#xinfeng hu

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Title

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Xinfeng Hu

China

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[bookofjin]

Commanderies and States of Western Han, Part 1

This is really only for the really specially interested, but having done the work I thought I might as well put it out here.

From the geographic treatise in Ban Gu's Hanshu with the commentary by Yan Shigu.

The reader will note that unlike later similar works, the commanderies are not grouped by province.

Jingzhaoyin

Governor of Jingzhao京兆尹, formerly Qin's Neishi內史. 1st Year of Emperor Gao [206 BC], it belonged to Sai state塞國. 2nd Year [205 BC], it changed to become Weinan commandery渭南郡. 9th Year [198 BC], it was restored to Neishi內史. Emperor Wu's 6th Year of Jianyuan [135 BC], divided it off to be Youneishi右內史, 1st Year of Taichu [104 BC], it changed to become Governor of Jingzhao京兆尹. 2nd Year of Yuanshi [2 AD], 195 702 households, 682 468 people[a]. 12 counties:

[1]Chang'an長安, 5th Year of Emperor Gao [202 BC], set it up. 1st Year of Emperor Hui [194 BC], began the city walls, 6th Year [189 BC], it was completed. 80 300 households, 246 200 people. Wang Mang called it Chang'an常安[b].

[2]Xinfeng新豐. Li Mountain驪山 is to the south. Formerly the Li Rong's state驪戎國. Qin called it Liyi驪邑. 7th Year of Gaozu [200 BC], set it up[c].

[3]Chuansikong船司空, Mang called it Chuanli船利[d].

[4]Lantian藍田. The mountains produce pretty jade. Has the Tiger Marquis's Mountain Shrine虎候山祠. Duke Xiao of Qin [361 – 340 BC] set it up.

[5]Huayin華陰, formerly Yinjin陰晉. 5th Year of King Huiwen of Qin [333 BC], changed the name to Ningqin寧秦. 8th Year of Emperor Gao [199 BC], changed the name to Huayin華陰. Taihua Mountain is to the south, it has a shrine, the mountain of Yu province豫州. Jiling palace集靈宮, Emperor Wu erected it. Mang called it Huatan華壇.

[6]Zheng鄭, the district of King Xuan of Zhou's younger brother, Duke Huan of Zheng. Has an iron official[e].

[7]Hu湖, has Zhou's Sons of Heaven' shrines at two places. Formerly called Hu胡, in Emperor Wu's 1st Year of Jianyuan [140 BC], changed the name to Hu湖.

[8]Xiagui下邽[f].

[9]Nanling南陵. 7th Year of Emperor Wen [173 BC], set it up. Yi River沂水 sets out from Lantian valley藍田谷, to the north arrives at Baling霸陵 to enter the Ba River霸水. The Ba river霸水 likewise sets out from Lantian Valley藍田谷, going north it enters the Wei渭. The ancients called it Zi River茲水. Duke Mu of Qin [659 – 621 BC] changed the name to hence set forth the Merits of Ba, to look after sons and grandson[g].

[10]Fengming奉明, Emperor Xuan [79 – 49 BC] set it up.

[11]Baling霸陵, formerly Zhiyang芷陽. Emperor Wen [180 – 157 BC] changed the name. Mang named it Shuizhang水章.

[12]Duling杜陵, formerly the Earl of Du's state杜伯國, Emperor Xuan [79 – 49 BC] changed the name. Has Zhou's General of the Right, Du Zhu's Shrine周右將軍杜主祠 at at four places. Mang called it Rao'an饒安.

[a]Shigu says: Han's households and population must in the time of Yuanshi have been the most abundant and flourishing. For that reason the treatise lift them up and use them as the number. The ones after are all classified like this.

[b]Shigu says: Wang Mang usurped the throne, and changed the names of Han's commanderies and counties, generally altering them. The ones below are all classified like this.

[c]Ying Shao says: the Grand High August thought of returning home east. And so Gaozu built a city with courtyards, streets and wards in the image of Feng豐, and moved the people of Feng to fill it. For that reason it was titled Xinfeng新豐 [“New Feng”].

[d]Fu Qian says: “The name of a count”. Shigu says: “Originally the officials which was master of ships船, and thereupon used it as county.”

[e]Ying Shao says: “The fief of King Xuan's younger brother of the [same] mother You. His son and King Ping moved east, which was further called Xinzheng [“New Zheng”].”

Your Subject Zan says: “Zhou, since King Mu and downwards had the capital at Xizheng新鄭 [“Western Zheng”], and did not get to use it as fief of Duke Huan. In the beginning Duke Huan was Zhou's Minister over the Masses. The kingly house was about to be chaotic, and for that reason he planned with Scribe Bo to convey the treasure to give bribes for between Guo虢 and Hui會. When King You was defeated, after two years he then wiped out Kuai會, after four years he then wiped out Guo虢, and settled at the hill of Zhengfu鄭父. Hence he became Duke Huan of Zheng, there are no writings of a fief in Jingzhao京兆.”

Shigu says: “The Outer Transmittals of Spring and Autum states: “When King You was defeated, Duke Huan of Zheng died there. His son Duke Wu and King Ping turned back east”. For that reason Mister Zuo's Transmittals states: “When our Zhou moved east, it was Jin and Zheng they relied on.” Also when Duke Zhuang of Zheng states: “Our previous lord's new town was here”, it is perhaps the road to Xinzheng新鄭. King Mu below were without affairs of a capital at Xizheng西鄭. Zan's explanations was wrong. Kuai會 is pronounced gong工+wai外.”

[Baxter & Sagart state: Present hui會 was then pronounced (h- + -waj C), present kuai會was then pronounced(k- + -waj C). 工 was then pronounced (k- + -uwng A). 外 was then pronounced (ng- + -waj C). Your Humble Tumbler says: Therefore here 會 should be read as (k- + -waj C) which should give kuai.]

[f]Ying Shao says: “Duke Wu of Qin invaded the Gui邽 Rong, and set up to have Shanggui上邽[“Upper Gui”]. For that reason they added Xia下 [“Lower”].

Shigu says: “邽 is pronounced gui圭. They took the people of the Gui Rong, and the came to this county.”

[g]Shigu says: “Xi沂 is pronounced xian先+li歷. The Observed Readings says shi示[?].”

[Baxter & Sagart state: 沂 was pronounced (ng- + -j+j A). 先was pronounced (s- + -en C). 歷 was pronounced (l- + -ek D). Your Humble Tumbler says: Therefore here 沂 should be read as (s- + -ek D) which should give xi like in 析]

Zuopingyi

Zuopingyi左馮翊, formerly Qin's Neishi內史. 1st Year of Emperor Gao [206 BC], it belonged to Sai state塞國. 2nd Year [205 BC], changed the name to Heshang commandery河上郡. 9th Year [198 AD], abolished it, restoring it to be Neishi內史. Emperor Wu's 6th Year of Jianyuan [135 BC], divided it off to be Zuoneishi左內史, 1st Year of Taichu [104 BC], changed the name to Zuopingyi左馮翊[a. 235 101 households, 917 822 people. 24 counties:

[1]Gaoling高陵, Seat of the Assisting Chief Commandant of the Left. Mang called it Qianchun千春.

[2]Yueyang櫟陽, Duke Xian of Qin [384 – 362 BC] moved there from Yong雍. Ma called it Shiting師亭[a].

[3]Didao翟道, Mang called it Huan渙.

