#which are used in various mechanical applications to synchronize the rotation of two or more shafts. These belts have teeth on their inner

[seimitsu-factory-automation]

Tsubaki synchronous belts are commonly known as timing belts, which are used in various mechanical applications to synchronize the rotation of two or more shafts. These belts have teeth on their inner surface that fit into corresponding grooves on the pulleys, ensuring precise and synchronous power transmission. Tsubaki's synchronous belts comes in various sizes, materials, and designs to suit different applications and environments. They offer advantages such as low maintenance, high efficiency, and reduced noise compared to other power transmission methods.

To know more: https://www.seimitsu.in/tsubaki-power-transmission-drive-chains-sprockets.html

Email id: sales@seimitsu.in

Call: +91 9028121211

#rollerchain #synchronusbelts #timingbelts #drivechain #powerlocks #tsubakidrivechain #tsubakitimingbelts #seimitsu #seimitsufactoryauatomation

[thegearedges]

 The Role of Gear Edges in Timing Pulley Manufacturing

In the world of mechanical systems and machinery, the timing pulley plays a crucial role. Its purpose is to synchronize the movement between two rotating shafts, ensuring that they operate in harmony. A key factor in achieving this synchronization is the design and manufacturing of the gear edges on timing pulleys. Let's delve into how timing pulley manufacturers approach this vital component and why precision at the gear edges is paramount.

Understanding Timing Pulleys

Timing pulleys are specialized gears designed with teeth that engage with a timing belt, allowing for precise control of rotational movement and speed. Unlike standard pulleys, timing pulleys ensure that there is no slippage between the belt and the pulley, making them ideal for applications requiring exact timing and synchronization.

The Importance of Gear Edges

The gear edges of a timing pulley are not just a design feature; they are a critical element that affects the performance, durability, and efficiency of the pulley system. Here's why:

Precision Alignment: Accurate gear edges ensure precise engagement with the timing belt, crucial for maintaining the correct synchronization between rotating shafts.

Efficient Power Transmission: Well-defined gear edges facilitate smooth and efficient power transfer between the pulley and the belt, minimizing energy loss and maximizing performance.

Reduced Slippage: Properly machined gear edges prevent slippage between the pulley and the timing belt, which is essential for maintaining consistent operational speeds and timings.

Enhanced Durability: High-quality gear edges, made with durable materials and precision, resist wear and tear, extending the lifespan of both the pulley and the belt.

Minimized Noise and Vibration: Smooth and precise gear edges reduce noise and vibrations during operation, contributing to quieter and more stable machinery.

Consistency in Performance: Precision at the gear edges ensures that the pulley system consistently performs as expected, without unexpected deviations or failures.

Compatibility: Accurate gear edges guarantee compatibility with various timing belts, ensuring that the pulleys function correctly with different belt profiles and sizes.

Reduced Maintenance Needs: Well-manufactured gear edges decrease the frequency of maintenance and adjustments required, reducing downtime and operational costs.

Enhanced Load Handling: Properly designed gear edges can handle higher loads and stresses, making the timing pulley suitable for demanding applications.

10. Improved Safety: Reliable gear edges contribute to the   overall safety of mechanical systems by reducing the risk of failure or malfunction, which can otherwise lead to accidents or damage

The Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing of timing pulleys with precise gear edges involves several steps:

Precision Design and CAD Modeling: The process begins with detailed Computer-Aided Design (CAD) modeling to ensure the gear edges meet exact specifications. This modeling is crucial for precise gear tooth profiles and dimensions.

High-Quality Material Selection: Choosing the appropriate material (e.g., aluminum, steel, or high-strength plastic) is vital for durability and performance. The selected material must also be compatible with the intended application and operating conditions.

Advanced Machining Techniques: Techniques such as CNC milling, turning, and hobbing are employed to machine the gear edges with high accuracy. These methods ensure that the gear teeth are cut to precise tolerances.

Surface Finishing: After machining, surface finishing processes such as grinding, honing, or polishing are applied to achieve a smooth and accurate gear edge surface, reducing friction and wear.

Gear Edge Profiling: Specialized tools and equipment are used to profile the gear edges accurately. This includes ensuring the correct tooth pitch, angle, and depth to match the timing belt specifications.

Inspection and Quality Control: Rigorous inspection procedures are implemented to check the gear edges for dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and overall quality. This often involves using precision measuring instruments and quality assurance techniques.

Heat Treatment: For certain materials, heat treatment processes such as hardening or annealing are applied to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of the gear edges.

Surface Coating: To further improve durability and corrosion resistance, surface coatings such as anodizing, plating, or painting may be applied to the gear edges.

Balancing and Alignment: The timing pulley is checked for dynamic balance and alignment to ensure smooth operation and reduce vibrations, which can affect the gear edges' performance.

Testing and Validation: Final testing, including performance and load tests, is conducted to validate that the timing pulley with its gear edges meets the required operational standards and specifications. This step ensures reliability in real-world applications.

Innovations in Timing Pulley Manufacturing

The field of timing pulley manufacturing is constantly evolving, with new technologies and materials enhancing the performance of gear edges. Innovations such as advanced 3D printing techniques, high-performance composite materials, and automated inspection systems are contributing to more precise and reliable timing pulleys.

Conclusion

In summary, the gear edges of timing pulleys are more than just a component—they are the linchpin of effective synchronization and performance in mechanical systems. For timing pulley manufacturers, precision at the gear edges is essential for producing components that deliver accuracy, durability, and reliability. As technology advances, the focus on refining gear edge manufacturing will continue to drive improvements in timing pulley performance, ultimately benefiting a wide range of applications and industries.

[nmagroup]

AC Servo Motor Control System: A Comprehensive Guide

In today’s world, precision and efficiency are the key to success in various industrial applications. One piece of technology that plays a vital role in achieving this precision is the AC servo motor control system. This system is used in a wide range of applications, from robotics and automation to CNC machinery and more. In this blog, we’ll explore what an AC servo motor control system is, how it works, its components, and its benefits in simple, easy-to-understand language.

1. What is an AC Servo Motor Control System?

An AC servo motor control system is an advanced system used to control the movement and position of an AC servo motor. It includes a servo motor, a control unit, and a feedback system. These systems are highly efficient and capable of providing precise control over speed, position, and torque, making them perfect for industries that require high accuracy, such as robotics, aerospace, and manufacturing.

In simple terms, this system ensures that the motor moves exactly as required, even under varying load conditions, by constantly adjusting and correcting the motor’s movement using feedback from sensors.

2. Key Components of an AC Servo Motor Control System

To understand how an AC servo motor control system works, let’s first break down its key components:

Servo Motor: The heart of the system, the AC servo motor, is responsible for producing the mechanical motion. It can rotate or move linearly depending on the design.

Servo Controller: This is the brain of the system. The controller sends signals to the motor based on the desired output and compares the current state of the motor (speed, position) with the desired values.

Feedback System: The feedback device, usually a rotary encoder or resolver, provides information about the motor’s current position or speed. This feedback is sent to the controller, which then adjusts the motor’s performance as needed.

Drive Circuit: The drive circuit is responsible for supplying power to the motor based on the commands it receives from the controller.

Together, these components work in harmony to make the AC servo motor control system a powerful tool for achieving accurate motion control.

3. How Does an AC Servo Motor Control System Work?

At its core, an AC servo motor control system operates using a closed-loop control mechanism. Here’s a step-by-step explanation:

Command Signal: The controller receives a command signal that specifies the desired motion — for example, the exact position or speed the motor should achieve.

Movement: The controller sends an electrical signal to the drive circuit, which powers the AC servo motor to begin moving toward the specified position or speed.

Feedback: As the motor moves, the feedback device (encoder or resolver) continuously monitors the motor’s position or speed and sends this information back to the controller.

Comparison and Adjustment: The controller compares the actual motor movement with the desired movement. If there is any deviation or error, the controller adjusts the motor’s operation to correct it in real time.

This closed-loop feedback system ensures that the motor follows the commands precisely, even if there are changes in load or other external factors.

4. Types of AC Servo Motors

AC servo motors used in control systems generally fall into two categories:

Synchronous AC Servo Motors: These motors rotate at a speed that is synchronized with the frequency of the supplied AC power. They offer high precision and are typically used in applications that demand tight control over speed and position.

Asynchronous (Induction) AC Servo Motors: In these motors, the rotor does not rotate in perfect synchronization with the AC power frequency. Although less precise than synchronous motors, they are more robust and cost-effective, making them suitable for less demanding applications.

Both types of motors are widely used in various AC servo motor control systems depending on the specific requirements of the application.

5. Advantages of Using AC Servo Motor Control Systems

Now that we’ve covered what an AC servo motor control system is and how it works, let’s explore some of the key benefits of using these systems:

High Precision: AC servo motors provide incredibly accurate control over speed, position, and torque, making them ideal for tasks that require exact motion.

Fast Response: Thanks to the feedback mechanism, these systems can respond and adjust very quickly, ensuring that even the smallest deviations are corrected in real time.

Energy Efficiency: Since the motor only operates as needed, based on the feedback received, the system can be more energy-efficient compared to other types of motor control systems.

Smooth Operation: The closed-loop system ensures smooth and stable motor operation, even under changing loads or conditions.

Reliability: AC servo motors and control systems are designed to operate for long periods with minimal maintenance, making them a reliable option for industrial applications.

Versatility: These systems can be easily integrated into a wide range of applications, from simple tasks like conveyor belts to complex robotic systems.

With such a broad array of advantages, it’s clear why the AC servo motor control system is a go-to solution for industries looking for precise and efficient motion control.

6. Conclusion

In conclusion, the AC servo motor control system is a crucial component in modern automation and industrial applications. Its precision, speed, and reliability make it a preferred choice in industries ranging from robotics to aerospace. By combining a powerful AC servo motor, an intelligent controller, and a responsive feedback system, these systems can deliver unmatched performance and efficiency. As technology continues to advance, the role of AC servo motor control systems will only grow, making them an indispensable tool in the future of industrial automation.

