#victor de broglie

[marq-de-laf]

None looked forward to his [Lafayette's] return with greater interest than George Washington. The affection of the two men had now become proverbial. French travelers in America considered it natural to speak to Washington of Lafayette as to a father of a son. One of Lafayette's friends, the Prince de Broglie, on arriving at Washington's headquarters, found that the stern soldier's face grew soft and wreathed in a kindly smile as they drank a toast to Lafayette.

Lafayette In America - The Close of the American Revolution - Franklin's Aide by Louis Gottschalk, pg. 363. WashingDad strikes again.

[famousdeaths]

Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie was a French soldier and general.

Link: Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie

[rainwalker-dragonblade29]

I just found out that the pronounciation of de Broglie in Louis Victor de Broglie is Louis Victor de Broy... yeah... I'll never be at peace again...

[lindahall]

Louis de Broglie – Scientist of the Day

Louis Victor, 7th Duc de Broglie, a French aristocrat and physicist, died Mar. 19, 1987, at the age of 94. 

read more...

[in-pleasant-company]

Felicity: An American Girl Adventure

Victor François de Broglie via Wikimedia

Robert Morris via Wikimedia

Ever since I read Felicity Learns A Lesson as a child I was fascinated by the tea ceremony and the iconic scene where Felicity refuses tea.

When the Duke of Broglie (I believe this is Victor François de Broglie) visited the home of Robert Morris in Philadelphia in 1782, he recorded the method of refusal which appears in Felicity Learns A Lesson.

I partook of most excellent tea and I should be even now still drinking it, I believe, if the [French] Ambassador had not charitably notified me at the twelfth cup, that I must put my spoon across it when I wished to finish with this sort of warm water. He said to me: it is almost as ill-bred to refuse a cup of tea when it is offered to you, as it would [be] indiscreet for the mistress of the house to propose a fresh one, when the ceremony of the spoon has notified her that we no longer wish to partake of it.

Those who were unaware of the proper etiquette found creative ways to avoid drinking yet another cup of tea: Ferdinand Bayard witnessed one guest ask a servant to fill his empty teacup with smoked venison, and another who put his teacup into his pocket to avoid it being filled.

Fun fact! Robert Morris is one of my distant ancestors.

The secondary source for the Duke of Broglie and Ferdinand Bayard’s anecdotes is “Tea Drinking in 18th-Century America: Its Etiquette and Equipage” by Rodris Roth, which available to read for free from Project Gutenberg.

[etymology-of-the-emblem]

Desaix / ドゼー and Clive / クレーベ

Desaix (JP: ドゼー; rōmaji: dozē) is the chancellor of Zofia who stages a coup of the kingdom in Fire Emblem: Gaiden and Echoes: Shadows of Valentia. He is named after Louis Desaix (JP: ルイ・ドゼー; rōmaji: rui dozē), one of the most highly regarded generals of the French Revolutionary Wars. Born into a noble house, Desaix began his military training at age eight. By age 15 he was a second lieutenant. After the Revolution began, he served under Victor de Broglie, chief of staff of the Army on the Rhine. Desaix would quickly ascend through the military, serving as a commander under Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and Jean Victor Marie Moreau during the invasion of Bavaria. Soon after meeting General Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy, Desaix was assigned to the campaign in Egypt. There he continued to prove a valuable asset as a commander in the Battle of Alexandria and Battle of the Pyramids. His victories over Murad Bey the Mamluks earned him the title of "Just Sultan" among the peasants of Egypt until authority was given to his fellow commander Jean-Baptiste Kléber. Desaix would join Bonaparte in Italy once more, where he died in the Battle of Marengo.

Clive is the former leader of Zofia's resistance force - the Deliverance - against the Rigelian Empire and Desaix's coup before relinquishing command to Alm. His name may be derivative of Robert Clive, a British baron and colonial, who became the first British to govern the Bengal Presidency largely credited for the East India Company planting roots in that region of India. More likely, it was a close approximation of Clive's Japanese name.

