#trading in commodity market India

[commoditysamachar]

China is facing a challenging threat and is now moving towards the dynamic approach named Zero Covid Policy. For more visit us on https://commoditysamachar.com/ or call us at +91 7968158368.

[ryzmarket]

Which Countries are the biggest gold consumers in the world in the year 2023?

Which Countries are the biggest gold consumers in the world in the year 2023?

In numerous countries, the yellow metal is additionally viewed as a type of investment as well as is given from generation to generation to be valuable for a rainy day. Continue reading to recognize the listing of five countries with the greatest demand for gold. For numerous years, the general position of gold usage by country has been secure, with China and India in the initial and second positions, respectively. Nonetheless, there are a few countries whose demand for gold has been fluctuating a bit. After the economic crisis of 2009, reserve banks of numerous countries are continuously trying to expand their gold books.

5 Highest Gold Consuming Countries

1. China China is the leader of one of the most gold purchasing nation. China is the globe's top bullion buyer. China being at the top of the list should be of little surprise considering its huge populace. In 2016, China got a lot more gold than India and the United States incorporated purchase. This was largely due to the boost in revenue of the upper class. China's jewelry-related gold demand fell in 2019, and also the disastrous covid-19. Nevertheless. Things changed two years later on, as well as the need for gold got the speed. In 2021, the yearly need for gold in China was 675 statistics tonnes,6 % more than that in 2019. But in 2022, there's a possibility of a stagnation in China's financial growth. However, according to professionals, gold need can be secure as a result of gold rates. But, demand for gold coins as well as bars can rise. In China, the jewelry-related gold demand accounts for 65% of the gold usage in the country.

2. India Next on the listing of greatest gold-consuming nations stands India. China and also India have almost the exact same populace; for that reason, they are at the top of the list. India's love for gold go back a thousand years. Indian families have one of the most considerable private global gold holdings. Celebrations as well as weddings in India are insufficient without gold; as a matter of fact, there are a few festivals like Akshay Tritya and also Dhanteras when it is considered auspicious to buy gold. In 2020, India's yearly need for gold was 464 metric tonnes. In 2022, it raised to a skyrocket of 797 statistics tonnes, the greatest in the past five years. This was primarily fueled by jewelry-related gold demand as a result of celebrations and also weddings. According to the Globe Gold Council's most recent reports, the demand for gold in India will likely dip for the remaining months of 2022. And also for 2022, the prediction by the World Gold Council for the need of gold is someplace in between 800 - 850 tonnes. Recently, the Central government enforced a 5% obligation trek on gold prices. Still, it is doubtful that it will influence the need for gold in countries with the highest jewelry-related gold need, like India.

3. United States Weddings are the main factor for jewelry-related gold need in the United States. The gold wedding band has been the American custom for ages. Nowadays, the United States gold market is appreciating a high renaissance condition with the arrival of numerous developer gold precious jewelry brand names. In the very first fifty percent of 2020, because of the influence of the pandemic on the gold market, the demand for gold was reasonably low in the United States. However at the year's end, the gold demand raised after the lockdown restriction. The main reason is the cash individuals saved from travel and eating restrictions during the pandemic. Wedding celebrations that were delayed and later rescheduled in 2021 were additionally a driving force for the rise in demand for gold. Gold jewelry intake went beyond 149 metric tonnes in 2021 in the USA.

4. United Arab Emirates In 2022's Q1, the demand for gold jewelry was at its ideal in the last 5 years. Among the reasons for the rise sought after for gold in the UAE is the increasing populace as well as the development of the middle class. In the year 2022, for the people of UAE, gold was a leading financial investment choice because of reduced gold prices. In 2019 Q4, the gold precious jewelry usage in the UAE was 11.5 metric tonnes. It jumped to 12,5 statistics tonnes in 2022. Dubai is renowned for being the unique global gold precious jewelry center. According to a 2011 report, the Emiratis have the globe's greatest per capita gold intake. Dubai's Gold Souk Market hosts regarding 300 stores marketing gold precious jewelry.

5. Indonesia Gold holds social significance in Indonesia. Indonesia has the world's biggest gold deposit and also among the globe's biggest cash cow. In 2021, because of the lockdown caused because of the Omicron variant, which reached its peak in February 2021, the gold need fell by 7% to below 6 metric tonnes. Many Indonesian families have exclusive gold holdings. However, the World Gold Council anticipates that due to the joyful purchasing, the demand for gold will boost in 2022. Of the need for gold in Indonesia, 60% is the jewelry-related gold demand.

