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anarchy101 · 4 years ago

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What would an anarchist program look like?

by CrimethInc

An Anarchist Program

0. The Ends Are the Means

Those who support an anarchist program live and organize in a way that makes the program imminently possible, not in some distant future after a dictatorial party has acquired power. This represents a completely different way of creating power starting right now.

Nothing in this program, not even the abolition of the state, can justify means of struggle that would not be at home in the world we wish to inhabit, nor the postponing of questions of freedom and well-being until after some state of exception that we dress up as a revolution.

1. Mutual Survival

Under capitalism, no one has a right to survival. We are all forced to pay for the means of survival—and some of us can’t. Millions of people die every year from easily preventable causes; billions live in misery because they are denied the means for a healthy, dignified life. That ends now.

A. Every person and every community has a right to their means of survival.

B. It follows that persons and communities that choose to constitute themselves in a way that destroys others’ means of survival, or that withhold those means in exchange for some service (exploitation), are destroying the possibility for mutual survival. Therefore, their “way of life” does not constitute survival—it endangers survival.

C. Persons and communities are right to defend themselves against exploitation or threats to their means of survival, preferably by convincing those who threaten or exploit them to change their way of life to a more harmonious, mutually feasible pattern—but also, if necessary, by force.

D. Conflict and death have always been a part of life, and will remain so for the foreseeable future. With current technologies, attempts to stave off death are predicated on multiplying deaths among those who lack access to such technologies. It follows that survival is not the absence of death, but the possibility for a healthy and fulfilling life, as well as the possibility to pass something of that life on to future generations.

E. In this sense, the opposite of life is not death, but extermination, the total annihilation of a group, including even the destruction of the memory of that group. Extermination belongs to the state. It precludes the possibility of mutual survival.

2. Decolonization

Colonization is crucial to the global spread of capitalism and the devastation it has entailed. This devastation has ongoing repercussions at every level. Colonization is the basis of the United States; it has also been foundational to the major European states that functioned as the architects of the current global system of statism and capitalism. T3. Reparations and Ending Anti-Blacknesshe partial revolutions of the 20th century did not alter the basic colonial frameworks they inherited. All of this must change.

A. Colonized peoples have a right to reconstitute their communities, their languages and knowledge systems, their territories, and their organizational systems. All of these are fluid realities that members of such communities adapt to their present needs.

B. Settler societies must be destroyed. Because they are so historically ingrained, their abolition will not be a single moment of compensation (as though a price tag could be attached to all the suffering that has been caused), but a complex and evolving process. Indigenous communities should be able to define what decolonization looks like from a position of strength and healing, such as the abolition of the United States (and Canada and other nations) will allow. This is also necessary to break with the gunboat diplomacy that has characterized much of settler colonialism.

C. By definition, we cannot and will not define the limits of decolonization from the present moment, from within the reality of a settler society. Anarchists, Indigenous and otherwise, favor models of decolonization that break with colonial logics and repudiate nation-states, ethnic essentialism, punitive and genocidal practices, and mere reforms regarding who holds state power.

D. Settler communities that have historically and to the present day played the role of an aggressive and hostile neighbor helping to police and exploit Native communities in the reservation system will be encouraged to disband, and will be treated as paramilitaries if they continue any form of hostility. All “Man Camps” will be disbanded immediately, and resources will be dedicated to helping find missing Indigenous women and two-spirit people.

E. Universities, museums, and other institutions will return all bodies, body parts, art, and artifacts stolen from Indigenous communities.

F. It is right for Indigenous communities to recover all the territory they need for their full cultural, spiritual, and material survival.

G. Priority might be given to recovering land of spiritual importance, land that had belonged to the government, and large commercial holdings—but again, preconceived limitations should not be placed on how decolonization will unfold.

H. Communities in countries that maintained external colonial projects (e.g., the United Kingdom, Spain, France) will facilitate a large-scale transfer of useful resources expropriated from their abolished governments, the wealthy, and institutions that existed to serve the wealthy (e.g., private hospitals). These resources will go to communities in the ex-colonies.

A composition by Afro-Futurist artist Olalekan Jeyifous, part of a series exploring alternative futures for Brooklyn.

3. Reparations and Ending Anti-Blackness

Anti-Blackness and other forms of racism are fundamental to the current power structure. They grew out of colonialism and capitalism from the very beginning, to such an extent that capitalism is inseparable from racism, though the latter can take many forms. It is impossible to fully abolish these power structures without striking at the historically grounded legacies of racism.

A. Communities of people largely descended from the survivors of slavery are right to take over large landholdings that had previously been plantations, as well as the excess wealth of families and institutions that profited off of slave labor. This redistribution should be carried out on a communal rather than an individual basis, to avoid encouraging identitarian processes that declare individuals legitimate or illegitimate based on abstract criteria. Those who organize a collective or communal expropriation have the right to define their own experiences and how oppression has affected them historically, as well as to choose how to constitute themselves and whom to invite into their community.

B. Historically racialized neighborhoods that have been gentrified may be reclaimed. Because many neighborhoods, before gentrification, are in fact quite diverse and working class people of all races can lose their homes, those who are involved in housing and anti-racist struggles at the time of the revolution may form assemblies to organize the process of inviting people back into reclaimed neighborhoods, for example prioritizing prior residents or their children, and finding ways to strike a balance between revitalizing Black and other cultures of resistance and creating practices of cross-racial solidarity that break down the segregations and separations of racism.

C. People in neighborhoods that are infrastructurally unsound or unsanitary, that suffer from environmental racism or other harmful effects that will continue causing health problems into the foreseeable future, may expropriate and move into wealthy neighborhoods (preferentially targeting the wealthiest). The prior residents of those neighborhoods may move into the vacated, substandard neighborhood with an eye towards improving it through their own effort, or they may move into other unused housing, of which there is plenty, thanks to capitalist real estate markets.

D. Weapons taken from the disbanded police and military will be distributed among Black, Indigenous, and other racialized communities, and to volunteer militias that fought unambiguously on the anti-racist side during the entirety of the revolutionary conflict. The communities will decide what is to be done with the weapons—whether to distribute, store, or dismantle them.

E. Resources related to education and healthcare may be taken from wealthy neighborhoods for the benefit of racialized neighborhoods.

F. The onus is on white anti-capitalists, or more correctly, anti-capitalists in the process of definitively breaking with their whiteness, to work with other white people to achieve a process of reparations that is as peaceful as possible, to help them move to other neighborhoods or territories in the case that they are evicted, to soften their landing and help them find the means for dignified survival, without creating entrenched identities or resentment that might encourage intergenerational conflicts or keep whiteness alive.

G. Assemblies of people committed to the relevant causes at the time of the revolution will set up truth and reconciliation committees to deal with whatever racist atrocities are brought to their attention, such as the forced sterilizations carried out in ICE facilities. The processes for uncovering the truth of these atrocities and achieving some kind of reconciliation will not be purely symbolic, and they need not delegitimize personal acts of revenge, but they will strive for some form of collective healing and transformative justice rather than punitive and carceral measures.4. Land

All the following points of the program are contingent on points 1-3 being put in motion in a way that is satisfactory to those who have suffered white supremacy, colonization, and racial capitalism. The rights and principles in point 4, for example, about access to land, must not be used to thwart efforts by Indigenous communities to get their Land Back.

The Esselen Tribe inhabited this land across the Big Sur coast of California for more than 6000 years, until Spanish colonizers seized it. Their claim to it was only recently acknowledged by the courts.

4. Land

The way capitalism and Western civilization have taught us to think about the land and the way to treat it has brought us to the brink of disaster. The paradigm of land as property, as a resource to be exploited, is simultaneously a failure and a travesty. The commodification of land has been instrumental to colonialism and exploitation, while the measuring, demarcation, and assertion of dominion over land has been central to the state throughout its history.

A. Land is a living thing. Land cannot be bought and sold.

B. Land belongs to those who belong to it, which is to say, those who take care of it and those whose survival is based on it.

C. Land should be respected. Communities should consider the personhood of the land and all other beings that exist in relation with it. The idea that only humans of a predetermined type have personhood is responsible for a large part of the disaster we face.

D. Land is the basis for survival, and all land is interconnected.

E. It follows that defense of the land is self-defense, and is therefore right.

F. A community that exists in an intimate, localized relationship with the land, or a community that historically has had such a relationship and proved to be good stewards of the land, will probably know best how to interrelate with a specific territory. Others should defer to them in questions regarding defending and caring for the land.

G. It is the responsibility of all communities to aid and accompany the land as it heals from centuries of capitalism and the state.

5. Water

Water is life.

A. All communities must return the water they use to the river, lake, or aquifer as clean as they found it.

B. All communities have a responsibility to help their watershed heal and purify itself after centuries of capitalist aggression.

C. In view of climate change, desertification, and all the other forms of damage to the planet, all communities have a responsibility to adapt their lifeways in the event of water scarcity, and to help each other to migrate if increasing water scarcity and desertification render a dignified survival impossible.

D. In the event of water scarcity, priority for water use is given to localized forms of sustainable agriculture and to preserving the habitats of other forms of life.

E. Polluting the water or taking so much that others downstream or in the same aquifer do not have enough for a dignified survival is an act of aggression.

F. Communities should respond to assaults on their water with attempts at dialogue and negotiation, but if these attempts are fruitless, they are right to defend themselves.

Garden River First Nation’s railroad bridge.

6. Borders

The global system we are abolishing is based on states asserting sovereignty over clearly demarcated borders, alternately cooperating and competing in capitalist accumulation and warfare. Nation-states have always led to cultural and linguistic homogenization and genocide, and borders have revealed themselves to be increasingly murderous mechanisms. All that, henceforth, is abolished.

A. People and communities, in concert, decide what communities they want to be a part of, and how they wish to be constituted, respectively. This is the principle of voluntary association.

B. All together, as best we can, we will develop principles of Freedom of Movement, balanced with a respect for the communities that are the custodians of the territories others wish to move through. These two principles necessitate the abolition of borders, on the one hand, and the abolition of individualistic, entitled tourism on the other. It is reasonable for communities, which exist in relation to a specific territory, to expect privacy as well as basic respect from visitors; at the same time, it is good for people to be able to move freely in search of a better life or even simply because movement brings them joy and well-being. These two rights, such as they are, may come into conflict. Communities and individuals commit to resolving those conflicts as constructively as possible.

C. Communities commit to offering basic hospitality and safe conduct to migrants. This could include migrants who wish to return home, having been forced to emigrate by the effects of capitalism. It could include the migration of entire communities fleeing the long-term effects of environmental racism.

D. Communities will coordinate across territories as they see fit. This could include federations organized along linguistic lines (for the sake of convenience), coordinating bodies in a shared watershed, and more. Anarchists recommend redundant, overlapping forms of organization, as well as membership in multiple communities, to resist the potentially militaristic reproduction of bordered units or essentialist identities.

A way to reorganize living environments as imagined by anarchist artist Clifford Harper.

7. Housing

Even governments that enshrine the right to housing in their constitutions have failed to guarantee this basic need. As Malatesta pointed out, capitalism is the system in which builders go homeless because there are too many houses.

A. Houses belong to those who live in them.

B. No one has a right to more houses than they need. This should not be reduced to a principle of “one family, one house,” because of the danger in normalizing one model of the family, and because some dynamic families include movement between multiple nodes, and to respect pastoral and other societies organized around seasonal migrations. However, this does mean that the vacation houses of the rich are fair game for expropriation for those who need access to land or decent housing.

C. Housing is not a commodity to be bought and sold.

D. Communities will make sure all their own members have dignified housing, and then they will help neighboring communities find the resources they need to meet their housing needs.

E. Anarchists will encourage the transformation of housing, which capitalist real estate development and urban planning utilized specifically to promote patriarchal nuclear families. People are encouraged to change their vital spaces in a way that enables more communal practices of kinship, child-rearing practices not based in the heterosexual couple, and autonomous spaces for women and gender nonconforming people.