Originally Published Here:-

[ishikasolitaire]

Understanding Sprockets: The Unsung Heroes of Mechanical Systems

Understanding Sprockets: The Unsung Heroes of Mechanical Systems

Sprockets are fundamental components in many mechanical systems, serving as the pivotal link in chains and gears that drive everything from bicycles to industrial machinery. Despite their crucial role, sprockets often don't get the attention they deserve. This article explores what sprockets are, how they function, and their applications across various industries.

What Are Sprockets?

Sprockets are wheels with teeth that engage with a chain or a track. Unlike gears, which mesh directly with each other, sprockets work in conjunction with chains or belts to transmit rotational motion and torque between shafts. Their design can vary significantly based on their application, but the core principle remains the same: to convert rotational motion into linear movement or vice versa.

How Do Sprockets Work?

Sprockets function by gripping the links of a chain or belt and turning them. As the sprocket turns, it pulls the chain along, which in turn drives other components of the machine. The key to effective sprocket operation is the precise alignment of the sprocket teeth with the chain links, ensuring smooth and efficient power transmission.

There are a few essential factors to consider in sprocket design:

Number of Teeth: The number of teeth on a sprocket affects the gear ratio, which determines the speed and torque of the system. More teeth generally mean higher torque and lower speed, while fewer teeth result in higher speed and lower torque.

Pitch: This is the distance between the centers of two adjacent teeth. It must match the pitch of the chain or belt to ensure proper engagement and prevent slippage.

Material: Sprockets are made from various materials, including steel, aluminum, and plastic. The choice of material depends on factors such as load, speed, and environmental conditions.

Size and Design: The size and design of sprockets vary depending on their specific application. They can be simple single-tooth designs or complex multi-tooth configurations.

Applications of Sprockets

Sprockets are versatile and find applications in numerous fields:

Bicycles: In bicycles, sprockets (often referred to as cogs) are part of the drivetrain system. They work with the chain to transfer pedal power to the wheels. Different sizes of sprockets on the front and rear allow for gear changes that affect speed and climbing ability.

Industrial Machinery: In industrial settings, sprockets are used in conveyor systems, where they drive chains that move materials along a production line. Their robust design ensures reliable performance under heavy loads and harsh conditions.

Automotive Applications: Sprockets are integral to the timing mechanisms in internal combustion engines. They synchronize the camshaft and crankshaft to ensure that the engine’s valves open and close at the right times.

Agricultural Equipment: In agriculture, sprockets drive various machinery such as harvesters and tillers. Their durability and efficiency are crucial for the demanding conditions of farm work.

Entertainment and Leisure: Sprockets also appear in amusement park rides and other recreational equipment, where they contribute to the smooth operation of moving parts.

Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Proper maintenance of sprockets is essential for ensuring the longevity and efficiency of mechanical systems. Key maintenance tasks include:

Regular Inspection: Check for wear and tear, such as tooth degradation or chain slack.

Proper Lubrication: Lubricate the chain and sprocket to reduce friction and prevent rust.

Alignment Checks: Ensure that sprockets are correctly aligned to avoid uneven wear and potential damage.

Common issues with sprockets include chain slippage, excessive noise, and premature wear. Addressing these problems often involves adjusting the chain tension, replacing worn sprockets, or realigning the sprockets and chain.

Conclusion

Sprockets may not be the flashiest components in machinery, but their role in translating rotational motion into useful work cannot be overstated. Understanding their function, design, and maintenance is crucial for anyone involved in mechanical systems. From bicycles to industrial equipment, sprockets are the unsung heroes that keep our world moving smoothly.

Whether you're a hobbyist or a professional engineer, appreciating the intricacies of sprockets can lead to better maintenance practices, improved performance, and a deeper understanding of mechanical systems.

[pranaliahuja12]

Top Things to Consider About Before Buying a Polyurethane Timing Belt (PU Timing Belt) 

An example of a power transmission belt that synchronizes the rotation of two or more parts in various mechanical systems is a polyurethane timing belt, sometimes called a timing belt or synchronous belt. Because it is typically made of a robust, flexible polyurethane material, it is known as "polyurethane." They are often utilized in various applications, including conveyor systems, printing presses, business equipment, auto engines, and many others where precise timing and power transmission are essential. 

Timing belts made of polyurethane have several significant attributes, such as: 

PU timing belt with a toothed pattern include internal ridges or teeth that mesh with corresponding pulleys or sprockets. The serrated design, which ensures tight contact and prevents slippage, enables the exact synchronization of shafts. 

High Efficiency: The flexibility and serrated structure of the polyurethane material enable effective power transmission with low energy loss. 

Low Maintenance: These belts require comparably less maintenance since they don't need lubrication and are resistant to various environmental factors, including moisture, chemicals, and oil. 

Noise reduction: Polyurethane timing belts operate more quietly than other belts due to their toothed design, which reduces noise and vibration. 

PU timing belt are widely used in CNC machines, robotics, 3D printers, and other mechanical and industrial systems that demand precise motion control. They are preferred over different types of belts in situations when dependability and accurate timing are essential. They are a popular choice in many sectors because of their minimal maintenance requirements and resistance to wear. 

When buying a polyurethane timing belt, there are several important factors and considerations to keep in mind to ensure you receive the right belt for your specific application.  

Below are the essentials to consider: 

Application needs: Recognize the unique requirements of your application. Considerations should be made for speed, torque, load, and operating environment. Different belt sizes, profiles, and materials could be required for diverse applications. Make sure to talk about these things with pu timing belt manufacturers. 

Belt Size: Make the appropriate belt size and tooth profile selections based on the requirements of your application. The size and profile of the belt affect its ability to convey power quickly and accurately. 

Tooth pitch: Determine the tooth pitch that is suitable for your application. A lower pitch allows finer placement accuracy, while a larger angle supports bigger weights. 

Belt length: Determine the required belt length based on the distance between the pulleys or sprockets in your system. Ensure your timing belt is long enough to provide the proper tension and engagement. 

Weight capacity: Given that it may impact the belt's performance regarding weight-bearing power, energy efficiency, and noise level, consider the tooth shape, such as curvilinear or trapezoidal. 

Substance and Reinforcement: Examine the belt's layers of reinforcement and meaning. Polyurethane timing belts may be reinforced with various substances, such as steel or aramid cables. The choice of timing belts India is made based on the application's needs for strength and durability. 

Operating: Look into the working conditions that the belt may encounter. Consider variables including temperature, moisture content, chemical exposure, and UV radiation exposure.  

Tensioning system: You should decide on the best tensioning mechanism for your belt. The tension affects a belt's performance and durability. Tensioners come in both manual and automatic varieties, depending on your application. 

Maintenance: Consider the belt's maintenance requirements. Polyurethane timing belts require little maintenance; however, their tension has to be checked occasionally. 

Budget: Compare prices of various manufacturers and vendors to ensure the belt you purchase is within your budget. Remember that more expensive belts of superior quality could perform better and last longer. 

Supplier Reputation: If you want timing belts of the finest standard, reputable manufacturers and suppliers are advised. Examine a product's certifications and customer evaluations to verify its trustworthiness and get warranty card from pu timing belt manufacturers. 

Installation: The efficiency of a belt depends on how it is installed. Follow the manufacturer's facility, tensioning, and alignment directions for the greatest performance. 

Spare components: Consider purchasing extra timing belts India or replacement components for your timing belt system to minimize downtime in the case of unanticipated breakdowns. 

If you wanted to know regarding the timing belt, then we have shared all the information here. So, you may give it a read! Jigna Sales offers the best timing belt. 

[epspl001]

An Introduction to Mechanical Booster Vacuum Pumps

What is a Mechanical Booster Vacuum Pump?

Imagine you are tasked with designing a high-quality vacuum system for a chemical processing plant or a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. You need a vacuum pump that is efficient, reliable, and capable of achieving the desired vacuum levels for your specific process requirements. Enter the mechanical booster vacuum pump, a versatile and powerful tool that can help you achieve your goals!

A mechanical booster vacuum pump, also known as a Roots pump, is a type of positive displacement pump that can be used to increase the vacuum level in a system. It is designed to operate in conjunction with a primary pump, typically a rotary vane or rotary piston pump, to improve the overall performance and efficiency of the vacuum system. The mechanical booster pump is an essential component in many industrial processes, offering numerous advantages and benefits over other types of vacuum pumps.

In this blog post, we will take an in-depth look at mechanical booster vacuum pumps, exploring their working principle, advantages, and typical applications in various industries. By the end of this article, you will have a better understanding of why mechanical booster vacuum pumps are a valuable tool for process engineers and how they can help optimize your vacuum system.

How Does a Mechanical Booster Vacuum Pump Work?

The mechanical booster vacuum pump operates on the principle of positive displacement, which involves trapping a fixed volume of gas and then expelling it from the pump. The pump consists of two counter-rotating lobes, or rotors, that are synchronized by a pair of gears. As the rotors turn, they create a series of expanding and contracting volumes between the rotors and the pump casing. This action draws gas into the pump, compresses it, and expels it through the exhaust.

Since the mechanical booster pump does not compress the gas internally, it relies on a primary pump to reduce the gas pressure before it enters the booster. This allows the mechanical booster pump to operate more efficiently, as the gas is already at a lower pressure when it reaches the booster stage. The combination of the primary pump and mechanical booster pump results in a more effective and powerful vacuum system, capable of achieving deeper vacuum levels and higher pumping speeds than a primary pump alone.

It is important to note that mechanical booster vacuum pumps are not designed to operate at atmospheric pressure. In fact, they can suffer severe damage if they are operated in this manner. To prevent this, a bypass valve was often installed to protect the pump from overpressure, allowing it to operate within its optimal pressure range but with variable frequency drives getting economical, Vacuum Booster motors are nowadays provided with variable frequency drives.

What are the Advantages of Using a Mechanical Booster Vacuum Pump?

There are several key advantages to using a mechanical booster vacuum pump in your vacuum system, including:

Increased pumping speed: By augmenting the performance of the primary pump, a mechanical booster pump can significantly increase the pumping speed of a vacuum system. This means that the system can achieve the desired vacuum level more quickly and efficiently, saving time and energy.