In Japanese, Clive's name is クレーベ (rōmaji: kurēbe), officially romanized as Clerbe. This seems to be a corruption of the surname of a contemporary to Desaix and Bonaparte, Jean-Baptiste Kléber (JP: ジャン＝バティスト・クレベール; rōmaji: jan-batisto kurebēr). Unlike his fellow generals, Kléber was common-born, which withheld his promotion under the French Royal Army. At the outset of the Revolutionary Wars, he reenlisted, where he quickly rose through the ranks, eventually becoming second-in-command. He participated in the campaign in Egypt and Syria. However, when the expedition turned sour for Napoleon, the general withdrew, leaving the remaining French army holding Egypt in the hands of Kléber without a word prior. And it would be in Cairo that he would be assassinated, on the same day that his close friend Louis Desaix would be killed in action. While Kléber was highly regarded by Napoleon for his skill, Emperor-to-be had the commander buried on a remote island, fearing his tomb to be used as a symbol of Republicanism.

While the character of Clive is not of common birth, the reference to Kléber is likely meant to allude to his desire to fight alongside the commonfolk under the banner of the Deliverance. Him being in conflict against the encroaching empire could relate to Napoleon's interpretation of his character as representing Republicanism. Additionally, Clive stepping down from leadership of the Deliverance could be based on Kléber declining supreme command over the French Revolutionary Army.

On the other hand, Louis Desaix's position as "sultan" over Egypt during the bulk of the Egyptian and Syrian expeditions was likely the primary reason for Desaix's name and role in the story, aiding the Rigelian Empire's expansion into Zofia while gaining greater social standing over the region.

[jonjonjohjoh-blog]

Photograph of the world's most famous gathering of scientists recreated in color:

This image is of the 5th Solvay Conference on Electrons and Photons. Held in 1927, it is widely regarded as one of the most notable gatherings of scientific minds in history

Now, the event has been brought to life in color.

The conference was attended by 29 of the world’s leading physicists, 17 of whom would go on to win Nobel Prizes. Among these luminaries were legendary figures like Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, whose groundbreaking work shaped modern physics.

Here are the attendees (in order of appearance in the image)

• Peter Debye

• Irving Langmuir

• Martin Knudsen

• Auguste Piccard

• Max Planck

• William Lawrence Bragg

• Émile Henriot

• Paul ehrenfest

• Maria Skłodowska-Curie

• Hendrik Anthony Kramer

• Edouard hearts

• Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Presidente)

• Théophile of donder

• Paul dirac

• Albert Einstein

• Erwin Schrödinger

• Arthur Holly Compton

• Jules-émile verschaffelt

• Paul Langevin

• Louis-Victor de broglie

• Charles-eugène guye

• Wolfgang Pauli

• Werner Heisenberg

• Max Born

• Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

• Ralph Howard Fowler

• Léon Brillouin

• Niels Bohr

• Owen Willans Richardson

• William Henry Bragg (absent in photo)

• Henri-Alexander Deslandres (absent in the photo)

• Edmond Van Aubel (absent in photo)

[denidoflamingo]

Penjelasan Tentang Mekanika Kuantum

Kelahiran Mekanika Kuantum        Sifat gelombang partikel Diketahui bahwa gelombang elektromagnetik, sebelumnya hanya dianggap sebagai gelombang murni, dan berperilaku seperti partikel (foton). Fisikawan Perancis Louis Victor De Broglie (1892-1987) mengasumsikan bahwa sebaliknya mungkin juga benar, yakni materi juga berperilaku seperti gelombang. Berawal dari persamaan Einstein, E = cp dengan…

[scarlethyena]

So I was going down a Wikipedia rabbit hole recently, when I stumbled across this on the page for King Louis XV:

And I thought, “a guy from the 18th century marked as trans friendly by the Shinigami eyes extension? That’s certainly a first, let’s check this out.”

