#trapezoidal threaded rod

[aesteiron-steels]

What Are The Types Of Threaded Rods?

Threaded rods are an important component in numerous production and mechanical applications. Also called all-thread rods, stud bolts, or completely threaded bars, these versatile fasteners are designed for assembling one-of-a-kind systems, machines, and materials. They are broadly utilized in industries such as production, automotive, manufacturing, and greater. However, no longer all threaded rods are the identical, as they range in terms of materials, sizes, and threading styles. Understanding the different sorts let you pick out the right one on your venture.

1. Fully Threaded Rods

Fully Threaded Rods are threaded along their whole duration. They are one of the maximum commonplace kinds, offering uniform strength and grip throughout the entire rod. Due to their design, they may be perfect for applications requiring anxiety and compression. Fully threaded rods are often used in production for securing structural additives, striking pipes, or developing strong connections in frameworks. They are available a number of substances, together with metal, stainless-steel, and brass, permitting them to perform properly in exclusive environments, from fashionable to corrosive settings.

2. Partially Threaded Rods

As the name indicates, partially Threaded Rods have threads handiest on a component in their duration, leaving the relaxation of the rod easy. This kind of rod is frequently preferred in programs in which motion or adjustment is needed, as the unthreaded phase can serve as a pivot or bearing floor. Partially threaded rods are usually used in machinery, automotive parts, and different situations where a mixture of energy and versatility is vital. While no longer as universally applicable as absolutely threaded rods, they are vital in situations where pressure distribution must be controlled efficiently.

3. Acme Threaded Rods

Acme Threaded Rods are prominent with the useful resource of their trapezoidal thread design, which affords better electricity and sturdiness as compared to standard threaded rods. The threads are wider and flatter, making them especially desirable for heavy loads and high-pressure applications. Acme threads are regularly utilized in lead screws, jacks, and industrial machines in which precision movement or lifting is wanted. Due to their robust nature, Acme threaded rods are frequently determined in environments that require wear resistance and lengthy-lasting overall performance.

4. Double-Ended Threaded Rods

Double-ended Threaded Rods have threads on each end, leaving the centre phase unthreaded. These rods are regularly used for connecting additives in which each forestall want to be constant securely. One not unusual software is in car repair, wherein double-ended rods are used as connecting rods or tie rods. They are also discovered in plumbing and electric applications wherein securing multiple quantities of machine is required. These rods offer flexibility in installation, bearing in mind short and easy assembly of numerous structures.

5. Metric Threaded Rods

Metric threaded rods are outstanding thru their use of the metric machine for measuring thread period and pitch. They are generally used in countries that comply with the metric machine, ensuring compatibility with different metric-based totally additives. Metric threaded rods are available in each truly and in part threaded variations, and they arrive in several substances, consisting of carbon metallic, stainless steel, and aluminium. These rods are often utilized in international obligations or industries with strict adherence to metric requirements, making them vital for worldwide manufacturers.

6. Fine Threaded Rods

Fine threaded rods have threads which are spaced carefully collectively, which provides greater preserving energy and better resistance to loosening due to vibration. These rods are particularly beneficial in excessive-precision applications, such as in aerospace, car, or engineering tasks, in which tolerances are tight and every element need to be securely fastened. Fine threads provide better tension manipulate, making them appropriate for sensitive or high-overall performance assemblies.

Conclusion

Threaded Rods come in an extensive type of types, each tailor-made to specific packages and environments. Whether you are operating on a massive-scale production venture or a precision engineering mission, selecting the proper type of threaded rod is essential for ensuring stability, strength, and sturdiness. By information the variations between completely threaded rods, partially threaded rods, Acme rods, and other versions, you can make informed selections so as to beautify the effectiveness of your mission.

[fixdex-fastening-technology]

trapezoidal threaded rod

click here to see more of this product

[bm-decorative-arts]

Steelite #5, Lamp, Designed and Made 1994, Brooklyn Museum: Decorative Arts

Table lamp, "Steelite #5". Steel, fiberglass, wood, rubber, thread. Welded steel base of trapezoidal form raised on four rounded black rubber feet; on top of base, round black rubber socket with oblong clear light bulb at center; flanking light bulb are two tall metal rods attached near top by horizontal metal rod inside wooden tube, from which is suspended a black mesh shade of trapezoidal shape joined by thread, wire rods, and tiny black rubber washers; black industrial electrical cord attached to underside at base. CONDITION - Excellent. Size: 15 x 10 1/4 x 10 1/4 in. (38.1 x 26 x 26 cm) Medium: Steel, fiberglass, wood, rubber, thread

https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/2320

[kapson787-blog]

