#ws004

[bookofjin]

Annals of Gongzong

[From WS004. Since he was posthumously made an emperor at the beginning of his son’s reign, his biography is placed in the annals section, after that of his father. This is the end of WS004.]

The Respectful Ancestor [gongzong], the Luminous and Stately [jingmu] August Emperor, taboo Huang, was August Emperor Taiwu's oldest son, his mother was Lady He. 1st Year of Yanhe, Spring, 1st Month, bingwu [17 February 432], he was installed as August Heir-Apparent, at the time he was 5 sui.

He was clear, bright, and deeply insightful, if he heard something he did not forget. Reaching adulthood, he was fond of reading the classics and histories, always thoroughly understanding the great righteousness. Shizu very much marvelled at him. When Shizu campaigned east against Helong, he decreed Gongzong to Record the Affairs of the Masters of Writing, when he campaigned west against Liang province, he decreed Gongzong to oversee the state.

Earlier, at Shizu's offensive against Hexi, Li Shun and others all together told that Guzang had no water or grass, and it was impossible to march the host there. Gongzong had a doubtful countenance. When the Chariot Drove to arrive at Guzang, he therefore spoke to Gongzong, saying:

East and west of Guzang City, outside the walls, there wells up springs joining together to the north of the city, they are great like the He. From the remaining ditches they flow into the middle of the desert. Between them there are therefore no arid land. The marsh grass is thick and abundant, and can provide for the great army for several years. The many words of people likewise can be bad. For that reason have this directive, so as to set aside your doubts.

Gongzong spoke to the palace subjects, saying:

There were subjects who was not indeed like this, how is that loyal! I earlier heard that there were doubts, but still the Emperor decided to march, and that was all. Why are misinformed people in great affairs, how can those who talk again face to see the Emperor?

4th Year of Zhenjun [443 AD], Gongzong accompanied Shizu to chastise the Ruanruan. When they arrived at Luhun Valley, they and the thieves came across each other. The miscreants were in fear and terror, and the section groups agitated and in chaos. Gongzong talked to Shizu, saying:

Now that the troops of the great army have arrived, [we] ought to quickly advance and strike, soon while they are unprepared. Routing them is certain!

The Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Liu Jie, firmly remonstrated, considering that the dust was abundant and the thieves were many, to set out to arrive on level land, he feared they would be encircled. It was necessary for the army to greatly assemble, and then afterwards striking them would be possible. Gongzong spoke to Jie, saying:

The abundance of this dust is caused by the thieves' frightened agitation, the people of the army are the reason for the chaos. Why be above the encampment and yet have this dust?

Shizu doubted him and thereupon did not press the attack, and the Ruanruan escaped far away. And then when they captured the miscreants' scout cavalry, Shizu asked them about it, and they replied, saying:

The Ruanruan did not expect the troops of the official army to arrive, above and below were frightened and afraid, and they guided the multitudes to flee north, passing through six or seven days. They then understood there were no pursuers, and first then slowed the march.

Shizu deeply resented it. From that point when Gongzong's words on the great affairs of army and state saw much acceptance and employment, and [he?] thereupon understood the ten thousand moments.

Earlier, when Gongzong oversaw the state, he once ordered, saying:

The Book of Zhou tells: “Relying on agriculture for plough service, the tribute is the Nine Grains. Relying on gardens for planting service, the tribute is herbs and wood. Relying on labour for other material, the tribute is receptacles and things. Relying on trade for market service, the tribute is goods and property. Relying on shepherding for livestock service, the tribute is birds and beasts. Relying on maidens for female service, the tribute is cloth and silk. Relying on cross-beams for mountain service, the tribute is their material. Relying on gamekeeping for marsh service, the tribute is their things.”

Should arrange to have the ministers teach the population within the imperial demesne, and make the families without oxen consider the strengths of man and ox to trade with each other, tilling and breeding, hoeing and weeding. Should for the families with oxen give one person of a family without oxen planting fields of 22 mu, repaid with the personal hoeing work of 7 mu, like this be the proportion. Arriving at giving the young and elderly in families without oxen planting fields of 7 mu, the young and elderly repaying with hoeing work of 2 mu.

Everyone to consider poor families with 5 mouths or less as the model [?]. For each class of family with a different number of mouths, with the recommended planted qing and mu, clarify and set up register entries. For the heads of those planting in the land, headline the family and personal names, so as to distinguish merit in sowing and cultivating.

Also prohibited drinking alcohol, mixed amusements, and rejecting [ones] original [trade] to sell goods. The cultivated farm lands were greatly increased and opened up.

1st Year of Zhengping, 6th Month, wuchen [29 July 451], he passed away at the Eastern Palace, at the time he was aged 24.

On gengwu [31 July], the document said:

Alas! Verily, you were expansively endowed with clarity, and sagacity, [your] precocious intelligence was early completed. [Your] proper position at the lesser sunny side [i.e. the east] brought about shouldering the foundational structure. With visitors at the four gates, the seasons of the hundred measures were put in order. Truly governing with numerous achievements, in wind and rain [you] did not go astray. [You] ought to have relished without limit, revering our august throne, why the misfortune, that before long [you] should pass away and die! We must put to use sorrow and grief in their hearts!

Now send the Envoys Holding the Tally, the Combined Grand Commandant Zhang Li, and the Combined Minister over the Masses, Dou Jin, to receive the record, and forthwith [at] the coffin bestow the posthumous title of “Luminous and Stately”, so as to make evident the brightness and cause virtue. If the soul yet has awareness, should still praise it.

When Gaozong acceded to the throne, he was retroactively venerated as the Luminous and Stately [jingmu] August Emperor, his temple title the Respectful Ancestor [gongzong].

Your Subject the Historian says: Shizu's intelligence and clarity was remarkable and a cut above, his power and awareness prominent and outstanding. He relied on the resources of two generations, and exerted a spirit of conquests and offensives. Thereupon the military carriage set out in four directions, circling around the sinister barbarians. He swept away Tongwan, pacified Qin and Long, rooted out on the Liao and the sea, and cleansed the source of the He. The southern barbarians shouldered responsibility, the northern Ruan curtailed their tracks. Broadly settling the Four Corners, mixing as one the Rong and the Hua, his merits were indeed great. Thereupon he caused the legacy of Wei to brilliantly stride pass a hundred kings, how was it not godly far-sight weaving the warp, and his affairs will instruct the ages?

If arriving at the beginning, the eastern successor did not come to an end, and not therefore the schism complete suddenly, strong roots bequeathed to forestall, is it better to not think of it? Gongzong was clear, virtuous and had a commanding reputation, [but] early in his generation perished young, is his the grief of the Unrepentant Park?

[The “Unrepentant Park” was the grave of Han Wu-di's heir, Liu Ju]

[gotop-watches]

Silver And Rose Gold Stainless Steel Watch Band

https://www.gotopwatches.com/products/silver-and-rose-gold-stainless-steel-watch-band/

FEATURES OF WS004 SILVER AND ROSE GOLD STAINLESS STEEL WATCH BAND The silver and rose gold color strap with the highest full solid quality stainless steel material. It's very comfortable to wear on the go as well. We used high quality butterfly buckle with safety ensures that the watch is secured on the wrist and will stay in place all day.

SPECIFICATIONS OF WS004 SILVER AND ROSE GOLD STAINLESS STEEL WATCH BAND Model No. WS004 Plating PVD Plating ( IP Plating ) Strap Full Solid Stainless Steel Band 316L Strap Width 21mm*19mm Interchangeable Straps Yes Warranty 2 Years MOQ 500pcs, 100pcs per color OEM Brand Yes, can customize your logo

[clothingmanufacturers]

WS004：Women sweater（china sweater factory， china knitwear manufacturer, china sweater supplier, china sweater wholesales）

WS004：Women sweater（china sweater factory， china knitwear manufacturer, china sweater supplier, china sweater wholesales）

WS004：Women sweater（china sweater factory， china knitwear manufacturer, china sweater supplier, china sweater wholesales） Style:top sleeveless Composition: 70%viscose 30%nylon Gauge: 12 Detail: jersy knit twist back slight stretch Women sweater，twist back，jersy knit， china sweater factory, china knitwear manufacturer,  china sweater supplier, china sweater…

[alfie-newman-art-blog]

WS004

[happyroomsgreece]

(via Στεφανοθήκη Ζευγάρι WS004)

Ξύλινη στεφανοθήκη ζωγραφισμένη στο χέρι, με ακρυλικά χρώματα

Υλικό: Ακρυλικά χρώματα σε επιφάνεια ξύλου

Διάσταση: 40Χ22Χ12 εκ.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Zhengping 1 (451)

[From WS004. The Emperor celebrates New Year’s Day on the banks of the Jiang. Next day he heads north.