Fall In the Worldwide Demand for Gold The globe Gold Council has predicted that the demand for gold in the majority of significant gold markets might drop due to a weaker economy. Since the begin of the Covid-19 pandemic, the jewelry-related gold demand has actually considerably reduced. In among the nations with the highest possible need for gold, like china, with the strict lockdowns because of the zero covid policy, the gold need curve saw a sharp decline.

Also, when gold prices enhanced due to the Russia-Ukraine war, people delayed buying gold jewelry; hence, the global demand for gold also decreased somewhere. The elevated gold rates are maintaining possible customers on the sideline. While in India, the price of gold acquiring additionally decreased due to the conditioning of the buck and, weakening of the rupee, hefty import duties on gold.

Gold has always been a safe financial investment option. The global acceptance of yellow metal is past words. Gold is a possession that doesn't corrosion, to make sure that it can be made use of for future investments. Gold has cultural, psychological, and economic worth all around the world. In lots of countries, jewelry-related gold need is generally driven due to practices like religious rituals, marital relationships, and so on.

Also Consider Reading - https://www.tomorrowmakers.com/gold/top-5-countries-highest-demand-gold-article#google_vignette

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[financearticle]

Exploring Commodity Trading with Stock Brokers in India

Commodity trading is a dynamic and lucrative segment of the financial markets, offering investors the opportunity to trade in various commodities such as gold, silver, crude oil, agricultural products, and more. In India, commodity trading is facilitated by stock brokers who provide a platform for investors to participate in this exciting market. In this blog, we will explore the concept of commodity trading, its significance, and how stock brokers play a crucial role in empowering investors to venture into this asset class.

Understanding Commodity Trading:

Commodity trading involves buying and selling physical commodities or commodity futures contracts on exchanges. It allows investors to benefit from price fluctuations in commodities, which are influenced by supply-demand dynamics, geopolitical factors, weather conditions, and other economic indicators.

Types of Commodities Traded:

Commodities can be broadly categorized into two groups: soft commodities (agricultural products like wheat, cotton, and sugar) and hard commodities (metals like gold, silver, and base metals, and energy products like crude oil and natural gas). Each commodity has its own unique characteristics and factors driving its price movement.

The Role of Stock Brokers in Commodity Trading:

Stock brokers act as intermediaries between investors and commodity exchanges. They provide trading platforms, research tools, and expert advice to investors interested in trading commodities. Stock brokers ensure seamless execution of trades and offer real-time market data to help investors make informed decisions.

Commodity Trading Account:

To trade in commodities, investors need to open a separate commodity trading account with a stock broker. This account is linked to a Demat account, enabling the trading and settlement of commodity contracts.

A commodity trading account with good stock brokers is the foundation for successful commodity trading. With their expert research, transparent fee structures, personalized support, and reliable trading platforms, good stock brokers empower investors to explore the world of commodity trading with confidence.

Investors can seize opportunities in commodity markets, diversify their investment portfolios, and potentially benefit from price movements in various commodities. Commodity trading accounts with good stock brokers open up a realm of possibilities for investors, enabling them to achieve their financial objectives and thrive in the ever-evolving commodity markets.

Understanding Commodity Futures and Options:

Commodity trading offers two primary instruments: futures and options contracts. Futures contracts involve an agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a predetermined price and date in the future. Options contracts provide the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a commodity at a specific price within a certain period.

Risk Management and Hedging:

Commodity trading provides opportunities for risk management and hedging. Farmers, producers, and industries can use commodity futures contracts to hedge against price fluctuations and mitigate risks associated with their businesses.

Diversification Benefits:

Adding commodities to an investment portfolio can enhance diversification and reduce overall portfolio volatility. Commodities often have a low correlation with traditional asset classes like equities and bonds.

Commodity trading presents a unique opportunity for investors to participate in the price movements of essential commodities that impact various sectors of the economy. Stock brokers in India play a crucial role in facilitating commodity trading, providing investors with the necessary tools, research, and access to commodity exchanges.

As with any form of trading, investors must conduct thorough research, understand market dynamics, and manage risks effectively. With the guidance and support of reliable stock brokers, investors can explore the world of commodity trading with confidence, potentially capitalizing on diverse investment opportunities and achieving their financial objectives. Commodity trading adds depth and diversity to investment portfolios, making it an attractive avenue for both experienced traders and those looking to venture into new asset classes.

In conclusion, exploring commodity trading with stock brokers in India opens up a world of opportunities for investors to participate in the dynamic commodity markets. Commodity trading, with its potential for substantial returns and portfolio diversification, has gained popularity among investors looking to expand their investment horizons.