Threaded Rods & Bars, Hex Bolts, Hex Nuts Fasteners manufactures exporters India threadedrodsmanufacturers.com +91-9876270000

Kapson India are manufactures & exporters of various types of products like- Threaded Rods / Bars, All Threaded Rods & Bar, Fully Threaded Rods & Bars, Zinc Plated Fully Threaded Rods, Low Carbon Threaded Rods, Carbon Steel Threaded Rods, Mild Steel Threaded Rods, Hotdip Galvanized Threaded Bars, Electro Galvanized Threaded Bar, HDG Threaded Bar, EN8 Threaded Bar, DIN 975 Threaded Rods, DIN 976 Threaded Rods, Grade 4.8, 6.8, 8.8 Threaded Rods, Thread Rods 6mm,8mm,10mm,12mm, Unified Threaded Rods, UNC Threaded Rods, UNF Threaded Rods, Metric Threaded Rods, Acme Threaded Rods, Trapezoidal Threaded Rods, Threaded Rods, Threaded Bars, Industrial Threaded Rods & Bar, Construction Threaded Rods, Continuous Threaded Rods, Double End Threaded Rods, Thread Rods & Thread Bars, Threaded Rods for HVAC System, Threaded Rods for Plumbing, Threaded Rods for Cable Tray Support, Threaded Rods for Ducting / Ducts, Threaded Rods - Strut Support System, SAG Rods, Coil Rods and Tie Rods, Threaded Studs,  Hex Nuts,  Hex Bolts, Hexagonal Nuts, Hexagonal Bolts, High Tensile Fasteners, Precision Fasteners, Plain Washers,  Spring Washers, Spring Channel Nut, Strut Channel, Channel Accessories, Channel  Brackets, Channel Fitting Accessories, Variety of Pipe Clamps , Hanger Clamps , Cantilever Arms, Base Plates etc. We exports our products to various countries  like- Australia, Canada, USA , United Kingdom, Africa, UAE, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal  etc. from India, Punjab, Ludhiana. http://www.threadedrodsmanufacturers.com  - Mobile No- 9876270000

We are also reputed manufacturers of High Tensile Fasteners Products in India like Hex Nuts, Hex Bolts, Steel Plain Washers, U-Bolts, Anchor Foundation Bolts, Long Nut, Connector Nut / Coupling Nut etc. Kapson India is also serving construction industry with the supply of Scaffoldings & Couplers products which includes pressed couplers, drop forged couplers & scaffolding and formwork accessories etc. Since our inception, we have gained our reputation by manufacturing of high quality fasteners products with highly competitive offered prices and timely delivery to National and International Market.

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WhatsApp Numbers +91-9876270000

Calling Numbers +91-9876270000 +91-7696288000 +91-7696388000 +91-8427000124

Contact Person: Mr. Sanjay Kapoor

Email sanjay@kapsonindia.in

Website http://www.threadedrodsmanufacturers.com

Works & Office KAPSON INDIA Plot no. 1250/D-27, Jaspal Bangar Road, Industrial Area-C, Ludhiana -141122 Punjab (INDIA)

https://youtu.be/aLdz_mHkqgs https://youtu.be/vdcvOjEKn_Y https://youtu.be/9sMAbDfaog8 https://youtu.be/5A9rf7HbZh8 https://youtu.be/BqAeWFjwJEU https://youtu.be/94m2n_Pup9w https://youtu.be/0nZYWFzASyM https://youtu.be/o5WgKT4c6YI

National Market: Our Products range includes Threaded Rods, Threaded Bars, Sag Rods, Coil Rods, Tie Rods, Hex Nuts, Hex Bolts Fasteners, Strut Support Systems, Steel Scaffoldings manufacturers in India Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, National Capital Territory of Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal.

International Market: We are exporters of Threaded Rods, Threaded Bars, Sag Rods, Coil Rods, Tie Rods, Hex Nuts, Hex Bolts Fasteners, Strut Support Systems, Steel Scaffoldings from India to following International countries like

Threaded Rods & Bars Asian Countries:- India, Indonesia, Pakistan,  Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, Turkey, Thailand, Myanmar, South Korea, Iraq, Malaysia, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Nepal, Afghanistan, North Korea, Yemen, Taiwan, Syria, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates, Israel, Tajikistan, Hong Kong, Laos, Jordan, Singapore, Georgia, Lebanon, Oman, Kuwait, Armenia, Mongolia, Qatar, Bahrain, Cyprus, Bhutan, Brunei, Maldives.