Improved vacuum level: Mechanical booster vacuum pumps can help achieve deeper vacuum levels than a primary pump alone. This is particularly beneficial in applications where a high vacuum level is required for optimum process performance.

Energy efficiency: Due to their design and mode of operation, mechanical booster vacuum pumps are more energy-efficient than other types of vacuum pumps. This translates to lower operating costs and a reduced environmental impact.

What are Some Typical Applications for Mechanical Booster Vacuum Pumps?

Mechanical booster vacuum pumps are used in a wide range of industries and applications, including:

Chemical processing: In chemical processing plants, mechanical booster vacuum pumps are used to optimize the vacuum levels for various processes, such as distillation, evaporation, and drying. This ensures that the products are of high quality and that the processes are as efficient as possible.

Pharmaceutical manufacturing: In the pharmaceutical industry, mechanical booster vacuum pumps are used to maintain the required vacuum levels for processes such as freeze-drying, degassing, and sterilization. This helps to ensure that the final products are safe, effective, and of the highest quality.

Vacuum furnaces: Mechanical booster vacuum pumps are used in vacuum furnaces to achieve the desired vacuum levels for various heat treatment processes, such as brazing, sintering, and annealing. This helps to improve the quality and performance of the treated materials.

In conclusion, mechanical booster vacuum pumps are an indispensable tool for process engineers in various industries. Their ability to increase pumping speed, achieve deeper vacuum levels, and operate efficiently makes them an ideal solution for optimizing vacuum systems in chemical processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, vacuum furnaces, and more.

If you are considering incorporating a mechanical booster vacuum pump into your vacuum system, consult with our team of experts. We can help you determine the best pump configuration for your specific process requirements and provide guidance on how to optimize your vacuum system for maximum performance and efficiency.

Contact us today to learn more about our mechanical booster vacuum pumps and how they can benefit your processes!

Contact Us: Economy Process Solutions Private Ltd

Email:  sales@economysolutions.in

(IN) - +91 22 2520 5864

[mainstreetmotors]

Deciding Which Motor is Right For You

Deciding which kind motor you need could not be an simple task. There are many different sorts obtainable right now. Before you get, there are a amount of parameters that want to be resolved. So how can you correctly achieve this? This write-up is prepared to aid you in determining which motor is very best for your application. First and foremost you will want to know what voltage supply is accessible in your application. Electric motors can be labeled as either AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Present). Alternating existing types only run on AC Voltage and immediate current kinds only run on DC Voltage. There is also a universal motor that can run on both AC and DC voltages. As soon as you have recognized which power supply you have you will want to establish which type will operate for your software. main street motors  AC motors can be sub-divided into the subsequent: Solitary Phase Induction, A few Section Induction, Two Stage Servo, and Hysteresis Synchronous. DC motors can be sub-divided into: Brushless DC, Brush DC, and Stepper varieties. Subsequent we require to understand the distinct traits of each kind in order to properly match a motor to its application. A solitary stage induction motor is connected to a single voltage line. An exterior capacitor is necessary to make this motor run. The various types of solitary period induction motors are distinguished by which method they are started out. The four fundamental types are: split section, capacitor begin, permanent split capacitor, and capacitor start/capacitor operate. A split stage motor employs a switching system to disconnect the begin winding when the motor receives to seventy five% of its rated speed. Even though this variety has a basic design which helps make it less costly for professional use, it also has minimal beginning torques and high starting up currents. The capacitor start off motor is fundamentally a split stage capacitor motor with a capacitor in series with the starting winding to develop more starting up torque. This motor is a lot more costly on account of the switching and capacitor requirement. A long lasting break up capacitor motor does not have any staring swap. For this variety, a capacitor is permanently linked to the starting winding. Considering that this capacitor is essential for steady use, it does not supply commencing electrical power, consequently starting up torques are generally low. These motors are not suggested for weighty commencing load purposes. Even so, they do have lower beginning currents, quieter procedure, and increased lifestyle/reliability, therefore producing them a excellent decision for large cycle rates. They are also the most reputable capacitor motor on account of not possessing a starting swap. They can also be made for higher efficiencies and electrical power issue at rated loads. The capacitor begin/capacitor run motor has equally a start and operate capacitor in the circuit. The commence capacitor is switched out once attaining start-up. This kind of motor has larger beginning, lower loaded currents, and increased efficiency. The drawback is the expenditure that is essential for two capacitors and a switching system. Trustworthiness also plays a factor on account of the switching mechanism. The a few stage induction motor is wound for 3 section alternating voltage. These are the simplest and most rugged electric powered motors accessible. The motor could be designed for either DELTA or WYE hook-up. This variety is made for continuous use and high beginning torques. Motor velocity is relatively constant. If a few period voltage is offered this is the motor to pick. Two stage servo motors are utilized in servo methods, therefore the identify. They are very sensitive to voltage versions on the manage phase. This design calls for two voltages in ninety degrees period shift from every other in purchase to generate a rotating magnetic discipline. Servo motors have large torque to inertia ratio, substantial speed and performs properly for velocity control apps. Tachometer comments devices can be equipped with these motors. Hysteresis synchronous motors are basically induction motors that run at synchronous speed. When your application needs synchronous speeds this is the very best choice. These motors can be designed for both one phase or three phase. For one stage voltage a capacitor will be required. Hysteresis synchronous motors create what is recognized as pull-out and pull-in torques. Pull-out torque is the quantity of torque/load the motor can manage just as it pull out of synchronous speed. Pull-in torque is the volume of torque on the output shaft that makes it possible for the motor to pull into synchronism and continue to be there. Equally pull-in and pull out torques are quite similar. These motors have low starting up currents and minimal vibration. Because the rotor assembly is made from a cobalt materials, which is tough to appear by, this design of motor is pricey. Business Name: Main Street Motors Phone Number: 219-476-0005

[landensueo436]

A Recall When The Clock Was Created.

Content

Time Display Screen Approaches

Division Of Mechanical Engineeringprof Michael Nosonovsky.

Mechanical Water Clocks

But given that the exemption really does show the policy, let's raise yet one more concern question; allow's ask when the very first mechanical clock was created. In 1927, Canadian-born Warren Marrison, a telecommunications engineer, was searching for trusted frequency standards at Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Time Screen Methods

Quartz crystals oscillating at frequencies of 100,000 hertz can be contrasted as well as frequency differences established to an accuracy of one component in 1010. The synchronous electrical clock has no timekeeping properties in itself and is entirely reliant upon the regularity stability of the alternating existing provided. If this regularity adjustments, the electric clock will certainly not keep proper time. Developed in 1840, the very first battery electric clock was driven by a springtime and also pendulum and also utilized an electric impulse to operate a variety of dials. Substantial experimental job followed, and also it was not till 1906 that the initial self-contained battery-driven clock was designed.

Department Of Mechanical Engineeringprof Michael Nosonovsky.

The initial schedules might have been created throughout the last antarctic duration, by hunter-gatherers who employed devices such as sticks and bones to track the stages of the moon or the seasons. Stone circles, such as England's Stonehenge, were built in various components of the globe, specifically in Prehistoric Europe, as well as are believed to have actually been utilized to time and forecast seasonal as well as annual events such as equinoxes or solstices. As those megalithic civilizations left no recorded background, little is recognized of their calendars or timekeeping techniques.

The merkhet, the earliest recognized huge device, was an Egyptian growth of around 600 BCE. A pair of merkhets was used to establish a north-south line by aligning them with the Pole Celebrity. They could then be made use of to mark off nighttime hrs by identifying when particular various other celebrities went across the meridian. Time reform reached its zenith a century ago, yet our very own vocabulary of technological adjustment is just as unassailable, equally as blindly modern. From Google to GrubHub, today's electronic innovations supply ease and enhancement, much less lost time and more information, higher and extra purposeful link with the globe around us. This language is rising as well as positive, yet it also ensures political presumptions about that we are as well as exactly how we should live together.

Mechanical Water Clocks

The prices of the setup consisted of the permanent employment of 2 clockkeepers for two years. Islamic human being is attributed with additional progressing the precision of clocks with sophisticated design. In 797, the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, presented Charlemagne with an Asian Elephant called Abul-Abbas along with a "particularly elaborate example" of a water clock. Pope Sylvester II presented clocks to northern as well as western Europe around 1000 ADVERTISEMENT. The incentive was at some point asserted in 1761 by Yorkshire woodworker John Harrison, who committed his life to boosting the accuracy of his clocks.

Monastery Clocks And Also Clock Towers

Another challenge is to validate experimentally their estimated systematic unpredictabilities through direct comparisons between optical clocks developed individually in different laboratories. Right here researchers in Europe have a benefit as it is already possible to compare optical appear the UK, France as well as Germany with the necessary degree of precision utilizing optical-fibre web links. Unfortunately, these methods can not currently be used on global ranges and also alternative methods to connect to optical appear the US and also Japan should be found.

The electric clock's mainspring is wound either with an electrical motor or with an electromagnet and armature.

Proper tailoring converts this rotation rate to the right ones for the hands of the analog clock.

Time in these instances is gauged in numerous means, such as by counting the cycles of the AC supply, vibration of a tuning fork, the practices of quartz crystals, or the quantum resonances of atoms.

Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker, patented the electric clock in 1840.

In 1815, Francis Ronalds released the very first electric clock powered by completely dry pile batteries.

Electronic circuits split these high-frequency oscillations to slower ones that drive the time display.

While the device of the wall surface clock did not transform whatsoever till the nineteenth century, it did undergo a variety of style variations during that period. Although our initial attempts were not all that helpful, time is a crucial part of life, and also thus the search for one of horloge-factory.com/products/horloge-ancienne-avec-balancier-en-bois the most reliable clock continued. With the application of the concurrent electrical motor to clocks in 1918, residential electrical clocks ended up being prominent. A concurrent electrical motor runs in action with the frequency of the electric power source, which in The United States and Canada alternates at 60 hertz. The electrical motor is paired to a decrease tailoring that drives the clock hands at the right rate.

When Was The Watch Developed?

Who designs DC?