F. Anarchists will make it a priority to provide safe housing for people fleeing abusive relationships and circumstances.

G. Communities will begin immediately, within their means, to modify housing to be ecologically sustainable, and to modify settlement patterns so that housing nuclei correspond to ecological and cultural needs, moving away from the present reality in which existing housing corresponds to the imperatives of capitalism. As this process will take decades, communities should develop plans and share ideas for organizing the transition, taking into account that there will be a rapid shift away from fossil fuels and changes in the availability of different construction materials.

H. Evicting people from their houses is an emotionally traumatizing act that we do not want to form a part of the world we are building. However, many historically oppressed communities find themselves living in situations that directly shorten their lives, whereas the ostentatious housing of rich people represents generations of accumulated plunder; in those cases, it is better for them to take the housing of those who profited off their misery than to continue in misery. Under capitalism, there is no inalienable right to remain in a particular house, and we are not carrying out a revolution in order to give rights to rich people they did not even claim under their own chosen system.

Christiania, an autonomous neighborhood in Copenhagen, Denmark.

8. Food

A key aspect of capitalist accumulation has been the industrialization and hyper-exploitation of food producers, both human farmers and other forms of life, trying to squeeze out an ever-growing surplus. This has led to the acts of genocide associated with the commodification of the land, the total destruction of peasant societies, deforestation and monocrop deserts, mass starvation, mass extinction, pollution, climate change, dead zones in the ocean, the destruction and commodification of communities of different living beings, the murder of living soil, and the systematized imprisonment and torture of non-human animals. How we feed ourselves is a nexus that brings together how we organize our society and the relationships we create with the broader ecosystem.

A. Everyone has a right to all the food they need for a healthy, dignified life.

B. Making sure that everyone has enough food is a collective responsibility.

C. Arbitrarily placing limits on or destroying the food supply that others depend on is an assault on their survival. They may respond to this with legitimate self-defense.

D. Workers in food production industries at the time of the revolution will socialize the means of production under their control with the aim of ensuring everyone’s access to food.

E. Communities will begin the process of redistributing large tracts of farmland and reclaiming land in urban environments to enable food sovereignty and to share access to the means to feed ourselves.

F. Agriculture will transition away from the current petroleum-dependent, highly industrialized model to a localized, ecocentric model designed to fulfill two purposes: ensuring food security and restoring the health of the planet. The human diet will be resituated in an ecosystemic logic.

G. Particularly damaging technologies like factory trawlers and animal warehouses for industrial-scale meat and dairy production will be dismantled as quickly as possible.

A collective meal at Ungdomshuset, an autonomous social center in Copenhagen.

9. Healthcare

Under capitalism and the state, healthcare has been used as a form of extortion to keep poor people in misery and in debt, to surveil, discipline, and control our bodies, and particularly to torture and control women, trans and non-binary people, racialized people, and people with different abilities and mental health difference. It is one of the most damning indictments of the present system that the practices that should focus on healing function as a venue for cruelty and profiteering.

A. Everyone has a right to preventive therapies and living conditions that guarantee them the best possible health.

B. Everyone has a right to define for themselves what constitutes health, in dialogue with their community. People who share a collective experience or identity related to gender, sexuality, physical ability, mental health, ethnicity, or anything else, may develop their own definition or ideal of health; members of those groups are free to subscribe to those definitions or not to subscribe to them.

C. Everyone has a right to alter their body, in line with their gender expression or for whatever reason, as they see fit. People have an unrestricted right to contraceptives and abortion.

D. No healthcare worker can be forced to perform a procedure that they do not agree with, but denying someone access to a medical procedure is an assault on their bodily autonomy. Training in skills related to healthcare will be spread as widely as possible so no one is ever in the position of gatekeeping access to healthcare.

E. Everyone has a right to the full extent of treatment available to them in their community, or to travel in search of better conditions or better treatment options.

F. Healthcare workers at the time of the revolution will socialize the hospitals and other institutions and infrastructures at their disposal, and do their best to ensure continuing access to healthcare, to universalize and improve access and quality of treatment, to equalize treatment for historically marginalized populations, to facilitate reconciliation processes to address the abuse of such populations by the medical profession, and to reorganize their profession to remove all capitalist influences and classist organization, while still weighting internal hierarchies to favor training and experience.

G. Trafficking in healthcare, including the threat to withhold healthcare, is an act of aggression.

H. As part of the process of self-definition of health, anarchists will encourage the formation of assemblies that center people’s own needs and experiences, breaking the tradition that establishes healthcare professionals as the protagonists and people as mere receptacles for illness or treatment. People will share and increase knowledge of their own bodies, availing themselves of the tools they need to be proactive in securing the greatest health and happiness possible.

A Berkeley Free Clinic truck offering free HIV tests on a sidewalk in Berkeley, California in 2012.

10. Education

Public education has been used to create patriotic, obedient, and white supremacist civil servants, soldiers, and citizens. For even longer, Catholic education in Europe and in the colonies was used to justify colonialism and state authority. Both public and private education are linked to systematic child abuse. Contrary to classist stereotypes, people with more formal education are often more able to dismiss facts that contradict their prejudices or worldview. Education as it stands is a cornerstone of oppression.

On the contrary, education should be an unending process of growth and self-actualization. Anarchists have always been at the forefront of experimenting with models of liberating education that break with the standard formulas of patriotic, patriarchal, colonial, capitalist education.

A. Knowledge must be free; it belongs to the community.

B. Everyone must be able to access whatever educational opportunities they desire. Anarchists will encourage specific projects that end the oppressions that limit people’s access to education because of their gender, sexuality, race, class, or other divisions. Examples might include intensive trainings in fields like math, sciences, and mechanics for people from groups that have historically been discouraged from entering those fields, or history and literature courses that center the voices and experiences of subjects other than upper-class heterosexual white men. Such projects will also deploy a diversity of learning environments that do not assume a single, normative standard of physical and mental abilities.

C. Anarchists will help ensure that historically marginalized groups can obtain the resources they need to identify and develop the body of knowledge that is important to their specific community and to spread it as they see fit.

D. Children are free to engage in educational settings as they see fit, in dialogue with their communities. Free children who have all their basic needs met are constantly engaged in their own education, independently of whether they do so in a formal setting.

E. Teachers and professors who want to continue working as such may organize basic education, but anarchists will encourage the emergence of new projects based on liberating models of education rather than rote memorization or the completion of preconceived modules, especially collective self-organized self-education projects.

David Graeber speaking at Maagdenhuis in Amsterdam in 2015.

F. Professions that prove to be useful and desirable after the demise of capitalism will organize educational programs to train new members of the profession, expropriating resources from schools and universities or taking over teaching spaces within them, in dialogue with other professions.

G. Scientific organizations may constitute themselves to provide for professional training in universities, and to maintain laboratories and peer-reviewed papers. They will discuss ways to raise the resources necessary to maintain laboratories and needed technologies without capitalizing on the processes of knowledge production. One possible solution is that scientific experimentation will have to respond largely to the needs voiced by communities as a whole.

H. The advanced education needed to become a scientist is a gift from the community to the individual; the knowledge the scientists help produce should be a gift back to the community. Scientists should also honor their responsibility to share tools for education as widely as possible. Scientific knowledge and training should not be concentrated in a few hands. Good science thrives on widespread participation in the process of research and review. For science to live, scientists must cease to treat other human beings as objects in a petri dish and focus on equipping them to participate in that process.

I. Scientists, teachers, and other educators will facilitate reconciliation processes to deal with forms of abuse they may have been complicit in before the revolution, from facilitating police violence against students to working with corporations that caused people harm. Accredited scientists who used their knowledge to aid fossil fuel, armaments, and similar industries should be stripped of their perceived legitimacy in the same way that doctors can be delicensed for malpractice.

J. Associations of scientists will decide if they actually need to use some form of licensing in order to assure the quality of their work. The answer may not be the same for heart surgeons as for botanists. This implies a balance between the needs of scientists to ensure standards of quality, the interests of people to prevent monopolies or gatekeepers that limit access to knowledge and training, as well as people’s need for transparency—ensuring, for example, that those they entrust with their medical care or technological projects that might pollute their environment have not been dangerously negligent in the past. Associations of laypeople will also organize to weigh in on these decisions.

11. Production

Under capitalism, production is one of the chief means of accumulating capital for the wealthy—through alienated work, exploitation, and the destruction of the environment. In anarchy, the only question is how to meet socially defined needs, which include everything from collective survival to the need people feel to grow and enjoy life.

A. Ex-workers will seize their workplaces at the earliest convenience, studying whether the workplace (factory, workshop, office, store, restaurant, etc.) can be modified to produce something socially useful in a healthy way. If not, the workplace will be dismantled and its resources shared out among ex-workers, neighboring communities, and useful workplaces.

B. Ex-workers, excluding managers while welcoming unemployed people with pertinent skills who had been denied access to employment under capitalism, will create some form of collective, cooperative, or communal structure to organize their workplaces, federating with other workplaces across their industry in order to oversee the production of socially useful goods.

C. Delegates within these productive federations must be beholden to a specific collective mandate (promoting positions that arise from their base assembly), they must be immediately recallable if they fail that mandate, and they must continue to exercise their craft. Workplace assemblies will decide if delegates must carry out their normal work on a daily basis or if they may be excused for a limited number of months before returning to normal work, as demanded by the conditions of their work and the needs of the federative labor (for example, delegates may have to travel long distances and might not be able to work during certain periods).

D. Those who wish to be professional representatives, doing no other work but that of bureaucrats and politicians, may form their own federations of representatives in which to go about representing themselves and others to the best of their abilities. For this purpose, it is recommended that they paint their faces white, don berets and striped shirts, travel from community to community, and hold their committee meetings open to the public. People don’t need bureaucrats—but we will always need entertainment!

E. No one may be forced to work. Communities and productive federations will do their utmost to operate according to a logic of abundance rather than a logic of scarcity or monopoly. People who wish to carry out productive or creative labors in a more individual setting or manner will be encouraged to do so, and insofar as it is possible, they will be afforded the space and resources they need, though in moments of absolute scarcity, such as the difficult years of the transition, communities may prefer to favor more effective collective workplaces that are immediately responding to a community need.

F. The gendering of different productive activities is abolished. Anarchists encourage their communities to reflect on how different useful, necessary, and beneficial activities are unequally recognized and rewarded with status, and propose initiatives or new traditions by which to eliminate these vestiges of patriarchy.

G. Ex-workers are encouraged to fully transform their workplaces, deconstructing machinery into its component tools if need be in order to work at a safer pace and create an environment that is healthy in terms of noise, air quality, chemicals, and non-repetitive labors.

H. Workplaces will strike a balance between the creative or productive desires of the members, the needs of surrounding communities, and the needs of society as a whole. This means encouraging artisans in their creative development, making sure not to pollute nearby communities with harmful chemicals or excessive noise, and seeking to create things that others in society need, though embracing the logic of abundance means giving this latter directive the broadest possible interpretation except in cases of acute scarcity that threaten a community’s survival.

I. Destructive energy infrastructure will be phased out at the safest pace possible. Experts in the relevant fields will be encouraged to oversee the shutting down of nuclear power plants according to a schedule that leaves the smallest amount of highly radioactive waste and the plugging of oil wells so they do not contaminate ground water.

J. On a less urgent timeline, communities will explore the decommissioning of highly destructive “green energy” projects that endanger river populations, migratory birds, and other living things. This work will depend on the development of localized, ecological energy production and the drastic reduction of overall energy use, a part of which is the redesigning of buildings to allow for passive solar heating and cooling, a demanding endeavor that cannot be accomplished in a single decade.

K. Communities will decide what technologies and what kinds of scientific experimentation and development they will support. However, in all cases, the communities and scientific organizations involved must be able to absorb or remediate all the negative consequences of that technology. There is no justification for mining someone else’s territory or creating toxic substances that future generations will have to deal with.