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Kapson India is Indian manufacturers & exporters of all types of Threaded Rods, Thread Bars & Studs. Kapson India established in 1988 at Ludhiana Punjab and engaged in the manufacturing & export business of International Standard Quality threaded rods, threaded bars, Coil Rods / Tie Rods, Spring Channel Nuts, Channel Brackets, Pipe Clamps, Strut Channel Fittings & Accessories etc. in Punjab, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala, Bathinda, Ajitgarh, Hoshiarpur, Batala, Pathankot, Moga, Abohar, Khanna, Phagwwara, Muktsar, Barnala, Rajpura, Firozpur, Kapurthala, mandi gobindgarh, fatehgarh sahib, samrala, jagraon, mansa, sirhind, chandigarh, Mohali, panchkula, kharar, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Gurgaon, Utter Pradesh, Bihar, India, Canada, USA, Australia, UK, New Zealand, France, Norway, France, Nepal. manufacturers exporters in India http://www.threadedrodsmanufacturers.com +91-9876270000

Kapson India is the leading Thread Rod manufacturers that are made of finest quality raw material and test under strict quality control. These Thread Rods are a long rod, which is threaded from both the ends. The thread may extend along the complete length of the rod and ideal to use in tension. You can avail them in different surface finishes like black plain, zinc, galvanized coating and others. These threaded rods are highly used for ducting industry, solar mountings and down cealing etc.

[gdresearchnthoughts]

Week 1 Research and plans

Resource：

dulcimer. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc, 2018. dulcimer. Oxford University Press, 2014. https://www.cmuse.org/dulcimer/ https://www.dulcimer.org.uk/schools/Page5.html

What is a dulcimer?

A dulcimer is a stringed folk instrument which basically comes in two different varieties: the hammered dulcimer – which has strings stretched over a sounding board with a trapezoidal shape, generally setting on a stand, angled in front of the player who strikes the strings with two small hammers called mallets and the Appalachian dulcimer – often referred to as a mountain dulcimer, is a narrower version of the zither family instrument, having three to five strings with a fingerboard that’s fretted which is held in the lap of the player who strums it with a small stick, sometimes referred to as a quill or plectrum, with the right hand while controlling the chords or melody with the left hand.

Dulcimers are considered to be one of the easiest instruments to learn how to play, making them ideal for beginners and children who want to play an instrument. In addition, they are also relatively quite, so they can be played just about anywhere anytime. In fact, a lot of people liken their soft sounds to being in a relaxing atmosphere, making them well-suited for either the personal relaxation of the player, for the creation of a relaxing environment for those listening, or both.

Nomenclature

The term ‘dulcimer’ derives from dulce melos (Gk. and Lat. ‘sweet sound’) and is common only in English (i.e. in Britain, North America, and New Zealand)

Dulcimer in different countries: HackbreƩ (Germany, Switzerland) Salterio (Mexico, Spain, Italy) Santur or Santoor (Iran, India) 扬琴(China) 大正琴（たいしょうごと）（Japan） Cimbalom (Hungary) Sandouri (Greece) Tsimbaly (Russia) Chang (Uzbekistan) Khim (Thailand) Dan Tam Thap (Vietnam) Hammered Dulcimer (UK and US) Different meaning: ‘Yang Qin’ (in Chinese) means ‘foreign instrument’ ‘HackbreƩ’ (in German) means ‘chopping board’!

 History The dulcimer first appeared among Scottish and Irish immigrants during the early nineteenth in the Appalachian Mountains. However, the instrument has no known predecessor in either Scotland or Ireland. Because of this, a large part of the dulcimer’s history has been speculative until fairly recently.

Structure 2 Kinds: Mountain dulcimer, hammer dulcimer The body of the dulcimer is almost universally a box construction, though sometimes bridges and strings are mounted on a plank with soundholes and battens, which creates a resonance chamber when the instrument is placed on a table. Some makers believe that there is a relation between the number of soundholes and the volume of sound, but instruments in Scotland and elsewhere have none and sound just as well. Soundboards are normally flat, but the 19th-century northern Irish dulcimer was curved or vaulted, as are some American instruments and some examples of the Chinese yangqin and Tibetan rgyud-mang. As a practical alternative to doubling the string lengths for every octave descent in range, a trapezial shape has been commonly adopted, with the strings at different tensions and sometimes of different thicknesses.

Most dulcimers are portable, some easily so, some less easily. Instruments with dampers operated by a pedal are necessarily built with legs (concert cimbalom, Uzbek chang, etc.), and legs are characteristic also of some American instruments. A neck strap is quite commonly used in eastern Europe and occasionally elsewhere (the Alps, Germany, Milan). Decoration varies widely; molding and marquetry are common, and the soundholes often have a rose carved in the soundboard or made of gilt paper, metal, or silken threads. It is thought to have been a Persian custom to inscribe poetry on the table. In China, the bridges are often delicately carved, and the outer edges of the Cantonese ‘butterfly harp’ are decoratively scalloped.