On 29 July the Heir-Apparent passes away.

[Zhengping 1, 17 February 451 – 5 February 452]

1st Year of Zhengping [“Proper Peace”], Spring, bingxu, New Moon [17 February], a great assembly of the crowd of subjects above the Jiang, distributed rewards to each proportionally, more than 200 civil and military officers received feudal titles.

On dinghai [18 February], the Carriage Drove turned around north.

This Month [17 February – 17 March], the various states of Poluona, Jibin, and Mimi each dispatched envoys to court to present.

2nd Month, wuyin [10 April], Chariot Drove to cross the He.

On guiwei [15 April], stayed at Lukou. The August Heir-Apparent attended court at the Acting Palace.

3rd Month, jihai [1 May], the Chariot Drove to arrive from the southern offensive. Drank to the arrival and recorded the achievements. Reported to the ancestral temple. Used the surrendered people, more than 50 000 families, to allot and set up in the vicinity of the imperial domain. Bestowed on civil and military officials who had stayed behind at the tribunal the captured army property and the live captives, each proportionally.

Summer, 5th Month, renyin [3 July], a great amnesty

6th Month, renxu [23 July], changed the year.

The King of the state of Jushi dispatched a son to enter and attend.

A decree said:

In all cases, when the web of punishments is large and thick, those who transgress are an increasing multitude. We very much sympathize with them. Have the ministers for these rely on the statutes and orders, and apply themselves to seek out their central parts. For the remainder which are not convenient for the people, rely on comparisons to increase or reduce.

Decreed the Junior Tutor to the Heir-Apparent, You Ya, the Attendant Gentleman of the Palace Writers, Hu Fanghui, and others to change and settle the statutes and regulations.

King of Lüeyang, Jie'er and the Rites Similar to the Three Ministers, the King of Gaoliang, Na, committed a crime and were bestowed death.

On wuchen [29 July], the August Heir-Apparent passed away.

On renshen [2 August], buried the Luminous and Stately [jingmu] Heir-Apparent at Jinling.

Autumn, 7th Month, dinghai [17 August], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Rationalised the magistrates and personnel of the various bureaus, one out of three.

9th Month, guisi [22 August], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Winter, 10th Month, gengshen [18 November], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Liu Yilong dispatched envoys to court with tribute. Decreed the General Within the Hall, Lang Fayou as envoy to Yilong.

On jisi [27 November], the Minister of Works, the King of Shangdang, Zhangsun Daosheng, passed away.

12th Month, dingchou [3 February], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Ennobled august grandson Jun as King of Gaoyang. Soon after considered that the august grandson as legal successor ought not be a vassal, and therefore desisted.

Ennobled the King of Qin, Han, as King of Dongping; the King of Yan, Tan, as King of Guangyang; the King of Wu, Yu, as King of Nan'an.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Zhengping 2 (452)

[The end of an era. From WS004]

[Zhengping 2, 6 February 452 – 24 February 453]

2nd Year, Spring, 1st Month, gengchen, New Moon [6 February], more than 5 000 families of the people who had come from the south in surrender planned rebellion at Zhongshan. The provincial army chastised and pacified them. The Inspector of Ji province, the King of Zhangye, Juqu Wannian had communicated and planned with surrendered people. He was bestowed death.

3rd [2nd ?] Month, jiayin [11 March?], the Emperor collapsed at the Yong'an Palace, at the time he was aged 45. Kept it secret and did not issue out mourning. The Palace Regular Attendant Zong Ai fabricated an order from the August Empress, and killed the King of Dongping, Han. He welcomed the King of Nan'an, Yu, to enter, and  then installed him. A great amnesty, and changed the inaugural to Yongping [“Eternal Peace”]. Venerating the August Empress, Ms. Helian, as August Empress Dowager.

3rd Month, xinmao [17 April], the Sovereign was venerated with the posthumous title of Grand Martial [taiwu] August Emperor, and buried at Jinling in Yunzhong. His temple title was Generational Founder [shizu].

Summer, 6th Month [3 July – 31 July], Liu Yilong's general Tan Hezhi robbed Ji¤ province. Liang Tan and Lu Ansheng's armies were at Jingsuo. Pang Meng and Xue Andu robbed Hengnong.

Autumn, 7th Month [1 August – 30 August], the General who Conquers the South, the Duke of Anding, Han Yuanxing, chastised them. Hezhi withdrew, Liang An and Ansehng likewise fled.

8th Month [31 August – 29 September], the General of the Best of the Army, Feng Li, led 2 000 cavalry to follow the Dou Ford, cross south, and hurry to Hengnong.

9th Month [30 September – 28 October], the Minister of Works, the Duke of Gaoping, Er Wugan, stationed at Tong Pass. The General who Pacifies the South, the Duke of Changli, Yuan Liao, stationed in Henei.

Winter, 10th Month, bingwu, New Moon [29 October], Yu was murdered by Zong Ai. The Master of Writing Within the Hall, Zhangsun Kehou, and the Master of Writing Lu Li welcomed and installed the august grandson, this was Gaozong.

When the Emperor was born, he did not reach Empress Dowager Mi. When he became aware of it, his words then were sorrowful and sad. His grief moved nearby people. Taizong heard and sighed with admiration. Arriving at when Taizong was not at ease, he dressed without letting go of the belt.

He was by nature pure, frugal, frank and plain. For his clothes and carriages, drink and meals, he took and gave, and that was all. He was not fond of precious and gorgeous things, his food had no second flavour. The Brilliant Companions and Honoured Ladies [two concubine ranks] that he favoured had no combined hues in their clothes.

The crowd of subjects addressed the Emperor about further steepening the Imperial District's walls and moats, using the righteousness of following the Changes of Zhou to set up strategic passes, and also laying out Xiao He's argument for strength and magnificence. The Emperor said:

The ancients had a saying, that it lies in virtue, not in strategic passes. The Bent Beggar boiled earth to build walls, yet We wiped him out. What is there in walls? Now Under Heaven is not at peace, just now [we]  require the people's strength, the affairs of ground work is not done by Us. The reply of Xiao He was not elegant speech.

He always considered wealth the foundation of army and state, and never made light of squandering. Arriving at rewarding and bestowing, everything was for the families of [those] who had died in the affair [or?] had deeds and achievements. Intimate relatives and loved favourites not once cut across to catch up with them.

When approaching the enemy, he was often in the same places as the soldiers and troops, among the arrows and stones. Those to the left and right died or were injured one after the other, yet the Emperor in spirit and appearance was like himself. Hence people thought to serve with their lives, towards where nothing was in front.

When he instructed generals to set out with a host, he gave guidance and granted rules and measures. None of those who followed the instructions did not subdue and win. Those disobeyed and disregarded for the most part very much were defeated and lost. He by nature also understood people, when promoting a soldier from among the squads,it was only for the length of his talents and achievements, he did not discus root and branch.

He was impartial and truly strict in passing judgements, and perceptive in his punishments and rewards. Those with merit were rewarded without rejecting thieves, those with crimes were punished without escape for the intimate. Even if he favoured and loved them, in the end he did not diminish the law. He often said:

You all who united Under Heaven with Us, how dare [you] make light of it.

For that reason, when the great subjects violated the law, none were let go and pardoned.

Especially when he at length listened to examinations [?], he in the time of the blink of an eye would send down people without setting aside their opposing secrets. As such when it resulted in execution and slaughter, he later often regretted it. After the Minister over the Masses, Cao Hao, had died, the Emperor went on a northern offensvie. At the time the Duke of Xuancheng, Li Xiaobo was gravely ill, those who transmitted it considered him to have had passed on [?]. The Emperor heard and grieved for him, he spoke to left and right, saying:

Li of Xuancheng can be regretted.

He again said:

We previously were remiss in speech. Minister over the Masses Cui can be regretted. Li of Xuancheng can be lamented.

His praise, censure, and proper tought was always of this kind.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Yanhe 1

[From WS004. Feng Hong of Northern Yan is called by his courtesy name Wentong to avoid the name of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei.]

[Yanhe 1, 17 February 432 – 5 February 433]

1st Year of Yanhe [“Extended Harmony”], Spring, 1st Month, bingwu [17 February], venerated the Foster Empress Dowager as the August Empress Dowager. Installed the August Empress, Ms. Helian. Installed imperial son Huang as August Heir-Apparent. Paid visit to the Grand Temple. A great amnesty, and changed the inaugural.