Stock brokers in India play a pivotal role in facilitating commodity trading, providing investors with the necessary tools, research, and support to make well-informed trading decisions. Through their online platforms and trading terminals, stock brokers offer real-time market data, charting tools, and seamless order placement, making commodity trading accessible and convenient.Additionally, with the rising popularity of mobile trading, commodity trading apps offered by stock brokers have further revolutionized the landscape. Commodity trading apps allow investors to trade on-the-go, access real-time market updates, and manage their commodity trading accounts from the palm of their hands. These apps have enhanced the ease and flexibility of commodity trading, empowering investors to seize opportunities swiftly and effectively.

[determinate-negation]

“This raises the question: if industrial production is necessary to meet decent-living standards today, then perhaps capitalism—notwithstanding its negative impact on social indicators over the past five hundred years—is necessary to develop the industrial capacity to meet these higher-order goals. This has been the dominant assumption in development economics for the past half century. But it does not withstand empirical scrutiny. For the majority of the world, capitalism has historically constrained, rather than enabled, technological development—and this dynamic remains a major problem today.

It has long been recognized by liberals and Marxists alike that the rise of capitalism in the core economies was associated with rapid industrial expansion, on a scale with no precedent under feudalism or other precapitalist class structures. What is less widely understood is that this very same system produced the opposite effect in the periphery and semi-periphery. Indeed, the forced integration of peripheral regions into the capitalist world-system during the period circa 1492 to 1914 was characterized by widespread deindustrialization and agrarianization, with countries compelled to specialize in agricultural and other primary commodities, often under “pre-modern” and ostensibly “feudal” conditions.

In Eastern Europe, for instance, the number of people living in cities declined by almost one-third during the seventeenth century, as the region became an agrarian serf-economy exporting cheap grain and timber to Western Europe. At the same time, Spanish and Portuguese colonizers were transforming the American continents into suppliers of precious metals and agricultural goods, with urban manufacturing suppressed by the state. When the capitalist world-system expanded into Africa in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, imports of British cloth and steel destroyed Indigenous textile production and iron smelting, while Africans were instead made to specialize in palm oil, peanuts, and other cheap cash crops produced with enslaved labor. India—once the great manufacturing hub of the world—suffered a similar fate after colonization by Britain in 1757. By 1840, British colonizers boasted that they had “succeeded in converting India from a manufacturing country into a country exporting raw produce.” Much the same story unfolded in China after it was forced to open its domestic economy to capitalist trade during the British invasion of 1839–42. According to historians, the influx of European textiles, soap, and other manufactured goods “destroyed rural handicraft industries in the villages, causing unemployment and hardship for the Chinese peasantry.”

The great deindustrialization of the periphery was achieved in part through policy interventions by the core states, such as through the imposition of colonial prohibitions on manufacturing and through “unequal treaties,” which were intended to destroy industrial competition from Southern producers, establish captive markets for Western industrial output, and position Southern economies as providers of cheap labor and resources. But these dynamics were also reinforced by structural features of profit-oriented markets. Capitalists only employ new technologies to the extent that it is profitable for them to do so. This can present an obstacle to economic development if there is little demand for domestic industrial production (due to low incomes, foreign competition, etc.), or if the costs of innovation are high.

Capitalists in the Global North overcame these problems because the state intervened extensively in the economy by setting high tariffs, providing public subsidies, assuming the costs of research and development, and ensuring adequate consumer demand through government spending. But in the Global South, where state support for industry was foreclosed by centuries of formal and informal colonialism, it has been more profitable for capitalists to export cheap agricultural goods than to invest in high-technology manufacturing. The profitability of new technologies also depends on the cost of labor. In the North, where wages are comparatively high, capitalists have historically found it profitable to employ labor-saving technologies. But in the peripheral economies, where wages have been heavily compressed, it has often been cheaper to use labor-intensive production techniques than to pay for expensive machinery.

Of course, the global division of labor has changed since the late nineteenth century. Many of the leading industries of that time, including textiles, steel, and assembly line processes, have now been outsourced to low-wage peripheral economies like India and China, while the core states have moved to innovation activities, high-technology aerospace and biotech engineering, information technology, and capital-intensive agriculture. Yet still the basic problem remains. Under neoliberal globalization (structural adjustment programs and WTO rules), governments in the periphery are generally precluded from using tariffs, subsidies, and other forms of industrial policy to achieve meaningful development and economic sovereignty, while labor market deregulation and global labor arbitrage have kept wages extremely low. In this context, the drive to maximize profit leads Southern capitalists and foreign investors to pour resources into relatively low-technology export sectors, at the expense of more modern lines of industry.