[4]Chiyang池陽, 4th Year of Emperor Hui [191 BC], set it up. Jienie Mountain巀嶭山 is to the north[b].

[5]Xiayang夏陽, formerly Shaoliang少梁. 11th Year of King Huiwen of Qin [327 BC] changed the name. The Tribute of Yu's Liang Mountain梁山 is to the north-west. Longmen Mountain龍門山 is to the north. Has an iron official. Mang named it Jiting冀亭.

[6]Ya衙, Mang named it Dachang達昌[c].

[7]Suyi粟邑, Mang named it Sucheng粟城.

[8]Gukou谷口, Jiuzong Mountain九嵕山 is to the west. Has the Duke of Heavenly Unity天齊公, Wuchuang Mountain五床山, the Transcendents僊 and the Five Emperors Shrines五帝祠 at four places. Mang called it Guhui谷喙[d].

[9]Lianzhuo蓮勺[e].

[10]Fu鄜, Mang called it Xiuling脩令[f].

[11]Pinyang頻陽, Duke Li of Qin[476 – 443 BC] set it up[g]. [In 456 BC according to the Shiji].

[12]Linjin臨晉, formerly Dali大荔. Qin seized it [in 461 BC according to the Shiji] and changed the name. Has the He River's Shrine河水祠, Ruixiang芮鄉, formerly the Rui state芮國. Mang called it Jianjin監晉[h].

[13]Zhongquan重泉, Mang called it Diaoquan調泉.

[14]Heyang郃陽[i].

[15]Duixu祋祤, 2nd Year of Emperor Jing [155 BC], set it up[j].

[16]Wucheng武城, Mang called it Huancheng桓城[k].

[17]Chenyang沈陽, Mang challed it Zhichang制昌.

[18]Huaide褱德, in the Tribute of Yu the northern branch Jing Mountain荊山 is to the south. Below has the Qiangliang Plain彊梁原. Luo River洛水 to the south-east enters the Wei渭, the irrigation of Yong province雍州. Mang called it Dehuan德驩[l].

[19]Cheng徵, Mang called it Fan'ai氾愛[m].

[20]Yunling雲陵, Emperor Zhao [87 – 74 BC] set it up.

[21]Wannian萬年, Emperor Gao [206 – 195 BC] set it up. Mang called it Yichi異赤[n].

[22]Changling長陵, Emperor Gao [206 – 195 BC] set it up. 50 057 households, 179 469 people. Mang called it Changping長平.

[23]Yangling陽陵, formerly Yiyang弋陽. Emperor Jing [157 – 141 BC] changed the name. Mang called it Weiyang渭陽.

[24]Yunyang雲陽. Has Xiutu休屠, the Golden Person金人 and the God of Straight Paths' Shrines徑路神祠. The Yue Shaman Gu Rang's Shrine越巫(夘+古?)𨟚祠 at three places[o].

[a]Ru Chun says: “ 櫟 is pronounced yüe藥.

[b]Ying Shao says: “It is on the sunny side of Chi River池水.”

Shigu says: “Jienie 巀嶭, precisely where present customs places [?] Cuo'e Mountain嵯峨山, pronounced Jienie巀齧. It is pronounced cai 才+ge葛, and also pronounced wu五+ge葛.

[齧 Baxter & Sagart: (ng- + -et D). 才 Baxter & Sagart: (dz- + -oj A). 葛 Baxter & Sagart: (k- + -at D). 五 Baxter & Sagart: (ng- + -u B). Baxter & Sagart have nothing under (dz- + -at D) or (ng- + -at D). But (dz- + -et D) gives jié and (ng- + -et D) gives nie as in 齧.

[c]Ru Chun says: “衙 is pronounced ya牙.”

Shigu says: “Just the place of which the Spring and Autumn states 'Qin and Jin fought at Pengya彭衙'.”

[d]Shigu says: “嵕 is pronounced zi子 + gōng 公. And also pronounced zi子 + kǒng 孔. 喙 is pronounced xu許 + hui穢.

[e]Ru Chun says: “Pronounced nianzhuo輦酌.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 蓮: (l- + -en A) 輦: (l- + -jen B). zhuo勺: (tsy- + -jak D). 酌: (tsy- + -jak D)

[f]Meng Kang says: “Pronounced fu敷.”

[g]Ying Shao says: “It is on the sunny-side of Pin River頻水.”

[h]Ying Shao says: “Overlooks [lin臨] the Jin River晉水, for that reason it was called Linjin臨晉.

Your Subject Zan says: “Jin River晉水 is in the midst of the He河. This county is to the west of the He西. Do not get to state that it overlooks the Jin River晉水. The old explanation says, Qin built a tall rampart so as to overlook Jin state晉國, for that reason it was Linjin臨晉.”

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is correct. Those who explain sometimes consider it to be when Marquis Wen of Wei invaded Qin, he first set up Linjin, which is wrong. Marquis Wen heavily walled it and that was all, how was he first to set it up!”

[i]Ying Shao says: “It is on the sunny-side of He River郃水.”

Shigu says: “Pronounced he合. Just where the Great Odes' poem of Great Clarity speaks of as 'On the sunny-side of the Qia洽.'”

[j]Shigu says: “dui祋 is pronounced ding丁 + huo活, and also pronounced ding丁 + wai外. 祤is pronounced xu音詡.”

[k]Shigu says: “Just of where Mister Zuo's Transmittals states 'Qin invaded Jin, and was defeated at Wucheng武城'.”

[l]Shigu says: “ 褱 is like the huai懷 character.”

[m]Shigu says: “ 徵 is pronounced cheng懲, precisely the Chengcheng澄城 county of the present. When the Zuo Transmittals state 'defeated at northern Cheng 徵', it speaks of this land, that is all. Yet Du Yuankai is not detailed with its location.”

[n]Shigu says: “The Yellow Map of the Three Supports states that the Grand High August was buried on the plain north of Yueyang櫟陽, and they erected the Wannian Mound萬年陵 there.”

[o]Meng Kang says: “(夘+古?) is pronounced as the gu辜 in guzhe辜磔 [“punishment by dismembering”], the shrine of a person of the Yue越. 𨟚 is pronounced rang穰. 休is pronounced xu許 + qiu虯. 屠 is pronounced chu除.

Youfufeng

Youfufeng右扶風, formerly Qin's Neishi內史. 1st Year of Emperor Gao [206 BC], it belonged to Yong state雍國. 2nd Year [205 BC] changed it to be Zhongdi commandery中地郡. In the 9th Year [198 AD], abolished it, restoring it to be Neishi內史. Emperor Wu's 6th Year of Jianyuan [135 BC], divided it off to be Youneishi右內史, 1st Year of Taichu [104 BC] changed the name of the Master of the Feudal Ranks Chief Commandant主爵都尉 to be Youfufeng右扶風[a]. 216 377 households, 836 070 people. 21 counties:

[1]Weicheng渭城, formerly Xianyang咸陽. 1st Year of Emperor Gao [206 BC], changed the name to Xincheng新城. 7th Year [200 BC], abolished it, belonging to Chang'an長安. Emperor Wu's 3rd Year of Yuanding [114 BC], changed the name to Weicheng渭城. Has the Lanchi Palace蘭池宮. Wang called it Jingcheng京城.