Other accounts credit Abel Cottey, the first of the "Six Quaker Clockmakers" featured in the book of the same name, with building the first American-made clock in 1709.

the 12-hour symbols with AM/PM indication, with hrs showed as 12AM, complied with by 1AM-- 11AM, adhered to by 12PM, adhered to by 1PM-- 11PM. Clocks can be identified by the type of time display screen, along with by the method of timekeeping. This shows the count of secs, minutes, hrs, etc. in a human readable kind. In electric clocks, the power source is either a battery or the A/C power line. In clocks that make use of Air Conditioner power, a small back-up battery is frequently included to maintain the clock running if it is unplugged temporarily from the wall or throughout a power interruption. Battery powered analog wall surface clocks are offered that operate over 15 years between battery modifications. A scale version of Su Tune's Huge Clock Tower, constructed in 11th-century Kaifeng, China.

[motortopics]

Classification of geared motors and their structure and working principle

There are various classifications in the electromechanical industry: reducers, motors, generators, motors, transmissions, gearboxes, etc. There are many types, and each type of reducer, motor, motor has many small classifications, and each classification has Different working principles of geared motors, now let's briefly introduce the classification of geared motors, their structure and working principles.

There are three categories of geared motors: DC geared motors, synchronous geared motors, asynchronous geared motors, and DC geared motors are rotating electrical machines that convert DC electrical energy into mechanical energy (DC motor) or convert mechanical energy into DC electrical energy (DC generator). According to their use, they can be divided into motors and generators, but there are also other special-purpose motors, such as torque motors used as actuators in automatic control systems and general transmission power. A ring-shaped permanent magnet is fixed in the DC motor, and the current passes through the coil on the rotor to generate the Loren magnetic force. When the coil on the rotor is parallel to the magnetic field, the direction of the magnetic field will change if it continues to rotate. Therefore, the brush at the end of the rotor follows the magnetic field. The converters are alternately contacted, so that the direction of the current on the coil also changes, and the direction of the generated Loren magnetic force remains unchanged, so the geared motor can keep rotating in one direction. DC generators are no longer used, but the application range of DC motors has been further expanded. In some fields (such as vacuum smelting industry and occasions where there is no AC power grid and a DC power supply is required), DC generators still have a certain status. Structure of DC motor: main magnetic pole, commutation pole, frame, brush device, rotor, armature core, armature winding, commutator, shaft, excitation mode of DC motor: excitation mode of DC motor, shunt DC motor Motor, series excitation DC motor, compound excitation DC motor geared motor

Synchronous geared motors can be divided into generators, motors and compensators according to their uses, but they are mainly used as generators: if they are divided according to their structural forms, there are rotating armature type (magnetic poles are fixed on the stator) and rotating magnetic field type (electrical field type). The pivot is fixed on the stator) synchronous geared motor, which is a commonly used AC motor like an induction motor. The characteristic is: during steady-state operation, there is a constant relationship between the rotor speed and the grid frequency n=ns=60f/p, ns is called the synchronous speed. If the frequency of the grid does not change, the rotational speed of the synchronous motor in the steady state is constant regardless of the size of the load. Synchronous geared motors are divided into synchronous generators and synchronous motors. The AC machines in modern power plants are dominated by synchronous motors. How it works: Establishment of main magnetic field, current-carrying conductor, cutting motion, generation of alternating potential, alternation and symmetry. There are roughly two types of synchronous motors in structure: the rotor is excited by direct current, and the rotor does not need to be excited. There are three main operating modes of synchronous motors, that is, as a generator, a motor, and a compensator. Running as a generator is the most important running mode of a synchronous motor, and running as a motor is another important running mode of a synchronous motor. -- China bldc motor driver Manufacturers

Asynchronous geared motors are mainly used as motors, which are the most widely used and most demanded motors among various motors. About 90% of the motive power of electrical appliances are asynchronous motors, of which small asynchronous motors account for more than 70%. In the total load of the power grid, the asynchronous motor consumes more than 60% of the electricity. Advantages: simple structure, convenient manufacture, low price and convenient operation. Disadvantages: lag power factor, low light load power factor, slightly poor speed regulation performance. Mainly used for electric motors, generally not used as generator gear motorsThe classification, structure and principle of geared motors have been introduced above. If you want to understand the structure, principles and classification of geared motors, you need to keep exploring. It is best to read the development history of geared motors, from which you can learn the development of geared motors. And formation, perception of the great invention of human beings.

[messungautomation]

BASICS OF SERVO MOTOR CONTROL

Ever wondered how metal cutting & forming machines provide such accurate motion for milling, lathes, etc.? Or how a robotic vehicle in military application controls bomb detonation with careful precision? Or how do spinning machines in textile factories operate with unfailing accuracy and consistency for repetitive tasks? It’s all thanks to the precise control of servo systems.

Let’s start with a fundamental question: What is a servo?

Technically, the term ‘servo’ refers to a function and not a specific device, although the term is used as a short form for a servo motor or servo system.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SERVO MOTORS AND DRIVES?

To many, a servo drive and a servo motor can seem like the same thing because they are often used together in tandem. In reality, they play different roles in automation.

What is a servo motor? Servo motors are electrical devices made up of various parts, that move and rotate parts of a machine with efficiency and precision. Servo motor functions include precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.

Servo drives are responsible for motion control by precisely calculating the path and trajectory needed and sending command signals to the motor. Drives can control position, velocity as well as torque.

WHAT IS A SERVO SYSTEM?

A servo motor control system is one where the system’s error (in positioning, speed, or torque) is corrected through feedback generated when it compares the system’s actual performance with the commanded performance.

Servo systems have three primary components: a motor, a drive (also referred to as an amplifier), and a feedback mechanism. Also typically included are a power supply and a servo controller capable of controlling either a single axis or coordinating the motion of multiple axes.

Servo motor: A servo motor is a self-contained electrical device that moves and rotates parts of a machine efficiently and with precision. The servo motor is a closed-loop mechanism that incorporates positional feedback to control the rotational or linear speed and position. Feedback is typically provided by an encoder—either internal or external to the motor—or a resolver that serves as a sensor.

Servo drive: Servo drivers are responsible for the motion control by precisely calculating the path or trajectory needed and sending command signals to the motor. Servo drives can control velocity, position, as well as torque; which is the main parameter it controls. Servo drives tell the servo motor what to do and how to do it at lightning speed.

Servo controller: Considered the brain of the servo system, the servo controller (or motion controller) contains the motion profile including the desired acceleration, speed and deceleration. It sends signals to the drive which causes the motor to execute the desired motion.

The controller also has the important task of closing the loop on the system by constantly reading the encoder feedback and modifying the signal to the motor (through the drive) to correct any errors in the actual versus desired parameters.

Now let’s delve into the basics of servo motors.

TYPES OF SERVO MOTORS

There are three types of servo motors:

1.   SM (synchronous) series AC servo motor

2.   IM (induction) series AC servo motor

3.   DC servo motor

Comparison of the three servo motor types:

SERVO MOTOR APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY

Servos are also used in in-line manufacturing, where high repetition yet precise work is necessary. Some of the more common servo motor applications in use today include:

Messung Industrial Automation & Controls has joined hands with two of the world’s leading brands for Servo & Motion Controls technology: Fuji Electric, Japan and Sigmatek, Austria.

Alpha 5 and Alpha 5 Smart servo systems from Fuji Electric, Japan are next-gen servo systems for ever-evolving machines. They offer improved usability with high-speed, high-precision positioning. Fuji Servo & Motion products are best suited to high-speed and high-performance applications in Pharma, Textile, Packaging and Automotive.

Sigmatek’s modern servo motors, servo drive controllers and servo control systems are the preferred choice for highly dynamic, synchronous motion applications. Sigmatek servo drive solutions are Industry 4.0 enabled, perfectly coordinated systems with a seamless range of engineering & software tools based on IEC 61131-3 standard. They achieve highly dynamic, precise motion sequences – in real-time and from one source.

[heydenblog]

