#valproic acid

[lover-in-the-graveyard]

I just wanna stop feeling numb goddamn it wdym valproic acid or whatever I wanna feel again

[black---dahlia]

Not in the pic:

• 600mg Pregabalin

• 37,5mg Tianeptin

• 1000mg Valproic acid

In the pic:

• MDMA

• 2x Africa continent (unknown dosage)

• 2x Gold bars, green, 200mg

• Weed; smells, tastes and works like Gelato or something

[camillefrombr]

Guess who had to go to a fucking psychiatrist emergency and now has to take a new med of the class that fucked them over the most??

[alien-floating-in-space]

OLVIDÉ PUBLICAR ESTO. POR FAVOR, COMPARTIR.

Si conoces alguien que esté en Venezuela, envíaselo. Así no sufra de convulsiones o necesite el medicamento, que lo sigan enviando.

Translation:

I FORGOT TO PUBLISH THIS. PLEASE SHARE.

If you know someone who is in Venezuela, send them this, even if they don't suffer from convulsions o need this medicine (valproic acid), they still can keep sharing.

They have shipping for all of Venezuela!

[pharmaceutical0]

Valproic Acid - Pharmaceutical Reference and Impurity Standards | Simson Pharma

Valproic acid is commonly prescribed as a mood stabilizer for individuals with bipolar disorder. It helps to prevent or reduce the intensity of manic episodes and may also have some antidepressant effects.

Valproic acid is a pharmaceutical compound that is used for the treatment of various medical conditions. It belongs to a class of drugs known as anticonvulsants or mood stabilizers.

Valproic acid works by increasing the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to calm excessive electrical activity and stabilize mood.

Know more :- https://www.simsonpharma.com/promotions/valproic-acid-impurity-standards

[livealthbiopharma]

https://livealthbiopharma.com/products/sodium-valproate-valproic-acid-controlled-release-tablets/

[jppres]

Serum concentrations of valproic acid in people with epilepsy: Clinical implication

Image: Max Pixel Article published in J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1117-1125, November-December 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres22.1500_10.6.1117 Angel T. Alvarado1*, Juan Cotuá2, Maryori Delgado2, Alexis Morales3, Ana María Muñoz4, César Li Amenero5, María R. Bendezú6, Jorge A. García6, Doris Laos-Anchante6, Felipe Surco-Laos6, Berta Loja7, Mario Bolarte-Arteaga8,…

[camillefrombr]

I am positive that this mood stabilizer is fucking with my head

[valkyrie1435atla]

Part 17: A Thankless Job

Next Part

Part 1

Previous part

Masterpost

CW: quite a lot of blood, gore.

notes:

缬草根 xie2cao3gen1 - valerian root, of the valerian flower, which contains valproic acid- C8H16O2 - Anticonvulsant; It can treat seizures and bipolar disorder.

麻沸散 ma2fei4san4- a herbal oral anesthetic used in ancient china, it’s exact ingredients are unknown, but many believed it contained powdered cannabis or monkshood.

Corydalis flower/root, Turmeric, Ginger Root, and Safflower all contain pain-relieving compounds.

YiSheng’s burn salve is a mixture of aloe vera, honey, and tea tree oils.

This is the longest part yet!

Yishengs logbook:

早上-六點三十二

病人：祖寇王子

這早甲板上祖寇王子突然的昏倒。甲板水手然洱 來接我。艾洛將軍幫我把王子抬到他的住處。

受伤原因已查明.

一切都染成了紅色。我的心靈被鮮血染紅

[rebellion-of-the-oppressed]

We're trying to help others in need, spread information, and boost fundraisers!

Please consider checking this drive out, it has information about Venezuela, charity, artists that need commissions and so much more!

This docs made by @beforeliteracytherewasdeez

Also, please do check the following fundraisers!: Feel free to add / send us more fundraisers to add!

IMPORTANT: Every single fundraiser in this blog is tagged either #fundraisers or #fundraiser . This post gets rebloggued everytime it changes, please consider sharing and reblogging, too! We appreciate the likes, but the reblogs it's what will give the post more visibility and help the fundraisers get more attention!!! Also, if you find a fundraiser we haven't rebloggued, please tag us!!

MASTERPOST OF FUNDRAISERS

For these countries: 🇵🇸🇻🇪🇨🇺🇾🇪🇳🇮🇨🇩🇸🇩🇭🇹🇪🇹🇱🇧. Subjected to changes (ex. If we find/rb more fundraisers, we'll add them).

