#what are I2C devices

[phll2ssen]

What are I2C devices, I2C in communication, i2c interface, ESD cards

PCA9532 Series 5.5 V 350 uA 400kHz SMT 16-bit I2C-bus LED Dimmer - TSSOP-24

[adafruit]

Fruit Jam RP2350B credit-card mini computer with all the fixin's 🍓🍇💾

We were catching up on a recent Hackaday hackchat with Eben Upton (https://hackaday.io/event/202122-raspberry-pi-hack-chat-with-eben-upton) and learned some fun facts: such as the DVI hack for the RP2040 was inspired by a device called the IchigoJam (https://www.hackster.io/news/ichigojam-combines-strawberry-and-raspberry-to-deliver-a-raspberry-pi-pico-powered-educational-micro-66aa5d2f6eec). We remember reading about this back when it was an LPC1114, now it uses an RP2040. Well, we're wrapping up the Metro RP2350 (https://www.adafruit.com/product/6003), and lately, we've been joking around that with DVI output and USB Host support via bit-banged PIO, you could sorta build a little stand-alone computer. Well, one pear-green-tea-fueled-afternoon later we tried our hand at designing a 'credit card sized' computer - that's 3.375" x 2.125", about the same size as a business card (https://hackaday.com/2024/05/07/the-2024-business-card-challenge-starts-now/) and turns out there's even a standard named for it: ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 (https://www.iso.org/standard/70483.html).

Anyhow, with the extra pins of the QFN-80 RP2350B, we're able to jam a ridonkulous amount of hardware into this shape: RP2350B dual 150MHz Cortex M33 w/ PicoProbe debug port, 16 MB Flash + 8 MB PSRAM, USB type C for bootloading/USB client, Micro SD card with SPI or SDIO, DVI output on the HSTX port, I2S stereo headphone + mono speaker via the TLV320DAC3100 (https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/texas-instruments/tlv320dac3100irhbt/2353656), 2-port USB type A hub for both keyboard and mouse or game controllers, chunky on-off switch, Stemma QT I2C + Stemma classic JST 3-pin, EYESPI for TFT displays, 5x NeoPixels, 3x tactile switches, and a 16-pin socket header with 10 A/D GPIO + 5V/3V/GND power pins. The PSRAM will help when we want to do things like run emulations that we need to store in fast RAM access, and it will also let us use the main SRAM as the DVI video buffer.

When we get the PCBs back and assembled, what should we try running on this hardware? We're pretty sure it can run DOOM. Should that be first? :) We also need a name. Right now, we're just calling it Fruit Jam since it's inspired by the IchigoJam project.

[piratesexmachine420]

For future reference (my own and others), if your TI SilverLink USB cable stops working and starts showing up as "TUSB3410 Boot Device" or similar under device manager (AKA this issue on TI's help page), this is how you can fix it:

Download the TUSB3x10 EEPROM Burner. This is a Windows-only program, but to my knowledge will work on basically any windows machine from XP on -- so long as it's got USB ports. No clue if it'll work in a VM. (You might want to consult this user's manual.)

Download the SilverLink firmware. I got it from here, and compiled it from their de-compilation. It's just a standard 'make' to build. The output file you're looking for is called "ti_graph_link_silver.eep".

Rename "ti_graph_link_silver.eep" to "ti_graph_link_silver.bin".

Open the TUSB3x10 EEPROM Burner, click on the options dropdown and click "Show the 'Program Full Binary Image' button". (page 7 of the manual).

Select the entry under "Computer" labeled "TUSB3410 EEPROM Burner Instance (1.00)".

Set EEPROM size to "64Kb".

Set "File Path" to point to "ti_graph_link_silver.bin". (The renamed .eep, not the original .bin)

I don't know if the VID, PID, Manufacturer string, Product string and Serial # need to be set manually or not with a 'Full Binary Image' burn. Just to be safe, I set VID to 0451, PID to e001, Manufacturer to "Texas Instruments", Product to "TI-GRAPH LINK USB", and checked "Not Serialized"*.

Click the "Program Full Binary Image" button (yellow triangle with the exclamation point), and proceed with the write.

Unplug and re-plug your cable, and it should show up as a SilverLink again!

Additional notes:

The reason that this happens is because the SilverLink cable (revision b, at least) is based on the TUSB3410 microcontroller. That microcontroller's boot process involves checking for an I2C EEPROM containing program code. If it finds that EEPROM and its contents are properly formatted, it'll copy that code into internal RAM and start executing it. If it can't find the EEPROM, or its contents aren't properly formatted, it'll fall back to looking for boot code over USB. Thus: "TUSB3410 Boot Device". Your cable has, in essence, forgotten who it is and and is begging for you to give it a purpose.

The default page-write buffer size (32 bytes) and I2C bus speed (400 KHz) in the burner app are already correct, so no need to change them.

*I don't remember exactly what the Manufacturer string, Product string, or serial number fields were set to pre-corruption. Likewise, no idea about the advanced descriptor options. If someone wants to send the output of lsusb -v -s [whatever their silverlink's bus/id numbers are], I'd really appreciate it!

You might be able to skip the header rigamarole by taking the ti_graph_link_silver.bin file directly ("directly coming from the compiler") -- but I again I don't know exactly what information is in the .eep file and what isn't. Are the PID and VID encoded somewhere in there? I peeked with a hex editor but have no clue. If someone has hardware lying around they're willing to experiment with/potentially brick, I'd love to hear your results!

If you mess up and accidentally forget to do a "Full Binary Image" write, or otherwise brick the firmware, you can force the TUSB3410 to fall back to USB boot mode by opening the plastic shell around the PCB (one Torx screw under the sticker, then just normal plastic tabs) and shorting the right-bottom (Vss) and right-top (SDA), or right-bottom (Vss) and center right-top (SCL) pins of the EEPROM (the chip labeled "24LC64") as you plug it into the USB port. You may need multiple attempts. This works because it temporarily convinces the TUSB3410 that the EEPROM is missing/corrupt, and thus it decides to fall back into USB boot mode -- until you reset it. It might be better to do this with a ~1k resistor instead of a jumper wire, but IDK I'm not an electrical engineer. All I know is that shorting Vss and SDA worked for me. Again, would love feedback.