Present situation and Prospect of dry screw vacuum pump

At present, the development of various vacuum pumps is more and more affected by vacuum applications. The general vacuum system can not meet the requirements of clean and oil-free corrosion resistance. Therefore, in recent years, the market demand of dry vacuum pumps is very large, and the vacuum products have been updated. A large number of oil-free vacuum systems have been replaced by oil-free and clean vacuum systems. Almost every large vacuum company abroad produces various types of dry vacuum pumps. Screw vacuum pump is a non-contact dry pump. It is an ideal pump in the early 1990s. It occupies the market with its advantages of wide pumping speed range, simple and compact structure, no friction of air extraction chamber components, long service life, low energy consumption and no oil pollution. However, most of its manufacturing technology is mastered by foreign countries. China is still in its infancy, and the market has great demand for dry pumps At present, the development of various vacuum pumps is more and more affected by vacuum applications. The general vacuum system can not meet the requirements of clean and oil-free corrosion resistance. Therefore, in recent years, the market demand of dry vacuum pumps is very large, and the vacuum products have been updated. A large number of oil-free vacuum systems have been replaced by oil-free and clean vacuum systems. Almost every large vacuum company abroad produces various types of dry vacuum pumps. Screw vacuum pump is a non-contact dry pump. It is an ideal pump in the early 1990s. It occupies the market with its advantages of wide pumping speed range, simple and compact structure, no friction of air extraction chamber components, long service life, low energy consumption and no oil pollution. However, most of its manufacturing technology is mastered by foreign countries. China is still in its infancy, and the market has great demand for dry pumps Present situation of dry vacuum pump Due to its superior performance, dry screw vacuum pump has become the preferred vacuum equipment in microelectronics, semiconductor, pharmaceutical, precision processing and other industries in Europe, America and Japan. On the basis of screw compressor, Japan has long developed the multi head rotor profile of vacuum pump and put it into the market. Several German vacuum equipment companies have also gradually developed equal pitch and variable pitch rotor profiles, and have done a lot of research on rotor and body cooling. Key technical problems of screw pump: Structure of dry screw pump: The structure of screw vacuum pump is mainly composed of screw rotor, shell, cooling circulation and sealing materials. The transmission shaft is connected with the driving rotor and drives the driven rotor to rotate through the synchronous gear. A cooling water channel is opened on the shell to cool the temperature of the rotor and exhaust port. The synchronous gear and bearing are lubricated with oil. The interior of the bearing and housing is sealed by seals to achieve the effect of oil-free. The structure of dry screw vacuum pump is similar to that of oil-free screw compressor in sealing and lubrication. Generally, mechanical seals are used at the exhaust end of vacuum pumps, and double lip seals are commonly used at the inlet side. In terms of transmission mode, at present, the common is direct connected motor, which is connected with rotor by coupling, and very few are driven by belt or chain. Due to no internal compression process, the exhaust temperature of equal pitch screw pump is very high (about 110 ℃). If the cooling effect is not good, it will cause deformation of rotor and casing and affect the sobbing effect. Therefore, cooling the casing is an essential link, and water cooling is a common method. Cooling water is supplied to the outer side of the bearing in the casing body to cool the casing and then the rotor. Laibao company applies water cooling inside the rotor to increase the service life of the rotor and achieve good cooling effect. However, this kind of structural design (two-stage type) requires certain technical and processing level support. Sometimes the cooling effect cannot be achieved by water cooling, so the cooling gas (mostly nitrogen) is usually passed near the rotor at the exhaust end. Now the mainstream screw vacuum pump abroad adopts this method. This method has several advantages: it can cool the casing of the rotor and reduce the exhaust temperature; Second, when the gas contains particles, it can prevent particle deposition or chemical reaction from causing explosion. Overview of dry vacuum pumps produced by domestic and foreign companies (1) KDP and SDV series screw vacuum pumps of Taher company. Taher acquired Kenny vacuum. Kenny is a professional manufacturer of vacuum equipment in the United States with a long history. It is also in a world position in the manufacturing of screw vacuum pump. KDP series is a vacuum pump with equal pitch rotor, and SDV is a variable pitch screw pump. Both are water-cooling systems, and air cooling systems can be selected. SDV is an improvement based on KDP. The variable pitch screw pump can realize the internal compression of gas, reduce the exhaust temperature, and save 30% energy compared with the same pitch. Niflon coating is adopted on the rotor, i.e. the layer is Ni and the second layer is PFA. Even if the PFA is worn, the Ni layer can achieve corrosion protection, and kalrez perfluorinated rubber sealing ring is adopted. SDV series is the screw vacuum pump mainly promoted by Kenny company. (2) The srewtine series screw oil-free compression vacuum pump officially launched by LeiBao company in Germany at the end of 2002 is a dry pump specially designed for industrial applications (non semiconductor applications). It is a new design and is specially used to solve the difficult vacuum problems in industrial applications. Such as dust, tar, etc. The pump also adopts variable pitch rotor with internal compression process. There is no internal valve in the pump cavity, so it has strong resistance to dust and tar. The screw of the pump adopts internal hollow cooling, which can reduce the rotor temperature and thermal deformation, so the service life of the screw is prolonged. (3) Cobran series screw pump of Germany puxu company is a vacuum pump for manufacturing process, which is especially suitable for various process flows in chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Puxu is one of the suppliers of vacuum pumps, blowers and compressors in the world. The quality of vacuum pumps is high. Compared with other manufacturers, puxu has a high market share in Europe and the price is expensive. (4) VSA / VSB series of Richler, Germany. VSA is an equal pitch rotor with good market evaluation and stable performance. VSB Series event pitch rotor design (non-linear tooth shape design), like other companies, changes the power consumption and exhaust temperature of the pump through internal compression. Without two-stage compression and intermediate cooling, a single stage can achieve very high vacuum. The sealing element is improved. The static sealing element is preferably PTFE or the sealing element added with PTFE. The dynamic sealing element uses double sealing lips on the suction side of the vacuum pump, and a simple sealing ring with gas overflow prevention is used on the exhaust side of the vacuum pump to prevent solid substances from entering the pump. (5) Japanese manufacturers. Screw vacuum pumps are widely used in Japan, and are widely used in semiconductor and LCD industries. Yoshimura soldiers of Dahuang Co., Ltd. applied for patents on single head first-class screw rotors for a long time and made in-depth research on rotors. Hitachi also made research on screw pump in the early stage. 3. Research prospect: The domestic research of dry screw vacuum pump is still in the initial stage, and many technical problems have not been solved. For example, the rotor coating anti-corrosion technology, reducing the temperature of the exhaust port and increasing the utilization rate of the rotor area are still very difficult. When extracting some active gas, due to the high exhaust temperature, it also needs to be considered in the design. When used in the occasion where the volume needs to be controlled, how to reduce noise should also become the research direction, However, its superior performance determines that it will dominate the vacuum equipment industry, just like the dominant position of screw compressor in the industry.

Dry Screw Vacuum Pumps Used In Fruit Freeze Drying Industry

[zwgearbox]

Micro Linear Actuator Motor for Intelligent Transmission Enables Smart Life

Modern science and technology have succeeded in helping people live independently and conveniently in a smart way. According to Smart Home Report 2019 conducted by Statista, revenue related to the whole Smart Home market is expected to show an annual growth rate (CAGR 2020-2024) of 16.8%, resulting in a projected market volume of US$157,287m by 2024. A global comparison reveals that most revenue is generated in the United States (US$24,972m in 2020). It is obvious that people’s awareness of people’s quality of life is continuously enhanced. In the pursuit of ideal performance for most of the smart home systems, micro linear actuator motors come into play.

Micro Linear Actuator Motor Comes to Simplify the Life

ZHAOWEI transmits the instructions to the mechanical structure, so that the circular motion of the motor is converted into the linear motion of the linear actuator, achieving pushing & pulling and able to lift heavy objects. Electric linear actuator motor provided by ZHAOWEI is a linear device with lifting function that mainly consists of motor, lead screw and control system, which can realize remote control as well as centralized control. The rod of the electric actuator makes round-trip lifting movement within a certain range of distance. Customization for development is always available so that the miniature linear screw can be used in various fields that needs lifting movement, such as medical beds, standing desks and diverse equipment for industrial and agricultural automation. ZHAOWEI micro linear actuator motor makes standing systems more intelligent, more convenient and more diversified.

There are many sets of smart electric lifting furniture on the current market, but some problems still occur such as insufficient load bearing, limited switchable gear(lifting range), short service life, large power consumption, loud noise or even stuttering if the speed is not controlled well while lifting. By introducing the micro linear actuator motors produced by ZHAOWEI, those anxieties can be removed. Its micro linear actuator motor for lifting movement enables compact size with no external control board. The whole working process of this kind of micro linear actuator motor leads to its good stability, strong synchronization performance, low noise and high torque. High-precision design with high torque helps to deliver high performance in applications requiring continuous duty operation. Though it is small, it still has a strong power to facilitate each project with low noise.

Smart Home Drive with Micro Linear Actuator Motor Enriches the Life

ZHAOWEI is also shaping smart life by micro linear actuator motor transmission technology, which can realize various automatic functions in the fields of smart home, smart office and smart hotel. Intelligent electric curtains and automatic clothes drying rack are two of the typical cases that contribute to smart life.

Intelligent Electric Curtains

Living in the city is where the fast-paced people usually are. However, more and more people are in the pursuit of a simple and convenient lifestyle. Smart electric curtains happen to meet such needs, which are very practical and can be installed at home and in office.

As for the general intelligent solution to electric curtains on the market, noise often appears in daily operation, which becomes one of the biggest problems. No matter at home or in office, people must attach great importance to a quiet environment. To tackle such a pain point, ZHAOWEI adopts herringbone gear design to greatly reduce the noise from the tubular planetary motor, thus improving the quality of life.

This electric curtain gear motor solution also takes pride in compact size, high torque, long service life and reliable operation due to its extremely large single-stage gear ratio and robust construction. It consists of an involute planetary gear reduction mechanism and cycloidal gear reduction mechanism. The power of the former is transmitted to the latter. The involute planetary gear reduction mechanism includes a planetary gear and a sun gear while the planetary gear has a mandrel, which is fixedly connected to the first planet carrier. The cycloidal gear reduction mechanism includes a camshaft, whose end is fixedly connected to the first planetary carrier. A cycloidal gear is set on the cam of the camshaft and a pinwheel is provided outside the cycloidal gear. Then the cycloidal gear can be cycloid and rotated around the camshaft. There is a pin connected to the output shaft on the cycloidal gear, so that the power decelerated by the cycloidal gear reduction mechanism can be transmitted to the output shaft through the pin. The cycloidal movement makes the cycloidal gear and the pinwheel squeeze each other to get better movement coincidence, resulting in a good self-locking performance for curtain & blind protection.

Automatic Clothes Drying Rack

The intelligent electric drying rack is favored and used by more and more families because of its convenient operation, various functions, novel style and exquisite appearance. All these can benefit from an outstanding gear motor provided by ZHAOWEI, which consists of the motion system driven by the motor, intelligent control system and metal frame. The ceiling mount automatic clothes drying rack is operated to up and down by smooth control. It can be integrated with lighting, sound control, remote control, drying & sterilizing system, making each automatic clothes drying rack more powerful. The parameters including speed, current, gear ratio, etc. of gear motor for automatic clothes drying rack can be fully customized based on different needs. Thus, automatic clothes drying rack is not only a drying tool, but also becomes an ornament in the appearance, electric clothes drying rack already becomes a landscape in the balcony.

“We’ve been coming up with innovative linear movement solutions with a passion for precision and next-level purpose for intelligent control,” says the Project Manager. “We always strive to make your home & office life more comfortable and fulfill your beautiful imagination of life by such an intelligent transmission system with the micro linear actuator motor!”

[optromix]

Optical fibers: past and present

In 1966, Charles Kao Kuen, a scientist from China, presented the results of his research to the world. The main message of his development was that fiber optic communication can be organized using optical fibers. In his research, Kao introduced the unique design features of optical fiber and its materials to the world. Researches of the scientist can rightfully be considered the basis of fiber optic telecommunications today.

The very first mention of the term “optical fiber” was first used in 1956 by NS Kapany from the USA. Today, fiber optic communication technologies have so firmly penetrated our lives that we no longer see anything surprising in them and perceive their presence as well as the presence of a water supply system in an apartment building. During the development of fiber optics, many interesting studies and experiments have been carried out.