On jisi [11 March], a decree said:

We, though insignificant personally, obtained serving the Ancestral Temple, ponder revealing the vast foundation and broadly purify the nine undertakings. Coming across the last cycle, Under Heaven split apart and crumbled. Truly employing frequent campaigns, netting sometimes tranquil rest, from the Shiguang era until today, in the space of nine years, the military chariot ten times has been lifted up. The crowd of leaders, civil and martial, shouldering halberds and wearing armour, combed by wind and washed by rain, stamping shoes on spear-points and blades, equally toiled with Us.

Relying on the assistance of gods and honoured, generals and soldiers proclaimed merit. Employing the able to destroy and break the strong foot-boys, [they] overcame and annihilated the great loathsome. Troops did not do the utmost in martial ability, and the two robbers were fully wiped out. The leaders did not disobey the regulations, and the distant region so was tranquil.

Increasingly so the time's airs are harmonious and in accord, auspicious omens also come down widely in the commanderies and states, they are not possible to fully record. How are We, a single person, alone responding to this safekeeping? These are also caused by the crowd of princes' unity and cooperation. The excellencies and ministers following this examined the meetings of the various Heavenly People, and requested to establish assisting deputies.

In all cases the acts of celebrating and rewarding are the means by which to praise and venerate past deeds, the banner to display the worthy hence the blessings without limits for perpetuity. Should for Kings, Dukes, Generals and below, widely increase feudal rank and salary, unfold the state's hereditary families, restore discarded officials, lift up the capable and unconfined, get rid of and eliminate bothersome elaborations, alter and settle ordinances and regulations, and make an effort to follow light restrictions, eliminating the old and stripping off the new, so as to set right a united government.

The crowd of minsters will deeply ponder bringing about achievements, rectifying themselves on the Way of Straightness, establishing merit and establishing service, not anyone to be idle and neglectful, and declare to Us their thoughts on it.

2nd Month, bingzi [18 March], travelled to favour the Southern Palace.

3rd Month, dingwei [18 April], retroactively conferred on the Lady Ms. He to be August Empress.

On renshen [13 May], the King of Xiqin, Tuyuhun Mugui, sent off Helian Ding to the Imperial City.

Summer, 5th Month [14 June – 13 July], a great inspection of the multitudinous followers in the southern suburbs, wanting to chastise Feng Wentong.

Liu Yilong dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

6th Month, gengyin [30 July], the Chariot Drove to attack Helong. Decreed the Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing, An Yuan, and others to station south of the desert, so as to prepare against the Ruanruan.

On xinmao [31 July], the Concurrent Cavalier in Regular Attendance, Deng Ying, was sent to Liu Yilong.

Autumn, 7th Month, jiwei [28 August], the Chariot Drove to arrive at Ru River.

On gengshen [29 August], dispatched the General who Calms the East, the Duke of Xuancheng, Xi Jin, to issue out the population of You province and the Dingling of Miyun, more than 10 000 people, to transport siege equipment, set out on the southern road, all together assemble at Helong.

The Emperor arrived in Liaoxi. Wentong dispatched his Attendant Imperial Clerk, Cui Pin to offer and present oxen and alcohol.

On jisi [7 September], the Chariot Drove to arrive at Helong, and overlooked its walls. Wentong's Grand Warden of Shicheng, Li Chong, Grand Warden of Jiande, Wang Rong, and more than ten commanderies came to surrender. Issued out their population, 30 000 people, to dig out encircling moats so as to defend them.

This Month [12 August – 10 September], erected the Eastern Palace.

8th Month, jiaxu [12 September], Wentong sent several ten thousand people to set out from the city and challenge to battle. The Duke of Changli, Yuan Qiu, with the Duke of Hejian, Yuan Qi, struck and routed him. The dead were more than 10 000 people. Wentong's Master of Writing, Gao Shao, led more than 10 000 families to guard Qianghu Stronghold [?].

On jimao [17 September], the Chariot Drove to chastise Shao.

On xinsi [19 September], beheaded him.

Decreed General who Pacifies the East, He Duoluo to attack Wentong's Grand Warden of Daifang, Murong Xuan, at Hou Stronghold; The Great General who Consoles the Army, the King of Yongchang, Jian, to attack Jiande; the Great General of Agile Cavalry, the King of Leping, Pi, to attack Jiyang. All took them. The people who had been captured alive were distributed and bestowed on the generals and soldiers each proportionally.

9th Month, yimao [23 October], the Chariot Drove to return west. Moved the population of Yingqiu, Chengzhou, Liaodong, Lelang, Daifang, and Xuantu commanderies, 30 000 families, to You province, and opened granaries so as to aid them.

Winter, 10th Month, guiyou [10 November], the Chariot Drove to arrive at Ru River.

Tuyuhun Mugui dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

11th Month, yisi [12 December], the Chariot Drove to arrive form the attack on Helong.

12th Month, jichou [25 January], Feng Wentong's Duke of Changle, Chong, and his mother [and?] younger brother Lang, and Lang's younger brother Miao used Liaoxi to belong to the interior. Wentong dispatched general Feng Yu to besiege Liaoxi.

Before this, commenced summoning the worthy and good, but in the provinces and commanderies there was much pressure to dispatch them. A decree said:

We eliminated the pretenders and pacified the brutal, campaigning and chastising for several years. Thinking to obtain the gallant and worthy, joining together splendour and governing the Way, for that reason decreed the provinces and commanderies to seek out and praise the hidden and unattached, to advance and lift up the worthy and capable.

The lordly masters of ancient times, nourished aspirations for a crossbeam gate, their virtue completing legacy and achievements, their talents were indulged [by?] their generation. Some of a harmonious look and elegant step, after instructed three times then they arrived. Some fussed and rushed, fearful and fretful, carrying the cauldron and then freed themselves. Though they followed [?] rather dissimilarly, they aided the times as one.

The various summoned people all will be presented the notification with courtesy, trusting them to advance or withdraw, what is there about pressuring to dispatch them! These Inspectors, wardens and stewards circulating praise [but] neglecting the purpose, how then to brilliantly increase, therefore are the means by which to make clear Our lack of virtue.

From now and afterwards, each will order the hamlets and villages to push forward and advance, the wardens and stewards are only circulate Our humble heart's thoughts of seeking the worthy. On arrival, at that time, since they are lifted up out of order, follow their talents in civil and military matters, and rely on them with government affairs. Should clarify and circulate the directive, so that all cause it to be heard and known.

This Year, Tufa Rutan's son Baozhou abandoned Juqu Mengxun and came running. Used Baozhou as Duke of Zhangye.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Taiyan 2 (436)

[From WS004. The end of Northern Yan. Its last ruler flees to Goguryeo (Gaoli). They refuse to send him to Wei.]

[Taiyan 2, 3 February 436 – 20 February 437]

2nd Year, Spring, 1st Month, jiayin [4 February], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

2nd Month, wuzi [9 March], Feng Wentong dispatched envoys to court with tribute, seeking to send off an attending son. The Emperor did not allow it.

On renchen [13 March], dispatched more than ten envoys to go to the various states of Gaoli and the Eastern Yi, with a decree to notify them.

3rd Month, bingchen [6 April], Liu Yilong dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On xinwei [21 April], the General who Pacifies the East, E Qing, and the General who Calms the West, Gu Bi, led 10 000 elite cavalry to chastise Feng Wentong. The Inspector of Ping province, Yuan Ying, also led the General[s] of Liaoxi to meet with them. Wentong was under acute pressure and sought aid from Gaoli. Gaoli sent their great general Ge Manlu with 20 000 infantry and cavalry to welcome Wentong.

On jiaxu [24 April], used watch towers to closely guard the tiger pens.

Summer, 4th Month, jiashen [4 May], imperial sons Xiao'er and Miao'er both passed away.

5th Month, yimao [4 June], Feng Wentong ran to Gaoli.

On wuwu [7 June], decreed Cavalier in Regular Attendance Feng Bo as envoy to Gaoli, to seek out them sending off Wentong.

On dingmao [16 June], travelled to favour West of the He.

To the west of Helian Ding, Yang Nandang pilfered and occupied Shanggui.

Autumn, 7th Month, gengxu [29 July], decreed the Great General of Agile Cavalry, the King of Leping, Pi, and others to supervise the various armies of Hexi and Gaoping to chastise him. Decreed the Cavalier Attendant Gentleman, the Count of Guangping, You Ya, and others as envoy to Liu Yilong.

8th Month, dinghai [4 September], dispatched 6 envoys as messengers to the Western Regions.

The Emperor barricade hunted West of He.