[2]Huaili槐里, Zhou called it Quanqiu犬丘. King Yi [899 – 892 BC] made it the capital. Qin changed the name to Feiqiu廢丘. 3rd Year of Gaozu [204 BC], changed the name. Has Huangshan Palace黃山宮, 2nd Year of Xiaohui [193 BC], erected it. Mang called it Huaizhi槐治.

[3]Hu鄠, anciently a state. Has Hugu Precinct扈谷亭. Hu扈 is who Qi of Xia invaded. Feng River酆水 sets out to the south-east. Also has Jue river潏水. Both to the north pass through Shanglin Park上林苑 to enter the Wei渭. Has Beiyang Palace萯陽宮, erected by King Wen of Qin[b].

[4]Zhouzhi盩厔. Has Changyang Palace長楊宮. Has the Shexiong Building射熊館, King Zhao of Qin [306 – 251 BC] erected it, Lingzhi Canal靈軹渠, pierced by Emperor Wu [114 – 87 BC].

[5]Tai斄,where was the fief of Houji of Zhou[c].

[6]Yuyi郁夷, The Poetry: “The way from Zhou is Yuyi周道郁夷.” Has the Qian River's Shrine汧水祠. Mang called it Yuping郁平[d].

[7]Meiyang美陽, in the Tribute of Yu Qi Mountain is to the north-east. Zhongshui District中水鄉 where was the town of King Da of Zhou. Has Gaoquan palace高泉宮, Dowager Xuan of Qin erected it.

[8]Mei郿, Chengguo Canal成國渠 at the head accepts the Wei. North-eastward it arrives at Shanglin上林 to enter Menglong Canal蒙籠渠. Seat of the Assisting Chief Commandant of the Right[e].

[9]Yong雍, Duke Hui of Qin made it the capital. Has the Five Places for Worshipp五畤, Taihao太昊, the Yellow Emperor and below, shrines at 303 places. The Tuoquan Palace橐泉宮, Duke Xiao [361 – 338 BC] erected it, the Qinian Palace祈年宮, Duke Hui erected it, the Yuyang Palace棫陽宮, King Zhao [306 – 251 BC] erected it. Has an iron official[f].

[10]Qi漆, the river is west of the county. Has an iron official. Mang called it Qizhi漆治.

[11]Xunyi栒邑, has Bin District豳鄉, the Poetry's Bin state豳國, where was Noble Liu's capital[g].

[12]Yumi隃麋, has the Yellow Emperor's Sons Shrine黃帝子祠. Mang called it Futing扶亭[h].

[13]Chencang陳倉, has the High Duke上公, the Morning Star明星, the Yellow Emperor's Grandson[s], and Shun's wife Yu's Burial mound's Shrines舜妻育冢祠. Has Yuyang Palace羽陽宮, King Wu of Qin [310 – 307 BC] erected it.

[14]Duyang杜陽, Du River杜水 to the south enters the Wei渭. The Poetry says: “From Du杜.” Mang called it Tongdu通杜[i].

[15]Qian汧, Wu Mountain吳山 is to the west. Ancient writings considered it to be Qian Mountain汧山. The mountain of Yong province雍州. To the north has Pugu District蒲谷鄉 and Xianzhong Valley弦中谷, Yong province's Xianpu Marsh弦蒲藪. Qian River汧水 sets out to the north-west, and enters the Wei渭. Rui River芮水 sets out to the north-west, to the east entering the Jing涇, the Poetry's Ruiwu芮㑄. The streams of Yong province[j].

[16]Haozhi好畤, Gui Mountain垝山 is to the east. Has Liangshan palace梁山宮, the First August of Qin [246 – 210 BC] erected it. Mang called it Haoyi好邑[k].

[17]Guo虢, has the Yellow Emperor's Sons, and Wen and Wu of Zhou's Shrines. Guo Palace虢宮, Dowager Xuan of Qin erected it.

[18]Anling安陵, Emperor Hui [195 – 188 BC] set it up. Mang called it Jiaping嘉平[l].

[19]Maoling茂陵, Emperor Wu [141- 87 BC] set it up. 61 087 households, 277 277 people. Mang called it Xuancheng宣城[m].

[20]Pingling平陵, Emperor Zhao [87 – 74 BC] set it up. Mang called it Guangli廣利.

[21]Wugong武功, Taiyi Mountain太壹山 ancient writings consider to be Zhongnan終南. Chui Mountain垂山 ancient writings considered to be Dunwu敦物. Both are east of the county. Ye River斜水 sets out from north of Yaling Mountian衙領山, and arrives at Mei郿 to join the Wei渭. Bao River褒水 likewise sets out from Yaling衙領, and arrives at Nanzheng南鄭 to join the Mian沔. Has Chui Mountain垂山, Ye River斜水 and Bao River's Shrines褒水水祠 at three places. Mang called it Xinguang新光[n].

[a]Shigu says: “Master of the Feudal Ranks Chief Commandant, originally Qin's Master of the Feudal Ranks Central Commandant, in charge of the ranked marquises. Arriving at the 1st Year of Taichu [104 BC], altered the name to Supporting Wind of the Right[youfufeng右扶風], and seated him in the right [i.e. western] territory of Neishi. For that reason this treatise retroactively writes that in the 6th Year of Jianyuan [135 BC] they divided it to be the Neishi of the Right右內史, and also states that they altered the name of the Feudal Ranks Chief Commandant to be Youfufeng右扶風.

[b]Shigu says: “潏 is pronounced jue決. 萯 is pronounced bei倍.”

[c]Shigu says: “read similar to tai邰, and is pronounced tai 胎.”

[d]Shigu says: “The Lesser Ode's poem of Four Steeds says: “The four steeds stride steadily, the way from Zhou is meandering away [weichi倭遲].” In the Han Poetry it is written with the yu郁 and yi夷 characters. It talks of a subject on a mission who drives his horses and travels on this road.”

[e]Shigu says: “ 郿 is pronounced mei媚].

[f]Ying Shao says: “To pile up high on four sides is called yong雍[“Damming up”].”

Shigu says: “棫 is pronounced yu域.”

[g]Ying Shao says: “Mister Zuo's Transmittals says: “ Bi畢, Yuan原, Feng酆 and Xun郇 were the left-side successors of Wen [of Zhou]”. The Marquis of Xun and the Earl of Jia invaded Jin.”

Your Subject Zan says: “The Ancient Writings of Ji Commandery : 'Duke Wu of Jin wiped out Xun荀, and hence bestowed on the Grandee Yuanshi An, this was Xun Shu.' It also states 'Duke Wen walled Xun荀.' As such then Xun must have been within the borders of Jin, and do not get to be in the region of Fufeng扶風. Presently Hedong河東 has Xuncheng荀城, the ancient Xun state.”

Shigu says: “Zan's explanation is correct. This xun栒 is read similar to xun荀, but is itself a separate town, and that is all. It is not the one that invaded Jin.”

[h]Shigu says: “隃 is pronounced yu踰.”

[i]Shigu says: “The Great Odes' poem of Floss silk says “The people's first life, was from the land [tu土] of Qiju漆沮.” The Qi Poetry writes “from Du杜. It speaks of Noble Liu escaping the Di and coming to dwell in the territories of Du杜 and Qiju漆沮.”]

[j]Shigu says: “㑄 is read similar to ju鞠. The Great Odes' poem of Noble Liu says: “The halted travellers then became close, just there in Ruiju芮鞠.” The Han Poetry writes Ruiwu芮㑄. It talks of Noble Liu halting his army's travel, wishing to cause calm and quietness. He therefore went to the space of Ruiwu芮㑄.