Active talks about optical fiber LEDs began in the fifties of the last century. Then they began to make them from various kinds of transparent materials. However,  the transparency of those materials was not enough for good light conductivity. In 1966, a group of scientists led by Charles Kuen Kao concluded that quartz glass would be the most suitable material for fiber optic communications. 

Even then, Kao believed that with the help of fiber optics it would be possible to transmit information and soon this type of communication would replace the signal transmission via copper wires. Three years later, Kao received a fiber with an attenuation coefficient of 4 dB/km. This result was the first instance of ultra-transparent glass. 

A year later, Corning Incorporated produced optical fibers with a stepped refractive index profile and reached an attenuation coefficient of 20 dB/km at a wavelength of 633 nm. For the first time, a quartz optical fiber passed a light beam at a distance of up to 2 kilometers. Quantum data transfer is currently developing similarly as an experiment and commercial use over short distances. 

Today, optical fiber is used in many industries besides Telecom. It includes X-ray machines, where it provides galvanic isolation between a high voltage source and low-voltage control equipment. In this way, staff and patients receive isolation from the high-voltage part of the equipment. Optical fiber is used in distribution devices of electric substations as a sensor of the protection system.

Optical fibers are widely used in various types of measuring systems, where it is impossible to use traditional electrical devices. For example, their applications include temperature measurement systems in jet engines of an airplane, tomographic medical devices for the study of internal organs, including the brain, etc. Optical fiber sensors can measure vibration frequency, rotation, displacement, speed and acceleration, twisting, and other parameters.

Today, optical fiber-based gyroscopes are used, which operate based on the Sagnac effect. This gyroscope has no moving parts, which makes it very reliable. Even though modern navigation systems use a huge number of different sensors that determine the position of the object, the most independent system can be created only based on fiber optic gyroscopes.

Fiber optics are widely used in security alarm systems. Such a security system is arranged as follows: when an intruder enters the territory, the conditions for passing light through the light guide change, and an alarm is triggered. Optical fiber is actively used for decorative purposes, as a holiday decoration, in art and advertising.

New types of optical fibers are constantly being developed. For example, photonic-crystal light guides. The propagation of light in them is based on slightly different principles. These fiber optics can be used as a liquid, chemical, and gas sensor. Also, it can be used for transporting high-power radiation for industrial or medical purposes.

Fiber lasers with a continuous output power of several tens of kilowatts are no longer new. Weapons based on 5.5 kW lasers with 6 optical fiber were tested in the U.S. Navy in 2014. Fiber lasers cut metal and concrete. For example, the IPG Photonics metal cutting machine has a capacity of 100 kW.

The development of an optical fiber that could be used to transmit laser energy with the power of several kilowatts continues. In theory, the transmission of emission with a power of 10 kW over a 250 m long fiber with a core diameter of 150 microns is considered to be possible. It is also worth noting that multi-core optical fibers are being actively developed today. Their use will significantly increase the total bandwidth of the fiber optic network.

Fiber systems are in its fifties, but the fiber technology is not going to retire. Innovations in the field of optical fiber appear regularly and Telecom is not the only industry interested in the development of fiber optic technology. Optical fibers are used, for example, as sensors for measuring temperature, pressure, and mechanical stresses. 

Besides, fiber optic systems are often used as distributed spectroscopic and acoustic detectors for probing oil wells. In extreme conditions, cracks appear on the surface of the fiber. At high temperatures and pressures, hydrogen and moisture quickly penetrate the material, and its transparency and, as a result, other characteristics deteriorate.

Physicists have found out why this happens. Using Raman scattering, scientists have proved that allotropic carbon compounds (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphenes) are present in the protective layer of optical fibers. Such nanostructures can play the role of additional channels for the penetration of hydrogen and moisture to the core of optical fibers, impairing transparency for light signals. The results of the study will help optimize the technological processes for creating optical fibers with a protective carbon layer so that they can be used in the exploration of oil wells.

Innovations in fiber optics

Standard optical fiber with a "step" change in the refractive index directs the light due to the effect of total internal reflection. This effect is easy to observe, if you look from below at a glass of water at a slight angle, the surface of the water will appear mirrored. Similarly, light beams in a fiber system are reflected from the walls and can propagate without loss over large distances. 

At the same time, the rather low values of the angle of internal reflection in the optical fiber and the wave nature of the light establish the conditions that the propagation of light is possible only at certain angles. In other words, the fiber supports the propagation of several discrete "modes". Optical fiber, which allows the propagation of only one mode, is called single-mode - these are the fibers that are most suitable for use in telecommunications.

What are the disadvantages of such a standard optical fiber with a stepwise change in the refractive index? In fact, none. Such a fiber optic system copes pretty well with all the applications for which it was originally developed. The problem is that modern industry needs something more.

It is not enough to perform only one job  - well-flexibility (literally and figuratively), the ability to integrate with other devices and devices is valued as highly as the classic reliability of conventional fiber optics. And such a fiber loses wherever some unusual properties are required, such as the ability to transmit high power, compatibility with various sensors and fiber optic lasers on rare-earth metals, possess high nonlinearity, birefringence, or dispersion. 

In other words, conventional optical fiber is only perfect for simple applications in telecommunications. A huge number of new applications appeared with the advent of such objects as microstructured fiber, an optical fiber with a photonic crystal, fiber lasers, mode synchronizers on carbon nanotubes, nanoplasma structures.

Microstructured fiber optics

Unlike optical fiber with a stepwise change in the refractive index, which is usually made of two or more types of glass (for example, germanium-doped glass has a higher refractive index and is used to produce the central part of the fiber), a microstructured fiber optics can be made entirely of one type of glass. The outer layer with a low refractive index is replaced here with a large number of cylindrical cavities filled with a specific gas or simply air.

The technique of producing such optical fibers was introduced in 1991 and has been constantly developing since then. The technology is based on a simple idea: glass tubes of relatively large size are stacked together in the desired structure, which is subsequently drawn under heating into an optical fiber with a specific arrangement of air cavities, the geometry of which is determined by the initial arrangement of the tubes. Depending on how the full internal reflection mechanism is implemented, these fibers can be divided into two types: cavity fibers and fibers on photonic crystals.

Cavity optical fibers

In the cavity fibers, the glass central part is surrounded by a set of cylindrical air cavities, which reduces the effective refractive index and greatly modifies the effect of total internal reflection. Since the size of the air cavities and the distance between them are comparable with the wavelength of light (hundreds of nanometers), the effective refractive index will also vary with the wavelength of transmitted light. The result of this is the ability of such an optical fiber to carry only one mode, regardless of the wavelength. Such fibers are commonly used to transmit high light powers and have low nonlinearity.

Optical fiber with a photonic crystal

Compared to all other fibers in the optical fiber with a photonic crystal does not use the total internal reflection. The collecting of light in the center of such a fiber system occurs due to the phenomenon of interference on a periodic structure with a size of the order of the wavelength created by the lattice of cylindrical cavities - a photonic crystal. 

Although the fact that the physics of photonic crystals, and especially their production, is still developing, we often face related phenomena in everyday life. These phenomena give a bright color to the wings of some butterflies and holograms on our credit cards. And in that and other cases, certain colors stand out from the white light due to interference. The advantage of such fiber optics is the low dispersion since light now propagates in an almost dispersion-free medium-air.

Frequency converters on cavity lasers

The ability to get rid of any restrictions on the environment in which light propagates inside the fiber opens up very interesting prospects and applications. Thus, light propagating inside the central part of the optical fiber filled with a certain gas will collect information about this gas (for example, due to Raman scattering).

Raman scattering can also be used for frequency converters. The passing light excites vibrational modes in the gas molecules that fill the fiber. The reemission of light at a lower frequency, as a rule, is a rather weak effect, however, in the case of an optical fiber, it is enhanced due to the enormous length at which the interaction takes place (along the entire length of the fiber), as well as due to local amplification of the electric field.

Fiber optic lasers

Fiber optic laser technology has developed rapidly over the past few decades. In such lasers, the active medium is located inside the optical fiber itself. The characteristics of fiber lasers are improving every year and have almost reached the characteristics of conventional lasers in terms of power, pulse duration, and generation bandwidth. At the same time, the combination of fiber lasers with microstructured fiber opens up new prospects for such devices. Such structures have low bending losses and increased selectivity between modes.

Mod synchronizers on carbon nanotubes

Currently, fiber lasers are used in a variety of fields, from telecommunications to laser surgery. One of the main advantages of such lasers is the ability to generate ultra-short pulses of light in the picosecond and sub-picosecond ranges. For such applications, fiber optic lasers use passive mod synchronizers, a device whose optical transparency varies with the intensity of the transmitted light. Recently, mode synchronizers on carbon nanotubes are more often used.

Chemical and biological sensors based on fiber optic technology

The development of nanotechnology and in particular nanoplasmonics, together with fiber optics, leads to the emergence of new devices and sensors. Nanoplasmonic structures allow efficiently converting plasmon resonances of various chemical compounds adsorbed on the surface of an optical fiber into optical signals propagating through a fiber. Multiple amplification of the local electric field makes these sensors sensitive to single molecules.

Recently, fiber optics is undergoing a rebirth through integration with various nanostructures. This symbiosis leads to completely new, sometimes unexpected, applications. There is no doubt that soon we will witness the widespread penetration of devices based on optical fibers in various areas of the industry from telecommunications to medicine. If you would like to obtain an optical fiber product, you should choose the Optromix company. Optromix is a provider of top quality special fibers and broad spectra optical fiber solutions. The company delivers the best quality special fibers and fiber cables, fiber optic bundles, spectroscopy fiber optic probes, probe couplers and accessories for process spectroscopy to clients. If you have any questions or would like to buy an optical fiber, please contact us at info@optromix.com

[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid| Model Fibrillation as an Analogue of the Hyperbolic the Smale-Williams Attractor

Abstract

Currently, active media form a very promising area of research, because they include a variety of physical, chemical, biological, etc. objects: electronic solid-state systems, a number of chemical solutions and gels (including the Belousov reaction), nerve and muscle tissue, microbial colonies, ecological systems, etc. Representation of active media through ensembles linked excitable or self-oscillating elements is quite useful method of analysis, because the active media allows you to deeply understand the basic dynamic processes occurring in such environments. As is known, this approach goes back to the Wiener and rosenbluth Model [1], according to which the excitable medium consists of a set of interacting elements in one of three possible States: excitation, refractoriness or rest.