Decreed the Duke of Guangping, Zhang Li, to send out 12 000 people from the 7 commanderies of Ding province, to open the road of Shaquan.

On jiachen [21 September], the state of Gaoche dispatched envoys to court to present.

9th Month, gengxu [27 September], the Great General of Agile Cavalry, the King of Leping, Pi, and others arrived at Lüeyang. Nandang received a decree to manage the warden of Sanggui.

Gaoli did not send off Wentong, [but] dispatched envoys to offer a petition, declaring that they and Wentong would receive the kingly reforms. The Emperor considered that Gaoli had disobeyed the decree, and discussed wanting to strike them. He accepted the King of Changle, Pi's plan and then desisted.

Winter, 11th Month, jiyou [25 November], travelled to favour Guyang. Chased wild horses in Yunzhong, and set up a park for wild horses.

Intercalary Month, renzi [27 January], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

On yichou [9 February], thje King of Yingchuan, Ti, changed fief to King of Wuchang.

The King of Hexi, Juqu Mujian dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

This Year, Tuyuhun Muguisi died.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Taiyan 3 - 4 (437 - 438)

[From WS004. The Emperor is disappointed.

Also, Goguryeo (Gaoli) kills the last Northern Yan ruler, the Emperor dismisses Buddhist monks (srmana) 50 years old and younger, andcampaigns against the Ruanruan.]

[Taiyan 3, 21 February 437 – 9 February 438]

3rd Year, Spring, 1st Month, guiwei [27 February], the Great General who Conquers the East, the King of Zhongshan, Zuan, passed away.

On wuzi [4 March], the Grand Commandant, the King of Beiping, Zhangsun Chong, passed away.

On yisi [21 March], the Great General who Garrisons the South, the King of Danyang, Shusun Jian, passed away.

2nd Month, yimao [31 March], travelled to favour You province. Inquired into and cared for the orphaned and elderly, and asked the people about their illnesses and hardships. Turned back to favour Shanggu, and thereupon arrived in Dai. To places passed through returned half of the land rents.

The states of Gaoli and Qidan both dispatched envoys to court to present.

3rd Month, dingchou [22 April], used the King of Nanping, Hun, as Great General who Garrisons the East, Rites Similar to the Three Ministers, to garrison Helong.

On jimao [24 April], the Carriage Drove to return to the Palace.

On guisi [8 May], the various states of Qiuci, Yueban, Yanqi, Jushi, Sute, Shule, Wusun, Kepantuo, and Shanshan each dispatched envoys to court to present.

On dingyou [12 May], Liu Yilong dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

Summer, 5th Month, jichou [3 July], a decree said:

Just now the robbers and rebels melt and wane away, Under Heaven gradually becomes peaceful. Recent years and onwards, again and again have decreed to have the ministers distribute and circulate kind government, to give the people tranquillity and rest. Yet the crowd of officials inside and outside, and the shepherds, wardens, prefects and chiefs, are unable to worry diligently about what is directed. They examine and investigate against the law, they discard the public and carry the private, and further more are hiding and releasing each other [?], corruptly bribing to become officials. Government affairs are their least concern. In all regards, the non-usage of the law is because the superior himself violates them. Should order the magistrates and people Under Heaven that they might expose and report on those wardens and prefects who do not know the law.

On bingshen [10 July] travelled to favour Yunzhong.

Autumn, 7th Month, wuzi [31 August], sent the Great General who Consoles the Army, the King of Yongchang, Jian, and the Minister of Works, the King of Shangdang, Zhangsun Daosheng, to chastise the remnant partisans of Bailong of the Mountain Hu in West of He.

8th Month, jiachen [16 September], travelled to favour West of He.

9th Month, jiachen [26 October], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

On dingyou [8 November], dispatched envoys to designated the King of Xiqin, Mugui's younger brother Muliyan as Great General who Garrisons the West, Rites Similar to the Three Ministers, and change his fief to King of Xiping.

Winter, 10th Month, guimao [14 November], travelled to favour Yunzhong.

11th Month, renshen [13 December], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

On jiashen [25 December], the states of Poluona and Zheshe each dispatched envoys to court to present, offering blood sweat horses.

This Year, the King of Hexi, Juqu Mujian's Heir, Fengtan, came to court.

[Taiyan 4, 10 February 438 – 30 January 439]

4th Year, Spring, 3rd Month, gengchen [20 April], the King of Shanshan's younger brother, Suyanqi, came to court.

On guiwei [23 April], retired srmanas 50 years old and younger.

The King of Jiangyang, Gen, passed away.

This Month [11 April – 9 May], Gaoli killed Feng Wentong.

Summer, 5th Month, wuyin [17 June], a Great Amnesty Under Heaven.

On bingshen [5 July], travelled to favour Wuyuan.

Autumn, 7th Month, renwu [20 August], the Chariot Drove on a northern invasion. The affair is written of in the Account of the Ruanruan.

Winter, 10th Month, yichou [1 December], a great banquet with the Six Armies.

12th Month, dingsi [22 January], the Chariot Drove to arrive from the northern invasion.

Ba Quandian and others of Shangluo led each other to adhere to the interior.

Decreed the Combined Cavalier in Regular Attendance Gao Ya as envoy to Liu Yilong.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Taiping Zhenjun 6-8 (445-447)

[From WS004. Rebellion of Gai Wu. The Emperor orders the srmana massacred and images of the Buddha destroyed.]

[Taiping Zhenjun 6, 24 January 445 – 11 February 446]

6th Year, Spring, 1st Month, xinhai [13 February], the Chariot Drove to travel to favour Ding province. Summoned and saw the long-lived and elderly, and inquired and asked them.

Decreed the Combined Outer Staff Cavalier Regular Attendant, Song Yin, as envoy to Liu Yilong.

2nd Month [23 February – 23 March], thereupon went west to favour Shangdang, and observed the  continuous pattern trees at Xuanshi.

Went west to arrive at Tujing, and chastised and moved the rebellious Hu, and sent [them?] out to matching commanderies and counties.

3rd Month [should be 4th Month?], gengshen [23 April], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Decreed the various with questionable lawsuits to all be handed over to the Palace Writers, so as to arrange righteous measures and judgements.

This Month [24 March – 22 April, or 23 April - ], the Duke of Jiuquan, Hao Wen, rebelled at Xingcheng, and killed the defence general, Wang Fan. The county magistrate Gai Xian led his lineage clan to chaiste Wen. Wen abandoned the city and fled, and killed himself. His household and staff submitted to execution.

Summer, 4th Month [should be 5th Month?], gengxu [12 June?], the Great General who Conquers the West, the King of Gaoliang, Na, and others chastised the Tuyuhun Muliyan at Bailan in Yinping.

Decreed the Inspector of Qin province, the Duke of Tianshui, Feng Chiwen, to strike Muliyan's older brother's son Shigui at Fuhan.

The Cavalier in Regular Attendance, the Duke of Chengzhou, Wan Dugui, drove by relay-station to issue out [from] Liang province with the western troops and assault Shanshan.

6th Month renchen [24 September], the Chariot Drove on a northern tour.

Shigui heard the army was about to arrive, abandoned the city and escaped in the night.

Autumn, 8th Month, dinghai [17 September], Feng Chiwen entered Fuhan, divided and moved 1 000 families and turned back to Shanggui.

On renchen [22 September], Dugui used light cavalry to arrive at Shanshan, and apprehended their king, Zhenda, so as to go to the Imperial City. The Emperor was greatly pleased, and lavishly wait on him.

The Chariot Drove to favour north of Yin Mountain, and stayed at the Guangde Palace. Decreed to issue out the troops Under Heaven, selecting one part out of three, each to undertake strict precaution, so as to wait for later instructions. Moved the various kindred and mixed people, more than 5 000 families to the northern border. Ordered the people to move north livestock shepherds to the Wide Desert, so as to bait the Ruanruan.

On renyin [2 October], the King of Gaoliang, Na's army came to Mantou City. Muliyan spurred his section groups west across the Drifting Sands. Na urgently pursued.

The former King of Xiqin, Mugi's Heir Beinang confronted the army to resist in battle. Na struck and routed him. Beinang escaped and ran with his light cavalry. The Duke of Zhongshan, Du Feng, pursued him with elite cavalry, crossed the Three Cliffs, and arrived at Xue Mountain. He captured alive Beinang, Shigui, and Chipan's son Chenglong, and sent them off to the Imperial City. Muliyan thereupon went west to enter the state of Yutian.

9th Month [17 October – 14 November], Gai Wu of the Lushui Hu assembled a multitude to rebel at Xingcheng.