I haven't organized this one, but it has a various links. Shared by @serica-e

Palestine 🇵🇸

URGENT: help @yousra1-gaza Yusra' ask

Masterpost of fundraisers for 🇱🇧🇵🇸

Info in how to donate + fundraisers (Spanish)

Multiple links

Ways to help Palestinians

Help Samira!

The original ask was delated but this one has useful links.

Osama Basil

A list of asks

eSims

Needa's campaign

Juliet's ask | post

Imithital's ask

Hamdi Ayyad's ask

Hazem Mohammed

Salam's ask | Post

Docs of people vetted by @gazagfmboost

Docs of people vetted by @nabulsi and @el-shab-hussein

Donations for @90-ghost

Salah's family.

Sonic says freedom!

Juliet's ask

@pkmnbutch-inactive 's list of Palestinians' campaigns

Basel Ayyad's ask

Mahmoud's ask

Mohammed Ayyad's ask to @epickiya722

Hossam Al-Ser'a ask to @bobadila

Mahed's ask

Ali's ask

Asks/tags shared by @pteropods

Baraa Al-Shorafa's ask

Nadine's ask

Hadeel's ask

Nada's ask

@yasermohammad 's ask and donations

Ibrahim Mahed's ask

List of fundraisers by @tododeku-or-bust

Help Noor | ask

Khaled's Family's Ask

Help the family of a Children's Books Illustrator flee!

List of fundraisers shared by: @illamda-spaminations

Venezuela 🇻🇪

This raffle ends on September 10th, 2024!! By @silvervarian

Ways to help venezuelans

More ways to help venezuelans

Help @Lunes 's grandma, Dorka!

@pumpariah 's Commissions to Help Parents Flee!

The original ask was delated but this one has useful links.

Multiple links

Victor & Eldy

Valproic acid, national shipping

Vikoon's commissions shared by @systhemes

More venezuelan commissions

@transform-artion 's Commissions

Help a Venezuelan Family Flee! Shared by @yuissamidare

Cuba 🇨🇺

URGENT: Ester Asprón, a 2 years old.

Pocket's commissions!

Yemen🇾🇪

Multiple links

Nicaragua 🇳🇮

The only Nicaragua's links I've found in this hellsite

Democratic Republic of Congo 🇨🇩, Sudan 🇸🇩, Haiti 🇭🇹, Ethiopia 🇪🇹 , Lebanon 🇱🇧

Note: Campaigns for these countries oftentimes are together. We may, in a future, give a section for any and all of these countries, but for now they are together.

Fundraisers shared by @serica-e

Eman Abdelrahman's campaign

List of fundraisers shared by @marigoldcanaries

Help the Haitian Refugees in Ohio shared by @maeamian | A new Support Center @resolutedoubt

Masterpost of fundraisers for 🇱🇧🇵🇸

Help marginalized Lebanese People (ways to help: ) shared by @schoolhater

[wiremotherofficial]

on that note, valerian root* and its derivatives (valeric acid, valproate/valproic acid/depakote) are indirectly serotonergic [increase tryptophan, which is converted to serotonin] and can interact with other medications to cause serotonin syndrome

*valerian root, the popular herbal sleep aid, carries significantly less risk than the more concentrated pharmaceuticals derived from it, but it's still worth checking it against other medications extensively before using it

[dk-thrive]

Do insane things to escape insanity

Every morning I take the same pink and purple pills that keep me sane. Valproic acid and bupropion. One pill to temper my volatility and keep the racing thoughts at bay. One to make me happy. By now I’ve taken them for fifteen years and wonder if they do anything at all. But I don’t wonder anymore at the irony of staying sane to do insane things to escape insanity. In some way I know that they all rely on each other. The only places where I feel normal are where nothing is normal at all.

— Cory Richards, The Color of Everything: A Journey to Quiet the Chaos Within (Random House, July 9, 2024)

[bpod-bpod]

Cause and Effect

It’s possible to know what's causing a problem without understanding how it's doing harm. Researchers knew that mutations in the gene which makes the protein INVS is linked to nephronophthisis – a cause of kidney failure in young people. But without understanding the mechanism, this knowledge hasn’t led to new treatments. A new study examined the effect of removing INVS from various kidney cells, and found that cysts and scarring – symptoms of nephronophthisis – then arose in kidney lining cells but not others. These impacts were reduced when cilia – tiny protrusions from cells – were removed, suggesting they are key to the disease progression. They observed some affected cells over-proliferating (green in the kidney section pictured, with lining cells encircled in pink), which is a driver of cysts. Armed with this understanding, the researchers discovered a new potential treatment, valproic acid, which is already in use for other conditions like epilepsy.