[k]Shigu says: “Gui垝 is pronounced qiu丘 + hui毀.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 垝 is not listed. 丘: (kh- + -juw A). 毀: (x- +-jwe B). No (kh- + -jwe B) is listed.]

[l]Shigu says: “Kan Yan considers it to be originally Zhou's Cheng Town程邑.”

[m]Shigu says: “The Yellow Map states it originally was Huaili's槐里 Mao District茂鄉.”

[n]Shigu says: “斜 is pronounced yi弋 + she奢. 衙 is pronounced ya牙.”

[Baxter & Sagart: 斜 is not listed. 弋: (y- + -ik D). 奢: (sy- + -jae A). (y- + -jae A) is same as ye邪.]

Hongnong

Hongnong commandery弘農郡, Emperor Wu's 4th Year of Yuanding [113 AD], set it up. Mang called it Youdui右隊. 118 091 households, 475 954 people. Has an iron official in Mianchi黽池. 11 counties:

[1]Hongnong弘農, formerly Qin's Hangu pass函谷關. Beneath Ya Mountain Pass衙山領 is a valley from where Zhu River爥水 sets out, to the north it enters the He河.

[2]Lushi盧氏, Xiong'er Mountain熊耳山 is to the east. Yi River伊水 sets out, to the north-east joins the Luo雒, passing through 1 commandery, travelling 450 li. Also has Yu River育水, to the south it arrives at Shunyang順陽 to enter the Mian沔. Also has Er River洱水, to the south-east it arrives at Luyang魯陽, and likewise joins the Mian沔. Both pass through 2 commanderies, and travel 600 li. Mang called it Changfu昌富[a].

[3]Shan陝, formerly Guo state虢國. Has Jiao City焦城, formerly Jiao state焦國. To the north of Guo虢 is Dayang大陽. To the east of Guo虢 is Xingyang滎陽. To the west of Guo虢 is Yongzhou雍州. Mang called it Huangmei黃眉.

[4]Yiyang宜陽, at Minchi黽池 has an iron official.

[5]Mianchi黽池, 8th Year of Emperor Gao [199 BC], restored the people of Mianchi's黽池 middle district. Middle 2nd Year of Emperor Jing [148 BC], started the city, migrating ten thousand families to be the county. Gu River穀水 sets out from the Guyang Valley穀陽谷, to the north-east it arrives at Gucheng穀城 to enter the Luo雒. Mang called it Shanting陝亭[b].

[6]Danshui丹水, the river sets out from Shangluo's上雒 Zhongling Mountain冢領山, to the east it arrives at Xi析 to enter the Jun鈞. Miyang district密陽鄉 was formerly Shangmin商密[c].

[7]Xin'an新安, in the Tribute of Yu, the Jian River澗水 is to the east, to the south it enters the Luo雒.

[8]Shang商, the town of Qin's chancellor Wei Yang.

[9]Xi析, the Huang River黃水 sets out from Huang Valley黃谷, the Ju River鞠水 sets out from Xi Valley析谷, both arriving east at Li酈 to enter the Zhuan River湍水. Mang called it Junting君亭[d].

[10]Luhun陸渾, in the Spring and Autumn, moved the Luhun Rong to there. Has a pass[e].

[11]Shangluo上雒. In the Tribute of Yu, Luo River sets out from Zhongling Mountain冢領山, to the north-east it arrives at arriving at Gong鞏 to enter the He河, passing through 2 commanderies, travelling 1 070 li, the streams of Yu province豫州. Also has Jia River甲水 setting out from Qinling Mountain秦領山, to the south-east it arrives at Y鍚, to join the Mian沔, passing through 3 commanderies, travelling 570 li. Xiong'er熊耳 and Huoyu Mountains獲輿山 are to the north-east[f].

[a]Shigu says: “ 洱 is pronounced er耳.”

[b]Shigu says: “ 黽 is pronounced mo莫 + jian踐. And is also pronounced mo莫 + ren忍.”

[Baxter & Sagart: meng黽: (m- + -eang B), mo莫: (m- + -ak D), jian踐: (dz- + -jen B). (m- + -jen B) should give miǎn. ren忍: (ny- + -in B). (m- + -in B) should give mǐn.

[c]Shigu says; “Jun鈞 is likewise the name of a river, pronounced jun均.”

[d]Shigu says: “ 析 is pronounced xian先 + li歷. Ju River鞠水 is precisely what is presently spoken of as the Ju Deep pool菊潭. 酈 is pronounced chi持 + yi益. 湍 is pronounced zhuan專.

[Baxter & Sagart: 析: (s- + -ek D). xian先: (s- + -en A), li歷: (l- + -ek D). 酈: not listed, chi持: (dr- + -i A), yi益: ('- + -jiek D). (dr- + -jiek D) not listed.

[e]Shigu says: “渾 is pronounced hu胡 + kun昆.”

[Baxter & Sagart: hun渾: (h- + -won A) and (h- + -won B), hu胡: (h- + -u A), kun昆: (k- won A).

[f]Shigu says: “ 鍚 is pronounced yang陽.”

Hedong

Hedong commandery河東郡, Qin set it up [around 285 BC?]. Mang called it Zhaoyang兆陽. Has Gen Granary根倉 and Shi Granary溼倉. 236 896 households, 962 912 people. 24 counties:

[1]Anyi安邑, Wuxian Mountain巫咸山 is to the south. Salt pool鹽池 is to the south-west. Wei Jiang moved from Wei魏 to here. Arriving at King Hui, he moved to Daliang. Has iron official, salt official. Mang called it Hedong河東.

[2]Dayang大陽, Wu Mountain吳山 is to the west. On it is Wu City吳城. King Wu of Zhou ennobled the descendants of Taibo here. This was the Duke of Yu虞公, he was wiped out by Jin. Has the Son of Heaven's Temple天子廟. Mang called it Qintian勤田[a].

[3]Yishi猗氏.

[4]Xie解[b].

[5]Pufan蒲反 has Yao Mountain堯山 and Shou Mountain's Shrines首山祠. Leishou Mountain雷首山 is to the south. Formerly called Pu蒲, Qin changed the name. Mang called it Pucheng蒲城[c].

[6]Heibei河北, the Poetry's Wei state魏國. Duke Xian of Jin wiped it out, and used it to ennoble the Grandee Fubi. His great-grandson Jiang moved to Anyi安邑.

[7]Zuoyi左邑, Mang called it Zhaoting兆亭.

[8]Fenyin汾陰, Jia Mountain介山 is to the south.

[9]Wenxi聞喜, formerly Quwo曲沃. Duke Wu of Jin moved from Jinyang晉陽 to there. Emperor Wu in the 6th Year of Yuanding [111 BC] moved through, and changed the name[d].

[10]Huoze濩澤, in the Tribute of Yu Xicheng Mountain析城山 is to south-west[e].

[11]Duanshi端氏.

[12]Linfen臨汾.

[13]Yuan垣, in Tribute of Yu Wangwu Mountain王屋山 is to the north-east. Yan River沇水 sets out from there, to the south-east arriving at Wude武德 it enters the He河. Yi軼 sets out from Xinyang滎陽 in Beidi北地, and also to the east arrives at Langhuai琅槐 to join the sea, passing through 9 commanderies, travelling 1 840 li[f].