Winter, 10th Month, wuzi [17 November], the Chang'an Garrison Deputy Commander, Yuan He, led the multitudes to chastise him, and was killed by Wu.

Wu's partisans thereupon multiplied. The people all crossed the Wei and ran into the Southern Mountains. Hence decreed to issue out the Chile cavalry of Gaoping to hasten to Chang'an. Decreed  General Shusun Ba to drive by relay-station to command and organize the troops of Bing, Qin and Yong stationed to the north of the Wei.

11th Month [15 December – 12 January], the King of Gaoliang, Na rearranged the battalions to turn back to the Imperial City.

On jiwei [18 December], dispatched Na and the Master of Writing Within the Hall, the Duke of Anding, Han Mao, to lead cavalry stationed in Xiang province's Yangping commandery. Sent out the people of Ji province to build a floating bridge at Que'ao Ford.

Gai Wu dispatched his section group leader Bai Guangping to plunder Xinping. The chieftains of the various Yi of Anding all assembled multitudes in response to him, and killed the defence commander of Qiancheng.

Wu thereupon advanced the army to Lirun Fort, and divided off troops to rob Linjin and Badong. General Zhang Zhi fought with them, and greatly defeated them. The troops that drowned and died in the He was more than 30 000 people. Wu also dispatched troops west to plunder until Chang'an. General Shisun Ba fought with them at Weinan [or “North of the Wei”], and greatly routed them. The cut off heads numbered more than 30 000 people.

On gengshen [19 December], the King of Liaodong, Dou Loutou, passed away.

Xue Yongzong of the Hedong Shu assembled a faction steal several thousand public horses, and chased more than 3 000 people to enter the Bend of the Fen. To the west he communicated with Gai Wu, and accepted his ranks and titles. The Inspector of Qin province, the Duke of Jincheng, Zhou Luguan, led the multitudes to chastise him, did not overcome, and turned back.

On gengwu [29 December], decreed the Master of Writing Within the Hall, the Duke of Fufeng, Yuan Chuzhen, and the Master of Writing, the Duke of Pingyang, Murong Song, with 20 000 cavalry, to chastise Xue Yongzong. Decreed the Master of Writng Within the Hall, Yi Ba, to lead 5 generals and 30 000 cavalry to chastise Gai Wu. The Duke of Xiping, Kou Ti, with 3 generals and 10 000 cavalry to chastise Wu's partisan Bai Guangping.

Gai Wu titled himself King of the Heavenly Terrace, and appointed and set up the Hundred Officials.

On xinwei [30 December], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace. Selected the brave and fierce among the troops of the six provinces, 20 000 people, and sent the King of Yongchang, Ren, and the King of Gaoliang, Na, to divide command, and go along two roads, each with 10 000 cavalry, to go south and carry off from the Huai and Si and northwards [?], and the population of Qing and Xu so as to fill North of the He.

On guiwei [11 January], the Chariot Drove on a western tour.

[Taiping Zhenjun 7, 12 February 446 – 31 January 447]

7th Year, Spring, 1st Month, wuchen [25 February], the Chariot Drove to stay in Dongyong provnice.

On xinwei [28 February], the Chariot Drove south to favour Fenyin.

On gengchen [9 March], the Emperor overlooked Xi River. Gai Wu withdrew and ran to Beidi.

2nd Month, bingxu [15 March], favoured Chang'an. Inquired and asked the fathers and elders.

On dinghai [16 March], favoured Kunming Pool.

On bingshen [25 March], favoured Zhouzhi. Executed the rebellious people at Gengqing and Sunwen Ramparts who had communicated plans with Gai Wu.

The army stayed at Chencang. Executed the Di of San Pass who had murdered the defence general.

Turned back to favour Yongcheng. Hunted on the sunny side of Qi Mountain.

The various armies on the northern road, Yi Ba and others, greatly routed Gai Wu at Xingcheng. Wu abandoned his horse and escaped on foot.

The King of Yongchang, Ren, arrived at Gaoping. He apprehended Liu Yilong's general Wang Zhang, plundered Jinxiang and Fangyu, and moved their people, 5 000 families, to the north of the He. The King of Gaoliang, Na, arrived at Dongpingling in Ji'nan, and moved its people, more than 6 000 families, to the north of the He.

3rd Month [12 April – 11 May], decreed the various provinces to massacre the srmanas, and destroy the various Buddhist figures. Moved the artisans and craftsmen of Chang'an city, 2 000 families, to the Imperial city. The Chariot Drove to turn around the carriage, and favoured Luo River. Detached an army to execute the rebellious Qiang of Lirun.

This Month, Bian Jiong of Jincheng and Liang Hui of Tianshui rebelled, and occupied the eastern city of Shanggui. The Inspector of Qin province, Feng Chiwen, struck them, and beheaded Jiong. The multitudes then pushed forward Hui as the leader.

Summer, 4th Month, jiashen [12 May], the Chariot Drove to arrive from Chang'an.

On wuzi [16 May], at Ye City they destroyed the five storey Buddha image. Within the clay of the figure they obtained two jade signets, their writings both said: “Accept instructions from Heaven, soon long life and perpetual glory.” One of them had an engraving on its side saying: “Han's transmitted signet of state accepted by Wei”.

5th Month, guihai [20 June], the Duke of Anfeng, Lü Gen, led cavalry went to Shanggui, he and Chiwen chastised Liang Hui. Hui ran to Hanzhong.

Gai Wu again assembled at Xingcheng, declaring himself King of Qindi [“Qin Land”]. He made use of appointing the mountain people, the multitudes turned around and were again agitated. Hence dispatched the King of Yongchang, Ren, and the King of Gaoliang, Na to supervise the various armies of the northern road, and together chastise them.

6th Month, jiashen [11 July], issued out troops from Ding, Ji, and Xiang provinces, 20 000 people, to station various valleys in the mountains south of Chang'an, so as to forestall escapes beyond.

On bingxu [13 July], issued out from Si, You, Ding, Ji provinces, 100 000 people to build above the imperial domain a frontier circuit, rising up [from?] Shanggu and going west until the He, both in length and breadth a thousand li.

Autumn, 8th Month [7 September – 5 October], Gai Wu was killed by his subordinate people, they transmitted the head to the Imperial City. The King of Yongchang, Ren, pacified his left-over cinders. The King of Gaoliang, Na, routed Gai Wu's partisan Bai Guangping. Captured alive Tuge Lunaluo in Anding, and beheaded him in the Imperial City. Restored the Duke of Lüeyang, Jie'er to the feudal rank of King.

[Taiping Zhenjun 8, 1 February 447 – 21 February 448]

8th Year, Spring, 1st Month [1 February – 2 March], the Tujing Hu obstructed the strategic passes to make banditry. Decreed the General who Conquers the East, the King of Wuchang, Ti, and the General who Conquers the South, the King of Huainan, Ta, to chastise them. They did not submit. The mountain Hu, Cao Puhun and others, crossed west of the He. They guarded the mountains to strengthen themselves, and summoned and pulled in the various Hu of Shuofang. Ti and others guided the army to chastise Puhun.

2nd Month, jimao [4 March], the King of Gaoliang, Na, and others went from Anding to chastise and pacify the Hu of Shuofang. Following that, they combined armies with Ti and othesr, and together attacked Puhun, and beheaded him. Those of his multitudes who hurried to the strategic passes and died numbered in the ten thousands.

On guiwei [7 March], travelled to favour Zhongshan. Conferred and bestowed on the accompanying civil and military officials each proportionally.

The people of Yi county in Gaoyang did not follow the official instructions. Chastised and pacified them, and moved their remnant cinders to Beidi.

3rd Month [1 April – 30 April], the King of Hexi, Juqu Mujian, planned rebellion, and submitted execution.

Moved 3 000 families of the Dingling of Ding province to the Imperial City.

Summer, 5th Month [31 May – 28 June], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

6th Month [29 June – 28 July], the various generals of the Western Campaign, the Duke of Fufeng, Yuan Chuzhen, and others, 8 generals were convicted of stealing and seizing army property that had been captured and plundered. The booty each numbered in the 10 000 000. Beheaded all of them.

8th Month [27 August – 25 September], the Great General of Guards, the King of Le'an, Fan, passed away.

Winter, 10th Month [25 October – 23 November], the Palace Attendant and Overseer of the Palace Writers, the King of Yidu, Mu Shou, passed away.

12th Month [23 December – 21 January], the states of Shanshan and Zheyi both dispatched sons to court to present.