No clue what causes the corruption in the first place, or how long this fix will last. It might be because the EEPROM's write protect pin is set to "write enable"? It could also just be degrading hardware, for all I know, so no idea how long the fix will last. All I do know is that everything seems nominal right now (immediately after performing this procedure).

[c-53]

WARNING: LONG ASK INCOMING

For hobby electronics there’s two major kinds of processors: Microcomputers and Microcontrollers. Microcomputers are small full computer systems like the Raspberry Pi, they typically run a general-purpose OS (typically some flavor of Linux) and are useful for the kinds of projects that require basically a full computer to function, but not necessarily individual sensors. They’re a great place to start for people who don’t know a whole ton about programming or working with individual components because they typically can output a true GUI to a screen and have the capabilities of a regular desktop computer. They have a main processor, true RAM, and either large on-board storage space or a way to read a storage device, like an SD card.

Microcontrollers are less complicated (component wise) than microcomputers, but as a result are more difficult for total beginners to begin working with. They’re typically primarily a SoC (System on a Chip) processor without discrete RAM modules and a very small EEPROM (on-ship storage space) and need to have components wired and configured to them to be able to do much more than being a fancy calculator. They’re used for when you need something to carry out electronic functions or get sensor readings, but not necessarily a full operating system, so they’re best suited for small/integrated applications. Your helmet uses a microcontroller to control the LEDs you used in the Cunt Machine post.

I build high-power model rockets as a hobby and with my university team, so I work with both kinds of processor as part of designing payload systems. I typically prefer microcontrollers in these as most of what we do doesn’t need an actual OS to run, and they’re smaller/lighter than microcomputers. One of the advantages of a microcontroller is that it runs a Real-Time OS (RTOS) which forgoes all the user-friendliness of things like windows and linux to instead be the bare minimum backend necessary to run code uploaded into the processor. 

The main advantage of using a microcontroller is really that they’re typically a lot cheaper than microcomputers are and are plenty powerful for really embedded applications. They also make other parts of whatever system is being built cheaper/easier to integrate because they require less overhead to function - the raspberry pi needs a minimum of 5 volts of power to work, while a chip like an ESP32-PICO can run at 1.8V. 

The main way you make sensors/buttons/peripherals work with a microcontroller is via digital communication busses. There’s a few protocols, the most common being I2C, SPI, and UART. I’ll talk about I2C since that’s generally the most common. With I2C each component is assigned a 2-byte “address” that they’re identified by. When the controller sends a request signal on the I2C data bus, every sensor along the line will return their own signal, marked with their address so that they can be identified. It allows for a large number of devices to be put on the same lines and you can daisy-chain them through each other to the microcontroller.

I’ll be honest I really can’t think of a good way to say much more on the subject as like a starting message because I’ve been working with computers so long all the tech stuff for me is second nature, but if you have any questions ask away I can probably answer them or google them.

.

[andmaybegayer]

Emptying out my childhood Lego Robotics competition set so that I can pack all my adult electronics stuff into it for the move. The more things change the more I am still carrying around hundreds of tiny robot and sensor parts I never use. I wish we had FIRST robotics around here but this was a decent alternative, I got to go abroad the one time we actually committed to being real competitors.

There was a point in the distant past when my buddies and I could spring this definitely-not-all-legal-Lego-building-techniques beauty up from this kit in 15 minutes flat. From memory!

I spent a moment seeing if I could will the muscle memory to build that sensor mount back into existence and I cannot, that's what a decade without practice does to you.

Anyways time to stuff this box full of FPGA's and i2c devices.

[patchdotexe]

hi. um. i need help. ive been having an issue for months now where sometimes my touchpad will stop working and it'll fix on a restart, but now its stopped working entirely. checking device manager shows that the I2C HID Device has a code 10 error ("This device cannot start. A request for the HID descriptor failed.") .

im not very computer savvy when it comes to drivers but i was able to update the Serial IO and touchpad drivers, and that did absolutely nothing. disabling and re-enabling the device does nothing. reddit suggests using regedit, which im terrified of, or that it could be a hardware issue, which doesn't feel right in this case because restarts previously helped.

there's no pattern to when the touchpad would stop - i was in the middle of typing a tumblr post and trying to get the windows emoji menu to work when it broke. i dont remember how long ive had this laptop and i dont remember the status of the warranty, and i dont want to replace it because its completely fine otherwise and im sick of having to replace laptops.

i dont know what to do. please help.

[trainsinanime]

Let me introduce my current main WIP. It's not fandom related, it's for my model railroad, and it's not yet finished.

This is a rendering of a circuit board that I'm designing at the moment. It will be a DCC command station. My model railroad is run digitally, which means the tracks carry digital signals that tell each locomotive and switch individually how to run, which lights to turn and so on. The command station is the device that generates that. I have a number of different layouts, one of which has a good command station, one of which has a crappy old one, and the final one isn't even digital yet. So this will be the one that solves all issues for me, hopefully.

The design above isn't finished yet, and even the parts that are are not yet fully representative. The different capacitors are just there as options; some screen print overlaps; and some components (in particular all plugs and the relays that control the programming track) don't have 3D models so they don't show up.

Planned features:

Four layer board

10-25 V DC output, software controllable

Up to 5A output power, limited mainly by the main switching regulator.

Input 15-25V either AC or DC with polarity protection, selectable with some solder bridges (not yet in there). Optionally you can also bypass the main power regulator with another solder bridge (that I haven't added yet); useful in case you use e.g. a laptop power supply with a switchable voltage and don't need any regulation after that.

Railcom support

USB connection; not yet sure what for, but the main chip I'm using has USB support and I have some spare USB connectors here, so in it goes.