[14]Pishi皮氏. Geng district耿鄉 was formerly Geng state耿國. Duke Xian of Jin wiped it out, and used it to appoint the Grandee Zhao Su. Ten generations later Marquis Xian moved to Zhongmou中牟. Has an iron official. Mang called it Yanping延平.

[15]Changxiu長脩.

[16]Pingyang平陽, Han Wuzi's great-great-grandson Zhenzi resided there. Has an iron official. Mang called it Xiangping香平[g].

[17]Xiangling襄陵, has Banshi district and precinct班氏鄉亭. Mang called it Ganchang幹昌[h].

[18]Zhi彘, Huoda Mountain is to the east, the mountain of Ji province冀州. The place where King Li of Zhou fled. Mang called it Huangcheng黃城[i].

[19]Yang楊, Mang called it Younianting有年亭[j].

[20]Beiqu北屈, in the Tribute of Yu Hukou Mountain壺口山 is to the south-east. Mang called it Zhenbei朕北[k].

[21]Puzi蒲子[l].

[22]Jiang絳, Duke Wu of Jin moved from Quwo曲沃 to there. Has an iron official[m].

[23]Huzhe狐讘[n].

[24]Qi騏, a marquisate[o]

[a]Ying Shao says: “Is on the sunny-side of the Great He大河.”

[b]Shigu says: “Pronounced Xie蟹.”

[c]Ying Shao says: “The First August of Qin toured east and saw a long slope [ban阪], for that reason he added fan反.

Meng Kang says: “Originally Pu蒲. Duke Wen of Jin used it to bribe Qin. Later the people of Qin returned Pu. The people of Wei were happy and said “Pu蒲 has turned around [fan反]”. To speak of Qin naming it is a mistake.”

Your Subject Zan says: “The Generational House of Qin says “Used Yuan垣 as Pufan蒲反.” As such then it was originally not Pu蒲.

Shigu says: “Ying's explanation is correct.”

[d]Ying Shao says: “The present Quwo曲沃. Qin changed it to be Zuoyi. Emperor Wu here heard that the Southern Yue were routed, and changed it to be called Wenxi聞喜 [lit. “Heard the joyful”.]

[e]Ying Shao says: “Has Huo Marsh濩澤, is to the north-west.”

Shigu says: “濩 is pronounced wu烏 + guo虢.”]

[Baxter & Sagart: 濩: not listed, wū烏: ('- + -u A), guó 虢: (k- + -waek D).

Which should give ('- + -waek D) which is the pronunciation Baxter & Sagart lists for wò擭. Zdic.net lists huò as the main pronunciation of 擭.

[f]Shigu says: “ 琅 is pronounced lang郎. 槐 is pronounced hui回.

[g]Ying Shao says: “Yao's capital, it is on the sunny-side of the Ping He平河.”

[h]Ying Shao: “Xiang Mound襄陵 is to the north-west.”

Shigu says: “Duke Xiang of Jin's mound, followed it to use to name the county.”

[i]Ying Shao says: “Emperor Shun changed it to be called Yong'an安.”

[j]Ying Shao says: “Yang楊 was a marquisate.”

[k]Ying Shao says: “Has to the south the former Chengbei稱北.”

Your Subject Zan says: “The Ancient Writings of Ji Commandery : “When Zhai Zhang saved Zheng鄭, he stayed at the southern bend南屈.

Shigu says: “屈 is pronounced ju居 + wu勿. Precisely where the Duke of Jin's son Yiwu stayed.”

[Baxter & Sagart: qū屈: (kh- + -jut D), jū居: (k- + -jo A), wù勿: (m- + -jut D). No (k- + -jut D) listed.]

[l]Ying Shao says: “Formerly Pufan's蒲反 old town, Emperor Wu set it up.”

Shigu says: “Where Chong'er resided. Ying's explanation missed it.”

[m]Ying Shao: “Jiang River絳水 sets out to the south-west.”

[n]Shigu says: “讘 is pronounced zhī之 + shè涉.”]

[Baxter & Sagart: 讘 not listed, zhī之: (tsy- + -i A), 涉 not listed. Guangyun: 涉: 時攝切. Baxter & Sagart: shè攝: (sy + -jep D), (tsy- + -jep D): zhé]

[o]Shigu says: “pronounced qi其.”]

[mentality-of-wukong-au]

Yeah I’m Xinfeng and this is Guowei

Mathias/Guowei: hello ^^

Hu Shun: Hm…alright, well… hold on…

*Evaporates into space and comes back*

Hu Shun: Come with me, right this way, the barrier will allow you to come in.

[zl181]

Comprehensive Biography of Hu Zhen

Hu Zhen, styled Wencai (胡軫字文才), was a military general of Dong Zhuo who was known for his impulsiveness.

The Story

Hu Zhen served as Grand Administrator of Chen by 191. Dong Zhuo appointed him to a high military title, giving him Lü Bu and other petty officers as his subordinates.[1]

In Spring 191,[2] he was ordered to assault Yangren, where Sun Jian was garrisoned. While marching there, Hu Zhen grew frustrated at their perceived slowness and soon made a terrible impression when he announced that,

"Now with this march, I ought to behead a high-ranking officer as to correct our disunity into unity!"

Lü Bu and the others began to fear and also hate Hu Zhen afterwards. Soon, they arrived in Guangcheng, just some miles away from Yangren and its city. The march exhausted just about everything in their army, humans and horses, so they stopped there, also per Dong Zhuo's order. While there, they fed the horses and tried to use the night they had to prepare their troops. However, Lü Bu and the other generals decided to ruin Hu Zhen's night and soon exclaimed that,

"The traitors within Yangren City have already fled! We ought to pursue and search for them! If not, we will lose them!"

The army was forced to march in the night, exhausting them completely, and this persisted throughout the next day. The city was well-prepared, so they could not surprise attack them. By the time night fell again, the whole army was hungry, thirsty, and needing of rest. Soon, they took off their armor in hopes of resting, only for Lü Bu to loudly announce that,

"The traitors within the city have come out here!"

A total rout ensued, not by Sun Jian, but by Lü Bu's hatred of Hu Zhen. The terrified army discarded their weapons and saddles for their lives, and although they were able to regroup by dawn, Sun Jian already fortified the defenses even further, making it near-impossible for Hu Zhen to attack it. Hu Zhen retreated, probably humiliated.[1]

Hu Zhen's defeat terrified Dong Zhuo, who soon relocated the capital from Luoyang to Chang'an.[2]

In Summer 192, Hu Zhen served Wang Yun. Wang Yun ordered him and Xu Rong to defend Xinfeng from Li Jue and others, only for Hu Zhen to surrender his troops to them.[3] He was probably made Colonel who Directs Retainers at this time.[4]

Death

Hu Zhen and You Dun disliked each other, so Hu Zhen slandered You Dun, which was convincing enough to have You Dun executed. A few months later, however, Hu Zhen fell seriously ill, and one of the claimed side-effects of his illness was his eyes falling off its sockets. Hu Zhen blamed You Dun's spirit, saying,

"I admit my guilt! You Youqi will soon come to me as a ghost!"

Soon afterwards, Hu Zhen expired.[4][5] His date of death is not known, but it was probably between 192 and 196, as he appears to have not played a role in the internal war within Li Jue's faction.