And, well, his wikipedia page only had a few paragraphs and most of it was about his career in the French military. No indication of why he’s marked green anywhere. But then I thought, “wait a minute, Chevalier D’eon would’ve lived around the same time. I wonder if her page got a similar treatment.” It wasn’t marked as trans-friendly. But sure enough, this guy’s name appeared again.

Her page didn’t give too much more info on this guy, other than the fact that she apparently served under him for a time as leader of a dragoon unit. So, my guess is since she worked for him he was marked as trans-friendly by association? Or maybe he supported her living life as a woman but it wasn’t indicated here? I don’t know, but according to Shinigami eyes, this man:

supports trans rights.

[widvile-blog]

Louise de Broglie, Countess d’Haussonville (25 May 1818 - 21 April 1882)

[impetuous-impulse]

Ney’s Execution; Victor’s Remorse

If, in the year of 1815, all eyes are turned to Luxembourg, it is not to admire the Haute Chambre itself, but because a resounding event took place there: Ney first appeared before a council of war that declared itself incompetent; according to his own wishes, he is brought before the Chamber of Peers constituting a Court of Justice. A climate of revenge permeates royalist circles, excepting the King, a fine politician, who would have done without a lynching. His entourage, however, burns to make an example, a sort of expiatory sacrifice. On 4 December [1815], the Peers meet and debate for two days. The result is without appeal: one single Peer, the duke of Broglie, speaks with courage against the condemnation; five abstain; seventeen vote for deportation; a hundred and thirty eight vote for death. They considered themselves judges rather than jurors; they thus enforced the law. Victor voted with the majority, undoubtedly with a heavy heart; in any case in each of the two ballots, he voted for the death of his former companion-in-arms, as did Maison, former chief of staff of Victor and Ney’s companion-in-suffering in Russia. The King will not use his right of pardon and Ney will be shot on 7 December. It seems that Victor, throughout his life, will suffer from remorse of this decision [...]

Jean-Pierre Tarin, Le Maréchal Victor: loyal sous Napoléon, fidèle sous la Restauration, p. 280.

It is common knowledge in Napoleonic circles that Victor voted for Ney’s death, and the circulated claim that Victor regretted his choice for the rest of his life intrigued me as soon as I saw it. From where was it sourced and how valid was the source? The Tarin biography of Victor skims over Victor’s reaction to Ney’s fate (more emphasis was given to figures of the Restoration in the succeeding passages—men, money, dates). Worse, the account Tarin gives of the trial and execution does not seem to be sourced, as if a memory-based anecdote. Evidently, from Tarin’s perspective, Victor’s alleged “remorse” is unimportant to his life. I am sure many reading this would agree with Tarin—it would be more telling to act as one believes in the moment than to cry over spilt milk. Indeed, acting in the moment is what the Marshals are known for, and it's why We Don't Talk About Victor Marshals that fit the archetype are more likeable.

The Le Coustumier biography is sympathetic to Victor. It circulates the same claim with more detail, and fortunately, the source is mentioned (p. 284).

If we are to believe Count André Martinet in an article published in Janurary 1902 in Le Figaro, (as Martinet could consult the Bellune family archives and speak with [Victor’s] descendants,) the death of Ney tormented Victor’s conscience through his remaining life. He reports: “But there was a day in the year where the Duke of Bellune did not appear at the family table, where he refused to receive even the most intimate of his friends: 7 December, which witnessed Ney's execution.* (…) Why, he often said, did my poor comrade refuse to appear before a council of war composed of the Marshals of France? If we were obliged to pronounce a condemnation, rather than executing the sentence, we would all have returned our batons to the hands of the King, and he would have been compelled to give pardon.” * The death of Ney pursued Victor to his grave. It was the 7 and 8 March 1841 that the eldest son of the Prince of Moscow made his entrance after ten years of waiting into the Chamber of Peers, demanding in vain the rehabilitation of his father. On both days, Victor was resting at Saint Louis des Invalides, to be buried on 9 March at Père Lachaise.