12. Distribution, Communication, and Transportation

Localizing power in people and communities has an adjunct in organizing the material means of survival on as local a level as possible, for example through principles like food sovereignty. However, the danger of dependence on an exploitative socioeconomic system decreases dramatically when people can meet most of their survival needs through the resources and activity of a small local network of communities. For the remainder of those needs, as well as all the things that make life more enjoyable, it may be necessary to organize distribution across multiple regions of a continent and beyond. Additionally, travel is extremely important in an anarchist society to inculcate a global consciousness, encourage reciprocity and solidarity, prevent the emergence of borders, and collectivize knowledge as much as possible.

A. All state-backed currencies are abolished. All monetary debts are canceled.

B. Exchange of goods between communities shall be done in as equitable a manner as possible. Communities in close contact may prefer a free exchange or gift economy. Communities without the basis of trust that makes a gift economy easier to practice may decide to use quid pro quo trade, but trading up for profit (serial trading to capture a growth of value) or charging interest on the lending of goods can be considered attempts at coercion and exploitation.

C. Communities should pursue food sovereignty, meeting the majority of their survival needs from their local land base, but beyond that, infrastructures should be maintained to encourage exchange and travel.

D. Transport workers, together with affected communities, will collaborate to transform existing transportation infrastructure to be as ecologically sustainable as possible, while other infrastructures (e.g., airports and highways) are to be dismantled.

E. Already extracted fossil fuel reserves and existing infrastructures will be rationed, giving priority to the transition in agricultural production, global reparations of resources, and maintaining connectivity in rural areas with no transportation alternatives.

F. Communities, transportation workers, and those involved in fighting against patriarchal violence at the time of the revolution will work together to make sure that people can travel freely and safely regardless of their gender. Communities that enable or permit violence against women or gender non-conforming people traveling through their territory are considered to be in aggression against the rest of the world.

G. Communities will do their best to maintain existing communications infrastructure so that they can remain in touch to communicate globally and share the experiences of their respective revolutionary processes. In the long term, they will explore ways to maintain those infrastructures they find useful with recycled or non-harmful materials. They will also study whether addictive and depressive behaviors related to social networking technologies are intrinsic to those technologies or a maladaptive response to the alienations of capitalism.

13. Conflict Resolution and Transformative Justice

Prisons and police have existed for far too long, destroying people and communities. There are ways to deal with the inevitable conflicts of social existence that see people as capable of growth, redemption, and healing, and that are organized to meet the needs of the community rather than to protect a system of oppression and inequality. The revolution is a process of destroying state power; it is also a process of the rebirth of real communities. Capitalism forced us to be dependent on its mechanisms for our survival, but once it is abolished, our survival once again becomes something we create collectively.

A. Communities are reconstituted through the assemblies and other spaces through which they organize their territory and the survival of their members. A part of this means being accountable to the community on which our survival depends, and taking part in the healthy resolution of conflicts, the healing of harm, and the restoring of reciprocal relations.

B. Communities will do their best to enable fluid ways of being and relating that break with the closed, patriarchal, and micro-oppressive structures that have been traditional in many places. However, no leeway need be given to the dominant concept of fluidity of late capitalism in which people move through space without ever acknowledging their relations, their impact on others, or the simple fact that their survival is not their personal property.

C. People involved in mediation, conflict resolution, and transformative justice will share resources and encourage communities to deal with conflict and harm in a restorative way that promotes healing and reconciliation. We will also make sure that the burden of this work does not fall disproportionately along gender lines.

D. Communities will define norms and boundaries around harmful behaviors, but anarchists will encourage them to develop practices that center dialogue and processes of healing and reconciliation, rather than the codification of prohibited behaviors and punishment.

E. Communities that already have traditions of mediation and reconciliatory processes are encouraged to share their experience as they see fit.

F. All prisons will be dismantled, with communities taking in ex-prisoners who had been convicted of harming other people and committing to working with them on exploring the circumstances around the harm.

G. Committees of people experienced in transformative justice will work with ex-prisoners who are not taken in and vouched for by any community, together with the communities harmed by them, to try to find a solution.

H. Given that total opposition to prisons is not a widespread position, anarchists will organize debates on other possible responses to the worst scenarios of harm—the small minority of cases in which people repeatedly kill, abuse, or victimize others. One possible proposal is to always favor reconciliation with all resources available, but to never delegitimize autonomous acts of self-defense or revenge, especially in cases in which reconciliation is not a realistic outcome.

I. Special attention will be given to all acts of gender and sexual violence, especially those that had been normalized under the patriarchal, punitive regime that is to be abolished. People active in opposing such violence will suggest appropriate structures and practices for communities to adopt.

14. Safety

The state thrives on the lie that security and freedom constitute a dichotomy, two things that exist in inverse proportion and that we must sacrifice each in equal measure to strike a balance between them. Because security is connected with survival, the state can convince us that we would not be able to enjoy what little freedom we have if we did not prioritize security and accept its protection.

In truth, our survival, our safety, and our freedom all depend on how well we can take care of one another, not how high we build walls around ourselves. As long as states exist, even only as a projection in the minds of the power-hungry, we will need to defend ourselves from those who would subjugate and exploit us; sometimes, we will also need to defend ourselves from those who cause harm by not recognizing others’ boundaries, not empathizing with others, or not realizing the consequences of their own actions. How we organize our defense can be dangerous to our freedom. It is also a challenge to conceive of dangers and conflicts in a way that transforms us and others, rather than fixing our antagonists as permanent enemies we need to destroy.

A. All police forces are abolished, and their members should participate in reconciliation processes to address the harm they have caused. Those who refuse may be viewed as statist paramilitaries.

B. Communities may create some kind of volunteer service to protect against various forms of aggression or interpersonal harm. However, to prevent anything like a police force from emerging, whatever form this service takes, it must focus on de-escalation and reconciliation rather than punishment; it should focus on calling out the rest of the community to deal with the conflict or instance of harm rather than monopolizing the response; and the participants must not have special privileges in terms of the right to use force or access to weapons that the rest of the community does not have.

C. Communities are encouraged to create some kind of protective group, tradition, or structure specifically designed to respond to and deal with gender violence in all its forms. They may wish this force to be composed of people other than cis men.

D. Because the state will not be abolished everywhere at once, and because many communities with hierarchical values may continue to exist and may try to subordinate neighboring communities to their will, there may be a need to create anarchist militias or other fighting units—both to defend a free territory and to engage in revolutionary warfare against a statist, imperialist territory. To deserve the terms “free militia” and “revolutionary warfare,” these must be dedicated to several key principles that distinguish them from statist armies. Simply tacking on a red flag is not enough. The fighters must be volunteers; they must be able to choose their own leaders and leadership structures. There must be no officers with aristocratic privileges. The entirety of the force must decide together on acceptable measures of discipline. Assemblies that transcend the free militias—for example, federations of the communities from which the fighters come—will decide the broad strategic objectives and guidelines for humanitarian conduct. In other words the militias must not be fully autonomous: they exist to defend the needs of broader communities, rather than dominating those communities or promoting their own interests on anything but a tactical level.

E. Free militias will avoid the logic of territorial, aggressive warfare in which the objective is to conquer a space defined as enemy territory. The purpose should either be defensive warfare, defending the communities and dissuading others from attacking, or revolutionary warfare, supporting people in an oppressive society who are fighting for their own freedom. In the latter case, the initiative must come from those oppressed people and must not be organized primarily by the militias of a neighboring territory.

F. Free communities do not try to eliminate or annihilate enemies. They defend their freedom and dignity, and support others who are doing so, and then they try to make friends or at the very least make peace.

G. Safety, in an anarchist framework, is not the protection of the weak by the strong, it is the empowerment and cultivated capacity for self-defense of all, with priority given to those whose gender socialization, racialization, or physical and psychological difference has specifically disempowered them under current oppressive conditions.

H. Peace, in an anarchist framework, is not simply the absence of armed conflict, especially when such absence indicates acquiescence to oppression. Peace is an outgrowth of happiness, freedom, and self-actualization, which we hope this program will foster more than capitalism ever has, and a proactive effort. Anarchists will encourage communities to engage and exchange not just with their immediate neighbors, but transcontinentally, sharing and creating cultural bonds, affinities, and friendships on a global scale so as to make the wars of conquest and annihilation that states have been practicing for millennia inconceivable.

15. Community Organization and Coordination

In opposition to involuntary citizenship and dictatorial or representative decision-making that imposes homogenizing laws on all of society, anarchism posits the principles of voluntary association and self-organization, meaning people are free to form themselves into groups of their choosing, to organize those groups as they see fit, and to order their lives on a daily basis, with everyone’s participation.

A. Every community is autonomous and free to organize its own affairs. Every community should develop its own methods and structures of organization and subsistence.

B. Anarchists encourage models that prioritize well-being and prevent the reemergence of statist organization, including the gift economy within communities, and overlapping, redundant forms of organization that prevent the centralization of power, such as combinations of federated territorial assemblies, workplace assemblies, infrastructural organizations, and professional and educational organizations. The goal is to tie people together in a multiplicity of organizational spaces. This way, many different organizational models and cultures can be practiced, since none are neutral or equally accessible to everyone; conflict is mediated by multiplying relationships through numerous organizational and territorial bonds; and the emergence of a political class that is skilled in manipulating assemblies and that thrives in the alienated space of politics is discouraged. If there is no central space where all decisions and authority are legitimated, no matter how participatory that space pretends to be, there can be no political class. This is the difference between democracy and anarchy—not to mention the fact that anarchism has historically opposed slavery, capitalism, patriarchy, imperialism, and the like, whereas democracy has often relied upon them.

C. In order to prevent the return of authoritarian dynamics in the guise of democracy, anarchists would do well to facilitate community processes exploring how formal and informal mechanisms of decision-making distribute gendered power and how vital informal, non-legitimized spaces are to the organization of daily life—but also identifying which informal spaces enable the centralization of power and studying how different ways of organizing, opening, and diffusing formal spaces can serve to prevent rather than facilitate the centralization of power.

D. As a general rule, the only time it is acceptable to intervene in the affairs of a neighboring community is in matters of self-defense, when they do not respect their neighbors’ need for freedom and a dignified survival.

E. When a community does not respect its members’ need for food, water, shelter, healthcare, and bodily integrity, it is good for neighboring communities to offer those members support and refuge. The neighboring communities may support efforts by oppressed or exploited members of the first community to end their oppression, but liberation must always be the task of those who are most directly affected by oppression. Communities should try to avoid intervening directly or forcefully in the affairs of their neighbors.

F. Communities should strive to accept the inevitable differences they have with their neighbors, aiming to foster relations of dialogue and peace. In the case of communities that do not respect the dignity and survival of others, it may be preferable to seek mediation or cut off connections rather than escalating to physical conflict.

G. Many communities will find the need or the desire to join in larger associations for matters of culture, production, and distribution and in order to share common resources. It is preferable to form free federations or associations that maintain power at the local level, while also creating multiple, cross-cutting organizational ties so that every person in every community is a member of multiple groups—for example, the coordinating body to protect a shared watershed, a cultural-linguistic grouping, a scientific association and university system, a producers’ and consumers’ union for sharing resources, and a territorial confederation. In this way, each community has a richer web of relationships, and in the case of conflicts, disputes do not fracture into two belligerent sides, but everyone is tied together by other relationships so there is an abundance of mediators and a general interest in preserving the peace.

16. The Planet

Capitalism has brought the planet to the brink of collapse. It is not enough to destroy capitalism. We must also uproot the capitalist, Western way of relating with the land in favor of healthy, reciprocal, ecocentric relations, and we must do everything possible to heal the planet and all the living communities that share it.

A. It is our responsibility to help the planet heal and help ensure the survival and continuity of all living communities.

B. Communities will tend to their territories as best they can to remediate the destruction and pollution caused by capitalism, to identify and protect species and ecosystems that are in danger, to promote the rewilding of spaces, and to conceive of themselves as part of the ecosystem.

C. Communities and scientific associations will pool resources and share information in order to track problems of global concern, such as greenhouse gases, vulnerable species, dead zones and plastic pollution in the oceans, radiation, and other forms of long-term pollution. They will set targets and make recommendations to specific communities and territorial confederations with the goal of ameliorating these problems as thoroughly and fairly as possible.