Written by Anthony Lewis

Image from work by Yuanyuan Li and Wenyan Xu, and colleagues

Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Image originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Published in eLife, March 2023

You can also follow BPoD on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook

[nyheadache]

Depakote, oral and infusion, for migraines in children

A recently published study suggests that valproic acid (Depakene) given intravenously in an emergency room can relieve migraine headaches in children. The researchers also showed that giving these children an oral version of this drug, divalproex sodium (Depakote), does not reduce the frequency of future migraine attacks.  Divalproex sodium was first approved by the FDA in 1983 for the treatment…

[moleculardepot]

Biotinylated Monoclonal Valproic Acid Antibody

Biotinylated Monoclonal Valproic Acid Antibody Catalog number: B2019293 Lot number: Batch Dependent Expiration Date: Batch dependent Amount: 100 ug Molecular Weight or Concentration: NA Supplied as: Solution Applications: a molecular tool for various biochemical applications Storage: -20°C Keywords: Biotin Monoclonal Valproic Acid Antibody Grade: Biotechnology grade. All products are highly pure.…

[iikciim]

Antiepileptic Drugs

Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology Overview 

Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain manifested as a chronic, recurrent pattern of seizures. It is the most common chronic neurologic illness, affecting 3 million people in the United States and 50 million people worldwide.

A seizure is a brief episode of abnormal electrical activity in the nerve cells of the brain.

A convulsion is a more severe seizure characterized by involuntary spasmodic contractions of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body, including skeletal, facial, and ocular muscles. Commonly reported symptoms include abnormal motor function, loss of consciousness, altered sensory awareness, and psychic changes.

Seizures are classified as follows: partial-onset seizures or those originating in a more localized region of the brain; status epilepticus, characterized by generalized tonic-clonic convulsions that occur repeatedly in succession; and tonic-clonic seizures involving initial muscular contraction throughout the body (tonic) and progressing to alternating contraction and relaxation (clonic phase).

Generalized onset seizures, formerly called grand mal seizures, are characterized by neuronal activity that originates simultaneously in the gray matter of both hemispheres.

Tonic-clonic seizures begin with muscular contraction throughout the body (tonic phase) and progress to alternating contraction and relaxation (clonic phase).

Partial onset seizures originate in a localized or focal region (e.g., one lobe) of the brain.

In status epilepticus, multiple seizures occur with no recovery between them. If appropriate therapy is not prompt, hypotension, hypoxia, brain damage, and death can quickly ensue.

Excessive electrical discharges can often be detected by an electroencephalogram.

Fluctuations in the brain’s electrical potential are seen in the form of waves. These waves correlate well with different neurologic conditions and are used as diagnostic indicators.

Epilepsy without an identifiable cause is known as primary epilepsy or idiopathic epilepsy. Primary epilepsy accounts for roughly 50% of cases.

In other cases, epilepsy has a distinct cause, such as trauma, infection, cerebrovascular disorder, or other illness; this is known as secondary or symptomatic epilepsy.

The chief causes of secondary epilepsy in children and infants are developmental defects, metabolic disease, and injury at birth.

Febrile seizures occur in children 6 months to 5 years of age and are caused by fever. Children usually outgrow the tendency to have such seizures, and thus these seizures do not constitute a chronic illness.

In adults, acquired brain disorder is the major cause of secondary epilepsy; including head injury, disease or infection of the brain and spinal cord, stroke, metabolic disorders, and drug reactions.

https://bb-csuohio.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-7116313-dt-content-rid-80385574_1/xid-80385574_1

Pharmacology Overview

Antiepileptic drugs, also called antiepileptic drugs, are a more appropriate term because many of these medications are indicated for the management of all types of epilepsy, and not necessarily just convulsions.

Anticonvulsants, on the other hand, are medications that are used to prevent the convulsive seizures typically associated with epilepsy.

The goal of antiepileptic drug therapy is to control or prevent seizures while maintaining a reasonable quality of life. Approximately 70% of patients can expect to become seizure-free while taking only one drug.

Single-drug therapy must fail before multidrug therapy is attempted. The dosage of the medication is slowly increased until the seizures are controlled or until clinical toxicity occurs.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of serum drug concentrations provides a useful guideline in assessing the effectiveness of and adherence to therapy.

The antiepileptic drugs traditionally used to manage seizure disorders include barbiturates, hydantoins, and iminostilbenes, plus valproic acid.

Second- and third-generation antiepileptics are also available.

Newer approved drugs include perampanel (Fycompa,) ezogabine (Potiga), vigabatrin (Sabril), eslicarbazepine (Aptiom), clobazam (Onfi), and brivaracetam (Briviact). These drugs fall into the miscellaneous category of antiepileptics and have greatly expanded the options currently available to treat patients with seizure disorders.