Moreover, for those parts of the periphery that occupy the lowest rungs in global commodity chains, production continues to be organized along so-called pre-modern lines, even under the new division of labor. In the Congo, for instance, workers are sent into dangerous mineshafts without any modern safety equipment, tunneling deep into the ground with nothing but shovels, often coerced at gunpoint by U.S.-backed militias, so that Microsoft and Apple can secure cheap coltan for their electronics devices. Pre-modern production processes predicated on the “technology” of labor coercion are also found in the cocoa plantations of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, where enslaved children labor in brutal conditions for corporations like Cadbury, or Colombia’s banana export sector, where a hyper-exploited peasantry is kept in line by a regime of rural terror and extrajudicial killings overseen by private death squads.

Uneven global development, including the endurance of ostensibly “feudal” relations of production, is not inevitable. It is an effect of capitalist dynamics. Capitalists in the periphery find it more profitable to employ cheap labor subject to conditions of slavery or other forms of coercion than they do to invest in modern industry.”

Capitalism, Global Poverty, and the Case for Democratic Socialism by Jason Hickle and Dylan Sullivan

[thelostdreamsthings]

"Putin is isolated."

BRICS, 50% of the World population is telling a big "fuck off" to the arrogant, declining and decadent G7 amounting to 10% of the World's population.

🇺🇳🇷🇺 UN Secretary General Guterres respectfully bows and shakes the hand of Putin in Russia’s Kazan at the BRICS summit.

A lot of people start crying and scream hysterically when they see this picture, for some reason.

[BRICS Currency Looms Large: Could This Be the Beginning of the End for U.S. Dollar Dominance?

For decades, the U.S. dollar has been weaponized as a tool of global dominance, wielded by the American empire to enforce its geopolitical will.

Through sanctions, coercive financial practices, and the threat of exclusion from the dollar-based system, the U.S. has effectively terrorized nations across the world.

The pretense of a “free market��� economy has long been shattered by Washington's aggressive use of the dollar as a weapon to cripple economies, isolate adversaries, and exert control over global trade.

But the world is growing tired—sick and tired—of this financial tyranny. And now, with the rise of BRICS, we may be witnessing the beginning of the end for U.S. dollar supremacy.

BRICS—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—represent a bloc of nations that together account for nearly half of the global population and a significant chunk of the world’s GDP.

For years, these nations have been quietly collaborating to counterbalance the West's stranglehold over international finance, and now, they are inching closer to launching their own currency.

The creation of a BRICS currency signals an outright challenge to the dollar-dominated global economy, and it is nothing short of a revolt against American financial imperialism.

Why is this happening? The answer is simple: countries are fed up with being bullied. The U.S. has used its currency like a sledgehammer, smashing nations that dare to defy its hegemony.

Whether through sanctions on Iran, Venezuela, or Russia, or by financially suffocating smaller nations into submission, the dollar has become a tool of coercion rather than commerce.

Nations who once played by the rules of the so-called “global order” have found themselves punished, their economies crippled, and their people starved—merely for refusing to kowtow to Washington's dictates.

But BRICS is offering an alternative. The creation of a BRICS currency, backed by the economic strength of its member nations, offers the world a way out of the suffocating grip of the dollar.

This is not just about financial autonomy—it’s about reclaiming sovereignty, independence, and the right to conduct trade without the constant threat of U.S. interference.

Russia and China have been leading the charge in this effort, driven in part by the U.S. sanctions imposed on Moscow following the Ukraine conflict and the ongoing trade war with Beijing.

Both countries have moved aggressively to reduce their reliance on the U.S. dollar, increasing trade with each other and with other BRICS members in their local currencies.

They are laying the groundwork for a currency that could be based on a basket of commodities, potentially gold-backed, further weakening the grip of the U.S. dollar on the global market.

The U.S. has long prided itself on its role as the issuer of the world’s reserve currency, but this dominance was never guaranteed to last forever.

The BRICS currency threatens to dismantle the global financial architecture that has allowed the U.S. to live far beyond its means.

For decades, the U.S. has run massive deficits, printing money at will, secure in the knowledge that the world would continue to rely on the dollar.

But as BRICS nations move to establish their own currency, that privilege could evaporate overnight.

The implications for the U.S. are dire. If the dollar loses its status as the world’s reserve currency, the U.S. economy could face a severe reckoning.

The artificial demand for dollars that has kept interest rates low and allowed the U.S. to run massive debt could vanish, leading to inflation, higher borrowing costs, and potentially a fiscal crisis.

The American empire, propped up for so long by its control of global finance, could find itself in rapid decline.

For the rest of the world, however, the rise of a BRICS currency represents hope—a chance to escape the iron grip of U.S. financial imperialism. No longer will countries have to fear the punitive measures of the U.S. Treasury.