Later, models such as limit-cycle oscillators and chaotic maps [2-3] also began to play an important role not only in a fairly realistic description of active media, but also in understanding the possible behavior of systems far from equilibrium. Many useful concepts, such as phase captures, synchronization, and space-time chaos, have become popular due to detailed studies of similar nonlinear models [4-6]. Analysis of systems of interacting elements allows us to determine a number of patterns of behavior of active environments, often hidden and implicit. For example, it becomes possible to describe complex (including chaotic) dynamic regimes at a qualitatively different level, to calculate a number of invariant characteristics of the process dynamics and to give a visual representation of the obtained solution.

Introduction

The development of the theory of dynamic systems and computer methods allowed a new approach to the study of such a complex active medium as heart tissue. The combined use of these two approaches, as well as the consideration of cardiac tissue as a system consisting of self-oscillating and excitable elements, makes it possible to deeply understand the processes underlying the functioning of the heart and describe the various cardiac pathologies (arrhythmias). One of the very relevant and practically important directions here is the task of stabilizing the work of the heart muscle in some types of deep arrhythmias [7,8]. Stabilization of unstable or chaotic behavior of a dynamic system, creation of artificial in the studied system of stable periodic oscillations, by means of external multiplicative or additive influences. To stabilize, it is necessary to find such external disturbances that would bring the system out of the chaotic regime on a regular one. To solve these problems, there is, at present, sufficient scientific interest. The relevance of this problem in the application to active environments is obvious. For example, for cardiac tissue, the removal of the system to the desired dynamic mode makes it possible to control the rhythm and thus restore the required dynamics. This approach to the stabilization of dangerous arrhythmias allows us to hope for the creation of new effective rhythm drivers. At the same time, it is important to minimize energy costs, since the application of pulses of large amplitude to biological tissues is unacceptable.

Chaos Suppression and Cardiac Arrhythmia

Heart muscle refers to excitable systems. Wave propagation in such systems is carried out by means of an energy source distributed in it. When a pulse is applied to such a system, a disturbance begins to propagate from the place of its application, an excitation wave: the incoming pulse is transmitted sequentially from element to element without fading. Usually, after the excitation of each element is not able to immediately be excited again, there is a certain “relaxation time”, called the refractory period, during which the element is restored. This lead, on the one hand, to an ordered spatial propagation of the excitation wave, and on the other hand, with frequent supply of pulses (or with a large period of refractoriness), some of them will be blocked.

Suppose that there is a homogeneous excitable medium in which all elements have identical properties. Then the excitation frequency of all such elements will be the same. If some area of this environment to start periodically to perturb, in this region there is a source of concentrically radiating waves of excitement. Such a source is called a leading center or pejjsmeker. If an excitable medium is two or more pacemaker, pejjsmeker less of the oscillation frequency with time is suppressed by pejjsmeker greater frequency. In other words, there is competition between pacemakers. Ideally, after a certain time throughout an environment will be only one pejjsmeker Fig.1A. In addition to pacemakers, in excitable media, other sources of excitation of spiral waves may appear, which are “rotating” spirals. All spiral waves have the same frequency. Therefore, they always coexist with each other, but extinguish the leading center, which is a slower autowave source. Spiral waves are the main type of elementary self-supporting structures in homogeneous excitable media, like vortices in a superconductor or in superfluid helium, and they are extremely stable (Figure 1).

Figure 1:Single helical wave (a) and multiple co-existing helical waves (b).

The appearance of several sources of excitation in the heart muscle is currently associated with dangerous disorders of the normal functioning of the heart --- arrhythmia. With many abnormal sources, Figure fibrillation occurs 1b.

Fibrillation is a dangerous violation of the heart rhythm, due to the appearance of many small waves in the heart tissue. This process can develop due to several reasons. One of them is the appearance of periodic stimulation of myocardial areas. In this case, fibrillation occurs after the cessation of stimulation in a medium with a variable refractory period. If, for one reason or another, the heart received a pulse in the critical phase (during the refractory period of the ventricles), it will generate a wave crossing the refractory zone. Then the ends of the excitation wave can twist, giving rise to spiral waves rotating in opposite directions.

Modern methods of removing the heart from the state of fibrillation are very rigid (supply of a short electrical pulse of a huge voltage and a large current). The development of nonlinear dynamics and synergetics made it possible to understand that such a force effect is not necessary. Often enough weak electrical effects directly on the heart muscle. Precisely, if there are spiral waves with opposite directions of rotation in the medium, then, choosing the phase and frequency of external action, it is possible to achieve the movement of the centers of the two waves towards each other and their annihilation.

Cardiac Conduction System

Normally, the excitation of the heart muscle originates in the sinus, or sinoatrial node (ACS), covers the myocardium of the Atria and, passing the atrioventricular node (AVA), extends along the legs of the bundle of GIS and Purkinje fibers to the ventricular myocardium (Figure 2). Thus, the normal heart rate is determined by the activity of a group of conducting P-cells of the ACS, which is called a first-order rhythm driver (it produces 60-90 UTIs/ min), or a true pacemaker. In addition to the cells of the sinus node automaticity inherent in the other structures of the conduction system of the heart. Pacemaker of the second order (40-60 impulses/min) localized in the NH area AVA. A pacemaker third order (20-40 CPM) are the cells of Purkinje, forming part of the conduction system of the ventricles. Due to the “law of the gradient of automatie” the activity of the underlying drivers of a rhythm is suppressed in the normal sinoatrial node. Therefore, the pacemaker second and third order are called latent (or potential) pacemaker.

Figure 2: Cardiac conduction system. Sinoatrial Node (SAN) sinoatrial node; Right Atrium – right atrium; Atrioventricular Node (AVN) – atrioventricular node; Right Bundle Branch (RBB) –right leg of bundle branch block, Right Ventricle – right ventricle; Left Atrium – left atrium; His Bundle – bundle branch block; Left Bundle Branch (LBB) left leg of bundle branch block, Left Posterior Fascicle (LPF) – left rear bundle of fibers; Left Ventricle – left ventricle; Left Anterior Fascicle (LAF) – left front bundle of fibers; Purkinje Fibers (PF) – Purkinje fibers.

Fibrillation

In a healthy heart, refractoriness provides a normal sequence of propagation of excitation into the heart and electrical stability of the myocardium. Since the area of the myocardium through which the excitation passes becomes unresponsive for some time, re-entry of the excitation into this area is impossible. Due to this, the counter waves in the myocardium mutually “extinguish” each other, which prevents, in particular, the appearance of unwanted circulation of excitation. However, in the final stage of each excitation cycle, the myocardium becomes inhomogeneous in refractoriness for a short time and loses electrical stability. Stimulus, acting at this time, can lead to serious violations of the normal course of excitation, in particular to the emergence of circulating excitation waves by the mechanism of “re-entry” (re-entry) [9].

Sharp violations of the normal ratio of excitability and refractoriness can lead to the formation of a large number of reentrant waves in the myocardium, which are spiral waves (Figure 1b) on the surface of the heart and complete desynchronization and discoordination of the activity of the myocardial fibers when they begin to excite and contract independently. This condition is called fibrillation and is accompanied by almost complete loss of pumping function of the corresponding part of the heart.

The theory of dynamic systems describes many processes inherent in active media, including some types of arrhythmias [10]. Since arrhythmias are caused by certain disorders in the heart muscle and, therefore, are pathological conditions, the modeling of such systems is of great practical interest and can bring closer to solving the problem of the possibility of controlling their behavior through external influences. This, in turn, allows us to come close to the problem of soft withdrawal of active systems from the state of developed space–time chaos characterizing some types of pathologies [11-13].

A current model based on an Autonomous dynamic system with a hyperbolic attractor of the Smale-Williams type

An electronic device based on an Autonomous dynamic system with a hyperbolic attractor of the Smale-Williams type (Figure 3 & 4). Each of the four dynamic variables x, y, u, v is associated with a fragment of the circuit, which is an integrator based on the operational amplifier (respectively, U1, U2, U3, U4), capacitance (C1, C2, C3, C4) and resistance (R13, R14, R16, R17). The actual values of x, y, u, v correspond to the voltages on the capacitors C1, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. The constant with the dimension of time is determined by the capacitance and resistance, and at the values specified in the scheme, is MS. For the presented scheme, the coupling coefficients are. The implemented electronic device is described by the equation (1):

Figure 3: Scheme of the device, the dynamics of which is described by a system of equations (94) with coefficients and parameters MS. Dynamic variables x, y, z, v correspond to voltages on capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4, measured in decivolts. Implemented electronic device ((Figure 3), which is an Autonomous dynamic system with a hyperbolic attractor of the Smale-Williams type. An experimental study of the laboratory model of the hyperbolic chaos generator was carried out and the observed dynamics was demonstrated to correspond to the results of numerical calculations and circuit simulation in the Multisim software environment (together with the lab. SF-6) (Figure 4) [14,15].

Figure 4: Experimental study of the laboratory layout of the hyperbolic chaos generator and demonstrated the compliance of the observed dynamics with the results of numerical calculations and circuit simulation in the Multisim software environment.

To study fibrillation, we use a model with feedbacks and time delay

(Figure 5) The system (1) with the addition of a demonstration model of fibrillation will take the form presented by the equation (2):

Figure 5: Demonstration model of fibrillation.

Figure 6: Time and phase portraits of the hyperbolic attractor at K1 = 0.0 & K2 = 0.0 ... 0.1 ... 0.3 are presented.

Figure 7: Time and phase portraits of the hyperbolic attractor at K1 = 0.0 & K2 = 0.4 ... 0.9 are presented.