The King Jin, Fuluo, passed away.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Zhenjun 9 - 10 (448-449)

[From WS004]

[Taiping Zhenjun 9, 22 February 448 – 8 February 449]

9th Year, Spring, 1st Month [22 January – 19 February], Liu Yilong dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

Yang Wende of the Di accepted Yilong's official titles. He defended Jialu City, and summoned and enticed the five sections of Di people in Wudu and Yinping. Decreed the Garrison Commander of Chouchi, Pi Baozi, to chastise him. Wende abandoned the city and ran south. Seized his wife and children, companions and staff.

Yilong's Grand Warden of Baishui, Lang Qixuan, led the multitudes to save Wende. Baozi confronted, struck and greatly routed him. Qixuan and Wende ran to turn back to Hanzhong. The chieftain of the Qiang of Dangchang, Liang Jinci dispatched envoys to adhere to the interior, and also offered as tribute the things of the region.

2nd Month, guimao [21 March?], travelled to favour Ding province.

The people East of the Mountains starved. Opened the granaries to relieve them. Ceased construction of the frontier circuit. Thereupon went west to favour Shangdang. Executed the rebellious people of Lu, more than 2 000 families. Moved the people of Gushi in Xihe, more than 5 000 families, to the Imperial City. Decreed the piled up rocks at Dawang Mountain to the north-east of Huguan to become three tumuli. And also cut off the southern foot of their northern Fenghuang Mountain, so as to sear it off.

3rd Month [19 April – 18 May], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Summer, 5th Month, jiaxu [20 June], used the Duke of Jiaozhi, Han Ba, as Acting with the Tally, General who Conquers the West, Nominal Colonel who Protects the West, and King of Shanshan, to garrison Shanshan, to tax and conscript their people, and align [?] them in commanderies and counties.

6th Month, xinyou [6 August], travelled to favour the Guangde Palace.

On dingmao [12 August], the state of Yueban dispatched envoys seeking to chastise the Ruanruan with the kingly host. The Emperor allowed it.

8th Month [14 September – 13 October], decreed the various armies in the centre and outside to take strict precautions.

9th Month, yiyou [29 October], arranged the troops in the western suburbs.

On bingxu [30 October], went up to favour Yin Mountain.

This Month [14 October – 11 November], the Duke of Chengzhou, Wan Dugui, went up [?] by thousand li relay-stations, and greatly routed the state of Yanqi. Their king, Jiushibeina ran to Qiuci.

Winter, 10th Month, xinchou [14 November], the King of Hengnong, Xi Jin, passed away.

On guimao [16 November], since the relatives by marriage were wasteful and squandering, with mourning and funerals beyond the norms, decreed to have the ministers change there to be regulation limits.

On guihai [6 December], a great amnesty Under Heaven.

12th Month [10 January – 8 February], decreed the Duke of Chengzhou, Wan Dugui, to go west from Yanqi and chastise Qiuci.

The August Heir-Apparent held court at the Acting Palace, and thereupon accompanied the northern chastisement. Arrived at Shoujiang City, but did not see the Ruanruan. Following that stored up provisions within the city, kept behind defenders and then turned back.

The King of Beiping, Zhangsun Dun, was convicted for an affair and demoted in feudal rank to be a duke.

[Taiping Zhenjun 10, 9 February 449 – 28 January 450]

10th Year, Spring, 1st Month, wuchen, New Moon [9 February], the Emperor was South of the Desert. A great banquet with the hundred companions. Distributed and bestowed proportionally.

On jiaxu [15 February], a northern offensive.

2nd Month [10 March – 8 April], chieftains of the Ruanruan, Ermian Taba and others, led their section groups, more than 1 000 families, to come and surrender. Tuhezhen of the Ruanruan was fearful and afraid, and escaped far away. For the affair see the Account of the Ruanruan.

3rd Month [9 April – 7 May], thereupon searched out West of the He.

On gengyin [2 May], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Summer, 5th Month, gengyin [1 July], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Autumn, 7th Month [5 August – 2 September], the state of Futusha dispatched envoys with tribute to present.

9th Month [3 October – 31 October], reviewed the military above the Gravel. Thereupon a northern offensive. For the affair see the Account of the Ruanruan.

Winter, 10th Month, gengzi [8 November], the August Heir-Apparent and the crowd of officials offered welcome at the Acting Palace.

On renwu [20 December? In the 11th Month], a great banquet. Distributed and bestwoed the captives, the cloths and silk each proportionally.

11th Month [1 December – 29 December], the various states of Qiuci, Shule, Poluona and Yuankuo each dispatched envoys to court to present.

12th Month, wushen [15 January], the Chariot Drove to arrive from the northern offensive.

On jiyou [16 January], used the Duke of Pingchang, Yuan Tuozhen, as King of Zhongshan.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Taiping Zhenjun 11 (450)

[From WS004. The War of 450]

[Taiping Zhenjun 11, 29 January 450 – 16 451]

11th Year, Spring, 1st Month, yiyou [21 February], travelled to favour Luoyang. In the commanderies and states passed through, he always personally addressed  [those of] exalted years, and inquired into and cared for the orphaned and elderly.

Used the King of Gaoliang, Na, as Rites Similar to the Three Ministers.

2nd Month, jiawu [2 March, a great spring-hunt at Liangchuan.

August son Zhen passed away.

This Month [28 February – 28 March], greatly regulated the palace houses. The August Heir-Apparent resided in the Northern Palace.

The Chariot Drove to thereupon campaign against Xuanhu, and increasingly dispatched envoys to calm and comfort the population outside the frontier, those of them who did not submit he executed.

The King of Yongchang, Ren, greatly routed Liu Yilong's generals Liu Tanzhi and Cheng Tianzuo to the east of the Ru, he beheaded Tanzhi and seized Tianzuo.

Summer, 4th Month, guimao [10 May], the Carriage Drove to return to the Palace. Bestowed on those who had accompanied and those who had stayed at the tribunal, gentlemen and magistrates and upwards, the live captives, each proportionally.

6th Month, jihai [5 July], executed The Minister over the Masses, Cui Hao.

On xinchou [7 July], a norther tour to Yin Mountain.

Autumn, 7th Month [25 July – 23 August], Yilong dispatched his General who Assists the State, Xiao Binzhi, led a multitude of 60 000 to rob Ji¤ province. The Inspector, Wang Maide, abandoned the province, and ran. Binzhi thereupon entered the city, and at the same time sent the General who Soothes the Boreal, Wang Xuanmo to go west and attack Huatai.

Decreed the Garrison Commander of Fangtou and General who Pacifies the South, the Duke of Nankang, Du Daojun to assist in defending Yan province.

8th Month, guihai [27 September?], a hunt in West of He.

[Actually in the 9th Month. From this date until the 11th Month, the days and months do not fit together.]

On guiwei [17 October], arranged the troops in the Western Suburbs.

9th Month, xinmao [25 October?], the Carriage Drove for the southern offensive.

On guisi [27 October?], the August Heir-Apparent went on a northern offensive, and stationed to the  South of the Desert. The King of Wu, Yu, stayed to defend the Imperial Capita.

On gengzi [3 November?], a limited amnesty in Ding, Ji, and Xiang provinces, for the death penalty and belwo. Issued out the provincial and commandery troops, 50 000, and allotted and gave them to the various armies.

Winter, 10th Month, guihai [26 November?], the Chariot Drove to halt at Fangtou. Decreed the Master of Writing Within the Hall, Zhangsun Zhen, to lead 5 000 cavalry from Shiji Ford, to prepare against Xuanmo escaping running.

On yichou [28 November?], the Chariot Drove to cross the He.

Xuanmo was agreatly afraid, he abandoned his army and ran. The multitudes 4each scattered and dispersed. Pursued their tracks and cut off heads numbering more than 10 000. The arms and weapons piled up in mountains. The Emperor thereupon arrived in Dongping.

Xiao Binzhi abandoned Ji¤ province, and withdrew to protect Licheng. Therefore instructed the various generals to go along separate roads and advance side by side. Sent the Great General who Conquers the West, King of Yongchang, Ren, to set out from Luoyang towards Shouchun; the Master of Writing, Zhangsun Zhen, to hasten to Matou; the King of Chu, Jian, to hasten to Zhongli; the King of Gaoliang, Na, to hasten from Qing province to Xiapi. The Chariot Drove on the middle road.

11th Month, xinmao [24 December], arrived at Zou Mouintain. Liu Yilong's Grand Warden of Lu commandery, Cui Xieli, led his subordinates and city to surrender. Sent envoys to use a  grand sacrificial animals to sacrifice to Master Kong.

On renzi [14 January], stayed at Pengcheng, thereupon hastened to Xuchi.

The state of Edun presented one of their leader[s]' sons.