#anarchy #revolution #socialism #antifa #anarchocommunism #ancap #communism #antifascism #capitalism #blm #statism #anarchist #anarchism #anarchy101 #reddit

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dry-valleys · 2 years ago

Photo

DEEP THOUGHT: A computer which can calculate the Question, to the Ultimate Answer. A computer of such infinite and subtle complexity that organic life itself will form part of its operational matrix. And it shall be called- the Earth!

LOONQUAWL: Oh. What a dull name.

The Hitch-Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.

I noticed when I came to Derby Cathedral August 2022 that on an earlier visit, in February 2020 (when all the pictures except 5 were taken) I’d somehow never actually posted my shoot, so here it is with the addition of (5) fromAugust 2022.

A church was founded here in 943 by the Anglo-Saxins, who had only twenty-five years earlier driven the Vikings out of what was then the Kingdom of Mercia. (Many ethnic Danes, who had converted to Christianity, stayed here under Anglo-Saxon rule after Athelstan of England united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in a state of England in 937; they still make up much of the DNA of what is now the East Midlands, and live in a city with a Danish name).

Derby was fought over because it sits on the River Derwent, as you can see, and commands the lowlands of Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire, Leicestershire and Lincolnshire.

It was thus an old foundation when the Domesday Book of 1086 was written by the Normans, who had conquered England from the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 and recorded that seven priests worshipped here, in a building owned by King William the Bastard Conqueror.

Because the building put up in 943 was unsound, it was knocked down in the 14th century and on the same site was built a church which is also no longer with us. The earliest surviving features are the tower, which still stands from a perpendicular rebuilding in 1510-35 (please see Saint Mary Magdalene, Newark for a perpendicular building which stands in full).

Straight away, the building saw action as Catholics and Protestants foight one another for supremacy; in 1556, a time when Catholics were winning and Protestants were losing, the Protestant ‘heretic’ Joan Waste was burned here.

Throughout this time, Derby became more and more important as the centre of the trading life and a second home for aristocrats in Derbsyhire and beyond; in 1608 was buried (9) Bess of Hardwick, a great lady who owned Hardwick Hall, to the north of here (I’ve actually never been, though I soon will), Chatsworth, and much more of the county.

This building, though, fell into disrepair and little more than the tower now exists; what you see was largely built in 1725 by vicar Michael Hutchinson and leading Scottish architecht James Gibbs.

In 1745 the Jacobite uprising, which (with French help) spread from the Highlands of Scotland but was not exclusively Scottish (nor, despite the bastardised American ‘history’ seen on TV, were the Hanoverian armies exclusively English) reached as far south as Derby; you can go to the city’s museum for more on the history of that time.

The cathdedral, especially after the imposing iron gates were installed by Robert Bakewell in 1755, is clearly an 18th-century building. It is a celebration of those liberal, rationalist, Protestant values which were set against the conservative, mystical and Catholic (large or small c) ideals of the Jacobites, who soon after 1745 had to leave Derby and march to their defeat.

The cathedral reminded me of its cousin at Birmingham and of nearby Kedleston Hall, built at around the same time and in the same style, which I think you should also visit or at least read the post about to know more than the somewhat potted summary of those times seen above.

Derby became a commercial and industrial hub as industries were built across the Derwent, including the Silk Mill (now a fine museum), even more so after the ralway came here in 1839. It actually didn’t have a cathedral for most of this time! The wrong was only righted in 1927 when it became the Cathedral of All Saints, which it now is.

The reason I came back was to see (4) Luke Jerram’s artwork Gaia, a model of the earth which I’ve seen at Stoke-on-Trent, Keele University and Birmingham, and followed here; I love to orbit Gaia and hope to see her on her next stage wherever that may be.

SLARTIBARTFAST: So there you have it. Deep Thought designed it, we built it, and you live on it.

#photos #derby #derbyshire #anglican #churches

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dunilefra · 2 years ago

Text

Admirable Articles of Ghana's Constitution

1. SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION (Part of it)

1. The Sovereignty of Ghana resides in the people of Ghana in whose name and for whose welfare the powers of government are to be exercised in the manner and within the limits laid down in this Constitution.

2. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of Ghana and any other law found to be inconsistent with any provision of this Constitution shall. to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.

3. DEFENCE OF THE CONSTITUTION

2. Any activity of a person or group of persons which suppresses or seeks to suppress the lawful political activity of any other person or any class of persons, or persons generally is unlawful.

3. Any person who-

a. by himself or in concert with others by any violent or other unlawful means, suspends or overthrows or abrogates this Constitution or any part of it, or attempts to do any such act; or

b. aids and abets in any manner any person referred to in paragraph (a) of this clause;

commits the offence of high treason and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to suffer death.

4. All citizens of Ghana shall have the right and duty at all times –

a. to defend this Constitution, and in particular, to resist any person or group of persons seeking to commit any of the acts referred to in clause (3) of this article; and

b. to do all in their power to restore this Constitution after it has been suspended, overthrown, or abrogated as referred to in clause (3) of this article.

5. Any person or group of persons who suppresses or resists the suspension, overthrow or abrogation of this Constitution as referred to in clause (3) of this article, commits no offence.

6. Where a person referred to in clause (5) of this article is punished for any act done under that clause, the punishment shall, on the restoration of this Constitution, be taken to be void from the time it was imposed and he shall, from that time, be taken to be absolved from all liabilities arising out of the punishment.

7. The Supreme Court shall, on application by or on behalf of a person who has suffered any punishment or loss to which clause (6) of this article relates, award him adequate compensation, which shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund, in respect of any suffering or loss incurred as a result of the punishment.

14. PROTECTION OF PERSONAL LIBERTY (Part of it)

1. Every person shall be entitled to his personal liberty and no person shall be deprived of his personal liberty except in the following cases and in accordance with procedure permitted by law-

a. in execution of a sentence or order of a court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been convicted; or

b. in execution of an order of a court punishing him for contempt of court; or

c. for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of an order of a court; or

d. in the case of a person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease, a person of unsound mind, a person addicted to drugs or alcohol or a vagrant, for the purpose of his care or treatment or the protection of the community; or

e. for the purpose of the education or welfare of a person who has not attained the age of eighteen years; or

g. upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed or being about to commit a criminal offence under the laws of Ghana.

2. A person who is arrested, restricted or detained shall be informed immediately, in a language that he understands, of the reasons for his arrest, restriction or detention and of his right to a lawyer of his choice.

3. A person who is arrested, restricted or detained-

a. for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of an order of a court; or

b. upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed or being about to commit a criminal offence under the laws of Ghana, and who is not released,

shall be brought before a court within forty-eight hours after the arrest, restriction or detention.

4. Where a person arrested, restricted or detained under paragraph (a) or (b) of clause (3) of this article is not tried within a reasonable time, then, without prejudice to any further proceedings that may be brought against him, he shall be released either unconditionally or upon reasonable conditions, including in particular, conditions reasonably necessary to ensure that he appears at a later date for trial or for proceedings preliminary to trial.

5. A person who is unlawfully arrested, restricted or detained by any other person shall be entitled to compensation from that other person.

15. RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY

1. The dignity of all persons shall be inviolable.

2. No person shall, whether or not he is arrested, restricted or detained, be subjected to-

a. torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;

b. any other condition that detracts or is likely to detract from his dignity and worth as a human being.

3. A person who has not been convicted of a criminal offence shall not be treated as a convicted person and shall be kept separately from convicted persons.

4. A juvenile offender who is kept in lawful custody or detention shall be kept separately from an adult offender.

16. PROTECTION FROM SLAVERY AND FORCED LABOUR

1. No person shall be held in slavery or servitude.

2. No person shall be required to perform forced labour.

3. For the purposes of this article, "forced labour" does not include-

a. any labour required as a result of a sentence or order of a court; or

b. any labour required of a member of a disciplined force or service as his duties or, in the case of a person who has conscientious objections to a service as a member of the Armed Forces of Ghana, any labour which that person is required by law to perform in place of such service; or

c. any labour required during any period when Ghana is at war or in the event of an emergency or calamity that threatens the life and well-being of the community, to the extent that the requirement of such labour is reasonably justifiable in the circumstances of any situation arising or existing during that period for the purposes of dealing with the situation; or

d. any labour reasonably, required as part of normal communal or other civic obligations.

19. FAIR TRIAL (Part of it)

1. A person charged with a criminal offence shall be given a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court.

2. A person charged with a criminal offence shall-

a. in the case of an offence other than high treason or treason, the punishment for which is death or imprisonment for life, be tried by a judge and jury and-

i. where the punishment is death, the verdict of the jury shall be unanimous; and

ii. in the case of life imprisonment, the verdict of the jury shall be by such majority as Parliament may by law prescribe;

b. in the case of an offence triable by a Regional Tribunal the penalty for which is death, the decision of the Chairman and the other panel members shall be unanimous;

c. be presumed to be innocent until he is proved or has pleaded guilty;

d. be informed immediately in a language that he understands, and in detail, of the nature of the offence charged;

e. be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;

f. be permitted to defend himself before the court in person or by a lawyer of his choice;

g. be afforded facilities to examine, in person or by his lawyer, the witnesses called by the prosecution before the court, and to obtain the attendance and carry out the examination of witnesses to testify on the same conditions as those applicable to witnesses called by the prosecution;

h. be permitted to have, without payment by him, the assistance of an interpreter where he cannot understand the language used at the trial; and

i. in the case of the offence of high treason or treason, be tried by the High Court duly constituted by three Justices of that Court and the decision of the Justices shall be unanimous.

3. The trial of a person charged with a criminal offence shall take place in his presence unless-

a. he refuses to appear before the court for the trial to be conducted in his presence after he has been duly notified of the trial; or

b. he conducts himself in such a manner as to render the continuation of the proceedings in his presence impracticable and the court orders him to be removed for the trial to proceed in his absence.

5. A person shall not be charged with or held to be guilty of a criminal offence which is founded on an act or omission that did not at the time it took place constitute an offence.

6. No penalty shall be imposed for a criminal offence that is severer in degree or description than the maximum penalty that could have been imposed for that offence at the time when it was committed.

7. No person who shows that he has been tried by a competent court for a criminal offence and either convicted or acquitted, shall again be tried for that offence or for any other criminal offence of which he could have been convicted at the trial for the offence, except on the order of a superior court in the course of appeal or review proceedings relating to the conviction or acquittal.

10. No person who is tried for a criminal offence shall be compelled to give evidence at the trial.

20. PROTECTION FROM DEPRIVATION OF PROPERTY

1. No property of any description, or interest in or right over any property shall be compulsorily taken possession of or acquired by the State unless the following conditions are satisfied-

a. the taking of possession or acquisition is necessary in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning or the development or utilization of property in such a manner as to promote the public benefit; and

b. the necessity for the acquisition is clearly stated and is such as to provide reasonable justification for causing any hardship that may result to any person who has an interest in or right over the property.

2. Compulsory acquisition of property by the State shall only be made under a law which makes provision for-

a. the prompt payment of fair and adequate compensation; and

b. a right of access to the High Court by any person who has an interest in or right over the property whether direct or on appeal from any other authority for the determination of his interest or right and the amount of compensation to which he is entitled.

3. Where a compulsory acquisition or possession of land effected by the, State in accordance with clause (1) of this article involves displacement of any inhabitants, the State shall resettle the displaced inhabitants on suitable alternative land with due regard for their economic well-being and social and cultural values.

4. Nothing in this article shall be construed as affecting the operation of any general law so far as it provides for the taking of possession or acquisition of property-

a. by way of vesting or administration of trust property, enemy property or the property of persons adjudged or otherwise declared. bankrupt or insolvent, persons of unsound mind, deceased persons or bodies corporate or unincorporated in the course of being wound up; or

b. in the execution of a judgment or order of a court; or

c. by reason of its being in a dangerous state or injurious to the health of human beings, animals or plants; or

d. in consequence of any law with respect to die limitation of actions; or

e. for so long only as may be necessary for the purpose of any examination, investigation, trial or inquiry; or

f. for so long as may be necessary for the carrying out of work on any land for the purpose of the provision of public facilities or utilities, except that where any damage results from any such work there shall be paid appropriate compensation.