Ezogabine (Potiga) is indicated for adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures and can cause potential vision loss and skin discoloration both of which may be permanent. The FDA recommends it be used only in patients who have not responded to other drugs.

Perampanel (Fycompa) is also indicated as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures. It is associated with a high incidence of dizziness.

Vigabatrin (Sabril) is indicated for refractory complex partial seizures. It carries the risk of visual impairment and as such is only available through a restricted distribution program.

Eslicarbazepine (Aptiom) is indicated as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures.

Clobazam (Onfi) is a benzodiazepine indicated as adjunctive therapy for Lennox-Gastault syndrome.

Brivaracetam (Briviact) is indicated for partial-onset seizures in patients 16 years and older.

The major pharmacologic effects of antiepileptics are threefold. First, they increase the threshold of activity in the area of the brain called the motor cortex. Second, they act to limit the spread of a seizure discharge from its origin by suppressing the transmission of impulses from one nerve to the next. Third, they can decrease the speed of nerve impulse conduction within a given neuron.

Antiepileptics are used for the long-term maintenance treatment of epilepsy. However, they are also useful for the acute treatment of status epilepticus.

The only usual contraindication to antiepileptics is known drug allergy. Pregnancy is also a common contraindication; however, the prescriber must consider the risks to the mother and infant of untreated maternal epilepsy and the increased risk of seizure activity. Many women take antiepileptics throughout their pregnancy. The newer-generation antiepileptic drugs appear to be safer in pregnancy than the traditional drugs.

Antiepileptic drugs have many adverse effects, which often limit their usefulness. Many patients cannot tolerate the adverse effects, and therapy must be withdrawn.

Birth defects in infants of epileptic mothers are higher than normal, regardless of whether the mother was receiving drug therapy.

In December 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required black box warnings on all antiepileptic drugs regarding the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Patients being treated with antiepileptic drugs for any indication need to be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

For certain antiepileptic drugs, the safe and toxic levels are very close together; that is, they have a narrow therapeutic range.

https://bb-csuohio.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-7116313-dt-content-rid-80385573_1/xid-80385573_1

Nursing Process

With the use of any of the antiepileptic drugs, perform a thorough physical assessment and obtain a comprehensive health and medication history so that any possible allergies, drug interactions, adverse reactions, cautions, and contraindications can be identified.

You must be able to distinguish between the different types of seizures and assess and document all symptoms, events, and problems that occur before, during, and after any seizure activity. This information may aid in the diagnosis of the type of seizure the patient is experiencing.

Thoroughly review the patient’s medical history and note any type of seizure disorder, precipitating events, and the duration, frequency, and intensity of the seizure activity.

Before giving these drugs, review the laboratory test results, which may include the results of red blood cell and white blood cell counts, clotting studies, and renal and/or liver function studies.

If barbiturates have been ordered, carefully assess not only the neurologic system but also vital signs because of the central nervous system depression associated with this class of drugs.

In addition, identify patients at high risk for excessive sedation for safety purposes.

Interventions for patients taking antiepileptic drugs are aimed at monitoring the patient while providing safety measures and securing the airway, breathing, and circulation.

Airway maintenance is of critical importance for epileptic patients because the tongue relaxes during seizure activity, falling backward and subsequently blocking the airway.

Maintain the patient’s airway in the same way as during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, using the chin lift or jaw thrust method.

Distinguish between the different types of seizures and assess and document all symptoms, events, and problems that occur before, during, and after any seizure activity.

With antiepileptic drug administration, adhere closely to the drug dose and frequency of dosing, as ordered. Close monitoring of dosing is important to attain therapeutic blood levels. Administering the antiepileptic drug at the same time every day is also important to maintain blood levels.

Grapefruit or related citrus fruits or pomegranate juice needs to be avoided with carbamazepine (Tegretol).

The occurrence of a therapeutic response to antiepileptic drugs does not mean that the patient has been cured of the seizures but only that seizure activity is decreased or absent.

Thoroughly document any response to the medication in the medical record.

Noncompliance with the drug regimen is the most important factor leading to treatment failure.

Monitor therapeutic blood levels at all times, and avoid abrupt withdrawal of the antiepileptic drug to prevent rebound seizure activity.

Intravenous infusions of antiepileptic drugs are very dangerous and must be managed cautiously, with adherence to hospital or facility policy and manufacturer’s guidelines. Avoid rapid infusions because of the risk of cardiac and/or respiratory arrest.

Older adult patients may experience paradoxical reactions to antiepileptic drugs, resulting in hyperactivity and irritability versus sedation.