12th Month, dingmao [29 January], the Chariot Drove to arrive at the Huai. Decreed to cut “stork” reed, to float several ten thousand rafts, and cross.

Yilong's Xuchi defence commander, Zang Zhi, shut the gates to resist and defend. General Hu Chongzhi and others led a multitude of 20 000 to aid Xuchi. The King of Yan, Tan, greatly routed them. He put on display Chongzhi and others, the cut off heads numbered more than 10 000. Everywhere South of the Huai surrendered.

This Month [18 January – 16 February], the King of Yongchang, Ren, attacked Xuanhu, and took it. He captured Yilong's defence commander, Zhao Huai, and sent him off to the Imperial City to behead him. He passed by and settled Xiangcheng, reached West of Huai, greatly routed Yilong's general Liu Kangzu, and beheaded him. He also imprisoned Generals Hu Shengzhi, Wang Luohan, and ohters, and transmitted and delivered htem to the Acting Palace.

On guiwei [14 February], the Chariot Drove to overlook the Jiang. Erected an Acting Palace at Guabu Mountain.

The King of Yongchang, Ren, arrived in West of Jiang from Liyang. The King of Gaoliang, Na, arrived at Guangling from Shanyang, The various armies all on the same day overlooked the Jiang. Among the citied and towns they had passed by, there were nobody who did not look at the dust and run and scatter. Those who surrendered could not possibly be counted.

On jiashen [15 February], Yilong sent to present a hundred sacrificial animals, and offered as tribute the things of his region. He also requested to advance a woman to an august grandson so as to seek peace and friendly relations. The Emperor considered a marriage among the regiments [?] not decorous, he allowed peace, but did not allow the marriage. Sent the Cavalier Attendant Gentleman Xiahou Yue announce it. Decreed the august grandson[s] to make a letter, and cause horses to communicate and ask about it.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Taiyan 1 (435)

[From WS004]

[Taiyan 1, 14 February 435 – 2 February 436]

1st Year of Taiyan [“Grand Perpetuity”], Spring, 1st Month, renwu [9 March], reduced death penalties and below each by one grade.

On guiwei [10 March], sent out the palace people of Taizu and Taizong, and ordered them to get married.

On jiashen [11 March], a great amnesty, and changed the inaugural.

2nd Month, gengzi [27 March], the various states of Ruanruan, Yanqi, and Jushi each dispatched envoys to court to present. Decreed the population of Chang'an and Pingliang to move to be in the Imperial City, and their orphans and elderly who were unable to live by themselves to heed returning to their home villages.

On dingwei [3 April], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

3rd Month, guihai [19 April], Feng Wentong dispatched the great general Kezhu Tong to court to present, explaining that it was due to the son's illness.

Summer, 5th Month, gengshen [15 June], advanced the Duke of Yidu, Mu Shou, as King of Yidu; the Duke of Ruyin, Zhangsun Daosheng, as King of Shangdang, the Duke of Yicheng, Xi Jin, as King of Hengnong; the Duke of Guangling, Lou Fulian, as King of Guangling; their original offices like before. Dispatched 20 envoys as messengers to the Western Regions.

On jiaxu [29 June], travelled to favour Yunzhong.

6th Month, jiawu [19 September], a decree said:

Recently, the robbers and rebels were dispersed and eliminated, the regions outside gradually became quiet. Pondering magnifying government reform, spreading universally the ruling Way, hence again and again decreed to have ministers distribute and circulate thoughts and kindness, soothing and managing the hundred families.

Among the crowd of excellencies, ministers and scholars, and the host of governors, shepherds and wardens, some are not yet fully leading the way and displaying it the best, causing and making yin and yang lose their sequence. The harmonious vapours are not level, in the past spring there was a small drought, and the easterly labours did not flourish. How are We in purest sincerity being moved by [it], why the quickness in response and reply, the clouds and rain shaking and spraying, the flowing marshes soaking and moistening?

There was an uncouth married woman holding a one inch square jade stamp, that came to the family of Marquis Sun of Lu county [?]. When she had absconded and gone, nobody understood where she was. The jade's colour was pure white, brilliantly shining with an inner light. The stamp had three characters, and was in the shape of dragons and birds, the crux of mystery and uncanny cleverness, not a relic of humankind. The writing said “Drought [and] Plague Pacified”. To deduce and seek out its pattern, perhaps the response and reply of gods and spirits. We make use of commending it.

From this and onwards, auspicious omens kept arriving. There was sweet dew and flowing sap coming down inside the hall. Excellent melons with joined peduncles ripened in Zhongshan. Wild trees in a continuous pattern were cultivated in Wei commandery. There was from beginning to end in the districts of annual birth [?]. White swallows gathered at the old Shengle capital, dark birds followed them, perhaps numbering in the thousands. Auspicious grain in frequent years jointly burgeoned in Hengnong. A white pheasant and white rabbit were both seen in Bohai. Three white pheasants also gathered at Pingyang's Temple of the Grand Founder.

When Heaven sends down auspicious gifts, why might it be a virtue to celebrate it? These are the means by which to internally examine alarm and excitement, joy and fear mixing in the breast. Should order a great celebration Under Heaven for five days, courteously responding to the hundred gods. The wardens and stewards sacrifice at the famous mountains and great streams within the borders, sending up answers to Heaven's intentionally, thereby seeking blessing and good fortune.

On bingwu [29 July], the states of Gaoli and Shanshan both dispatched envoys to court to present.

On wushen [2 August], decreed the Great General of Agile Cavalry, the King of Leping, Pi, and others, five generals, to lead 40 000 cavalry to go east and invade Wentong.

Autumn, 7th Month [10 August – 8 September], hunted at Guyang.

On jimao [2 September], Pi and others arrived at Helong. They moved 6 000 men and women, and turned back.

8th Month, bingxu [9 September], thereupon favoured West of the He.

The state of Sute dispatched envoys to court to present.

9th Month, jiaxu [27 October], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Winter, 10th Month, guimao [25 November], the Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing, An Yuan, planned rebellion and submitted to execution.

On jiachen [26 November], travelled to favour Ding province, staying at the Xincheng Palace.

11th Month, yichou [17 December], travelled to favour Ji province.

On jisi [21 December], a barricade hunt at Guangchuan.

On bingzi [28 December], travelled to favour Ye. Sacrificed at the Temple of Empress Dowager Mi.

At the various places that were passed through, addressed and questioned [those of] exalted years, and honoured courteously the worthy and capable.

12th Month, jiashen [5 January], a decree said:

To grasp and hold the Six Handles are the means by which kings governs and administers. To level government affairs and manage disputes are the life directives of excellencies and ministers. To recommend agriculture and level taxes are the sole urgency of the stewards for the people. To expend their strength for three seasons is the achievement carried out by the black-headed. When each cultivate their allotment, it is spoken of as being in order. Now when it is once more not so, how is it considered to be in good order?

Going beyond duty and encroaching upon services is confusing mainstays and guidelines. When above there are no settled commands, how will the people know what to follow? From now and afterwards, those who abscond into hiding to avoid difficulties and sojourning travellers to other villages will all turn back and return to their old live places, and not be asked about previous crimes.

When people kill and maim each other, the shepherds and wardens will rely on the laws for equal judgement, and not heed private and arbitrary retributions and responses. Those who dare to make retributions will be executed with their lineage and family. Neighbourhoods assisting each other are together in crime.

Provinces, commanderies and counties do not get to frivolously dispatch magistrates and soldiers, bothering and disturbing the numerous people. If there is to be sent out a requisition, the county steward will assemble the dignitaries and the district's three elders to plan and calculate, and settle the levy. Reduce where there is much and increase where it is lacking. The nine grades are to mix thoroughly [?], they do not get to give free reign the rich and supervise the poor, or avoid the strong and encroach upon the weak.

The Grand Wardens are to turn over and examine who are able or not, investigate to the core everything in their halls, arrange their words and turn them over to the province. The Inspectors are to clarify and test for the superior and inferior, curb and dismiss faithless magistrates, promote and advance the pure and good, and annually fully recommend the levy to send up to the palace.

The outstanding warden shoulders the acts of governing the people, undertakes to circulate and spread the gracious reforms, receives and obeys the statutes and canons, and has the same worries as the state. To straighten the road and rectify oneself, to solemnly stay in sequential offices, is it not also good?

On guimao [24 January], dispatched envoys to use the grand sacrificial animals to sacrifice at the Northern Peak.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Taiping Zhenjun 4 (443)

[From WS004. Imperial forces conquer Chouchi.]