5. Any property compulsorily taken possession of or acquired in the public interest or for a public purpose shall be used only in the public interest or for the public purpose for which it was acquired.

6. Where the property is not used in the public interest or for the purpose for which it was acquired, the owner of the property immediately before the compulsory acquisition, shall be given the first option for acquiring the property and shall, on such reacquisition refund the whole or part of the compensation paid to him as provided for by law or such other amount as is commensurate with the value of the property at the time of the reacquisition.

26. CULTURAL RIGHTS AND PRACTICES

1. Every person is entitled to enjoy, practice, profess, maintain and promote any culture, language, tradition or religion subject to the provisions of this Constitution.

2. All customary practices which dehumanise or are injurious to the physical and mental well-being of a person are prohibited.

29. RIGHTS OF DISABLED PERSONS

1. Disabled persons have the right to live with their families or with foster parents and to participate in social, creative or recreational activities.

2. A disabled person shall, not be subjected to differential treatment in respect of his residence other than that required by his condition or by the improvement which he may derive from the treatment.

3. If the stay of a disabled person in a specialised establishment is indispensable, the environment and living conditions there shall be as close as possible to those of the normal life of a person of his age.

4. Disabled persons shall be protected against all exploitation, all regulations and all treatment of a discriminatory, abusive or de grading nature.

5. In any judicial proceedings which a disabled person is a party the legal procedure applied shall take his physical and mental condition into account.

6. As far as practicable, every place to which the public has access shall have appropriate facilities for disabled persons.

7. Special incentives shall be given to disabled persons engaged in business and also to business organisations that employ disabled persons in significant numbers.

35. POLITICAL OBJECTIVES (Part of it)

1. Ghana shall be a democratic state dedicated to the realization of freedom and justice; and accordingly, sovereignty resides in the people of Ghana from whom Government derives all its powers and authority through this Constitution.

2. The State shall protect and safeguard the independence, unity and territorial integrity of Ghana, and shall seek the well-being of all her citizens.

3. The State shall promote just and reasonable access by all citizens to public facilities and services in accordance with law.

4. The State shall cultivate among all Ghanaians respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms and the dignity of the human person.

5. The State shall actively promote the integration of the peoples of Ghana and prohibit discrimination and prejudice on the grounds of place of origin, circumstances of birth, ethnic origin, gender or religion, creed or other beliefs.

6. Towards the achievement of the objectives stated in clause, (5) of this article, the State shall take appropriate measures to-

a. foster a spirit of loyalty to Ghana that overrides sectional, ethnic and other loyalties;

b. achieve reasonable regional and gender balance in recruitment and appointment to public offices;

c. provide adequate facilities for, and encourage free mobility of people, goods and services throughout Ghana;

d. make democracy a reality by decentralizing the administrative and financial machinery of government to the regions and districts and by affording all possible opportunities to the people to participate in decision-making at every level in national life and in government; and

e. ensure that whenever practicable, the headquarters of a Government or public institution offering any service is situated in an area within any region, taking into account the resources and potentials of the region and the area.

8. The State shall take steps to eradicate corrupt practices and the abuse of power.

9. The state shall promote among the people of Ghana the culture of political tolerance.

36. ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES

1. The State shall take all necessary action to ensure that the national economy is managed in such a manner as to maximize the rate of economic development and to secure the maximum welfare, freedom and happiness of every person in Ghana and to provide adequate means of livelihood and suitable employment and public assistance to the needy.

2. The State shall, in particular, take all necessary steps to establish a sound and healthy economy whose underlying principles shall include-

a. the guarantee of a fair and realistic remuneration for production and productivity in order to encourage continued production and higher productivity;

b. affording ample opportunity for individual initiative and creativity in economic activities and fostering an enabling environment for a pronounced role of the private sector in the economy;

c. ensuring that individuals and the private sector bear their fair share of social and national responsibilities including responsibilities to contribute to the overall development of the country;

d. undertaking even and balanced development of all regions and every part of each region of Ghana, and, in particular, improving the conditions of life in the rural areas, and generally, redressing any imbalance in development between the rural and the urban areas;

e. the recognition that the most secure democracy is the one that assures the basic necessities of life for its people as a fundamental duty.

3. The State shall take appropriate measures to promote the development of agriculture and industry.

9. The State shall take appropriate measures needed to protect and safeguard the national environment for posterity; and shall seek co-operation with other states and bodies for purposes of protecting the wider international environment for mankind.

10. The State shall safeguard the health, safety and welfare of all persons in employment, and shall establish the basis for the full deployment of the creative potential of all Ghanaians.

11. The State shall encourage the participation of workers in the decision-making process at the work place.

37. SOCIAL OBJECTIVES (Part of it)

2. The State shall enact appropriate laws to assure-

a. the enjoyment of rights of effective participation in development processes including rights of people to form their own associations free from state interference and to use them to promote and protect their interests in relation to development processes, rights of access to agencies and officials of the State necessary in order to realise effective participation in development processes; freedom to form organizations to engage in self-help and income generating projects; and freedom to raise funds to support those activities;

4. The State shall maintain a population policy consistent with the aspirations and development needs and objectives of Ghana.

5. The State shall ensure that adequate facilities for sports are provided throughout Ghana and that sports are promoted as a means of fostering national integration, health and self-discipline as well as international friendship and understanding.

6. The State shall-

a. ensure that contributory schemes are instituted and maintained that will guarantee economic security for self-employed and other citizens of Ghana; and

b. provide social assistance to the aged such as will enable them to maintain a decent standard of living.

41. DUTIES OF A CITIZEN (Part of it)

The exercise and enjoyment of rights and freedoms is inseparable from the performance of duties and obligations, and accordingly, it shall be the duty of every citizen-

b. to uphold and defend this Constitution and the law;

c. to foster national unity and live in harmony with others;

d. to respect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of others, and generally to refrain from doing acts detrimental to the welfare of other persons;

e. to work conscientiously in his lawfully chosen occupation;

f. to protect and preserve public property and expose and combat misuse and waste of public funds and property;

g. to contribute to the well-being of the community where that citizen lives;

i. to co-operate with lawful agencies in the maintenance of law and order;

j. to declare his income honestly to the appropriate and lawful agencies and to satisfy all tax obligations; and

k. to protect and safeguard the environment.

55. ORGANIZATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES (Part of it)

4. Every political party shall have a national character, and membership shall not be based on ethnic, religious, regional or other sectional divisions.

7. For purposes of registration, a prospective political party shall furnish the Electoral Commission with a copy of its Constitution and the names and addresses of its national officers; and shall satisfy the Commission that-

a. there is ordinarily resident, or registered as a voter, in each district. of Ghana, at least one founding member of the party;

b. the party has branches in all the regions of Ghana and is, in addition, organised in not less than two-thirds of the districts in each region; and

c. the party's name, emblem, colour, motto or any other symbol has no ethnic, regional, religious or other sectional connotation or gives the appearance that its activities are confined only to a part of Ghana.

14. Political parties shall be required by law-

a. to declare to the public their revenues and assets and the sources of those revenues and assets; and

b. to publish to the public annually their audited accounts.

115. FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND OF PROCEEDINGS

There shall be freedom of speech, debate and proceedings in Parliament and that freedom shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament.

121. PRIVILEGES OF WITNESSES

1. A person summoned to attend to give evidence or to produce a paper, book, record or other document before Parliament, shall be entitled, in respect of his evidence, or the production of the document, as the case may be, to the same privileges as if he were appearing before a court.

2. A public officer shall not be required to produce before Parliament a document where-

a. the Speaker certifies-

i. that the document belongs to a class of documents, the production of which is injurious to the public interest; or

ii. that disclosure of the contents of the document will be injurious to the public interest; or

b. the National Security Council certifies-

i. that the document belongs to a class of documents, the production of which is prejudicial to the security of the State; or

ii. that disclosure of the contents of the document will be prejudicial to the security of the State.

3. Where there is a doubt as to the nature of a document such as is referred to in clause (2) of this article, the Speaker or the National Security Council, as the case may be, shall refer the matter to the Supreme Court for determination whether the production, or the disclosure of the, contents, of the document would be injurious to the public interest or, as the case may be, prejudicial to the security of the State.

4. An answer by a person to a question put by Parliament shall not be admissible in evidence against him in any civil or criminal proceedings out of Parliament, except proceedings for perjury brought under the criminal law.

257. PUBLIC LANDS AND OTHER PUBLIC PROPERTY

6. Every mineral in its natural state in, under or upon any land in Ghana, rivers, streams, water courses throughout Ghana, the exclusive economic zone and any area covered by the territorial sea or continental shelf is the property of the Republic of Ghana and shall be vested in the President on behalf of, and in trust for the people of Ghana.

284. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

A public officer shall not put himself in a position where his personal interest conflicts or is likely to conflict with the performance of the functions of his office.

286. DECLARATION OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (Part of it)

1. A person who holds a public office mentioned in clause (5) of this article shall submit to the Auditor-General a written declaration of all property or assets owned by, or liabilities owed by, him whether directly or indirectly-

a. within three months after the coming into force of this Constitution or before taking office, as the case may be,

b. at the end of every four years; and

c. at the end of his term of office.

2. Failure to declare or knowingly making false declaration shall be a contravention of this Constitution and shall be dealt with in accordance with article 287 of this Constitution.

3. The declaration made under clause (1) of this article shall, on demand, be produced in evidence-

a. before a court of competent jurisdiction; or

b. before a commission of inquiry appointed under article 278 of this Constitution; or

c. before an investigator appointed by the Commissioner for Human Rights and Administrative Justice.

4. Any property or assets acquired by a public officer after the initial declaration required by clause (1) of this article and which is not reasonably attributable to income, gift, loan, inheritance or any other reasonable source shall be deemed to have been acquired in contravention of this Constitution.

7. Before entering upon the duties of his office, a person appointed to an office to which the provisions of this article apply, shall take and subscribe the oath of allegiance, the oath of secrecy and the official oath set out in the Second Schedule to this Constitution, or any other oath appropriate to his office.

by Dunilefra, working for World Politics

#Ghana #Dunilefra #Politics #Political Reform #World Politics #World Order #Fundamental Rights #Human Rights #Economy #Religion #State Policy #Political Analysis #Constitution #Constitutional Law #Law

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newyorkprelawland-blog · 4 years ago

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Exploring Meaningful Regulation Of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems

By Thomas Duncan, Skidmore College Class Of 2022

July 24, 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to become one of the most impactful technologies of the 21st century. The current rate of development for AI technology, combined with its diverse potential for useful application, virtually ensures that AI will play an increasingly tangible role in people’s lives moving forward. Researchers from Gartner, a leading business advisory firm, estimate that an influx of artificially intelligent technology will create $2.9 trillion of business value in 2021 alone.[1] From self-driving cars to facial recognition technology, AI will certainly play an important role in shaping the future.

While there are many fields in which AI may be transformative, none are more controversial than the role of AI in the development of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems. These weapons, abbreviated as LAWS, are defined in the US Department of Defense Directive as, “weapon system[s] that, once activated, can select and engage targets without further intervention by a human operator.”[2] In other words, LAWs are autonomous killer robots.

The rapid development and unprecedented capabilities of weaponized AI means that the legal judgments made during this technology’s infancy will set incredibly impactful precedents and must be made with the utmost discretion. In this paper, I will examine the basic arguments made for and against LAWs. Building upon this, I intend to show that ideal regulation should focus on constricting the domains in which the technology can be used, not the technology itself.