No longer will they have to worry about being cut off from the global financial system for standing up to American bullying.

The creation of a new currency could usher in a multipolar world, where nations are free to trade without being subject to the whims of a single superpower.

Of course, the U.S. will not go quietly. Washington will likely pull out all the stops to crush the BRICS currency before it can gain traction. The playbook will be the same: propaganda, financial sabotage, and even the threat of military intervention.

But this time, the world may not be so easily intimidated. The BRICS nations, backed by their vast resources and burgeoning economies, are prepared to stand their ground.

In the end, the creation of a BRICS currency is not just an economic development—it’s a revolutionary act. It’s a declaration that the age of American financial dominance is coming to an end, and that a new world is on the horizon.

The U.S. dollar, once seen as the bedrock of global stability, has become a symbol of oppression, and the world is ready to move on.

The question now is not whether the U.S. dollar will fall, but when. And as BRICS moves closer to launching its own currency, that day may be sooner than anyone expects.

The empire, long propped up by its financial manipulation, is facing a reckoning—one that could change the course of history.]

IMF Growth Forecast: 2024

🇮🇳India: 7.0% (BRICS)

🇨🇳China: 4.8% (BRICS)

🇷🇺Russia: 3.6% (BRICS)

🇧🇷Brazil: 3.0% (BRICS)

🇺🇸US: 2.8% (G7)

🇸🇦KSA: 1.5% (invited to BRICS)

🇨🇦Canada: 1.3% (G7)

🇿🇦RSA: 1.1% (BRICS)

🇬🇧UK: 1.1% (G7)

🇫🇷France: 1.1% (G7)

🇮🇹Italy: 0.7% (G7)

🇯🇵Japan: 0.3% (G7)

🇩🇪Germany: 0.0% (G7)

‼️ 159 out of 193 countries have signed up to use the new BRICS settlement system.

US and European Union will no longer be able to use economic sanctions as a weapon.

This system allows countries to settle trades and payments in their own currencies, reducing reliance on the U.S. dollar, which has long been the dominant global currency.

[communist-manifesto-daily]

Manifesto of the Communist Party

[ Table of Contents | Next ▹ ]

A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.

Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?

Two things result from this fact:

Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power.

It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a manifesto of the party itself.

To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.

I. Bourgeois and Proletarians*

* By bourgeoisie is meant the class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labour. By proletariat, the class of modern wage labourers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour power in order to live. [Engels, 1888 English edition]

The history of all hitherto existing society† is the history of class struggles.

† That is, all written history. In 1847, the pre-history of society, the social organisation existing previous to recorded history, all but unknown. Since then, August von Haxthausen (1792-1866) discovered common ownership of land in Russia, Georg Ludwig von Maurer proved it to be the social foundation from which all Teutonic races started in history, and, by and by, village communities were found to be, or to have been, the primitive form of society everywhere from India to Ireland. The inner organisation of this primitive communistic society was laid bare, in its typical form, by Lewis Henry Morgan's (1818-1861) crowning discovery of the true nature of the gens and its relation to the tribe. With the dissolution of the primeval communities, society begins to be differentiated into separate and finally antagonistic classes. I have attempted to retrace this dissolution in The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, second edition, Stuttgart, 1886. [Engels, 1888 English Edition and 1890 German Edition (with the last sentence omitted)]

Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master‡ and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.

‡ Guild-master, that is, a full member of a guild, a master within, not a head of a guild. [Engels, 1888 English Edition]

Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other – Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.

From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.

The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonisation of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.

The Communist Manifesto - Part 1

[ Table of Contents | Next ▹ ]

[fatehbaz]

Because most medicines were produced from [...] plants [...] these early “pharmaceutical monopolies” required full control of the production and trade of a species. Russia successfully managed the rhubarb trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, while Spain controlled the distribution [...] from Spanish America, mainly cinchona from Peru, in the same period. “True” cinnamon grew only on Sri Lanka, so whoever controlled the island could dominate the cinnamon trade. The Portuguese were the first to create a monopoly on the cinnamon trade there in the early seventeenth century. That monopoly was later optimized by the Dutch in the late eighteenth century [...].

“True” should indeed be in quotation marks here - the term reflects the historically contingent tastes of Europeans, rather than any botanical category [...]. The rarity of cinnamon in the early modern period made it one of the most coveted spices of that era, and European countries without direct access to the cinnamon trade tried to imitate, substitute, steal, smuggle, or transplant the “true” product from Sri Lanka. [...]