Bridges are of wood, but almost always with a wire rod or nail set in the top; in China, ivory caps are used instead of wire, and one small English type has a brass covering. There are numerous ways of arranging the bridges. On some instruments a long solid bridge divides all the strings into two playable parts; Virdung illustrated such an arrangement in 1511, and it is still found. A far commoner arrangement is shown in Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen’s Nativity(1512): two long bridges each carry half the courses, led alternately over one bridge and through cut-outs in the other. Normally only one bridge divides its strings into two sounding portions. This is called the treble bridge and the strings the treble strings. The long undivided strings crossing the other (bass) bridge are the bass strings. From the 18th century the bridges were sometimes segmented so that different strings could be divided into different proportions, and as early as 1636 Mersenne depicted an extra bridge on the left to bear two or three extra bass strings running the whole length of the instrument.

Though this particular instrument is generally associated with the elder generation, it is gradually becoming more and more popular with the younger generation who have discovered its unique sound and charms. Because of it being so easy to play, music teachers consider the dulcimer to be an excellent educational instrument as well. This being the case, these instruments are often used in an educational setting, with some classes even going so far as to make their own dulcimers, albeit made with cardboard due to limits in craftsmanship, skill, budget, and time.

Playing Basically, there are two fretting methods for the dulcimer. The first is to use the fingertips to depress the strings, which allows all the strings to be fretted and can produce chords. The second way is to depress the melody string, which is generally the closest to the player, using a noter. A noter can either be a short piece of bamboo or short length of dowel. When using this method, however, only the melody is fretted, with the other strings acting as drones.

The dulcimer attracts a wide variety of playing styles, such as being played with a bow, like a violin or “guitar style”, hanging from a strap around the neck of the player or just resting sideways in the lap. The dulcimer can be both fretted and strummed like a guitar. Other dulcimer players enjoy more traditional styles of playing, such as using a fingerstyle technique, such as using one hand to finger chords and the other to pluck individual strings. Musicians have imported a variety of playing techniques from other stringed instruments, adopting more and more complex techniques, which has greatly expanded the versatility of the dulcimer. This makes the Appalachian dulcimer not only easy to learn how to play but also capable of more complex music as well. The dulcimer is good for beginners, hobbyists, and professionals all the same; it’s good for all who want to learn how to play.

Comparing with other instruments: Easier to play compare with banjos and guitars because the finger placement is not necessary. A simple strum can produce the desired sound as a dulcimer doesn’t play sharps or flats, but instead all “white keys”, or the diatonic scale, making it is easy for picking out playing familiar folk tunes almost effortlessly.

The word dulcimer relates to music and music is abstract. All the materials and media I want to explore should be easy to present or approach abstract work.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Music is an international language that links with people world widely.

Materials:

1. paper  Paper can be shaped and colored easily. I would like to slice it into thin rules. The rules can represent strings of dulcimer, the sound wave, music, emotion.

transparency paper Allow elements nest in different layers.

2. thread and nails Kind of same as paper, the shape will be sharper and easily layered. The rules can represent strings of dulcimer, the sound wave, music, emotion. 

3. iron wire   The hard surface allows the material to be nested 3D without lose the shape. The rules can represent strings of dulcimer, the sound wave, music, emotion. 

Media:

1. Photography  Explore with different lights, shutter speed setting

2. watercolor painting  Use the basic elements from dulcimer: holes, strings, the shape, explore abstract watercolor painting.  

3.projector Allow images combine with different surface together.

[sinorocksda]

How to Support the Water-bearing Rock Mass with Self Drilling Hollow Bolt?

In the construction of tunnels, some complex geological conditions, such as water-bearing rock masses, are sometimes encountered. If the water content of this rock mass is relatively large, the whole construction process cannot be carried out at all unless a self-drilling hollow bolt is used. Why is the support construction of water-bearing rock mass so difficult? How to construct self-drilling hollow bolts? How to support the water-bearing rock mass? Today, Sinorock will take a specific application case to explain in detail.

In a certain engineering tunnel, the stratum is dominated by water-bearing rock mass with developed fissures, and the rock mass is severely weathered and has strong water permeability. When the excavation passes through the rock mass karst cave, the broken cave section or the fault fracture zone, because the surrounding rock is under the fault, the daily water inflow is more than 2000m3 in the working face. The problem of stuck drilling and hole collapse, the construction process can no longer be carried out normally.

Self-drilling hollow bolt is composed of six parts: drill bit, hollow bolt body, connecting sleeve, backing plate, nut and centering device. Two problems arise.