Speaking: The chip is an STM32L433RCT6P, chosen because I found it in stock at an electronics distributor. 64 kB RAM, 256 kB EEPROM, with support for an additional up to 256 MB externally (there's a spot for that on the board) and lots of fun extras that I don't technically need. It has an FPU! I don't need an FPU, but I will definitely do some floating point math computation on it just for fun.

Main external connection is WLAN using an ESP32 WROOM U module. I haven't decided on the housing, but I may go for extruded aluminum, so it's the U version that allows and requires an external antenna

It supports XBUS/XpressNet connections for old throttles from Lenz and Roco that I should probably throw away, but I paid good money for them, dang it.

It supports CAN for LCC / OpenLCB. I may not populate this part on all boards that I'm building, because I haven't actually decided whether I am interested. But the chip has CAN functionality built in, so why not.

There's an I2C connection to connect a cheap tiny OLED display for status messages.

Test points for all important signals (in particular the different internal voltage levels; yes, there is 3.3V, A3.3V and -3.3V and I need all of them).

Stuff still to add:

I will add pin headers (or space for pin headers anyway) for all the remaining pins on the STM32, and perhaps some on the ESP32, for future expansions.

Status LED and stop/go button on the front

Wire it all up, maybe move some stuff (mostly the STM32 around), which will cause all sorts of fun new routing issues.

Adjustments to make the jacks line up with the front panel once I've decided on a housing.

Features I'm not considering adding:

s88. I vaguely know what it is but I don't have any devices like that, and if that ever changed I could probably build (or perhaps buy) a converter that connects them via CAN.

Other buses like LocoNet.

Ethernet. I don't need it and it's actually more expensive than WLAN in this day and age.

In terms of software, I'm planning to use DCC-Ex on it. The whole project actually started out as a DCC-Ex shield, but once I realised that this wouldn't fit, I decided to make it standalone. Now, DCC-Ex is designed for Arduino, not STM32, and it doesn't support XpressNet, nor OpenLCB, nor Railcom, and their Wifi protocol is pretty weird and annoying which will be an issue (I'm planning to write my own control app for iPhone for it), so I'll probably change that or just replace it with the z21 one… so really, the software will not look a lot like DCC-Ex once I'm done with it.

Will this all work? I have honestly no idea. I mean, I'm fairly confident, I'd have given up on this long ago otherwise, but I have no guarantees either way until I've spent a lot of money on components and circuit boards and start soldering. Turns out doing it this way is not really cheaper than just buying a half-way decent one. That's what makes it exciting, though!

If it does work, obviously this will be released as open source. But it's still going to be a few days (more realistically weeks) before it's even ready to order the parts, and then a lot of soldering (current BOM stands at 194 actual components), and then a lot of software development before it's ready for that.

[digitalblocksinc09]

What is the use  of i3C Basic IP?

I3C Basic IP (Inter-Integrated Circuit Basic Intellectual Property) is a communication protocol used for connecting different electronic components and devices within a computer or other electronic system. It is an extension of the I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) protocol, which is widely used for communication between various electronic components in embedded systems.

The i3C Basic IP provides several advantages over the I2C protocol, including improved performance, better power management, and greater flexibility in addressing and controlling multiple devices in a system. It supports a wider range of data rates and has a more robust error detection and correction mechanism. Additionally, i3C Basic IP supports multiple data transactions simultaneously, allowing for more efficient data transfer between devices.

The i3C Basic IP is typically used in various embedded systems, including smartphones, tablets, and other consumer electronics, as well as in automotive systems and industrial automation applications. It enables communication between various electronic components, such as sensors, displays, memory devices, and other peripherals, allowing for efficient data transfer and control within a system.

Overall, the i3C Basic IP is an important communication protocol that helps to improve the performance, power management, and flexibility of electronic systems, and enables efficient data transfer and control between different components and devices. Get to know more at

https://www.digitalblocks.com/

.

[tia003]

What are the key components of an embedded system?

Key Components of an Embedded System

An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed to perform dedicated tasks within a larger system. It is typically built to be highly efficient, reliable, and optimized for specific functions. Here are the key components of an embedded system:

1. Microcontroller/Microprocessor: The central unit of an embedded system, the microcontroller (or microprocessor), processes data and executes instructions. It typically includes a CPU, memory, and input/output interfaces, all integrated on a single chip. The microcontroller determines the system's speed, power consumption, and functionality.

2. Memory: Embedded systems often use different types of memory, such as ROM (Read-Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory). ROM stores firmware and software, while RAM is used for temporary data storage during operations. Flash memory is also common, providing non-volatile storage for the system's data.

3. Sensors and Actuators: Sensors collect real-world data, such as temperature, pressure, or motion, while actuators convert signals into physical actions, like moving motors or turning on lights. These components allow embedded systems to interact with their environment and execute tasks based on input data.

4. Power Supply: Since embedded systems are often deployed in remote or portable environments, a reliable power supply is essential. Power management ensures that the system operates efficiently and can run on minimal power, extending battery life in portable applications.

5. Communication Interfaces: Embedded systems often require communication with other systems or networks. Communication interfaces such as UART, SPI, I2C, and Ethernet are used for data transfer between the embedded system and other devices.

6. Software/Firmware: The software or firmware controls the operation of the embedded system, instructing the hardware to perform specific tasks. It is usually optimized for performance and resource usage, ensuring the system works within its constraints.

To fully understand these components and their interaction, enrolling in an Embedded Systems Course can provide in-depth knowledge and hands-on experience in designing and programming embedded systems.

[siliconsignalsblog]

Android 14 on Toradex-TI-AM62 Verdin SoM + Dahlia Carrier Board

We are happy to inform you that our engineering team has successfully ported Android 14 onto the Dahlia Carrier Board and the Toradex Verdin AM62 System on Module (SoM), which is powered by Texas Instruments Sitara AM62x processors. Providing a fully functional, ready-to-use Android 14 environment with seamless integration of essential features like HDMI display, touch, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, audio playback, and OTA updates, this project represents a significant milestone in improving embedded systems for a wide range of applications.