Figure 8: Time portraits of hyperbolic attractor at K1 = 0.0 & K2 = 1.0 ... 1.7 ... 2.0 are presented.

Analysis of the demonstration model of fibrillation presented by equation (2) for K1 = 0.0. Analysis of the demonstration model of fibrillation, for K1 = 0.0 showed, at K2 = 0.1 comes the synchronization observed in the phase portrait Figure 6, at K2 = 0.1 ... 1.6 synchronization is observed in the phase portrait Figure Figure 6-Figure 8, at K2 = 1.7 relaxation hyperbolic chaos.

The analysis of the demonstration model of fibrillation presented by the equation (2) for K2 = 1.7 is carried out (Figure 9-Figure 12).

Figure 9: On the left, ECG Belyakina S. T. conducted during a medical examination of the clinic of Moscow state University. M. V. Lomonosov. 17.08.2017. Right, ECG of a 12 – year-old, 24 - year-old black female patient with sickle cell anemia, renal insufficiency, and hyperparathyroidism [16,17].

Discussion

Analysis of the demonstration model of fibrillation, for K2 = 1.7 showed, at K1 = 0.4 comes the synchronization observed in the phase portrait Figure 10, at K1 = 0.4 ... 1.5 synchronization is observed in the phase portrait Figure 6-8, at K1 = 1.7 hyperbolic chaos (fibrillation), at K1 = 1.8 relaxation hyperbolic chaos. In rice.9, presents real ECG data [27,28], which can be used to study and predict the behavior of heart failure current models. In fig.10 – 12, various behaviors of the system (19), which can be used in the presentation of different heart failure, are considered.

Figure 10: Time and phase portraits of the hyperbolic attractor at K1 = 0.1 ... 0.4 ... 0.6 & K2 = 1.7 are presented.

Figure 11: Time and phase portraits of the hyperbolic attractor at K1 = 0.7 ... 1.2 & K2 = 1.7 are presented.

Figure 12: Time and phase portraits of the hyperbolic attractor at K1 = 1.3 ... 1.5 ... 1.8 & K2 = 1.7 are presented.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported, in part, by the efforts of Dr. Kuznetsov Sergey P., Professor and Chairman of Faculty of Nonlinear Processes, Department of Dynamic Systems, State University of Saratov, Saratov 410012, Russia.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume2/model-fibrillation-as-an-analogue-of-the-hyperbolic-the-smale-williams-attractor.000606.php For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid

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Detailed Notes On High Speed Coilers

By Thomas Collins

Business needs are diversified and vary from one entity to another. This has called for the equipment developers and manufacturers to design and manufacture units that have a variety of capabilities to fit the diverse business needs. This phenomenon is out-rightly portrayed by the invention of high speed coilers. They have solved a series of problems that puzzled businesses dealing with wire, cable and other flexible materials. They are classically used for reeling wires, cables, reels and other materials that are easy to coil. They are designed to handle coils that are light for hauling by a crow-barred shaft in production processes. The light attribute of materials operated boosts the operation rates and makes the machines more reliable in such tasks. The coiling shaft is driven by an electric current to give it rotating power for configurations during production times. The units are offered with a set of automatic material traversing systems that synchronize with your process. It is a key component used by manufacturers to customize these products so as to come up with a design that suits customer specifications. In addition, with the increased quest for accuracy in most industrial applications, the developers have also installed the coilers with electronically integrated measuring systems. The two systems are aimed at enhancing efficacy in operations. The machines are installed with a more advanced external and internal structure that make them operate more efficiently. The external structure is composed of a welded steel frame that gives the machines their shape and accounts for their longevity in services. They also have a rigid metallic enclosure with an up-turned reel-like structure for storage purposes. Other external features such as color are depended on the buyers choice. Additionally, the internal composition consists of a fabricated steel shaft with variable drive arms. The arms are specifically used in the assembly of gears and support the functionality of the quick lock. The main shaft that provides the mechanical energy for coiling is fitted on a rigid metal frame that has bearings to enhance its rotations. They are also installed with other systems such as the control unit to regulate the speed of rotating shafts. Various manufacturers have devoted assiduous effort to make more renovations on this equipment. Their aim is to provide customers with state-of-the-art wire, cable and reel handling equipment. Their focus centers around channeling continued improvements on these products to increase its working efficiency which is a key consideration for most buyers. Diverse buyer demands have set the footprints for continued innovation to make the product more satisfying. Moreover, the units are made with a compact design. The design makes them require less space for their operation-ability. Thus, they can fit virtually on every production line. The feature is essential since it cuts on expenditure cost since no extra space is required for their installation. Some models have roller-wheels to enhance their movement in production units. Therefore, unceasing innovative practices that are geared on these machine models are aimed at making them better than before. The coilers play essential roles in industrial settings as they increase operating efficiency and speeds-up work. The benefits are enjoyed majorly to entities that use inputs such as wires, cables, reels as well as other related flexible materials.

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Engine Powered Generators | Components and Types of Generators

Know About Generators – Engine driven Generators

A generator is best described as a machine, which transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy through combustion of a fuel. Although most of the engine driven generators have been argued to be hazardous to the environment but they offer various advantages to the users in industries.

An engine generator set is more commonly known as “Genset”. They are generally rated in horsepower or a torque, watts or Kilowatts. The main components of an engine driven generator includes an engine, fuel supply mechanism, a constant engine speed regulator and a generator voltage regulator, cooling and exhaust systems, and lubrication system which have been described in detail in this article.

Generators usually use the following as fuel: gasoline, diesel, natural gas, propane, biodiesel, water, sewage gas or hydrogen. Generators of small size use gasoline (petrol) or diesel as a fuel, and the larger ones run on diesel, natural gas or propane. Some engines may also operate on diesel and gas simultaneously.

Components of an engine driven generator:

Engine: In an engine driven generator, the engine is the main component. It creates mechanical energy that gets converted into electricity. A generator engine's design and size determine the maximum power output it can create by running on a specific fuel or another power source.

Fuel Mechanism – Fuel tank, Fuel pipes, Fuel filter etc: The entire system contains a tank for storage of fuel and fuel pipes connecting the tank and the engine. The fuel pump moves the fuel through the fuel pipes to the engine and a fuel filter helps filter any debris from the fuel before delivery to the engine. This ensures maximum efficiency and increases the durability of the engine. The fuel injector injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber of the engine.

Alternator: The alternator consists of the stator and the rotor. A set of coils that conduct electricity is called a stator which is a stationary part, whereas a rotor moves to create a constantly rotating electromagnetic field around the stator.

Voltage Regulator: A voltage regulator is primarily used to regulate the voltage produced, which is suitable for the application or purpose of a generator.

Cooling and Exhaust System: the Cooling system is required in a generator to avoid overheating or regulate the temperature when in use. An exhaust is required to dispel harmful gases emitted during operation of a generator. Generators often use a fan, coolant or both to control the temperature of the generator at work.

Lubricating System: Since generators comprise of many moving parts, they require regular oiling to ensure smooth functioning. The lubricating system in a generator helps in performing this function.

All these components play a crucial role in smooth functioning of a generator. The working principle of a generator is simple. The mechanical energy needed to turn the generator comes from the combustion of fuel through the fuel system. The coiled wires used, spin inside a magnetic field which causes an electric current to flow in the wire. The voltage regulator helps to control the amount of electric current that is produced. The coolant and exhaust system functioning in a generator helps to regulate temperature and dispel gases respectively.

Types of generator

Generators are mainly of two types, Induction (Asynchronous) generator and Synchronous generator.

Induction Generators: An induction generator is also called as an asynchronous generator. It is a type of Alternating Current (AC) electrical generator, which principally works similar to the working of an induction motor to produce power. Induction generators are operated by mechanically turning their rotors faster than synchronous speed. They are generally very useful in applications such as mini hydro power plants, wind turbines, or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure.

Synchronous generator: In general, a synchronous generator is equipped with two parts, namely rotor and stator. The rotor part consists of field poles and stator part consists of armature conductors. The rotation of field poles induces an alternating voltage which results in electrical power generation.

Commercial electrical energy is mainly sourced by synchronous generators. Most common uses of these generators are to convert the mechanical power output of steam turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines and hydro turbines into electrical power for the grid which is mainly used in power plants.

These generators are designed to operate in complex and rigid processes of marine and industrial applications. They are highly efficient, reliable and certified by the most demanding Marine certifying agencies like DNV, ABS, BV, Lloyds. Common applications of these generators include diesel and gas driven reciprocating engines, prime and standby power and propulsion power for marine vessels.

Construction of induction generators is less complicated in comparison to synchronous generators as they do not require brushes and slip ring arrangements. Brushes are required in synchronous generator to supply DC voltage to the rotor for excitation.

Diesel Generator Sets are generators that use diesel to run. These are commonly used as backup units for emergency power supply. They are available in both single and three-phase. Diesel engines in these gensets are sturdy and reliable. On the other hand, Natural Gas Generators, which use natural gas, works in a manner similar to other generators, however, they are widely used and efficient means of generating power since it uses the most affordable and effective fuels among non-renewable resources for power generation.

But in comparison, diesel generators are far more efficient. Also from a safety point of view, it is more preferable, since diesel is used which is less flammable than other fuel sources. New models of diesel gensets are less noisy. However, they are more expensive and may be bulky. A natural gas generator will use more fuel than a diesel generator.

Now, with the advent of biodiesel generators, disadvantages of a natural gas generator or a diesel generator can be discounted and they may become more of buyer’s preference.

Engine driven generators are widely used in power generation, renewable energy, oil & gas, data storage & manufacturing industry and are mainly used for emergency power generation, backup power generation, wind power generation and hydroelectric power.

Top and well-known manufacturers of generators offer different designs and features, suitable for all types of applications. Few of them are Onan, Marathon, Kato, Baldor, MTU, and Caterpillar.

When it comes to choosing a generator, one must consider the following main deciding factors such as understanding the main purpose the generator, its noise level, fuel tank capacity, price, kilowatt rating and efficiency, RPM and frequency, controls and related switchgear etc. They are available in different sizes and horsepower of engines.

We shall be happy to assist in choosing the right one for you.