The project adopts alloy drill bit, which has strong penetrating power. Under the action of the rock drill, all kinds of rock mass can be easily drilled. The drill bit has a number of slurry holes, which can be cleaned in the initial stage, and can be used to exhaust slurry during grouting.

The self-drilling hollow bolt body has continuous wave thread or trapezoidal thread, which can be connected with the drill bit to complete the drilling construction. At the same time, the rod body can be cut at any position, or it can be lengthened by connecting sleeves, which is very suitable for construction in relatively narrow space conditions such as tunnels.

The hollow design of the self-drilling hollow bolt body makes it have a grouting function. When the bolt body completes the drilling, it does not need to be pulled out, which avoids the problem of slurry loss caused by the traditional process of grouting and anchor pulling. When grouting the self-drilling hollow bolt, the hole is closed and the bottom of the hole is circulated. During grouting, several holes can be grouted at the same time according to the amount of grouting and the situation of grouting.

After the self-drilling hollow bolt is connected with the screw grouting machine, pressure grouting can be realized, which can make the grout more fully fill the rock mass cracks and drilling holes, increase the diameter of the anchor body, and improve the anchoring effect. In addition, the high-strength backing plate and nut can evenly transmit the stress of the deep surrounding rock to the hole wall, and achieve the purpose of mutual support with the rock mass.

The centralizer ensures that the self-drilling hollow bolt is always in the center of the borehole during the drilling and grouting process. The grout can completely and evenly wrap the rod body to avoid corrosion due to contact with the external environment, and the support time is longer.

The results show that when the self-drilling hollow bolt supports the water-bearing rock mass, it has a satisfactory performance in improving the stability of the rock mass and reducing the water seepage of the rock mass.

[juniperpublishers-ttsr]

Special Design of Heavy Mass Base Foundations Methods in Rocks and Clay Soil Sub-Surfaces Techniques

Abstract

These paper constitute consists of parts of foundations design of under and sub structural plans. First of all, foundations are the lowest artificially prepared parts of the structures which are in direct contact with ground surfaces are known as Foundations. But its different categories for the zones of ground ability. Most of the foundations are normal status and load distribution neutralizations in normal bearing values of depends upon the soils. But rocks and clay soil zones areas not suited for normal sub structural design methods. Its followed by high precious design sections and execute the better results. And followed design methods is used for high precious focus in mountain and steep constructions, Water-bearing area, it's also better suitable in heavy constructions mass base foundation methods of high rise buildings system.

Keywords:   Rock boring; Grout hole; Anchorage bolting systems; Mass base trapezoidal foundations designs

    Introduction

The soil ground on which the foundation's rest is that foundation bed or foundation soil and it ultimate bearing of loads and interact with the foundations of structure [1]. Case study and objective of foundations to distribute the total load coming on the structure on a large area as well as great supported on the structure and required enough stability of the structures against various disturbing forces such eradicated climatic barriers. And to prepare the level of surfaces for concreting and masonry work. Inspections of sites its desirable to recognize the site of works and inspect them carefully from the viewpoints of foundation details [2]. And to analyse the nature and thickness of strata of soil may be estimated by studying the excavation detail of nearby constructionor by examining the open side of a nearby well etc. the general inspection of site of works serves of a good guide for determining the type of foundation to be adopted for the proposed work and in addition, it helps in getting the data with respects to used for design purposes. That following data is used for items. The behaviour of ground due to variation in depth of water table, Capacity of percolation of storm water at the site, nature of the soil and visual analyzation, movement of ground due to any reason [3]. Examinations of grounds, The load of the structure is ultimately transferred to the soil it becomes, therefore, essential to know the quality and thickness of soil undergrounds and such as a study would assist in selecting an economical but safe design for the foundation of the structure [4].

    Methods

That Figure 1& 2 represents the special form of trapezoidal foundation mass basements and deep grout anchorage systems. Its, essentially high interlock grip effect with substructures to superstructures. Its typically handled in 50mm deep boreholes and required depth essentially carrying out of deep boring for big important engineering structure [5]. Its methods anchor bolts rock concrete grout such as the addition to the of the ability of superstructure, importance is to be given to various other factors such as the same application in dams. Boring is followed by the 2-methods, Percussions boring machines and core rotary equipment.

In this process, the heavy cutting tool is dropped into the ground by means of a series of blows. That method used to prefer in a semi layer hard rock soil and rock layer zones areas. The broken rock material is brought to the ground by adding water into the core and then the paste is lifted to the ground. The material thus obtained is made dry and it is then examined. The percolations of boring machines is very much use of hard rock zones areas [6], And another condition it is very old method better results values and created a large number of vibrations in heavy blowing. Some problems cracking in nearest structures.