A note on the footnotes: Victor had died on 1 March 1841, so Le Coustumier may be stretching the metaphor a little. It might be more logical to say that Marshal Ney was left unrecognised until more favourable hands seized political power. The italics are my emphasis, for clarity. pp. 280-281 of the Le Coustumier quotes Augereau (unsourced!) on a similar note.

Weakened by his remorse, Augereau confessed on his deathbed, seven months later: “We were cowards. We should have declared ourselves competent despite Ney’s objections. If we had done so, he would at least have lived."

Augereau's words are believable enough. Do we buy Victor’s “remorse”?

The source from which the claim is taken from should not be disregarded entirely—Le Figaro is still recognised as an authoritative and independent newspaper—but it does have conservative tendencies, and has largely catered to a middle, if not the upper-middle class. To put it in context, the author of the article was a count, writing about a former government official with a similar status to himself, and conducted interviews with said official’s descendants. As a result of the individuals involved and the demographic the newspaper caters to (one similar to the featured individual), the writer would be more likely to portray Victor in a positive light. If remorse does not exonerate Victor, it softens his cruelties and paints his decision as a one-off mistake instead of condemning his character flaws. Is repenting for twenty-six years not absolution enough? Is it not karmic enough that Ney’s death occurred on Victor’s birthday, permanently blackening a date supposed to be his? (Never mind that perhaps he celebrated his name day or baptism day instead of his birthday, or that one day of mourning each year is a small price to pay for a dead man.) But if, as humans, we want to believe in the inherent goodness in Victor, we must also consider the claim's side affect of apotheosising the man. This is, after all, a family account featured in a sympathetic newspaper.

If there were other sources to crosscheck this, we could verify Victor’s sentiments (and if they are true, calling your annual day to wither away in a room “remorse” may be underselling how much you regret your life choices). The problem is that I cannot find other sources. It would be gratifying to believe Victor’s grief was real, because he was only human, but it is dubious at best. One can only hope that, in some timeline, if not in this one, he did pay emotional penance. Ultimately, I think that if a claim is made, it will be remembered if it is a good story.

[histoireettralala]

A War Song

On April 25, 1792, Baron Philippe Frédéric de Dietrich, mayor of Strasbourg, hosts in his home (Place Broglie) Marshal Luckner, the Generals Victor de Broglie, d’Aiguillon, du Châtelet, future Generals Kléber, Desaix, and Malet, and a captain of the engineers, Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle. He asks the latter to write a war song for the Armée du Rhin (France has declared war to Austria). Rouget de Lisle goes back home and writes.

The next morning he brings Dietrich the song. The evening of the 26, new reunion, the mayor sings the song, and the next sunday, April 29, is played in public for a military parade.

Its career is only beginning.

The War Song for the Army of the Rhine will become War Song for the Volunteers of the Army of the Rhine,  War Song of the Armies on the Borders, Song of the Marseillais, and finally La Marseillaise.

It becomes the “National Song” on July 14, 1795. It knows some rivals, most notably the Chant du Départ and La Marche Consulaire, under Napoléon, but is never formally forbidden.

In 1830 Hector Berlioz composes a new version, which has been regularly played since.

La Marseillaise isn’t just the French National Anthem. It has been since its creation a revolutionary song and as such has been adopted and sung by numerous revolutionaries on every continent ( there was a Venetian version in 1797; in 1931 some Spaniards welcome their Second Republic with it; Mao adopts it in China during the Long March and has it taught in schools up to the 1970′s..)

In 1967, The Beatles, looking for something internationally evocative to start their title “All You Need Is Love”, chose the famous first notes of La Marseillaise.

Adopted, imitated, parodied, La Marseillaise is famous worldwide. Its lyrics have sparked controversies and must be appreciated in relation to the circumstances of its creation and diffusion. It is a war song, born in a very troubled, divided society, in a very specific background.

Two musicologists (one American, one German), publish in 2012 a study comparing six national anthems and claim La Marseillaise to be the most accessible (easy to sing, lively, starting with a rousing fourth, etc).