---

In the early modern period, cinnamon was also important both as an exotic commodity and as an important therapeutic substance. The Dutch East India Company (VOC), which controlled Sri Lanka between 1658 and 1796, was well aware of this. The VOC vigorously exploited the Salagama - [...] specialized Sri Lankan cinnamon peelers - to supply enough cinnamon, which for a long time was gathered from forests. Only after the peelers rebelled, leading to a war that lasted between 1760 and 1766, did the company revise its production policy. 

Experiments with “cinnamon gardens” (kaneeltuinen in Dutch) led to enormous successes, and the company eventually grew millions of cinnamon trees on plantations in the final decades of the eighteenth century. Meanwhile, competitors of the Dutch had come up with their own solutions [...]: Spain had started growing other Cinnamomum species on plantations in the Philippines, while France and Britain succeeded in transplanting cinnamon to islands in the Caribbean. But the Dutch monopoly was not simply threatened by outside competition. Smuggling, by peelers or VOC personnel, was strictly forbidden and severely punished. [...]

---

Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakenstein (1636–1691) was the VOC administrator on India’s Malabar Coast when he started experimenting with cinnamon oil in the 1670s.

He concluded that the oil, which he extracted from the roots of local cinnamon trees, was of better quality than oil from cinnamon trees on Sri Lanka. Van Rheede reported these results in his entry on cinnamon in volume 1 of the Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, the twelve-volume book that was produced by a team of local and European scholars, and supervised by Van Rheede himself.

Van Rheede’s assessment of cinnamon - in fact, the very publication of a multi-volume work about the flora of Malabar - infuriated the governor of Sri Lanka, Rijckloff van Goens, who had secured the cinnamon monopoly of Sri Lanka for the Dutch. Van Goens insisted that Van Rheede stop his medical experiments, claiming that the monopoly was at risk if the cinnamon trade was extended beyond the island of Sri Lanka. 

But Van Goens was not so much concerned about the therapeutic efficacy of cinnamon from either of the two regions. He was motivated by an imperial agenda and regarded the natural products of Sri Lanka as superior to anything similar in the region.

The experiments of Van Rheede, who was his former protégé, threatened not so much the botanical quality of the product, or the commercial interests of the Dutch East India Company, but rather the central position of Sri Lanka in the Dutch colonial system and the position of Van Goens as the representative of that system.

---

Even when Sri Lanka still only produced cinnamon that grew in the wild, the Dutch harvested enough to supply an international market and were able to dictate the availability and price level throughout the world. The monopoly, whether defined in commercial or pharmaceutical terms, was not easily put at risk by efforts like Van Rheede’s. Those involved in the early modern cinnamon trade were motivated by various reasons to defend or undermine the central position of Sri Lankan cinnamon: botanical, medical, commercial, or imperial. These motives often overlapped.

---

All text above by: Wouter Klein. “Plant of the Month: Cinnamon.” JSTOR Daily. 17 February 2021. “Plant of the Month” series is part of the Plant Humanities Initiative, a partnership of Dumbarton Oaks and JSTOR Labs. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me. Presented here for commentary, teaching, criticism purposes.]

[mariacallous]

On a chilly spring morning in March, British coast guards spotted something unusual around 100 kilometers off the Scottish shoreline: a dark stain, stretching 23 kilometers into the North Atlantic Ocean.

According to an internal analysis prepared by the coast guard’s satellite services and seen by POLITICO, the likely source of that stain was Innova, a tanker roughly the size of the Eiffel Tower that at the time was hauling 1 million barrels of sanctioned oil from Russia on its way to a refinery in India.

Yet the coast guard did little to investigate further, and the tanker — free from any repercussion — continues to trade oil today, helping fill the Kremlin’s war chest more than two years into its full-scale invasion of Ukraine.

The Innova is just one of hundreds in the world’s so-called shadow fleet, a collection of often aging, poorly maintained ships sailing in defiance of Western sanctions — and spreading environmental harm without consequences. 

A joint investigation by POLITICO and the not-for-profit journalism group SourceMaterial found at least nine instances of covert shadow fleet vessels leaving spills in the world’s waters since 2021, using satellite images from the SkyTruth NGO paired with shipping data from market analysis firm Lloyd’s List and commodity platform Kpler.

Swedish Foreign Minister Maria Malmer Stenergard told POLITICO the ships posed a “significant danger” to the marine environment. “The incidents [here] illustrate this.���

It’s a problem that’s only grown worse following Russian President Vladimir Putin’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. With Moscow under Western sanctions, an increasing number of tankers are ferrying illicit goods — and potential environmental devastation — across the globe. Not only are these vessels creaky and largely unregulated, they’re often uninsured, meaning that in case of a leak, or more serious spill, a government would struggle to hold them accountable. 