Core and rotary drilling machines

In this process, a hollow tube is driven by rotary motion which cuts a solid core. Water is used to facilitate the cutting process [7], That machines can be used either for soft or hard rocks materials. If the tube passes through a hard material, the core is retained and this has to be cut at the bottom and lifted up [8], This is done by pouring sand at the inner side between the core and inner surface of the tube and then the tube is slightly rotated [9], The core is then broken and caught in the tube along with sand and it is lifted up.

Anchorage bolts and concrete systems assembly

After the 25 to 50mm boreholes and provided the bolting anchorage rods used in the rock in required foundations depths [10], And its mostly used in peikko anchorage systems in better in rock foundation methods. At one head of fixed bolt head into the provided in required depth of rock. And after pouring the settling concrete. And setting properly and to tighten the top of the bolting rod. Its better frictions joints of the basement and foundations to substructures levels [10]. Referred the design approach of followed in ASTM, A36, A307 (Grade B), A325, A449 and A687 [11]. Used in concrete. The Bolt threads at the surrounded closing stages of apiece threaded steel bar are stake at top and bottom places below the grave curse nut. That concrete is placed in well-hardened status in 14- days after to tightening to bolt rotation.

Rock grouting

Boreholes in sufficient number are driven in the ground. The concrete grout is then forced under pressure through these bore holes [12]. These any of crack fissures of the rock are thus filled up, resulting in the increased of bearing power of rock. Its process aided to some other chemical treatment certain chemicals are used in place of cement grout to solidify the but this process is adopted by small-scale construction is costly it is only in case of important building.

Figure 3 & 4 Represents the Mass Trapezoidal basement foundations on clay and clayey soils. Clay and clayey soil is a partial work in cohesive and cohesive less in seasonal climatic conditions [13]. It is highly preferred in irrigations systems and not preferred in shallow foundations. That foundation is broadly shallow spread over the construction site area. Its possibly to constructed foundations are termed trapezoidal basement foundation. In such spread case of overall in a raft. And to assemble the assembly structural column sections. Its high economical evaluation in compared to other pile foundations better load transparent in cohesive soils.

Design criteria of special mass basement footing

The total load to be transmitted by the walls or columns to the foundation beds. The results of foundation pits and the corresponding bearing capacity of each stratum of soil [14]. It respects to 2 aspects.

Width of foundations

A width of the special footing basement is decided by adopting the following rules:

If no footing is to be provided to the constructional site area, it will provide the assumption columns should be provided in required depth and equal areas as shown in Figure 1. The total load including dead load and wind load coming on the columns per meter length at are in case of heavy construction the load aspects in the centre of the basement, it worked out. Then the width of the foundation is obtained from the following relation.

a. For column,

The width of foundation basement = {Total load per meter length /allowable bearing capacity of the soil}

b. For piers,

The width of foundations basement = {Total load on the pier/allowable bearing capacity of the soil}

Usually, the wall, columns, piers are given with of basements connects to plinth level. By adding the width of offset of concrete, the total width of foundation can be obtained. And this width of increased bearing pressure is vice versa to increase Table 1.

Depth of foundations

As a general rule, all the heavy mass base foundation should be taken to a minimum depth of 80 cm below natural ground level unless the hard soil is available within 80 cm. the total load is transferred to the soil per square meter can be worked out and after the study of the results of the trial pits, the foundation should be taken to such a depth at which the soil has an allowable bearing capacity greater than the value. The depth of foundations can also be obtained by drawing the lines of angles 450 and 600 as shown in Table 2. Rafting methods are increased the bearing power of soil becomes very useful when the load coming on the soil is practically uniform while soil yielding nature.

    Conclusion

It is a final conclusion of the paper is special mass base heavy foundation technique is followed by critical soil and Rock category suitable preferred of the important structure. Such structure has to be designed for heavy loads and ordinary methods of providing foundations may not be suitable for structure. In that such case, methods handling in special heavy basement footings is resisted to heavy loads and increased the bearing capacity pressure of soil. That concept of a method of increasing the bearing power of clayey soil becomes useful, especially when there is used in a ground floor structure.

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Building a CNC Router Saves Your Cost

Have you ever seen all the new CNC Router machines available to hobbyists these days? Everybody who sells woodworking tools seems to carry at least one model. Maybe you’ve been thinking about buying one. If you’re computer savvy, you could have a lot of fun with a CNC router. On the other hand, you might be hesitant to spend upwards of $2000 for this technology.

Adding CNC to your shop doesn’t have to cost a small fortune; you can build a sturdy and accurate three-axis CNC router for about $1000, and that price tag will get you most of the features you’ll find in commercial models selling for $3000-$4000.