Why Android 14 on Verdin AM62 SoM?

The Verdin AM62 SoM provides the ideal balance between performance and energy efficiency thanks to its affordable yet robust architecture, which is powered by up to four Cortex-A53 cores and the heterogeneous Cortex-M4 for real-time tasks. This SoM is perfect for a variety of use cases, including medical applications, smart cities, industrial automation, and more, thanks to its extensive range of interfaces, which include Ethernet, USB, CAN FD, SPI, I2C, and MIPI camera. The Verdin AM62 SoM's capabilities are increased by Android 14, which offers improved connectivity, security, and performance. We have opened up a world of opportunities for developers who need to use modern operating systems in their embedded projects by successfully porting Android 14.

Key Features Implemented

Our team has gone the extra mile to make this port as user-friendly as possible, including:

Ready-to-Use Flash Image: We have created a simple flash image that uses an installer, so you can quickly install Android 14 on the Verdin AM62 SoM. Even for individuals with less Android porting experience, this makes the entire process easy and accessible.

Fully Working HDMI Display and Touch Support: The port offers a great interface for interactive applications by supporting HDMI displays with touchscreen capabilities.

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Functionality: This port is perfect for connected IoT applications because we have made sure that wireless connectivity, including dual-band Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 5.2, is fully functional.

Audio and Video Playback: We have seamlessly incorporated both Bluetooth and standard audio playback into the system, offering a dependable media experience. Applications that use a lot of multimedia can benefit from the platform's optimized video playback.

OTA Updates via Update Engine: Using Android's Update Engine to integrate Over-the-Air (OTA) updates is one of this port's most notable features. This implies that devices using this system can get updates remotely, guaranteeing that they stay safe and current without the need for anyone's involvement.

Simplifying Embedded Android Development

As a product design and development partner for Toradex, we’ve leveraged the company's extensive ecosystem, including the Torizon platform for IoT device management. With Torizon’s built-in OTA, remote access, and monitoring capabilities, this Android 14 port makes it easier for developers to manage devices in the field.

The Advantages for Embedded Engineers

This port unlocks opportunities for embedded engineers and developers to explore Android's robust ecosystem in industrial, medical, and IoT applications. The Verdin AM62 SoM’s low-power operation and rich set of interfaces make it highly adaptable to various hardware requirements, while the simplicity of Android's application layer allows rapid development and deployment.

Conclusion

Porting Android 14 on the Toradex Verdin AM62 SoM is a testament to our expertise in embedded systems development. By offering an Android environment that is fully operational and ready for use, we have established a strong foundation for upcoming advancements. Our port of Android 14 makes it easier to develop solutions for connected systems, smart devices, or industrial automation, allowing you to concentrate on what really matters—creating the next generation of intelligent devices.

Are you interested in using Android 14 for your project on the Verdin AM62 SoM? To find out how we can help you on your embedded systems development journey, get in contact with us!

[techtease]

USB RTC for Raspberry Pi: The Best Way to Enhance Your Raspberry Pi's Time Accuracy

When it comes to building real-time applications with the Raspberry Pi, one of the most crucial components to ensure is timekeeping. A RTC (Real Time Clock) module provides the Raspberry Pi with a reliable source of time, even when the system is powered off. For those looking to achieve incredibly accurate timekeeping, a USB RTC for Raspberry Pi is a solution that combines the DS3231 RTC chip with a MCP2221 USB to I2C/UART converter is a perfect match.

In this blog post, we'll dive deep into what makes this USB RTC setup an ideal choice for your Raspberry Pi projects, and how it enhances accuracy, reliability, and ease of use.

What is USB RTC?

RTC is a device which is used for maintaining accurate time in the host’s system processor. With the Raspberry Pi, the internal clock relies on the system supply to track the accurate time and the main issue is when the Raspberry Pi is powered off, the clock resets. USB RTC is a solution for providing accurate timekeeping even when the Raspberry Pi is turned off or disconnected from the network. This setup allows users to easily add accurate timekeeping to their Raspberry Pi without using the GPIO pins.

The USB RTC is a device which comes with a strongly integrated DS3231 circuit that is used to consume less power and has an integrated temperature-compensated crystal oscillator. It has MCP2221, a USB-to-UART/I2C serial converter that provides USB connectivity, used in Raspberry Pi operations that contain USB, UART(Serial), GPIO, and I2C interfaces. This module can be used with Raspberry Pi, Windows, Linux or any other operating system.

Key Features & Specifications:

DS3231 RTC Circuit: The DS3231 provides a highly stable timekeeping function and includes a built-in temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), which helps maintain accuracy across a wide temperature range.

Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator (TCXO): This is a critical feature of the DS3231. TCXO compensates for temperature variations that could affect timekeeping accuracy. This ensures the RTC module performs well in a range of environments without the need for external temperature sensors.

Battery Backup (CR1220, 3V): The module uses a CR1220 coin-cell battery to maintain time even when the Raspberry Pi is powered off. This ensures your system's time is preserved even in the event of power failure or system reboot.

16-pin, 300-mil SO Package: The module comes in a compact and durable 16-pin, 300-mil SO (Small Outline) package. This size makes it easy to integrate into your projects.

Automated Backup Power Supply: The onboard battery backup power supply ensures your RTC chip continues to run and track time even when the Raspberry Pi is turned off or disconnected from power.

Fast 400kHz I2C Interface: The RTC communicates with the Raspberry Pi using a 400kHz I2C interface, allowing fast and efficient data transfer. This is crucial for time-sensitive applications, as it minimizes any lag or delay when reading the time or setting the RTC.

MCP2221 USB to I2C/UART Converter: The MCP2221 is a USB-to-I2C and UART converter that makes it easy to connect the RTC to the Raspberry Pi via a USB port. This eliminates the need for GPIO pins, making it a plug-and-play solution for Raspberry Pi users.