References

[1] - 【初堅討董卓，到梁縣之陽人。卓亦遣兵步騎五千迎之，陳郡太守胡軫為大督護，呂布為騎督，其餘步騎將校都督者甚衆。軫字文才，性急，預宣言曰：「今此行也，要當斬一青綬，乃整齊耳。」諸將���而惡之。軍到廣成，去陽人城數十里。日暮，士馬疲極，當止宿，又本受卓節度宿廣成，秣馬飲食，以夜進兵，投曉攻城。諸將惡憚軫，欲賊敗其事，布等宣言「陽人城中賊已走，當追尋之；不然失之矣」，便夜進軍。城中守備甚設，不可掩襲。於是吏士饑渴，人馬甚疲，且夜至，又無壍壘。釋甲休息，而布又宣言相驚，云「城中賊出來」。軍衆擾亂奔走，皆棄甲，失鞌馬。行十餘里，定無賊，會天明，便還，拾取兵器，欲進攻城。城守已固，穿壍已深，軫等不能攻而還。】《英雄記》

[2] - 【二月...袁術遣將孫堅與董卓將胡軫戰於陽人，軫軍大敗。董卓遂發掘洛陽諸帝陵。夏四月，董卓入長安。】《後漢書•孝獻帝紀》

[3] - 【王允聞之，乃遣卓故將胡軫、徐榮擊之於新豐。榮戰死，軫以眾降。】《後漢書•董卓列傳》

[4] - 【游敦，字幼齊，漢世為羽林中郎將。先與司隸校尉胡軫有隙，遂誣敦殺之。敦死月餘。軫病。目睛遂脫，但言「伏罪，游幼齊將鬼來」，於是遂死。】《還冤記》

[5] - 【游殷，字幼齊，與司隸校尉胡軫有隙，輕誣，構殺之。初，殷為郡功曹，有童子張既者，時未知名，為郡書佐，殷察異之。既過家，具設賓饌，及既至，殷妻笑曰：「君甚悖乎？張德容童昏小兒何異？」殷曰：「卿勿怪，乃方伯之器也。」殷遂與既論霸王之事，饗訖，以楚子托之。軫害殷，月餘得病，目脫，但言「伏罪，游幼齊將鬼來」，於是遂死。諺曰：「生有知人之明，死有鬼靈之驗。」】《三輔決錄》

[the-archlich]

After hearing about how boss Xu Rong was, I cannot believe they overlook him so easily. I mean he beat Cao Cao (albeit a young Cao Cao) he deserves some recognition. Were there any other exploits of Xu Rong that deserve mentioning? Was he as evil as Dong Zhuo?

Xu Rong actually seems to have been a pretty great guy. I’m sure I’ve said this before, but I don’t get tired of talking about Xu Rong.

He was from from Liaodong (or Xuantu) on the northern frontier and was at one point friends with Gongsun Du. Somewhere along the line, he became one of Dong Zhuo’s generals. He probably served under Dong Zhuo before Dong Zhuo seized control, given the amount of responsibility that Dong Zhuo gave him.

When the Coalition forces rose against Dong Zhuo, he sent Xu Rong out to intercept them. He ambushed Cao Cao at Xingyang as he was crossing the Bian river and dealt him a crushing defeat. Cao Cao had to abandon the Coalition efforts in order to recruit more soldiers. After this, the camp at Suanzao soon broke up and that threat was eliminated.

Next, Sun Jian advanced north from Luyang. Xu Rong intercepted him in Liang county (somewhere along the Ru River) and defeated him as well. Unlike Cao Cao, Sun Jian was able to keep most of his army intact and regrouped at Yangren.

In the north, Yuan shao sent Wang Kuang to force his way across of the Yellow River at Meng Crossing. Xu Rong initiated a holding action there, blocking Wang Kuang’s advance. Then he used the smaller Xiaoping Crossing to attack Wang Kuang from the rear. Wang Kuang’s army was totally destroyed. Wang Kuang himself fled, and Yuan Shao gave up any notion of attacking Luoyang.

Xu Rong sort of faded into the background for a short while after these victories. Most likely, Dong Zhuo was afraid of his own general upstaging him and started delegating more responsibility to other subordinates so that Xu Rong wouldn’t become a rival.

After Wang Yun and Lü Bu killed Dong Zhuo, they evidently accepted Xu Rong’s service despite him being Dong Zhuo’s top general. This suggests that he might have been involved in the plot against Dong Zhuo, although no records explicitly say so.

When Li Jue’s forces gathered, Xu Rong and Hu Zhen were sent to subdue them. They fought at Xinfeng, but Xu Rong was defeated. Hu Zhen joined Li Jue’s group, but Xu Rong was killed.

Xu Rong’s victories were reasonably impressive. He was a master of ambush tactics and was responsible for crushing most of the Coalition. Even allowing for the fact that Cao Cao and Wang Kuang were inexperienced, Xu Rong’s decisive victories over them are worthy of praise - as is his success over Sun Jian. Xu Rong’s association with Wang Yun’s regime and his refusal to join Li Jue’s group suggests a laudable shift in his loyalties. He may very well have taken part in Dong Zhuo’s murder. Even if he didn’t, he gave his life in an attempt to stop Li Jue’s group from retaking the capital.

He was a fine general and a decent man. I consider him part of a trinity of under-recorded and under-appreciated generals, along with Gao Shun and Qu Yi.

[bookofjin]

Administrative geography of Western Han (34,107)

According to Ban Gu's Book of Han.