You’ll need some kind of sheet material to make the machine’s body, and that can be MDF, plywood, UHMW or HDPE plastic, aluminum or steel. I recommend using something that’s at least ¾” thick so that you end up with a rigid frame. To stay within the $1000 budget, choose MDF. It’s flat, easy to work with and inexpensive.

Each axis will require a combination of guide rails and bearings for motion. There are plenty of choices for these components, but aluminum rod is an easy option and won’t cost as much as most of the others. Just make sure the rod diameter is large enough that the shafts won’t sag. You can also drill and tap holes in the shafts and mount them to the machine’s frame. You’ll have to cut notches in the bearings, or buy bearings that are made for this type of mounted shaft.

 The bearings can be made of ¾” thick UHMW plastic, which is a low-friction material that’s easy to machine with standard woodworking tools. To make a bearing out of plastic, just drill a hole the same diameter as the corresponding shaft. I like to split the shaft hole with a saw kerf, which allows the bearing to slide a little more easily. Drill and tap some mounting holes in the edge of each bearing and attach the bearings to the machine with bolts.

 The easiest way to drive each axis is with a lead screw and nut. You can be super-thrifty and use threaded rod, but this won’t give you the kind of accuracy CNCs are know for, so I suggest ACME screws. These screws have trapezoidal threads and can work with special anti-backlash nuts that reduce slop.

 You can buy a kit with the motors and all the required electronic components for as little as $100, but at this price, you won’t get an enclosure for these parts to protect them from damage or exposure to dust, water or other harmful materials. A few manufacturers make what are called “drive box kits” that include an enclosure, and are usually simpler to connect than the cheap kits you have to wire up yourself. Both types of kits require a PC with a printer port, or parallel port. You’ll also need the controller software, and there’s an excellent program called Mach 3 that will get you up and running for $175.

 Three-axis routers are simple machines, and once you understand how they work, you can easily build one with a few basic tools. Although building a router doesn’t require any computer skills, using one certainly does. You need to be computer literate to setup, program and operate your new router.

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Special Design of Heavy Mass Base Foundations Methods in Rocks and Clay Soil Sub-Surfaces Techniques - Juniper publishers

Journal of Trends in Technical and Scientific Research

Abstract

These paper constitute consists of parts of foundations design of under and sub structural plans. First of all, foundations are the lowest artificially prepared parts of the structures which are in direct contact with ground surfaces are known as Foundations. But its different categories for the zones of ground ability. Most of the foundations are normal status and load distribution neutralizations in normal bearing values of depends upon the soils. But rocks and clay soil zones areas not suited for normal sub structural design methods. Its followed by high precious design sections and execute the better results. And followed design methods is used for high precious focus in mountain and steep constructions, Water-bearing area, it's also better suitable in heavy constructions mass base foundation methods of high rise buildings system.

Keywords:   Rock boring; Grout hole; Anchorage bolting systems; Mass base trapezoidal foundations designs

    Introduction

The soil ground on which the foundation's rest is that foundation bed or foundation soil and it ultimate bearing of loads and interact with the foundations of structure [1]. Case study and objective of foundations to distribute the total load coming on the structure on a large area as well as great supported on the structure and required enough stability of the structures against various disturbing forces such eradicated climatic barriers. And to prepare the level of surfaces for concreting and masonry work. Inspections of sites its desirable to recognize the site of works and inspect them carefully from the viewpoints of foundation details [2]. And to analyse the nature and thickness of strata of soil may be estimated by studying the excavation detail of nearby constructionor by examining the open side of a nearby well etc. the general inspection of site of works serves of a good guide for determining the type of foundation to be adopted for the proposed work and in addition, it helps in getting the data with respects to used for design purposes. That following data is used for items. The behaviour of ground due to variation in depth of water table, Capacity of percolation of storm water at the site, nature of the soil and visual analyzation, movement of ground due to any reason [3]. Examinations of grounds, The load of the structure is ultimately transferred to the soil it becomes, therefore, essential to know the quality and thickness of soil undergrounds and such as a study would assist in selecting an economical but safe design for the foundation of the structure [4].

    Methods

That Figure 1& 2 represents the special form of trapezoidal foundation mass basements and deep grout anchorage systems. Its, essentially high interlock grip effect with substructures to superstructures. Its typically handled in 50mm deep boreholes and required depth essentially carrying out of deep boring for big important engineering structure [5]. Its methods anchor bolts rock concrete grout such as the addition to the of the ability of superstructure, importance is to be given to various other factors such as the same application in dams. Boring is followed by the 2-methods, Percussions boring machines and core rotary equipment.