USB 2.0 Compatibility: The module uses USB 2.0 for a fast and stable connection to the Raspberry Pi, offering plug-and-play functionality without requiring complicated wiring or software configuration.

Plug-and-play: The device is plug-and-play, with available drivers for various operating systems, including Linux, ensuring smooth integration with the Raspberry Pi.

High Accuracy: ±2ppm from 0°C to +40°C: Offers incredible timekeeping accuracy of ±2ppm (parts per million) between 0°C and +40°C. This means that, in a typical environment, the RTC will deviate by no more than 2 seconds per day—a level of precision ideal for most hobbyist and professional projects.

Extended Accuracy Range: ±3.5ppm from -40°C to +85°C: In more extreme conditions, such as outdoor or industrial applications, this module maintains an accuracy of ±3.5ppm in the temperature range of -40°C to +85°C. Whether you're working in a chilly warehouse or a hot outdoor environment, this module ensures your Raspberry Pi’s timekeeping remains precise.

Versatile Timekeeping: The module doesn’t just count seconds and minutes; it also tracks days, dates, months, and even the year with leap year compensation valid until the year 2100. This makes it perfect for long-term projects, as you can rely on the RTC to keep accurate time for many years to come.

Two Time-of-Day Alarms: With two independently programmable time-of-day alarms, this RTC module allows you to set scheduled events. Whether you need to trigger an action, send a notification, or turn on/off a device at specific times, the alarms make it easy to synchronize with your Raspberry Pi’s actions.

Programmable Square-Wave Output: The square-wave output feature allows you to generate periodic signals that can be used to sync other devices. Especially useful in projects that require precise timing for communications or measurements.

Use Cases:

Data logging: For applications like weather stations or scientific experiments, you need precise timestamps for each data point.

Embedded systems: For embedded systems that require time-based tasks (like alarms or scheduled events), the RTC ensures that the system runs on a stable, reliable time.

Low-power applications: The RTC ensures your Raspberry Pi can operate in low-power or battery-operated setups while maintaining the correct time.

IoT devices: When building IoT applications where devices may not always have a constant internet connection, having a local, accurate time source is essential.

Conclusion: 

For projects that demand extremely accurate timekeeping, the combination of the DS3231 RTC chip and the MCP2221 USB to I2C/UART converter is an excellent solution. This setup not only provides highly accurate, temperature-compensated time tracking but also integrates seamlessly with the Raspberry Pi via a fast I2C interface. 

Whether you're building a weather station, data logger, or any time-sensitive project, the DS3231 with MCP2221 ensures that your Raspberry Pi has reliable, battery-backed, and accurate timekeeping capabilities that won't be affected by power outages or system restarts.

[adafruit]

BU9796 prototype finally comes to light ✨🔧🖥️

We covered the BU9796 a loooooooooong time ago on the Great Search while looking for an I2C LCD segment driver ...

but sadly, we never got around to making that breakout board. Til' now! This one features the FS series of the chip, which has some more segments: in this board, we expose 4 common and 18 segments to keep the board from getting too big. This chip runs at 3V or 5V, so it should be easy to use with any device. We still need to figure out what VLCD connects to - some parts of the datasheet say VDD, and some say VSS, so we left a jumper on the back. That way, we can connect it correctly when we are more awake. Stemma QT makes this a plug-and-play driver for just about any micro! Coming soon…

[aanandh]

How to Learn Embedded Systems: A Comprehensive Guide

Embedded systems are integral to countless applications, from consumer electronics to industrial automation. Understanding how to learn embedded systems can open up a world of opportunities in various fields, including robotics, automotive, healthcare, and IoT. Here’s a structured approach to mastering embedded systems.

1. Understanding the Basics

Start with the fundamentals of embedded systems. Familiarize yourself with key concepts such as:

What are Embedded Systems?

Embedded systems are specialized computing systems that perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems. Unlike general-purpose computers, they are designed to execute specific tasks with high reliability.

Components of Embedded Systems:

Microcontrollers and Microprocessors: Understand the difference between the two. Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system, while microprocessors are the central unit of a computer that performs calculations and logic operations.

Memory: Learn about different types of memory (RAM, ROM, Flash) used in embedded systems.

Input/Output Devices: Familiarize yourself with sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C).

2. Choose Your Learning Resources

Select resources that match your learning style. Here are some options:

Books:

"Embedded Systems: Introduction to the MSP432 Microcontroller" by Jonathan Valvano

"Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++" by Michael Barr

Online Courses:

Platforms like Coursera, Udemy, and edX offer courses in embedded systems. Look for those that cover microcontrollers, programming, and interfacing.

YouTube Channels:

Channels like "The DIY Life" and "NPTEL" provide practical insights and tutorials on embedded systems.

3. Get Hands-On Experience

Theory is essential, but hands-on practice is crucial for mastering embedded systems. Consider the following:

Development Boards:

Start with popular development boards like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or ESP32. These platforms are beginner-friendly and have extensive community support.

Build Projects:

Create simple projects like LED blinkers, temperature sensors, or motor controls. Gradually move to more complex projects like home automation systems or robotic applications.

Use Simulation Tools:

Familiarize yourself with simulation tools like Proteus or MATLAB/Simulink for testing your designs virtually.

4. Learn Programming Languages

Embedded systems often require programming skills. Focus on:

C/C++ Programming:

C is the most commonly used language for embedded systems due to its efficiency and control over hardware. Learn the syntax, data structures, and memory management.

Assembly Language:

Understanding assembly language can provide deeper insights into how microcontrollers operate.

5. Explore Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

Many embedded systems require multitasking and real-time performance. Learning about RTOS concepts can be beneficial:

Understand the Basics:

Familiarize yourself with the concepts of task scheduling, inter-task communication, and resource management.

Hands-On with RTOS:

Try using an RTOS like FreeRTOS or Zephyr on your development board. Implement multitasking projects to get practical experience.

