainty (weekly lesson)

To say something will probably happen you use deshou or darou at the end of a sentence in place of desu.

example:

Kare ha ashita kuru deshou.

        or

Kare ha ashita kuru darou.

He will probably come tomorrow.

If you want to say might instead of probably to express even more uncertainty you use kamoshirenai instead of desu or deshou.

ashita ha ame ga furu kamoshirenai.

tomorrow it might rain.

Kamoshirenai is the only one you can use when talking about yourself.

 watashi ha Nyūyōku iku kamoshirenai.

I might go to New York.

If you are just wondering about something the you can add kana to the end of the sentence.

kore ha oishii kana?

I wonder if this is tasty.

kare ha katsu kana?

I wonder if he’ll win.

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Political Vocabulary in Korean

Politics - 정치  Political - 정치적인 Feminism - 페미니즘 Equal rights - 평등 Gender - 성별 (also known as 젠더) Gender equality - 성평등 Government - 정부

President - 대통령 Chairman - 의장 Vice President - 부통령 Prime Minister - 수상 Parliament - 의회 Democracy - 민주주의

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Hello there, I’m back!!! I think I’ve been out for like one year??? And I still have followers????? Thank you very VERY much for sticking around!!!! I promise I will try to be more active and create new content! Stay tuned my lovely followers!! :D