[designatedloveinterest]

Louise de Broglie, Countess d'Haussonville by Ingres (1845)

Louise wrote an unpublished autobiography[5] recounting a highly cultured education and upbringing. From an early age, she was enthusiastic about literature and music, opera in particular—Ingres would later include opera glasses in her portrait.[6] Notably intellectual, she was said to have read every new book.[5] At age 11, she attended the opening night of Victor Hugo's play "Hernani", famous for the demonstrations it provoked; as a young pianist, she had personally known Chopin.[5] She was also considered a talented watercolorist, capable of painting dramatic, convincing scenes.[5] Nevertheless, she took personal criticism to heart, recalling that her mother in childhood likened her to "a pretty vase without handles"; another critic told her (at age nine) that her character "had not enough nourishment in it to sustain a dog", and compared her to "a field mouse, a topaz, a roe deer, a blue fairy and a spark". According to this same person, her heraldic emblem should have been a runaway horse.[5]

[rainwalker-dragonblade29]

I just found out that the pronounciation of de Broglie in Louis Victor de Broglie is Louis Victor de Broy... yeah... I'll never be at peace again...

[revolucaoquantica]

História da mecânica quântica

A história da mecânica quântica entrelaçada com a história da química quântica começa essencialmente com o descobrimento dos raios catódicos em 1838 realizado por Michael Faraday, a introdução do termo corpo negro por Gustav Kirchhoff no Inverno de 1859-1860, a sugestão feita por Ludwig Boltzmann em 1877 sobre que os estados de energia de um sistema físico deveriam ser discretos, e a hipótese quântica de Max Planck em 1900, que dizia que qualquer sistema de radiação de energia atómica poderia teoricamente ser dividido num número de elementos de energia discretos , tal que cada um destes elementos de energia seja proporcional à frequência, com as que cada um poderia de maneira individual irradiar energia;

Então, em 1905, para explicar o efeito fotoeléctrico (1839), isto é, que a luz brilhante em certos materiais pode funcionar para expulsar electrões do material, Albert Einstein postulou baseado na hipótese quântica de Planck, que a luz em si é composta de partículas quânticas individuais, as quais mais tarde foram chamadas fotons (1926). A expressão "mecânica quântica" foi usada pela primeira vez num artigo de Max Born chamado Zur Quantenmechanik (A Mecânica Quântica). Nos anos que se seguiram, esta base teórica lentamente começou a ser aplicada a estruturas, reacções e ligações químicas.

Em poucas palavras, em 1900 o físico alemão Max Planck introduziu a ideia de que a energia era quantizada, com o fim de derivar uma fórmula para a dependência da frequência observada com a energia emitida por um corpo negro. Em 1905, Einstein explicou o efeito fotoelétrico por um postulado sobre que a luz, ou mais especificamente toda a radiação electromagnética, pode ser dividida num número finito de "quanta de energia", que são localizados como pontos no espaço. Dá-se a introdução do artigo sobre quântica On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the emission and transformation of light (Um ponto de vista heurístico relacionado com a emissão e transformação da luz) de março de 1905:

Citação: "De acordo com as suposições a ser contempladas aqui, quando um raio de luz se está propagando desde em ponto, a energia não está distribuída continuamente sobre espaços cada vez maiores, mas é constituída de um número finito de quanta de energia que são localizados em pontos no espaço, movendo-se sem dividir-se e podendo ser absorvidos ou gerados só no seu conjunto." escreveu: «Albert Einstein»

Esta frase foi denominada a frase mais revolucionária escrita por um físico no século vinte] Estes quanta de energia seriam chamados mais tarde de fotons, um termo introduzido por Gilbert N. Lewis em 1926. A ideia que cada fotão teria de consistir de energia em termos de quanta foi um feito notável, já que efetivamente eliminou a possibilidade que a radiação de um corpo negro alcançasse energia infinita, o que se explicou em termos de formas de onda somente. Em 1913, Bohr explicou as linhas espectrais do átomo de hidrogênio, novamente utilizando quantização, em seu artigo On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules (Sobre a Constituição de Átomos e Moléculas), publicado em julho de 1913.