6. Join Online Communities

Engaging with fellow learners and professionals can enhance your learning experience:

Forums and Discussion Groups:

Platforms like Stack Overflow, Reddit, and specialized forums (e.g., Embedded Related) are great for seeking help and sharing knowledge.

Attend Workshops and Webinars:

Participate in online workshops or local meetups to learn from experts and network with peers.

7. Stay Updated with Industry Trends

The field of embedded systems is constantly evolving. Keep yourself updated with the latest trends and technologies:

Follow Industry News:

Subscribe to blogs, newsletters, and magazines related to embedded systems.

Participate in Hackathons:

Engage in hackathons or coding competitions focused on embedded systems to test your skills and learn from others.

Conclusion

Learning embedded systems requires a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical experience. By following this structured approach—starting from the basics, choosing the right resources, getting hands-on experience, and staying engaged with the community—you can build a strong foundation in embedded systems. Whether you aim to work in robotics, IoT, or automation, mastering embedded systems can significantly enhance your career prospects. Start your journey today, and embrace the exciting world of embedded systems!

[zekatix]

5 Insider Tips for Mastering IoT Architecture in Embedded Systems

As we navigate the complexities of IoT architecture in embedded systems, we’ve identified five crucial tips that can significantly streamline our approach. By integrating security from the very beginning and embracing collaborative methods, we set a solid foundation for success. We’ll also need to emphasize comprehensive testing and ensure scalability for future growth. But what’s the one element that ties all these strategies together? Let’s explore how these insights can elevate our projects and lead to more effective outcomes.

Understand Hardware and Software Interplay

In mastering IoT architecture within embedded systems, we must recognize the crucial interplay between hardware and software. Understanding this relationship is essential for developing efficient, reliable systems.

Embedded systems typically consist of a microcontroller unit (MCU), which acts as the brain, supported by components like memory, timers, and communication ports. The architecture is layered, with physical hardware at the base, system software managing tasks, and application software tailored for specific functions.

Effective communication protocols, such as UART, SPI, and I2C, are vital for interaction between these layers, allowing data to flow seamlessly. We need to ensure that our hardware supports the software requirements, optimizing performance while managing resources.

Real-time operating systems (RTOS) play a key role in task management, particularly for time-sensitive applications.

Prioritize Security From the Start

Prioritizing security from the start is crucial for the success of IoT systems. We need to adopt a security-by-design approach that integrates robust measures early in the development cycle.

As we all know, successful IoT products tend to attract malicious attackers, making it essential to protect our assets from various vulnerabilities. By focusing on security from the beginning, we can better safeguard our devices and user data.

Here are some key aspects to consider:

Understand Attack Surfaces: Every interaction point—from devices to servers—poses risks, so we must address vulnerabilities across the entire system.

Implement Anti-Tampering Techniques: Employ methods to detect and respond to potential attacks, ensuring the integrity of our devices and data.

Ensure Communication Security: Utilize secure protocols like TLS to protect data in transit and maintain trusted connections.

Embrace Agile Collaboration Methods

Agile collaboration methods can transform how we approach IoT architecture in embedded systems. By adopting Agile methodologies, we create an environment that emphasizes flexibility and responsiveness. Instead of following rigid plans, we break projects into manageable increments, allowing us to deliver working software frequently. This iterative approach fosters collaboration among cross-functional teams, ensuring everyone is aligned and contributing to the project’s success.

We should consider frameworks like Scrum or Kanban, which promote continuous improvement and encourage adaptive planning. Daily stand-up meetings keep us focused and aligned, while regular sprint reviews help us assess our progress and make necessary adjustments. This method not only enhances product quality but also boosts team morale and productivity.

While we embrace Agile, we must also be aware of the challenges specific to embedded systems. Real-time constraints and regulatory requirements can complicate adoption. However, by investing in specialized tools and maintaining effective communication, we can overcome these hurdles.

Ultimately, Agile collaboration enables us to prioritize high-value features and adapt to evolving stakeholder needs, leading to a more successful IoT architecture in our embedded systems.

Focus on Testing and Validation

Effective collaboration sets the stage for robust testing and validation in IoT architecture.

As we dive into this crucial phase, we must understand that IoT devices present unique challenges. Our testing strategies need to encompass both hardware and software elements to ensure seamless functionality.

Here are three key focus areas for our testing efforts:

Integrated Testing Strategies: We should prioritize testing components like sensors, applications, and network communication, ensuring they work together before deployment.

Test Automation: Given the scale and complexity of IoT environments, automating our testing processes will save time and increase reliability.

Security Testing: Validating security mechanisms is non-negotiable. We must verify access controls, authentication, and encryption to protect our devices from vulnerabilities.

Ensure Scalability and Maintainability

Recognizing the critical role of scalability and maintainability in IoT architecture, we must design our systems to adapt seamlessly as demands grow. Scalability is essential for transitioning from prototype to production, much like how e-commerce platforms scale during peak times. To achieve this, we need a robust infrastructure that includes cloud solutions and versatile hardware capable of operating across various networks.

We can’t overlook the integration of hardware, software, and connectivity right from the start. If we ignore these aspects, we risk facing a staggering 75% failure rate seen in many IoT projects due to inadequate planning. Collaborating with expert providers can simplify the scaling process, allowing us to leverage IoT Platform-as-a-Service solutions to enhance our scalability.

Security is another critical factor; as we scale, we must implement ongoing security measures and effective device management strategies. This includes ensuring over-the-air updates and maintaining compliance with necessary certifications.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Specific Tools Can Help With Iot Architecture Design?

When we design IoT architecture, we can leverage tools like AWS IoT, Azure IoT Hub, and MQTT for communication. Using these tools helps us streamline development, enhance scalability, and ensure secure data handling in our projects.

How Do I Choose the Right Communication Protocol for My Project?

When choosing the right communication protocol for our project, we should consider factors like data rate, range, power consumption, and scalability. Let’s evaluate our specific requirements to ensure we select the most suitable option.

What Are Common Pitfalls in Iot Development to Avoid?