Sili司隸

Jingzhaoyin京兆尹

Chang'an長安

Xinfeng新豐

Chuansikong船司空

Lantian藍田

Huayin華陰

Zheng鄭

Hu湖

Xiagui下邽

Nanling南陵

Fengming奉明

Baling霸陵

Duling杜陵

Zuopingyi左馮翊

Gaoling高陵,

Yueyang櫟陽

Didao翟道

Chiyang池陽

Xiayang夏陽

Ya衙

Suyi粟邑

Gukou谷口

Lianzhuo蓮勺

Fu鄜

Pinyang頻陽

Linjin臨晉

Zhongquan重泉

Heyang郃陽

Duixu祋祤

Wucheng武城

Chenyang沈陽

Huaide褱德

Cheng徵

Yunling雲陵

Wannian萬年

Changling長陵

Yangling陽陵

Yunyang雲陽

Youfufeng右扶風

Weicheng渭城

Huaili槐里

Hu鄠

Zhouzhi盩厔

Tai斄

Yuyi郁夷

Meiyang美陽

Mei郿

Yong雍

Qi漆

Xunyi栒邑

Yumi隃麋

Chencang陳倉

Duyang杜陽

Haozhi好畤

Guo虢

Anling安陵

Maoling茂陵

Pingling平陵

Wugong武功

Hongnong弘農郡

Hongnong弘農

Lushi盧氏

Shan陝

Yiyang宜陽

Mianchi黽池

Xin'an新安

Luhun陸渾

Hedong河東郡

Anyi安邑

Dayang大陽

Yishi猗氏

Xie解

Pufan蒲反

Heibei河北

Zuoyi左邑

Fenyin汾陰

Wenxi聞喜

Huoze濩澤

Duanshi端氏

Linfen臨汾

Yuan垣

Pishi皮氏

Changxiu長脩

Pingyang平陽

Xiangling襄陵

Zhi彘

Yang楊

Beiqu北屈

Puzi蒲子

Jiang絳

Huzhe狐讘

Qi騏

Henei河內郡

Huai懷

Ji汲

Wude武德

Bo波

Shanyang山陽

Heyang河陽

Zhou州

Gong共

Pinggao平皋

Zhaoge朝歌

Xiuwu脩武

Wen溫

Yewang野王

Huojia獲嘉

Zhi軹

Qinshui沁水

Longlü隆慮

Tangyin蕩陰

Henan河南郡

Luoyang雒陽

Xingyang滎陽

Yanshi偃師

Jing京

Pingyin平陰

Zhongmou中牟

Ping平

Yangwu陽武

Henan河南

Goushi緱氏

Quan卷

Yuanwu原武

Gong鞏

Gucheng穀成

Gushi故市

Mi密

Xincheng新成

Kaifeng開封

Chenggao成皋

Yuanling苑陵

Liang梁

Xinzheng新鄭

Bing 并州

Taiyuan太原郡

Jinyang晉陽

Jiexiu界休

Yuci榆次

Zhongdu中都

Zishi茲氏

Wu鄔

Pingtao平陶

Jingling京陵

Daling大陵

Qi祁

Shang'ai上艾

Yangyi陽邑

Shangdang上黨郡

Changzi長子

Zhunliu屯留

Yuwu余吾

Tongdi銅鞮

Zhan沾

Nieshi涅氏

Xiangyuan襄垣

Huguan壺關

Xuanshi泫氏

Gaodu高都

Lu潞

Yishi陭氏

Yang'e陽阿

Guyuan穀遠

Shang上郡

Dule獨樂

Yangzhou陽周

Pingdu平都

Qianshui淺水

Xiangluo襄洛

Qiyuan漆垣

Sheyan奢延

Diaoyin雕陰

Diaoyindao雕陰道

Dingyang定陽

Gaonu高奴

Xihe西河郡

Zhongyang中陽

Gaolang皋狼

Pingzhou平周

Lin藺

Lishi離石

Xicheng隰成

Tujun土軍

Yinshan陰山

Yan 兗州

Dong東郡

Puyang濮陽

Baima白馬

Nanyan南燕

Chenliu陳留郡

Chenliu陳留

Xiaohuang小黃

Yongqiu雍丘

Suanzao酸棗

Donghun東昏

Waihuang外黃

Fengqiu封丘

Changluo長羅

Weishi尉氏

Changyuan長垣

Pingqiu平丘

Jiyang濟陽

Junyi浚儀

Huaiyang淮陽國

Yangjia陽夏

Fugou扶溝

Yu圉

Yu 豫州

Yingchuan潁川郡

Yangdi陽翟

Changshe長社

Yingyin潁陰

Chonggao崇高

Xu許

Yanling傿陵

Cheng'an成安

Zhouchengxiu周承休

Yangcheng陽城

Lunshi綸氏

Ji冀州

Zhao趙國

Handan邯鄲

Yiyang易陽

Bairen柏人

Xiangguo襄國

Guangping廣平國

Guangping廣平

Zhang張

Zhaoping朝平

Nanhe南和

Lieren列人

Chizhang斥章

Ren任

Quliang曲梁

Guangxiang廣鄉

Pingxiang平鄉

Guangnian廣年

Zhending真定國

Gaocheng稿城

Wei魏郡

Ye鄴

Chiqiu斥丘

Sha沙

Neihuang內黃

Fanyang繁陽

Liangqi梁期

Liyang黎陽

Jifei即裴

Wushi武始

Hanhui邯會

Hangou邯溝

Wu'an武安

Julu鉅鹿郡

Julu鉅鹿

Guang'e廣阿

Xiangshi象氏

Yingtao廮陶

Songzi宋子

Yangshi楊氏

Jingwu敬武

Baixiang柏鄉

Changshan常山郡

Yuanshi元氏

Shiyi石邑

Fangzi房子

Zhongqiu中丘

Fengsi封斯

Guan關

Pingji平棘

Hao鄗

Liang涼州

Wudu武都郡

Gudao故道

Anding安定郡

Gaoping高平

Fulei復累

Anbei安俾

Fuyi撫夷

Zhaonuo朝那

Jingyang涇陽

Linjing臨涇

Lu鹵

Wuzhi烏氏

Yinmi陰密

Anding安定

Canluan參䜌

Sanshui三水

Yinpan陰槃

Anwu安武

Julei祖厲

Yuande爰得

Xunjun眴卷

Pengyang彭陽

Chunyin鶉陰

Yuezhidao月氏道

Anding安定郡

Fuyi撫夷

Linjing臨涇

Yinmi陰密

Anding安定

Canluan參䜌

Yinpan陰槃

Anwu安武

Yuande爰得

Pengyang彭陽

Beidi北地郡

Maling馬領

Zhilu直路

Xuyan昫衍

Fangqu方渠

Chungu鶉孤

Guide歸德

Lüepandao略畔道

Niyang泥陽

Yuzhi郁郅

Yiqudao義渠道

Yiju弋居

Dayao大𦥼

Not located

Taiyuan太原郡

Yuli于離

Guangping廣平國

Pingli平利

Yangtai陽臺

Chengxiang城鄉

Julu鉅鹿郡

Wutao武陶

Changshan常山郡

Pingtai平臺

Duxiang都鄉

Beidi北地郡

Chudao除道

Wujie五街

Huihuo回獲

County locations and ancient rivers, lakes, and shorelines from The Historical Atlas of China.

I have intentionally stuck to the Hanshu where it differs from the Historical Atlas.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Emperor Xuan, Part 3

[From JS001. Zhongda vs. Kongming...]

4th Year [230 AD], he moved to Great General, concurrently Great Commander-in-Chief, Acting with Yellow Battle-axe, to participate with Cao Zhen in attacking Shu. The Emperor from Xicheng hew through the mountains to open the road, advancing both by water and land. He went upriver the Mian and then up, arriving at Quren, uprooting their Xinfeng county. The army lodged at Dankou. He ran into rain and returned the host.

Next year [231 AD], Zhuge Liang robbed Tianshui, and besieged Generals Jia Si and Wei Ping at Mount Qi. The Son of Heaven said:

The western region has incidents. There is none but the Lord to which they can be entrusted to.”

[He] therefore sent the Emperor west to garrison Chang'an, as Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs of Yong and Liang Provinces, commanding the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Zhang He, the General of the Rear, Fei Yao, the Army-Protector who Conquers Shu, Dai Ling, the Inspector of Yong province, Guo Huai, and others to punish Liang.

Zhang He urged the Emperor to divide off armies to go to Yong and Mei as a rear guard. The Emperor said:

If we consider that the van armies alone are singly able to do it, the General's words are correct. Suppose they are not able to do it, and we divide into a van and rear, it will be like when Chu's Three Armies were captured by Qing Bu.

Thereupon the army advanced to Yumi. Liang heard the Great Army had moreover arrived, and therefore himself led the multitudes wanting to cut the wheat of Shanggui. The various generals were all afraid. The Emperor said:

Liang worries much, but decides little. He will surely settle down his encampments and strengthen himself, and then afterwards cut the wheat. We getting two days to double move is sufficient.

And so they rolled up their armour and morning and night hurried to him. Liang looked at the dust and escaped. The Emperor said:

We are exhausted from our labours along many roads. This dawn is being lusted after by the troops. [?] Liang does not dare to occupy the Wei river. This is to be approved of [?], that is all.