So far, the critics of LAWS have been louder than the supporters. In 2017 over 100 technology pioneers, including Elon Musk, sent a letter to the UN calling for a ban on the development of LAWS.[3] Stephen Hawking conveyed this same sentiment when he stated that, “Unless we learn how to prepare for, and avoid the potential risks, AI could be the worst event in the history of our civilization.”[4]

While there are several reasons for Hawking’s extreme criticism, an obvious critique of LAWS is that they possess the potential to lethally malfunction. LAWS use machine learning to develop algorithms to carry out the task at hand, which in this case is killing. These algorithms continuously self-optimize as they are fed data, therefore, the outcome of these algorithms is detectable, but the precise mechanisms that underlie those outcomes are hidden. The alien way in which artificially intelligent entities operate may lead some to fear that LAWS are susceptible to unpredictable mishaps. Whether it is accidentally firing at civilians, or going completely rogue, many are concerned about the reliability of LAWS.

While the question of malfunction begs intricate technical discussion and is not easily resolvable, it brings the critical issue of responsibility into the picture and shifts the argument into legal territory. Additional protocol 86 of the Geneva Convention states that military leaders are to be deemed responsible for the illegitimate actions of their subordinates given the following circumstances; “if they knew, or had information which should have enabled them to conclude in the circumstances at the time, that he was committing or was going to commit such a breach and if they did not take all feasible measures within their power to prevent or repress the breach.”[5]The black-box style of AI operation means that, in accordance with the aforementioned protocol, a military commander who deployed a LAWS would likely not be held accountable if a LAWS were to engage in illegitimate conflict. The principle behavioral effect of responsibility is that it deters punishable actions. Therefore, a reduction in overall responsibility would increase the likelihood of aggressive, legally unsound, military action. This effect would be furthered by the fact that a commander is not putting his or her soldier’s lives on the line. Furthermore, in the case of war crimes, a robot cannot be punished as a human can be. This would make retribution, or any sense of justice, harder to achieve. As AI continues to develop and work its way into the battlefield, our policy ought to reflect both the immediate and long term consequences of LAWS deployment.

Despite the concerns, the US continues to invest in LAWS development because these systems do offer some appreciable benefits. First, in regards to reliability, LAWS undoubtedly have the potential to surpass human performance in certain domains. Additionally, the deployment of LAWS would reduce human casualties among the military for which the LAWS have been deployed. Of course, the development of LAWS affords the military numerous tactical advantages. It is this desire for military supremacy that drives the majority of the US military’s AI-related innovation, “integration of autonomous systems is key to the DoD’s Third Offset Strategy, a long-term plan to develop and produce technologies for the U.S. military to ensure the United States maintains military superiority in all five domains of war.”[6] Regardless of the potential problems that may arise from the development of AI weaponry, it seems all but guaranteed the US and other world powers will continue to invest in this technology.

Given that the development of LAWS will likely continue for the foreseeable future, the policies put in place to regulate this technology are very important. International policies that restrict the use of LAWS to defensive implementation on the respective country’s homeland and mandate the LAWS can only be used in the case of military invasion are likely to be the most beneficial. This is primarily because defensive implementation dramatically lowers the potential for civilian exposure and reduces the need for decision making, thus reducing the potential for error. Furthermore, these policies, if followed, would help prevent a cold war-era arms race. These policies would develop mutually assured protection rather than destruction.

Additionally, one should not overlook the potential for military innovation to trickle into, and positively affect, other areas of life. Think of the internet, which was largely developed by DARPA. By restricting the use of LAWS, international governing bodies would mitigate the risk of military transgression while simultaneously endorsing technological progress. Finally, policy development must take into account the fact that international military regulations are hard to strictly enforce and may not be followed by all countries. Due to this, use-restriction LAWS regulation is the best course of action because it establishes technologically mindful international standards while also preventing rogue nations from establishing technological superiority.

As we move further into the 21st century, you can expect the legal status of AI to become an increasingly important issue. The legal standards that develop in regards to militarized AI will set important precedents that will alter the world’s technological trajectory.

________________________________________________________________

Tom Duncan is a Junior and Skidmore College and is currently majoring in Philosophy and Neuroscience.

________________________________________________________________

[1]Costello, K., 2020. Gartner Says AI Augmentation Will Create $2.9 Trillion Of Business Value In 2021. [online] Gartner. Available at: <https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2019-08-05-gartner-says-ai-augmentation-will-create-2point9-trillion-of-business-value-in-2021> [Accessed 21 July 2020].

[2]Sayler, K., 2020. Defense Primer: U.S. Policy On Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. Available at: <https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF11150.pdf> [Accessed 21 July 2020].

[3]Clifford, C., 2020. Hundreds Of A.I. Experts Echo Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking In Call For A Ban On Killer Robots. [online] CNBC. Available at: <https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/08/ai-experts-join-elon-musk-stephen-hawking-call-for-killer-robot-ban.html> [Accessed 21 July 2020].

[4] IBID

[5]Ihl-databases.icrc.org. 2020. Treaties, States Parties, And Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) To The Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 86 - Failure To Act. [online] Available at: <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=043A5B6666FA92E6C12563CD0051E1E7> [Accessed 22 July 2020].

[6]Press, M., 2020. OF ROBOTS AND RULES: AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS IN THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT. [ebook] Available at: <https://www.law.georgetown.edu/international-law-journal/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2018/05/48-4-Of-Robots-and-Rules.pdf> [Accessed 22 July 2020].

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jolienjoyswriting · 5 years ago

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Mortem In Contumeliam FFVI, Prelude

The prologue chapter of "Mortem In Contumeliam Final Fantasy VI," a Final Fantasy VI fan fiction story (duh). (Formerly "Nova Fabula Final Fantasy VI")

Welcome to something I've been diligently working on for a little over half a month!

I've been in a Final Fantasy kind of mood, lately. It started when I played-and-beat Crisis Core Final Fantasy VII at the end of June. I couldn't stop thinking about it and even started a New Game Plus session at the start of July… only to get distracted with Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night. Shortly after, I looked into Final Fantasy Record Keeper and found that to be a lot of fun! Revisiting scenarios from the games in a Final Fantasy VI style was pretty cool! However, when I got into the Record Dungeon with actual Final Fantasy VI content… I got drawn back into the world of the game I abandoned way back in May. (Don't worry, I've beaten VI at least three times in my life.) Anyway, as the Imperial Mission to Narshe played out, I got a whimsical idea for a story that showed some interactions between the mind-controlled girl and the Imperial soldiers. After getting that out of my system, I ended up liking the soldiers' personalities so much that I ended up with a new idea: "What if Wedge and Biggs hadn't been erased by Valigarmanda? And, what if they, somehow, became involved in the journey of The Returners?"

That idea… is this story. And, what a story it is! You're gonna see quite a few updates for this one, before it's conclusion!

It's also worth mentioning that the in-production title for this story was simply "The Adventures of Wedge and Biggs." But, that sounded kinda lame. Also, just before September 1st of this year, I found out that Square-Enix already used the second title of this story, "Nova Fabula," in something of theirs – specifically, Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy, the compilation of Final Fantasy XIII. How. Why. If I thought, for a moment, that they had, I would've checked. Now, I know better!! (I ain't mad… I'm not. I'm… jes' full'a surprise.)

Word count: 1,562 – Character count: 9,345 Originally written: July 15, 2019

Soldiers of the Gestahlian Empire invade Narshe in search of a frozen Eidolon… and, get more than they bargained for.

Final Fantasy VI, Wedge, Biggs, and related characters, scenarios, and properties created by Square Soft, Inc. and © Square Enix Co, Ltd.

[ ← Prev. Chapter | Next Chapter → ]

“What the hell happened…? Why does my head hurt…? Biggs…?” “Ugh… I don’t– I don’t know… The last thing I remember was… was… a bright light?”

In the deep recesses of a dank, cold cavern, two men were stirring. They’d had a fairly rough encounter with an Eidolon which was supposed to be frozen and inert. But, as the two found out… that just wasn’t the case.

“Hey, Biggs…” “Yes, Wedge?” “Can… can you move?” “Uh… No, actually.”

Eidolons – otherwise known as “phantom beasts” – were magical creatures of unfathomable power. As the stories go, these creatures once co-existed with humanity over a thousand years prior. But, man’s lust for power brought that to a screeching halt…

“Biggs?” “What?” “I… think we’re tied up.” “Y… yeah…”

The Great Magic War, also known as “The War of the Magi,” brought chaos to the planet. Many creatures, both-man-and-beast, perished during the wars and the planet was almost brought to a point of irreversible destruction. But, in the end… the beasts were beaten back and hid away in a pocket dimension accessible only through one specific location… Sealing themselves away, life went on the separate species and, after a few hundred years… the planet recovered.

“Wh-why are we tied up…? Do you remember?” “I told you… the last thing I remember was–” “Partner…?” “What, now?” “Where’s… our armor?” “Our what– wait. Where is our Magitek Powered Anti-Personnel Armor?”

One day, many years later… a human woman had lost her way during an unnaturally-violent storm. Displaced, confused, and fatigued, she collapsed within a cave to hide from the weather. When she awoke… she saw herself surrounded by creatures of folklore! As it happened, she’d managed to stumble her way into the Eidolons’ World!

“No, Biggs. No. I mean, where’s our armor-armor?” “What…? H-hey… Wedge?” “Yeah, partner?” “Why are we only wearing our shorts…?” “That’s what I’m sayin’!! What the hell?!”

There, the woman known as Madeline told her story to whoever would listen. None seemed interested… except for one particular being. Madin, the creature who had found her, listened with great interest.

“Hey, move your arm.” “What? Uh… alright?” “Yeah, yeah– no-no-no, not that way!” “I’m not deaf, Wedge. You don’t have to yell.” “L-look, just… kind of shimmy. Yeah, like that.” “I don’t understand, but–” “Aaand… there!”

Madeline explained that she was disgusted by the greed and selfishness of mankind. She tried running as far as her legs would take her, desperate to separate herself the worst of humanity. By the end of her story, Madin had become infatuated with her… and, before long, the feeling was mutual. Not long after, the two defied the very tales that both man and beast had told over the ages… They brought unto the world a child of mixed heritage.

“I’ll… be damned.” “Pretty cool, huh? I learned that one from a book!” “Huh. I guess you’re not as incompetent as I thought.” “Yeah, heh heh– heeey…” “Now, get the rest of these ropes untied. We need to find someplace warmer…” “You’re getting all chicken-skinned, too, huh? Heh.” “Just… untie us, already.”

Half-Eidolon, half-human, the child was unlike anything anyone had seen, before… By simply existing, the mixed child proved the legends wrong – humans and Eidolons could co-exist! And, as the days passed, even the most skeptical of Eidolon had to admit… maybe, they were wrong about the girl. But, one day, two years after the child’s birth… tragedy struck.

“Um… uh… partner?” “W-what…?” “Remember how I said I learned that trick from a book?” “Yeah…?” “Weeell… I… never actually finished reading that book. “W… what.” “Yeeaaah… I’m not really sure what to do next? So, uh…” “Gods damn it, Wedge, you’re useless.”

On a stormy day, not unlike the day when Madeline was found, human invaders had located the entrance to the Eidolons’ World… and, they had a mission: capture all of the magical creatures and bring them back to the human world for experimentation!

“Okay, okay, I think I… yeah– yeah, there we go!” “Wedge…” “I’m free, Biggs! Uh, Biggs…? Where’d you–” “Behind you.” “Whoa! Wait. Where?” “Behind you, still.” “What? Biggs, now’s not the time for games, partner! Where are you?!” “Behind. You. Somehow, you tied me to your back.” “I… oh. I thought I was just weak from hunger, hah! Welp… let’s get goin’!”

As a regiment of soldiers led by Emperor Gestahl, himself, took prisoners and killed those who wouldn’t submit, the elder of the village decided that desperate actions became necessary. Using all of his energy, he cast a powerful incantation, expelling the invaders!