In this process, the heavy cutting tool is dropped into the ground by means of a series of blows. That method used to prefer in a semi layer hard rock soil and rock layer zones areas. The broken rock material is brought to the ground by adding water into the core and then the paste is lifted to the ground. The material thus obtained is made dry and it is then examined. The percolations of boring machines is very much use of hard rock zones areas [6], And another condition it is very old method better results values and created a large number of vibrations in heavy blowing. Some problems cracking in nearest structures.

Core and rotary drilling machines

In this process, a hollow tube is driven by rotary motion which cuts a solid core. Water is used to facilitate the cutting process [7], That machines can be used either for soft or hard rocks materials. If the tube passes through a hard material, the core is retained and this has to be cut at the bottom and lifted up [8], This is done by pouring sand at the inner side between the core and inner surface of the tube and then the tube is slightly rotated [9], The core is then broken and caught in the tube along with sand and it is lifted up.

Anchorage bolts and concrete systems assembly

After the 25 to 50mm boreholes and provided the bolting anchorage rods used in the rock in required foundations depths [10], And its mostly used in peikko anchorage systems in better in rock foundation methods. At one head of fixed bolt head into the provided in required depth of rock. And after pouring the settling concrete. And setting properly and to tighten the top of the bolting rod. Its better frictions joints of the basement and foundations to substructures levels [10]. Referred the design approach of followed in ASTM, A36, A307 (Grade B), A325, A449 and A687 [11]. Used in concrete. The Bolt threads at the surrounded closing stages of apiece threaded steel bar are stake at top and bottom places below the grave curse nut. That concrete is placed in well-hardened status in 14- days after to tightening to bolt rotation.

Rock grouting

Boreholes in sufficient number are driven in the ground. The concrete grout is then forced under pressure through these bore holes [12]. These any of crack fissures of the rock are thus filled up, resulting in the increased of bearing power of rock. Its process aided to some other chemical treatment certain chemicals are used in place of cement grout to solidify the but this process is adopted by small-scale construction is costly it is only in case of important building.

Figure 3 & 4 Represents the Mass Trapezoidal basement foundations on clay and clayey soils. Clay and clayey soil is a partial work in cohesive and cohesive less in seasonal climatic conditions [13]. It is highly preferred in irrigations systems and not preferred in shallow foundations. That foundation is broadly shallow spread over the construction site area. Its possibly to constructed foundations are termed trapezoidal basement foundation. In such spread case of overall in a raft. And to assemble the assembly structural column sections. Its high economical evaluation in compared to other pile foundations better load transparent in cohesive soils.

Design criteria of special mass basement footing

The total load to be transmitted by the walls or columns to the foundation beds. The results of foundation pits and the corresponding bearing capacity of each stratum of soil [14]. It respects to 2 aspects.

Width of foundations

A width of the special footing basement is decided by adopting the following rules:

If no footing is to be provided to the constructional site area, it will provide the assumption columns should be provided in required depth and equal areas as shown in Figure 1. The total load including dead load and wind load coming on the columns per meter length at are in case of heavy construction the load aspects in the centre of the basement, it worked out. Then the width of the foundation is obtained from the following relation.

a. For column,

The width of foundation basement = {Total load per meter length /allowable bearing capacity of the soil}

b. For piers,

The width of foundations basement = {Total load on the pier/allowable bearing capacity of the soil}

Usually, the wall, columns, piers are given with of basements connects to plinth level. By adding the width of offset of concrete, the total width of foundation can be obtained. And this width of increased bearing pressure is vice versa to increase Table 1.

Depth of foundations

As a general rule, all the heavy mass base foundation should be taken to a minimum depth of 80 cm below natural ground level unless the hard soil is available within 80 cm. the total load is transferred to the soil per square meter can be worked out and after the study of the results of the trial pits, the foundation should be taken to such a depth at which the soil has an allowable bearing capacity greater than the value. The depth of foundations can also be obtained by drawing the lines of angles 450 and 600 as shown in Table 2. Rafting methods are increased the bearing power of soil becomes very useful when the load coming on the soil is practically uniform while soil yielding nature.

    Conclusion

It is a final conclusion of the paper is special mass base heavy foundation technique is followed by critical soil and Rock category suitable preferred of the important structure. Such structure has to be designed for heavy loads and ordinary methods of providing foundations may not be suitable for structure. In that such case, methods handling in special heavy basement footings is resisted to heavy loads and increased the bearing capacity pressure of soil. That concept of a method of increasing the bearing power of clayey soil becomes useful, especially when there is used in a ground floor structure.

To Know More About Trends in Technical and Scientific Research click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ttsr/index.php

To Know More About Open Access Journals Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/index.php