They advanced to lodge at Hanyang, and he and Liang encountered each other. The Emperor lined up the files to thereby wait for him, and sent the general Niu Jin with light cavalry to bait him. The troops had barely connected when Liang retreated. They pursued to Mount Qi. Liang garrisoned Lucheng, occupied the south and north side of the mountain, and severed the river as a tight encirclement. The Emperor attacked to uproot his encirclement. Liang escaped at night. They pursued and struck, routing him. The captives and beheaded tallied ten thousand. The Son of Heaven sent envoys to thank the army and added to [the Emperor’s?] fief estate.

At the time the Army Teacher Du Xi and the Army Controller Xue Ti, both spoke of, that next year when the wheat is ripe, Liang would surely be robbing. Longyuo was without food, so they ought to, come winter, to prepare transport. The Emperor said:

Liang has twice set out for Mount Qi, once attacked Chencang, been ground down to defeat and turned back. Even if he later sets out, he will not again attack the city, but seek battle in the countryside, it will surely be east of Long and not to the west. Liang always considers provisions being few a regret, and to return he will surely store up grain. According to my guess, without three harvest he will not be able to move.

And so he petitioned to move farmers from Ji province to farm at Shanggui, for together with Jingzhao, Tianshui and Nan'an oversee the foundries [?].

1st Year of Qinglong [“Green Dragon”, 233 AD], [he] dug out the Chengguo canal and built the Linjin dam. The irrigated fields were several thousand qing. The state was thereby fully supplied

2nd Year [234 AD], Liang again led a multitude of 100 000 to set out for Xie Valley, he built ramparts at Mei on the plains south of the Wei river. The Son of Heaven worried about it, and dispatched the Army-Protector who Conquers Shu, Qin Lang to control 20 000 foot and horse, to receive Emperor's rules and measures. The various generals wanted to stay north of the Wei to accordingly wait for him [Liang?]. The Emperor said:

The hundred families' accumulatesd stores all are south of the Wei. Thus we must surely fight for its territory.

He thereupon pulled out the army and crossed over, with back of the river as ramparts. Because of this he spoke to the various generals, saying:

Liang, if he is brave, must set out for Wugong, relying on the mountains, and go east. If [he goes] west up to the Wuzhang plain, then the various armies will be without incidents.

Liang in the end did go up to the plains, wanting to cross north of the Wei. The Emperor dispatched General Zhou Dang to garrison Yangsui as bait for him. Several days [passed], and Liang did not move. The Emperor said:

Liang desires to contend on the plains, and will not turn towards Yangsui. This intention can be perceived.

He dispatched General Hu Zun and the Inspector of Yong province, Guo Huai, to together to prepare at Yangsui. [The Emperor?] met with Liang at Jishi, approached the plains and fought. Liang could not advance, but turned back to the Wuzhang plains.

It happened that a long star fell within Liang's ramparts. The Emperor knew he would surely be defeated, and dispatched ambush troops to drag out Liang's rearguard. They beheaded more than 500 ranks, captured more than 1000 living mouths, those who surrendered were more than 600 people.

At the time, the imperial court, due to Liang lodging the army for distant plundering [?], and would profit from a quick battle, always instructed the Emperor for prudence, to thereby wait for him changing [?].  Liang several times challenged to battle, but the Emperor did not set out. Because of this he presented the Emperor with a woman's headscarf and the ornaments of a wife.

The Emperor was angry, and petitioned a request for decision in battle. The Son of Heaven did not allow it, and therefore dispatched an unyielding [lit. “fish-boned”] official, the Commandant of the Guards, Xin Pin, with a Tally stick, to advise the army and thereby oversee it. Afterwards Liang again came out and challenged to battle. The Emperor wanted to send out the troops soldiers to accordingly respond to it. Pi stood with his Tally stick at the army gates. The Emperor therefore desisted.

Earlier, Shu's general Jiang Wei heard of Pi's arrival, he spoke to Liang, saying:

After Qin Pi came with the Tally stick, the traitors have not again set out.

Liang said:

He had originally no heart for battle. By using strong requests, he displays his martial [vigour] to his multitudes, that is all. When a general is with his army, the ruler's instructions is not being accepted. [An old military maxim] If he was able to master us, why request from a thousand li to do battle?

The Emperor's younger brother, Fu sent a letter asking about military affairs. The Emperor returned a letter which said:

Liang's aspirations are great, but he does not see opportunities. He has many plans, but makes few decisions. He has excellent troops, but no authority. Although he controls a hundred thousand soldiers, he is already falling into my plans. Routing him is a certainty!

He and him faced their ramparts for more than a hundred days. It happened that Liang passed on from illness. The various generals burnt the encampment, escaped and left, the hundred families ran to report, and the Emperor sent out the troops to chase them. Liang's Senior Clerk, Yang Yi, turned around the banners and beat the drums, as if wanting to resist the Emperor. The Emperor, thought destitute robbers should not be pressured [as advised by Sunzi]. And so Yang Yi formed columns and left.

Through the day, they therefore moved to their encampment and ramparts, observed what they had left behind, and captured a considerable multitude of their plans and documents, food and provisions. The Emperor judged that he [Liang] must be dead, and said: “Under Heaven's singular talent!” Xin Pi thought it could still not yet be known. The Emperor said:

What is given weight by army households, army documents and secret plans, military horses, food and grain, now everything is abandoned by them. How can there be person who gives up his five viscera and yet can still be alive? We ought to quickly chase them.

In Guanzhong there were much caltrop nuts [Tribulus terrestris] The Emperor sent 2 000 army soldiers to put on soft wooden clogs with flat undersides [!?] to walk in front. The caltrop nuts were thoroughly attached to the clogs, and afterwards the horse and foot could all advance. [Seriously...]

[He] chased [them] until Chi'an, and learnt Liang was dead. [This became] thoroughly known, and at the time there was a proverb among the hundred families which said:

From a dead Zhuge flees a living Zhongda.

The Empeor heard it, but laughed, saying:

I can easily predict the living, but not easily predict the intentions of the dead!

Before this, an envoy from Liang arrived. The Emperor questioned him, saying:

Excellency Zhuge, when does he rise up and sit down? For his food, how much rice?

[The envoy] replied, saying:

Three or four sheng

Next he asked about government work. [The envoy] said:

Punishments of twenty [strikes] and above, all of them he scrutinized and inspect himself.

The Emperor then told the person, saying:

Zhuge Kongming, how long can he last?

In the end it was like he had said.

Liang's section generals Yang Yi and Wei Yan contended for authority. Yi beheaded Yan and combined their multitudes. The Emperor desired to exploit their grudge and advance, but there was a decree which did not allow it.

3rd Year [235 AD], he moved to Grand Commandant, and amassed to add to his fief estate. Shu's general Ma Dai entered to rob. The Emperor dispatched General Niu Jin to strike and run him off, the beheaded tallied more than 1000 men.

The kings of the Wudu Di, Fu Shuang and Qiang Duan, led their followers, more than 6 000 people, to come and surrender. East of the Passes there was famine, so the Emperor transported 5 000 000 hu unhusked millet from Chang'an to the imperial capital.

4th Year [236 AD], [he] captured a white deer and presented it. The Son of Heaven said:

Formerly when the Duke of Zhou, Dan, assisted King Cheng, he made a tribute of an uncoloured pheasant. Now the Lord accepts the duties of West of Shan, and makes a present of white deer. How is this not loyal and truly in accord with the token [of Heaven's favour], with a thousand loads of similar deeds [?], so as to govern the house of the nation, thereby perpetuating its rest?