[Taiping Zhenjun 4, 15 February 443 – 4 February 444]

4th Year, Spring, 1st Month, jisi [14 March], the General who Conquers the West, Pi Baozi, and others greatly routed Liu Yilong's generals at Lexiang. Seized his generals Wang Huanzhi, Wang Changqing, and others. Qiang Xuanming and Xin Bofen abandoned Xiabian to escape and run. Pursued and beheaded them, and fully captured their multitudes.

On gengwu [15 March], travelled to favour Zhongshan.

2nd Month, bingzi [21 March], the Chariot Drove to the sunny side of Heng Mountain, and decreed to have the ministers carve a stone with inscriptions and engravings.

This Month [17 March – 14 April], overcame Chouchi.

3rd Month, gengshen [4 May], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

On renxu [6 May], the state of Wuluohou dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

Summer, 4th Month [15 May – 13 June], the King of Wudu, Yang Baozong, planned rebellion. The various armies seized and sent him off to the Imperial City. The various Di and Qian then pushed forward Baozong's younger brother Wende as ruler, and besieged Chouchi.

On dingyou [10 June], a great amnesty Under Heaven.

On jijai [12 June] travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

5th Month [14 June – 12 July], General Gu Bi greatly routed the various Di, and loosened the siege of Chouchi.

6th Month, gengyin [2 August], a decree said:

We succeeded to the Son of Heaven's people, worry about regulating the ten thousand states, and wish to cause the hundred families' households to be well provided and people have sufficient, giving rise to decorum and righteousness. Yet the shepherds, wardens, prefects and stewards are unable to help Us circulate and spread kindness and virtue, and diligently mitigate the people's pains, reaching thus to violating and confiscating their property, adding hence to the oppression and cruelty. These are not the means by which to make order.

Now remit the people's property taxes for three years, their land rent annually delivered like regular. The likes of shepherds and wardens are each to exert and focus [themselves] on making order, recommending and teaching farming mulberry trees, they do not get to foolishly be summoning and sending out. Have the ministers impeach and investigate, and do not be indulging in it.

On guisi [5 August], a great review at the western suburbs.

Autumn, 9th Month, xinchou [12 October], travelled to favour South of the Desert.

On jiachen [15 October], dwelt among the supply wagons. Used light cavalry to assault the Ruanruan. Divided the army to follow four roads. The affair is written of in the Account of the Ruanruan.

The General who Garrisons the North, Feng Ta, absconded to enter [among] the Ruanruan.

Winter, 11th Month [8 December – 5 January], General Pi Baozi and others pursued and routed Liu Yilong's generals at the Zhuo River.

On jiazi [3 January] the Chariot Drove to arrive in Shuofang. A decree said:

We inherited the succession of founders and ancestor's heavy brilliance, and pondered and expounded on the vast foundation, broadening prosperity for ten thousand generations. Since aligning and surveying Under Heaven, pacified the brutal and removed chaos, sweeping away and purifying were disobedient, for twenty years.

In all regards, yin and yang are moving back and forth, the four seasons are fading in turn. To hand over to sons and rely on the worthy are the means by which to rest and breath. To graciously hold high merited subjects, and model and chart for a long long time, is perhaps the commands and canons  of old and new that do not change.

Should order the August Heir-Apparent to assist in managing the ten thousand moments, with overall command over the hundred measures. The various of Our merited subjects, diligently toiling for long days, all will consider their feudal title and return to their mansions, follow the time for court requests, hosting and banqueting with Us [like?] previously, debate the Way and display schemes, and that is all, and not again likely to again be troubled with predicaments and duties. Furthermore, to raise up the virtuous and capable hence perfects the hundred officials. The ruler who clarifies making ordinances and regulations hence matches with Our heart.

12th Month, xinmao [30 January], the Chariot Drove to arrive from the northern invasion.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Yanhe 3

[From WS004. Peace proposals from Northern Yan are rejected. The Ruanruan send envoys.  The Emperor decrees progressive tax remittance. Jin Dangchuan, son of the Jin Ya encountered in Yanhe 2, continues his father’s rebellion, but is defeated and executed. The tribal leader Bailong is quickly crushed, but it will take some years to round up all his remaining followers.]

[Yanhe 3, 26 January 434 – 13 February 435]

3rd Year, Spring, 1st Month, yiwei [26 January], the Chariot Drove to state at Nü River. A great banquet with the crowd of subjects. Distributed and bestowed to each proportionally.

On wuxu [29 January], Feng Wentong dispatched his Serving Affairs at Yellow Gates Attendant Gentleman, Yi Chen, to beg for peace. The Emperor did not allow it.

On bingchen [16 February], Jin Dangchuan rebelled.

Yang Nandang overcame Hanzhong, and sent off the population which had drifted in from Yong province, 7 000 families, to Chang'an.

2nd Month, dingmao [27 February], Wuti of the Ruanruan offered his younger sister, and also dispatched his older brother of a different mother, Tulugui, and several hundred people of his left and right to court with tribute, presenting 2 000 horses.

On wuyin [10 March], a decree said:

At the start of Us succeeding to the government, the crowd of villains were free and on the loose, the Four Regions were not yet retainers, but places for rebels and usurpers. The Ruanruan were running rampant to the North of the Desert, and the Tiefu indulged in cruelty in the Three Qin. Hence, due to eating at dusk and neglecting sleep, smacking the palm and grasping the wrist, at the appointed time there was sweeping away and purifying the fugitive and cruel, soothing and relieving the ten thousand eaves.

For that reason, for several years there again and again were campaigns, there were affairs in the north-west, and the service of hauling and transporting. The hundred families toiled diligently, and abandoned and neglected their farming and trades. Floods and droughts came and went, causing the living population inequality in poverty and wealth, not obtaining families be well provided and people having sufficient. Sometimes there were those among the cold and destitute who were unable to support themselves. We very much sympathize with them.

Now the Four Regions obey the law, weapons and armour are soothed bit by bit. It is proper to loosen conscription and taxes. Should order the provinces, commanderies and counties to secretly seek out the poor and rich, and consider them to be in three grades. Should for the rich be rents and taxes like ordinarily, those in the middle be remitted two years, the poor at the bottom be remitted three years. The Inspectors, wardens and stewards will do their utmost to be fully level and fair, and will not get to be biased and condoning so as to dupe government regulations. Clarify and support circulating the pledge, so that all cause it to be heard and known.

On xinmao [23 March], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

3rd Month [15 April], travelled to favour West of the He.

Intercalary Month, jiaxu [5 May], the King of Qin, Helian Chang, rebelled and ran.

On bingzi [7 May], the scout commander in Hexi grappled and killed him. Investigated his plans for rebellion. The crowd of younger brothers were all executed.

On jimao [10 May], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace. The Duke of Pengcheng, Yuan Su, advanced in feudal rank to be King.

On xinsi [12 May], Feng Wentong dispatched Master of Writing Gao Yong to sent up a petition to declare himself a vassal. A decree summoned his attending [i.e. hostage] son.

On wuzi [19 May], Jin Dangchuan led his multitudes to besiege the Marquis of Xichuan, Peng Wenhui, at Yinmi.

Summer, 4th Month, yiwei [26 May], decreed the Great General who Conquers the West, the King of Changshan, Su, to chastise Dangchuan.

On dingwei [7 June], travelled to favour West of the He.

On renxu [22 June], captured Dangchuan. Beheaded him at Chang'an so as to follow round.

6th Month, jiachen [3 August], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

On xinhai [10 August], the Great General who Consoles the Army, the King of Yongchang, Jian the Minister of Work, the Duke of Ruyin, Zhangsun Daosheng, and the Palace Attendant Gu Bi supervised the various armies to chastise Helong. They cut its grain and crops, moved the population, and then turned back.

Autumn, 7th Month, xinsi [9 September], the Eastern Palace was complete. Prepared and set up a stationery guard, one third of the Western Palace's.

On renwu [10 September], travelled to favour Meiji, thereupon arrived at Xicheng. Instructed the various armies to chastise Bailong of the Mouintain Hu in Xihe.

9th Month, wuzi [15 November], overcame him. Beheaded Bailong and his generals and leaders, and slaughtered his city.

Winter, 10th Month, guisi [20 November], the state of Ruanruan dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On jiawu [21 November], routed the remnants of Bailong's partisans in Wuyuan. Decreed that those of the Mountain Hu who had been pressured by Bailong and then reverted in surrender be accepted as pacified population. For the various people who had been together with Bailong in his crimes, beheaded several thousand people, captured their wives and children and distributed and bestowed [them] to the generals and soldiers each proportionally.

11th Month [17 December – 14 January], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

12th Month, jiachen [30 January], travelled to favour Yunzhong.