In our IoT development journey, we must avoid common pitfalls like neglecting security, overlooking scalability, and underestimating testing. By being proactive and prioritizing these aspects, we can create robust, efficient systems together.

How Can I Effectively Manage Iot Device Updates?

To effectively manage IoT device updates, we should implement automated systems that streamline the process. By scheduling regular updates and testing them thoroughly, we can enhance security and performance while minimizing downtime for our users.

What Metrics Should I Track for Iot System Performance?

To track IoT system performance, we should monitor metrics like latency, throughput, device uptime, and error rates. These indicators help us identify bottlenecks and enhance user experience, ensuring our systems remain efficient and reliable.

Conclusion

In conclusion, mastering IoT architecture in embedded systems requires us to integrate key strategies from the outset. By understanding the interplay between hardware and software, prioritizing security, and embracing agile methods, we can build robust systems. Let’s not forget the importance of thorough testing and validation, as well as planning for scalability and maintainability. By following these insider tips, we can create innovative and secure IoT solutions that stand the test of time.

Sign up for free courses  here.

Visit Zekatix for more  information.

[agnisystechnology]

Improving Design Productivity and Quality with Specification Automation

Designing semiconductor devices has always been a distinct specialty of engineering, but today’s designers face immeasurably greater challenges. A typical system-on-chip (SoC) design has billions of transistors, thousands of intellectual property (IP) blocks, hundreds of I/O channels, and dozens of embedded processors. Chip designers need all the help they can get.

Three Keys for Faster, Better Design

Assistance comes in three forms: abstraction, automation, and reuse. Virtually all chip design today occurs at the register transfer level (RTL), enabling much greater productivity than manually crafting gates or transistors. This level of abstraction is therefore much more efficient, making it possible for a single designer to create entire IP blocks or even subsystems.

RTL design is also amenable to automation; generating gate-level netlists automatically via logic synthesis is part of what makes the design process so efficient and productive. Just about every aspect of the test insertion, power management, layout, and signoff flow that follows RTL design is automated as well. Without this approach, modern SoCs simply would not be possible.

The third form of assistance is design reuse. Especially for standard IP blocks and interfaces, there is no value-add in reinventing the wheel by designing from scratch. EDA vendors and dedicated IP providers offer a huge range of reusable designs, most in RTL form. Designers often need this IP to be configurable and customizable, so it may come from a generator rather than as a fixed design.

Register Automation Is the Foundation

All three forms of designer assistance come together in specification automation, starting with the registers in the design. SoCs typically have a huge number of addressable (memory-mapped) registers defined by the chip specifications. These registers form the hardware-software interface (HSI) by which the embedded software and system drivers control the operation of the hardware.

Manually writing RTL code for all these registers is tedious and error-prone. Fortunately, the Agnisys IDesignSpec™ Suite makes it easy to automatically generate the register RTL design. Using the IDesignSpec GDI interactive tool or the IDS-Batch™ CLI Batch Tool, designers create their RTL files at the push of a button every time the register specification changes. 

These tools accept many register and memory specification formats, including spreadsheets, SystemRDL, IP-XCAT, and the Portable Stimulus Standard (PSS). Designers can specify many widely used special register types, including indirect, indexed, read-only/write-only, alias, lock, shadow, FIFO, buffer, interrupt, counter, paged, virtual, external, and read/write pairs. 

Registers are just one part of a chip that can be specified abstractly and generated automatically, fostering reuse and improving quality of results (QoR) with proven design IP. Another example is interfaces to standard buses such as APB, AHB, AHB-Lite, AXI4, AXI4-Lite, TileLink, Avalon, and Wishbone. The RTL design generated by IDesignSpec Suite includes any interfaces requested.

Any necessary clock-domain-crossing (CDC) logic across asynchronous clock boundaries is also included in the generated design. For safety-critical chip applications, designers can request that safety mechanisms such as parity, error-correcting code (ECC), cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and triple module redundancy (TMR) logic be included as well.

Most chips contain standard design elements such as AES, DMA, GPIO, I2C, I2S, PIC, PWM, SPI, Timer, and UART. Designers specify these blocks with many degrees of configuration and customization, and the Agnisys IDS-IPGen™ design tool generates the RTL design code. IDS-IPGen also generates finite state machines (FSMs) and other design elements for custom IP blocks.

Automating SoC Assembly

As noted earlier, SoCs contain thousands of standard and custom IP blocks. All of these must be connected together into the top-level chip design. Like register design, manually writing the RTL code for this stage is a tedious and error-prone process. Block inputs and outputs change many times over the course of a project, and updating the top-level RTL code by hand is extremely inefficient.

The Agnisys IDS-Integrate™ design tool, another part of the IDesignSpec Suite, automates the chip assembly process. Designers specify the desired hookup using a simple but powerful format that includes wildcards to handle buses and collections of signals with similar names. IDS-Integrate automatically generates the complete top-level RTL design.

For IP blocks with standard buses, IDS-Integrate automatically generates any required aggregators, bridges, and multiplexors, including them in the top-level RTL design. For example:

AHB interfaces on two IP blocks can be aggregated into a single bus

An AHB-to-APB bridge can connect IP using AHB and IP using APB

With the burden on SoC designers growing all the time, they need to specify at the highest possible level of abstraction, take advantage of automation, and reuse whenever possible. The specification automation capabilities of the Agnisys IDesignSpec Suite provide all three forms of designer assistance, providing the industry’s most complete solution.

Designers no longer have to hand-write RTL code for registers, memories, standard bus interfaces, aggregators, and bridges, CDC logic, safety mechanisms, custom IP elements, standard IP blocks, and top-level design. Abstract specification and automation improves productivity; reuse of proven IP improves quality of results. 

Customization and configuration options ensure that designers do not have to sacrifice any flexibility to achieve these benefits. Many other project teams—verification, validation, embedded software, bringup, and documentation—also benefit from specification automation. The reasons to select Agnisys as a design partner are truly compelling.

[techfeedblog]

What are the common communication protocols in embedded systems?