“Do you even know where we’re going…?” “Nope! I just figure… if I head toward the light, we’ll get outta here, eventually!” “That’s… not entirely unsound. Are you sure you wouldn’t rather let me down, though?” “Nah, this is great for my leg muscles! Girls love a guy with huge calves!” “You’re an idiot…” “But, I’m your idiot. Heh.” “For-better-or-worse… I wouldn’t have it any other way, Wedge.”

Every last human had been expelled from the magical realm and impenetrable doors had sealed them away from further intrusion from the outside world! But, in casting his conjuration… the child of mixed heritage managed to get swept up in the enchanted wind. Madeline chased after the babe, then Madin after Madeline. By the time they realized what had happened… they were trapped in the human world. But, to make matters worse… the person who had invaded was holding their child in his arms.

“G-g-geez…! It’s even colder, out here! H-how do p-p-people live like this…?!” “B… by staying inside a-and wearing more than a pair of boxer sh-shorts… obviously…” “Never mind that… I found the trail down to th-the city… Man, I hope n-no one recognizes us…” “W-worst-case-scenario… they’ll just think w-we’re a traveling circus a-act.” “Ya… haa… think so? Man, you’re heavy…” “Well, what would y-you think if you saw two nearly-naked, strong-looking men tied together with some rope?” “Heh heh. Heh-heh-heh… Heh heh.” “Get that thought o-out of your head.” “Sorry. Heh.” “Just… go. We’ll find help, then be on our way back to Vector. Hopefully…”

Madeline begged and pleaded with the Emperor to return the child… but, Emperor Gestahl would not be moved. In the end, he murdered the crying woman in cold blood and took the child, raising her as a weapon of war. It was this very “living weapon” which was forced into a mission to find a frozen Eidolon, sixteen years later.

“Hey, excuse me. We seem t-to be lost…” “My word! What are you two?” “W-we’re a traveling circus act, of course! B-but, see…” “You look half-frozen! Goodness… come with me! Quickly!” “Th-thanks, lady…! Y-you’re a real life-saver!”

Narshe. A city of cold steel and warm steam. Built into the mountain range far to the north of the Kingdom of Figaro, the city was a technological marvel of the world. Known for its heavy mining industry and weapon-smithing, the Empire tried, time-and-time-again, to pull it into its claws and use its resources in the bid for global supremacy. But, each time it came up… the elder refused, preferring to stay neutral and help no one. Needless to say, he was extremely shocked when a pair of troops showed up, wearing Magitek Powered Anti-Personnel Armor. Even more surprising was the third member of their party, an innocent-looking girl wearing a crown of brass and controlling the element of fire… with her bare hands.

“There you go. This clothing should serve you well until you can get to South Figaro.” “Thank you, ma’am. If there is anything we can do for you–” “Oh, think nothing of it! After all, we at the House of New Beginnings believe in helping those who help themselves! In doing so, we also hope to spread the message to others!” “Indeed. Your generosity is quite inspiring. Isn’t that right, partner?” “Can’t talk. Eating.” “Goodness, your friend certainly has an appetite!” “The… uh, ‘circus…’ doesn’t exactly provide us with five-star food.” “Hee! Well, you’re always welcome, here! Do take care!” “Thank you. Come on…” “N-nooo, come back, soooup…”

After slaughtering a small detachment of town militia and trained creatures, the soldiers – along with what people were calling a “witch” – made their way into the mines. It was there that they slew the lightning-eating whelk called “Ymir,” then found the treasure the town had been hiding from the Empire: an Eidolon from ages past, fully-preserved and encased in ice!

“So, we’re going back to Vector… just like that?” “What other choice do we have, Wedge? We failed in our mission.” “Yeeaaah, about that… What was our mission, again? My head’s still fuzzy…” “We were sent to Narshe, by the Empire, to locate and claim a… a… um…” “Weapons cache? Gems and gold? Uh… five Gil for coffee?” “Don’t be absurd! We were sent to Narshe for… I… don’t remember what.” “Well, whatever the case, it couldn’t have been too important if you can’t remember it!” “Y… yeah… I guess so.”

Just when it looked like the Empire was going to have its magical creature… the girl, who was supposed to be completely-and-totally under the mind-locking effects of the Puppeteer’s Wheel she wore… stepped forward. Not long after, something happened – something that changed the course of everyone involved. It is after those mysterious happenings… our tale begins.

#fan fiction #Final Fantasy VI #Mortem In Contumeliam #commercial characters #Imperial Soldier #Wedge #Biggs #fantasy #slice of life

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erectiledysfunc · 4 years ago

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can impotence be a ground for divorce in india

Contents

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Some laws in India do state unsoundness of mind as a valid reason for nullity of. mental illness may interfere with marital life and may be grounds for divorce.. to impotence of the respondent, the marriage can be considered null and void.

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top5internetsourcesforhighs-blog · 7 years ago

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HIV Prevention in Africa

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Blanket education commonly aims to intercommunicate the population well-nigh which behaviors are hazardous and to eat them abet in ever-changing these behaviors. \n\n\n\nTar createed education\n\nThis compositors case of dodging is usu whollyy used to plow to social groups who are perceived as being at a high risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection. It focuses on violent activities particular to the unique(predicate) target group. \n\nAFRICA animated!\n\nJanuary of 2000 kicked off the campaign to literally serve keep Africa alert! in the new millennium. \n\nThe Mission of the Africa animated! campaign is to give spring chicken the skills they shoot to fight against human immunodeficiency virus/ aid. The vision is a new multiplication of Afr icans who are human immunodeficiency virus/ support-free. \n\nThe operation principles of Africa vivacious! are to get an African internet where young person human immunodeficiency virus/ help bar programs at all levels can handle ideas, induct a universal, focused outline and seek reinforcement for their programs.\n\nWith swear from the Johns Hopkins University centerfield for Communication Programs (JHU/CCP), the Africa alert! network will avail organizations that have formerly been works on their own. \n\n\nThe strategy for Africa Alive! encourages teenaged people not only to learn and talk about human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, but also to patch up the choice to collect safer sexual behaviors. \n\nWith staff in 26 countries, JHU/CCP has developed and managed everywhere 300 country-based projects and contracts in 47 countries, involving more(prenominal) than 200 topical anesthetic organizations and subcontractors. Africa Alive! with support from JHU/CCP an noyes African youth by tapping into popular, yeasty channels of colloquy that appeal to youth in Africa and all over the world, such(prenominal) as:\n medical specialty contests, where contestants compete to have their songs with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS prevention contents recorded. \n radiocommunication and TV dramas that help educate and bear on safe behavior, by depicting and discussing human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS prevention and dealing with the decision-making growth regarding sexual activity. \n radio set and TV miscellanea/talk shows with phone-ins, discussion, and mini-dramas addressing human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. \n Comics with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS prevention messages.\n Youth-focused newspaper and magazine articles.\n everyday Service Announcements by entertainers popular with youth.\n peer outreach/counseling in schools and in the communities.\n knell hotlines providing tuition and referral r esources.\n traveling road shows (music, performance, and quiz) that reach both urban and rural areas, acquiring youth twisting in talk about human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS.\n Free intersection with the HIV/AIDS prevention message on it \n Games such as Snakes and Ladders with the HIV/AIDS prevention message incorporated into the physical materials and strategy of the game.\n Sporting events with prevention messages at breaks, on tickets, and at HIV/AIDS information booths in and rough the venue.\n\nFacts\n\nAfrica is home to 70% of the adults and 80% of the children existing with HIV in the world, and has buried three-quarters of the more than 20 meg people oecumenical that have died of AIDS since the epidemic began. - UNAIDS globular Summary of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, declination 2000\n\nIn the octonary African countries where at least 15% of straightaways adults are infected, buttoned-down analyses show that AIDS will song the lives of around a thir d of todays 15-year-olds. - UNAIDS spherical Summary of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, celestial latitude 2000\nIf you want to get a enough essay, order it on our website: Looking for a place to buy a cheap paper online? Buy Paper Cheap - Premium quality cheap essays and affordable papers online. Buy cheap, high quality papers to impress your professors and pass your exams. Do it online right now! '

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truetome-blog · 7 years ago

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A letter to Trump

I will never call you President. How can I when I am no longer a valid person under your regime, under your soon to be dictatorship. At first glance, I am a white, middle class woman, but who I actually am, is a person who is made up of so much more than that. I am a white, queer, jewish, survivor. I am a friend of immigrants and people of many genders. I suffer from depression. I am a woman who believes that her body is her own, that she has the right to dictate who can do what to it, and that I can choose what is best for me. In a matter of 24 hours, you have told me I no longer matter. Your promises are flawed, full of bigotry and white supremacy. You have made many promises, and many contradictions, but in the end they all point to one thing—any person who is not a white anglo saxon protestant white collar man is no longer relevant.

You want to build walls? Why spend money when you have created them with your mouth. You have pitted the country against itself. Told people that suspicion and distrust is acceptable, when the most distrusting person I see, is a man who claims he will make America great again. This country is built on immigration. Your family certainly did not start here, your background of being born and raised here does not make you an original person in this land. You come from a family, just like everyone else, who came here to make change. You say you want to make change, but all I see in your promises of walls and bans on immigration, these are people that build our land, and create jobs. These are doctors, lawyers, teachers, bus drivers, chefs, artists and more. Your wife is an immigrant, will you send her back to where she came from?

You want religious views to be more heavily respected, but what you really mean is Christianity. We are not a boiling pot in America, we have been making strides in the direction to make religious views respected and accepted. You do not get to tell people that they have to say Merry Christmas. You do not have the right to close programs, such as birthright, that are there to educate and enlighten people to their history and heritage. Learning is what leads to acceptance, learning is what leads to greatness. Teaching people that hyper vigilance of muslims, jews, and more is acceptable certainly helps you build walls, but it will create a greater division in this country, it will not bring us together, it will not help the economy, it will not help with safety or mental health or protecting the people from war, it will encourage hatred. Is that what you want?

You say you respect women, I have seen NOTHING to suggest this. You want women to be china dolls who stay at home and cook and clean. Who tailor their behavior to that of what men want. You want us back in the 50s where we had no rights to our bodies, to make choices, to say no. You respect women? Prove it. Defunding Planned Parenthood is directly, 100%, a show of disrespect for the autonomy of women. As a survivor of sexual assault, I stand strongly with all those who say my body is MINE. I do not deserve to have bad touch and good touch determined by men, I do not deserve to be thrown in jail from a baby I do not want nor that I can support, nor because I have a child by a man who will play no part in raising the baby and who may have created this child through violence. If your daughter was raped and aborted her unwanted pregnancy, would you throw her in jail? Defunding Planned Parenthood will take away a woman’s right to choose, it will create economically unsound lifestyles for women, and it will only aid in creating more mental health issues when you say, your body is not your own. Oh, and, you could stop trying to prosecute Hillary. We need strong females in this country who show women it is ok to be themselves, to fight for their rights, to be autonomous. There is no such thing as person who is not guilty. I guarantee a full investigation into your life would show just how guilty you are.

You want to use common sense to fix mental health. Here is some common sense for you, fix mental health and then maybe, maybe, we carry arms. Between your feelings on the right the bare arms and the division you are putting between people in this country with your promises of a WASP future, you will create more gun violence. You know what stops gun violence? Getting rid of guns. You know what will help fix mental health? Putting the money you put towards the right to bare arms into more readily available services to those in need of counseling, putting money towards aligning Americans with each other so that there is not hate. Eradicating media that makes violence towards others ok. Not allowing the use of waterboarding which not only will have a direct effect on the person being tortured, but will have long lasting mental health implications for the people involved. Not “Othering” the people of this country that do not fit in your neat little white box. I was a mental health professional, I know what an unsound person looks like, I know what can bring up mental unrest, do you?