Estas teorias, apesar de bem sucedidas , eram estritamente fenomenológicas

A expressão "física quântica" foi usada pela primeira vez em Planck's Universe in Light of Modern Physics (O Universo em Luz da Física Moderna de Planck), de Johnston em 1931.

Em 1924, o físico francês Louis-Victor de Broglie apresenta a sua teoria de ondas de matéria, dizendo que as partículas podem exibir características de onda e vice-versa. Esta teoria era para uma partícula simples e derivada da teoria especial da relatividade. Baseando-se na aproximação de de Broglie, nasceu a mecânica quântica moderna em 1925, quando os físicos alemães Werner Heisenberg e Max Born desenvolveram a mecânica matricial e o físico austríaco Erwin Schrödinger inventou a mecânica de ondas e a equação de Schrödinger não relativista como uma aproximação ao caso generalizado da teoria de de Broglie. Schrödinger posteriormente demonstrou que ambos as aproximações eram equivalentes.

[ebooks-bnr]

Montifaud Marc de - Racine et La Voisin

Montifaud Marc de - Racine et La Voisin : Le texte met en lumière un côté sombre et méconnu de Racine. Il rend compte de soupçons à son égard qui émergent lors du procès de la Voisin, femme accusée de sorcellerie, empoisonnement et avortement, qui fut ensuite brûlée vive en 1680. Il se dit, de façon plus ou moins  voilée, que cet homme de théâtre aurait causé la mort de la Du Parc, sa maîtresse, actrice vedette enceinte, et aurait été protégé des poursuites judiciaires par le roi Louis XIV. Des minutes de l’instruction, des vers persifleurs, des paroles rapportées ou des extraits de correspondance sont versées comme preuve au dossier, dans la langue de l’époque.Marc de Montifaud est le pseudonyme de Marie-Amélie Chartroule de Montifaud (1845-1912). Son mari est Jean François Quivogne de Luna, de vieille noblesse espagnole. Elle écrit sous deux noms d'emprunt : Marc de Montifaud et Paul Erasme .  Comptant parmi les amis de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam, qui lui dédie Le Nouveau Monde (Ève nouvelle et Axel), on lui doit surtout un nombre important de nouvelles drolatiques, d’esprit galant et provocateur, à saveur parfois anticléricale et coiffées de titres suggestifs: Entre messe et vêpres, ou les Matinées de carême au Faubourg Saint-Germain (1882)…  En 1869, son premier ouvrage Les Courtisanes de l’Antiquité. Marie Magdeleine lui vaut une critique favorable d’Émile Zola dans sa chronique Livre d’aujourd’hui et de demain du Gaulois. Pour ses recherches, en vue de ses ouvrages (livres d’érudition, érotiques…), elle fréquente assidûment la Bibliothèque nationale et se travestit en homme. Ses écrits lui valent un certain nombre de poursuites judiciaires et quelques-uns sont censurés. Sa publication de l’ouvrage contre les religieuses, Vestales de l’Église, lui vaut même un emprisonnement en 1877. Elle s'exile en Belgique avant même de connaître le jugement pour échapper à l'emprisonnement puis revient en France dès que Victor de Broglie démissionne en février 1836. Son livre Mme Ducroisy lui vaut également un emprisonnement en 1878.  Ses activités de critique d’art se concentrent à la revue L’Artiste à laquelle elle collabore entre 1867 et 1877. Elle fonde L'Art moderne avec son mari en 1875, la revue, publiée à la Librairie moderne, compte trente-deux livraisons, et traite des expositions, musées, collections, peinture, sculpture, gravure, iconographie, archéologie, céramique, numismatique... Elle collabore au journal La Fronde dès sa création par Marguerite Durand en 1897, notamment pour la chronique de politique étrangère. (Wikipédia)Téléchargements : ePUB - PDF - Kindle-MOBI - HTML - DOC/ODT Read the full article