Embedded systems are specialized computing systems that perform dedicated functions within larger systems. They are integral to various industries, including automotive, medical, consumer electronics, and industrial automation. Communication protocols are essential in embedded systems as they define the rules for data exchange between devices and components, ensuring efficient and reliable operation.

1. Overview of Communication Protocols

Communication protocols are sets of rules that govern data transmission between devices. In embedded systems, these protocols can be broadly categorized into serial, parallel, wired, and wireless types. Choosing the right protocol is crucial for optimizing performance, power consumption, and reliability.

2. Serial Communication Protocols

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)

UART is a widely used serial communication protocol that transmits data asynchronously, meaning there is no clock signal to synchronize data transmission. It's simple and cost-effective, making it ideal for low-speed, short-distance communication. However, its asynchronous nature can lead to synchronization issues over longer distances.

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

SPI is a synchronous serial communication protocol that operates with a master-slave architecture. It uses separate lines for data, clock, and control signals, allowing high-speed data transfer. SPI is commonly used in applications requiring fast communication, such as sensors and memory devices. The downside is the need for multiple lines, which can complicate wiring.

I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

I2C is another synchronous serial communication protocol designed for communication between integrated circuits. It uses two lines (SDA for data and SCL for clock) to connect multiple devices. I2C is efficient for low-speed communication over short distances and supports multiple masters and slaves. However, its slower speed compared to SPI can be a limitation in high-speed applications.

3. Parallel Communication Protocols

IEEE 1284 (Parallel Port)

IEEE 1284 is a parallel communication standard used primarily in older computer systems for connecting peripherals like printers. It can transfer multiple bits of data simultaneously, offering higher data rates than serial communication. However, parallel communication requires more lines, increasing the complexity and cost of the wiring.

GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus)

GPIB is a parallel communication protocol used in test and measurement equipment. It supports multiple devices on a single bus, providing high-speed data transfer and robust control. GPIB's main drawback is its complexity and the cost associated with its implementation.

4. Wireless Communication Protocols

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a ubiquitous wireless communication protocol used in embedded systems for high-speed, long-range data transfer. It supports a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial automation. However, Wi-Fi's high power consumption and potential security vulnerabilities can pose significant challenges.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication protocol ideal for low-power applications such as wearable devices and IoT sensors. It supports data and voice transmission and can connect multiple devices simultaneously. The primary limitations of Bluetooth are its limited range and lower data transfer rates compared to Wi-Fi.

Zigbee

Zigbee is a low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication protocol designed for IoT applications. It supports mesh networking, allowing devices to communicate over extended distances by passing data through intermediate nodes. Zigbee is highly efficient for sensor networks but offers lower data transfer rates.

5. Industrial Communication Protocols

CAN (Controller Area Network)

CAN is a robust serial communication protocol used in automotive and industrial applications. It supports real-time data exchange between multiple devices on a single bus, making it ideal for environments with high noise levels. CAN's main advantages are its reliability and error-handling capabilities, but it has limited data transfer rates.

Modbus

Modbus is a simple and widely adopted serial communication protocol used in industrial automation. It supports master-slave communication and can operate over various physical layers, including RS-232 and RS-485. Modbus is easy to implement and cost-effective, but it may not be suitable for high-speed applications.

PROFINET

PROFINET is an industrial Ethernet standard that provides real-time data exchange and robust performance in industrial automation. It supports high-speed communication and seamless integration with existing Ethernet networks. PROFINET's complexity and cost can be higher than those of traditional serial protocols, but its benefits in performance and scalability often outweigh these drawbacks.

6. Communication Protocols for IoT

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

MQTT is a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for low-bandwidth, high-latency networks. It is widely used in IoT applications for reliable, efficient data transfer. MQTT's simplicity and low overhead make it ideal for constrained devices, but it requires a broker to manage message distribution.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

CoAP is a web transfer protocol optimized for constrained devices and low-power networks. It supports RESTful interactions, making it suitable for IoT applications. CoAP's small footprint and efficient use of resources are its strengths, though it may not offer the same level of robustness as more complex protocols.

LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network)

LoRaWAN is a long-range, low-power wireless communication protocol designed for IoT networks. It supports large-scale deployments with low data rates, making it ideal for applications like smart cities and agriculture. LoRaWAN's primary advantage is its ability to cover wide areas with minimal power consumption, but it is limited in terms of data throughput.

7. Criteria for Selecting Communication Protocols

When selecting a communication protocol for an embedded system, several factors must be considered:

Data Rate: The speed at which data needs to be transferred.

Distance: the range over which communication must occur.

Power Consumption: The energy efficiency of the protocol.

Reliability: the ability to maintain data integrity and handle errors.

Cost: The overall expense of implementing the protocol.

For example, an embedded software development company might choose SPI for high-speed sensor communication within a device while opting for Zigbee for a low-power, long-range sensor network.

8. Challenges in Implementing Communication Protocols

Implementing communication protocols in embedded systems can present several challenges:

Compatibility Issues: Ensuring different devices and components can communicate seamlessly.

Security Concerns: Protecting data from unauthorized access and tampering.

Power Efficiency: Balancing performance with energy consumption.

Data Integrity: Ensuring reliable data transfer with minimal errors.

Addressing these challenges requires careful planning and robust design practices.

9. Future Trends in Communication Protocols

The future of communication protocols in embedded systems is shaped by advancements in technology and evolving application requirements. Emerging protocols and enhancements to existing ones promise to deliver higher data rates, improved reliability, and greater energy efficiency. Innovations such as 5G and advanced IoT protocols are set to transform the landscape, enabling more sophisticated and interconnected embedded systems.

Conclusion

Choosing the right communication protocol is crucial for the success of embedded systems. Each protocol offers unique advantages and limitations, making it essential to evaluate factors such as data rate, distance, power consumption, reliability, and cost. By understanding the common communication protocols and their applications, developers can design efficient and reliable embedded systems that meet the demands of modern technology.