Under the Obama administration, we have made great strides, towards health care, improving the economy, women’s rights, health and in equality for the LGBTQ community. As a queer woman, the day that marriage equality passed in this country was one of the most emotional, moving and monumental moments in my life. I always knew I had the right to fall in love, but suddenly, I was told I was a valid human being who could fall in love, declare that love publicly and grow a family. Suddenly, I was validated, suddenly, I counted. I cried tears of joy, now, I cry tears of fear as you promise to repeal this amendment. Just as with immigrants, we contribute immensely to this country. We do not burn churches, blame mass killings on anyone other than the person responsible, we do not withhold employment because of differences. We have grown up in a time of great change and great challenges to accept the people around us. We may not always agree but we do not insight violence, withhold employment, keep people from declaring their love in the upmost public of ways because we are different. Repealing marriage equality will cause lawsuits, poverty, distrust and hate. It will tell all those are different that they don’t matter. How does this make America great?

How does America stay the land of opportunity when you shut doors on 90% of the population make us great? How does it fix the economy? Violence? Mental health? Respect? How does this allow us to stay the country our forefathers dreamed of so many years ago?

Yesterday, I was proud to be an American. Today, I fear for my life and the lives of my friends, families, coworkers and people on the street. Today, I am ashamed of our country and it’s choices. Today, I would rather be anywhere but here.

Sincerely,

A person who is no longer a human being in the eyes of this country

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dunilefra · 2 years ago

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Admirable Articles of Fiji's Constitution

1. The Republic of Fiji

The Republic of Fiji is a sovereign democratic State founded on the values of-

c. an independent, impartial, competent and accessible system of justice;

d. equality for all and care for the less fortunate based on the values inherent in this section and in the Bill of Rights contained in Chapter 2;

e. human dignity, respect for the individual, personal integrity and responsibility, civic involvement and mutual support;

f. good governance, including the limitation and separation of powers;

g. transparency and accountability; and

2. Supremacy of the Constitution

1. This Constitution is the supreme law of the State.

2. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, any law inconsistent with this Constitution is invalid to the extent of the inconsistency.

3. This Constitution shall be upheld and respected by all Fijians and the State, including all persons holding public office, and the obligations imposed by this Constitution must be fulfilled.

5. This Constitution cannot be abrogated or suspended by any person, and may only be amended in accordance with the procedures prescribed in Chapter 11.

6. Any attempt to establish a Government other than in compliance with this Constitution shall be unlawful, and-

a. anything done to further that attempt is invalid and of no force or effect; and

b. no immunities can lawfully be granted under any law to any person in respect of actions taken or omitted in furtherance of such an attempt.

4. Secular State

3. Religion and the State are separate, which means-

a. the State and all persons holding public office must treat all religions equally;

b. the State and all persons holding public office must not dictate any religious belief;

c. the State and all persons holding public office must not prefer or advance, by any means, any particular religion, religious denomination, religious belief, or religious practice over another, or over any non-religious belief; and

d. no person shall assert any religious belief as a legal reason to disregard this Constitution or any other law.

5. Citizenship

2. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, all Fijians have equal status and identity, which means that they are equally-

a. entitled to all the rights, privileges and benefits of citizenship; and

b. subject to the duties and responsibilities of citizenship.

7. Interpretation of this Chapter

2. This Chapter does not deny, or prevent the recognition of, any other right or freedom recognised or conferred by common law or written law, except to the extent that it is inconsistent with this Chapter.

9. Right to personal liberty

1. A person must not be deprived of personal liberty except-

a. for the purpose of executing the sentence or order of a court, whether handed down or made in Fiji or elsewhere, in respect of an offence of which the person had been convicted;

b. for the purpose of executing an order of a court punishing the person for contempt of the court or of another court or tribunal;

c. for the purpose of executing an order of a court made to secure the fulfilment of an obligation imposed on the person by law;

d. for the purpose of bringing the person before a court in execution of an order of a court;

e. if the person is reasonably suspected of having committed an offence;

f. with the consent of the person's parent or lawful guardian or upon an order made by a court, for the purpose of the person's education or welfare during any period ending not later than the date of his or her 18th birthday;

g. for the purpose of preventing the spread of an infectious or contagious disease;

h. for the purpose of the person's care or treatment or for the protection of the community if he or she is, or is reasonably suspected to be, of unsound mind, addicted to drugs or alcohol, or a vagrant; or

i. for the purpose of preventing the unlawful entry of the person into Fiji or of effecting the expulsion, extradition or other lawful removal of the person from Fiji.

3. If a person is detained pursuant to a measure authorised under a state of emergency-

b. the person must be given the opportunity to communicate with, and to be visited by-

i. his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin;

ii. a legal practitioner;

iii. a religious counsellor or a social worker; and

iv. a medical practitioner;

c. the person must be given reasonable facilities to consult with a legal practitioner of his or her choice;

10. Freedom from slavery, servitude, forced labour and human trafficking

1. A person must not be held in slavery or servitude, or subjected to forced labour or human trafficking.

2. In this section, "forced labour" does not include-

a. labour required in consequence of a sentence or order of a court;

b. labour reasonably required of a person serving a term of imprisonment, whether or not required for the hygiene or maintenance of the prison; or

c. labour required of a member of a disciplined force as part of his or her duties.

11. Freedom from cruel and degrading treatment

1. Every person has the right to freedom from torture of any kind, whether physical, mental or emotional, and from cruel, inhumane, degrading or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment.

2. Every person has the right to security of the person, which includes the right to be free from any form of violence from any source, at home, school, work or in any other place.

3. Every person has the right to freedom from scientific or medical treatment or procedures without an order of the court or without his or her informed consent, or if he or she is incapable of giving informed consent, without the informed consent of a lawful guardian.

13. Rights of arrested and detained persons

1. Every person who is arrested or detained has the right-

c. to communicate with a legal practitioner of his or her choice in private in the place where he or she is detained, to be informed of that right promptly and, if he or she does not have sufficient means to engage a legal practitioner and the interests of justice so require, to be given the services of a legal practitioner under a scheme for legal aid by the Legal Aid Commission;

d. not to be compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against that person;

e. to be held separately from persons who are serving a sentence, and in the case of a child, to be kept separate from adults unless that is not in the best interests of the child;

f. to be brought before a court as soon as reasonably possible, but in any case not later than 48 hours after the time of arrest, or if that is not reasonably possible, as soon as possible thereafter;

g. at the first court appearance, to be charged or informed of the reasons for the detention to continue, or to be released;

h. to be released on reasonable terms and conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless the interests of justice otherwise require;

i. to challenge the lawfulness of the detention in person before a court and, if the detention is unlawful, to be released;

j. to conditions of detention that are consistent with human dignity, including at least the opportunity to exercise regularly and the provision, at State expense, of adequate accommodation, nutrition, and medical treatment; and

k. to communicate with, and be visited by,-

i. his or her spouse, partner or next-of-kin; and

ii. a religious counsellor or a social worker.

2. Whenever this section requires information to be given to a person, that information must be given simply and clearly in a language that the person understands.

3. A person who is deprived of liberty by being detained, held in custody or imprisoned under any law retains all the rights and freedoms set out in this Chapter, except to the extent that any particular right or freedom is incompatible with the fact of being so deprived of liberty.

17. Freedom of speech, expression and publication

2. Freedom of speech, expression, thought, opinion and publication does not protect-

a. propaganda for war;

b. incitement to violence or insurrection against this Constitution; or

c. advocacy of hatred that-

i. is based on any prohibited ground of discrimination listed or prescribed under section 26; and

ii. constitutes incitement to cause harm.

3. To the extent that it is necessary, a law may limit, or may authorise the limitation of, the rights and freedoms mentioned in subsection (1) in the interests of-

a. national security, public safety, public order, public morality, public health or the orderly conduct of elections;

26. Right to equality and freedom from discrimination

1. Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection, treatment and benefit of the law.

3. A person must not be unfairly discriminated against, directly or indirectly on the grounds of his or her-

a. actual or supposed personal characteristics or circumstances, including race, culture, ethnic or social origin, colour, place of origin, sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, birth, primary language, economic or social or health status, disability, age, religion, conscience, marital status or pregnancy; or

b. opinions or beliefs, except to the extent that those opinions or beliefs involve harm to others or the diminution of the rights or freedoms of others,

or on any other ground prohibited by this Constitution.

32. Right to economic participation

1. Every person has the right to full and free participation in the economic life of the State, which includes the right to choose their own work, trade, occupation, profession or other means of livelihood.

2. The State must take reasonable measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of the rights recognised in subsection (1).

33. Right to work and a just minimum wage

1. The State must take reasonable measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of every person to work and to a just minimum wage.

2. In applying any right under this section, if the State claims that it does not have the resources to implement the right, it is the responsibility of the State to show that the resources are not available.

34. Right to reasonable access to transportation

1. The State must take reasonable measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of every person to have reasonable access to transportation.

35. Right to housing and sanitation

1. The State must take reasonable measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of every person to accessible and adequate housing and sanitation.

36. Right to adequate food and water

1. The State must take reasonable measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of every person to be free from hunger, to have adequate food of acceptable quality and to clean and safe water in adequate quantities.

38. Right to health

1. The State must take reasonable measures within its available resources to achieve the progressive realisation of the right of every person to health, and to the conditions and facilities necessary to good health, and to health care services, including reproductive health care.

2. A person must not be denied emergency medical treatment.

3. In applying any right under this section, if the State claims that it does not have the resources to implement the right, it is the responsibility of the State to show that the resources are not available.

41. Rights of children

1. Every child has the right-

a. to be registered at or soon after birth, and to have a name and nationality;

b. to basic nutrition, clothing, shelter, sanitation and health care;

c. to family care, protection and guidance, which includes the equal responsibility of the child's parents to provide for the child-

i. whether or not the parents are, or have ever been, married to each other; and

ii. whether or not the parents are living together, have lived together, or are separated;

d. to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, any form of violence, inhumane treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour; and

e. not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort, and when detained, to be held-

i. only for such period of time as is necessary; and

ii. separate from adults, and in conditions that take account of the child's sex and age.

2. The best interests of a child are the primary consideration in every matter concerning the child.

42. Rights of persons with disabilities

1. A person with any disability has the right-

a. to reasonable access to all places, public transport and information;

b. to use sign language, Braille or other appropriate means of communication; and

c. to reasonable access to necessary materials, substances and devices relating to the person's disability.

2. A person with any disability has the right to reasonable adaptation of buildings, infrastructure, vehicles, working arrangements, rules, practices or procedures, to enable their full participation in society and the effective realisation of their rights.

3. To the extent that it is necessary, a law or an administrative action taken under a law may limit, or may authorise the limitation of, the rights set out in this section.

74. Power to call for evidence

1. Parliament, and each of its committees, has the power to summon any person to appear before it for the purpose of giving evidence or providing information.

2. For the purposes of subsection (1), Parliament and each of its committees has the same powers as the High Court to-

a. enforce the attendance of witnesses and examine them on oath, affirmation or otherwise; and

b. compel the production of documents or other materials or information as required for its proceedings.

123. Values and principles

The values and principles of State service include-

a. high standards of professionalism, including professional ethics and integrity;

b. prompt and faithful implementation of Government policies and administration of laws;

c. being free from corruption;

d. efficient, effective and economic use of public resources;

e. prompt response to requests and questions from the public, and delivery of service to the public, in a manner that is respectful, effective, impartial, fair, and equitable;

f. accountability for administrative conduct;

g. transparency, including-

i. timely, accurate disclosure of information to the public; and

ii. prompt, complete and candid reporting to Parliament, as required by law;

h. cultivation of good human resource management and career development practices, to maximise human potential; and

i. recruitment and promotion based on-

i. objectivity, impartiality and fair competition; and

ii. ability, education, experience and other characteristics of merit.

153. Reserve Bank of Fiji

1. The Reserve Bank of Fiji is the central bank of the State, whose primary objects are-

a. to protect the value of the currency in the interest of balanced and sustainable economic growth;

b. to formulate monetary policy;

c. to promote price stability;

d. to issue currency; and

e. to perform other functions conferred on it by a written law.

by Dunilefra, working for Political Reform

#Fiji #Dunilefra #Politics #Political Reform #World Politics #World Order #Fundamental Rights #Human Rights #Economy #Religion #State Policy #Political Analysis #Constitution #Constitutional Law #Law

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