POLITICO and SourceMaterial identified discharges everywhere from Thailand to Vietnam to Italy and Mexico, all linked to the shadow fleet. The tankers also passed through busy shipping corridors like the Red Sea and the Panama Canal, meaning any serious accident could rupture international trade routes. 

Experts believe it’s only a matter of time before one of these ships suffers a catastrophe with major environmental — and economic — devastation.

“The oil spills and risk of slicks are horrendous,” said Isaac Levi, Europe-Russia lead and a shadow fleet expert at the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), a think tank. “Beyond the environmental damage, some of which will be irreversible, it’s a huge impact to coastal states that have to bear the cost of cleaning this up.”

In short: “It’s a ticking time bomb,” Levi said.

[one-divides-into-two]

"[T]he classical debate seems almost to attribute a secondary importance to the extraordinary historical significance of the active role of institutions in the late-joiner countries (signally in Germany) – initially in the forms of an accentuated centralization of the operations financing industrialization, and then, subsequently, with equipment intended to directly or indirectly govern the structure and composition of supply – when compared to the tendencies of the state-development relation, which is instead treated as essential. On the other hand, if a politics of fierce protections and then of imperialist expansion, which tends even to destroy the world market as simple area of exchange, corresponds to the anything but “parasitic” role of the state within second-comer industrialization, in this very phase the conditions, which had up to that point impeded the evolution of the international market from a mere moment of simple circulation to becoming the direct center of the accumulation process on a world scale, are changing radically. But concerning the whole process of internationalization, the classical debate performs a reading by all means conditioned by what has just been said.

The international movements of labor-power in this phase are events which largely remain to be studied. What is certain, however, is that they repeat on an enormous scale, though in different forms, the “originary” movements of the “slave trade” [tratta]: let it suffice to recall the massive extractions of labor-power from India and China, both towards other colonial areas (Africa) and to the metropolis, or to recall the waves of transoceanic immigration to the United States. If all this does not eliminate the existence of closed national markets of labor, still less is the relative international immobility of capital overcome by the waves of “capital export,” which the classical debate on imperialism rightly places at the center of its attention, and which constitute in fact the first massive historical phenomenon of “internationalization” of capital. In other words, this is still a hybrid form, so to speak, of transition, of the process of internationalization: this does not therefore represent a real qualitative leap of the system. As the recent literature on foreign investment has put into relief, this is dominated in this phase, quantitatively and qualitatively, by the figure of the investment “portfolio.” Although the nature of the latter cannot be made clear but in contrast to “direct” investment (a distinction that is not necessarily fully perceived in this moment), the phenomenon appears reconstructed, even then, in a substantially correct manner.

[...]

The adequate theoretical figure that encompasses [ricomprendere] the nature and dynamic of this specific mobility of capital is already totally developed in Marx: it involves capital as commodity – the loan capital market. In the 5th section of the third book Marx unfolds the general lines of his theory of this market, albeit in a rather fragmented manner:

On the money market it is only lenders and borrowers who face one another. The commodity has the same form, money. All particular forms of capital, arising from its investment in particular spheres of production or circulation, are obliterated here. It exists in the undifferentiated, self-identical form of independent value, of money. Competition between particular spheres now ceases; they are all thrown together as borrowers of money, and capital confronts them all in a form still indifferent to the specific manner and mode of its application. Here capital really does emerge, in the pressure of its demand and supply, as the common capital of the class, whereas industrial capital appears like this only in the movement and competition between particular spheres.

Whence the Marxian theory of the rate of interest and its critique of the existence of a “natural rate”:

As far as the permanently fluctuating market rate of interest is concerned, this is a fixed magnitude at any given moment, just like the market price of commodities, because on the money market all capital for loan confronts the functioning capital as an overall mass; i.e. the relationship between the supply of loan capital on the one hand, and the demand for it on the other, is what determines the market level of interest at any given time.

The rate of profit – which exists uniquely as a tendency, as a movement tending to equalize the particular rates of profit – constitutes only the external limit of the determination of the rate of interest, but the laws of formation of the one are in fact different from those of the other – their connection clearly resides only in the movement of the cycle. But the different nature of the two rates has a fundamental importance in this context, precisely for that aspect from which Marx’s analysis seems to want to abstract:

In stressing this distinction between the interest rate and the profit rate, we have so far left aside the following two factors, which favour the consolidation of the interest rate: (1) the historical pre-existence of interest-bearing capital and the existence of a general rate of interest handed down by tradition; (2) the far stronger direct influence that the world market exerts on the establishment of the interest rate, independently of the conditions of production in a country, as compared with its influence on the profit rate.

Exactly as the rate of interest historically anticipates the formation of the rate of profit, so it anticipates, at the level of the world market, the tendential movements of the rate of profit. The influence of the world market on the national rates of interest is in fact only an appearance [faccia] of the inverse process. Marx affirms this explicitly at the end of his analysis of credit:

The credit system hence accelerates the material development of the productive forces and the creation of the world market, which it is the historical task of the capitalist mode of production to bring to a certain level of development, as material foundations for the new form of production. At the same time, credit accelerates the violent outbreaks of this contradiction, crises, and with these the elements of dissolution of the old mode of production.

Capital export and the process of capitalist internationalization preceding the first world war are largely the practical realization of this anticipatory function of the movement of capital that is productive of interest. As such, they reproduce on a broad scale the characteristic ambivalence of this movement. The “classical” literature is aware, even without systematizing it, of this ambivalence. Thus, the Leninist emphasis on the contrast between export of commodities and export of capitals does not change the fact that, in the last analysis, for Lenin as for almost all the contemporaneous literature, the second is still a direct function of the first, on the “strictly economic” plane, according to the unchanging schema: export of manufactured goods against import of raw materials. And it is in this light that one should also read and appreciate the twofold polemic developed by Lenin: on the one side, against anyone who unduly extends the moments of anticipation of that form of international mobility of capital (against Kautsky, but also against Bukharin); on the other, against anyone who elides them within a “normal form” of the cycle and within the schemas of enlarged reproduction."

Luciano Ferrari Bravo, "Old and new questions on the theory of imperialism." (1973)

[ryzmarket]

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[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Is Brazil an Untapped Investment Opportunity?

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America[1]. It comprises 60% of the MSCI Latin America index,[2] and has four of the region’s five largest companies. It is the highest weighting in the BlackRock Latin American Investment Trust[3] (BRLA) and where we concentrate a significant share of our analytical resources and time. It is a source of many of the region’s richest opportunities.

However, while it is vital for the trust, in recent years, the Brazilian market has been overlooked and underappreciated by global investors. It has lost out to higher profile markets such as China, and more recently, India and is now a relatively small part of most emerging market benchmarks. It makes up just 5% of the MSCI Emerging Markets index, for example, which is dominated by global technology and communications companies such as TSMC, Samsung and Alibaba[4].

However, this also brings opportunity. Where a stock market is overlooked, it often creates mispricing which skilled active managers can capitalize on. The MSCI Brazil Index trades at just over half the valuation of the wider MSCI Emerging Markets index[5]. To take advantage of this for the BlackRock Latin American Investment Trust, our analysts frequently travel to Brazil. Having boots on the ground, allows us to evaluate a range of opportunities, finding companies where the prospects for growth may have been underappreciated by the market.

There are several reasons why Brazil deserves more attention from global investors. One of them being the advantageous geopolitical position of Brazil. With well-established diplomatic ties to both Eastern and Western nations, where the US and China is now Brazil’s two largest trading partners, the country stands out as a reliable trade ally[6]. Particularly important is the trade of its critical commodities. Its ability to trade freely with each side is likely to improve its economic position in the next few years, we believe.

Continue reading.

[lavanyamuj00058]

Different Financial Instruments

Different Financial Instruments in India The financial market in India provides a wide variety of products to suit different risk tolerances and investment requirements. Making wise investing selections requires having a thorough understanding of these instruments. Here, we examine a few of the most important financial products that are offered in India.

Stocks Ownership in a corporation is represented by stocks, or equity. Purchasing shares of a firm permits you to participate in its development and earnings as an owner. On stock markets such as the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), stocks are exchanged. Although they have a large amount of market risk, they provide huge profits. Prior to making an investment in stocks, investors should perform extensive research.

Bonds Bonds are fixed-income securities that governments, businesses, and local governments issue to raise money. At maturity, they repay the principle amount together with monthly interest payments. Although they sometimes yield less returns than stocks, bonds are seen to be safer. For conservative investors seeking consistent income, they are perfect.

Mutual Funds Mutual funds invest in a diverse portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other assets by pooling the money of several individuals. Professional fund managers oversee them. By providing diversity, mutual funds help individual investors take on less risk. They are available in several varieties, including debt, equity, and hybrid funds, to accommodate varying risk tolerances and investment objectives.

Fixed Deposits (FDs) Fixed deposits are one of the most popular investment options in India. They offer a fixed interest rate for a specified tenure, providing assured returns. FDs are considered very safe, especially when deposited in reputable banks. They are suitable for risk-averse investors seeking guaranteed returns.

Derivatives Financial contracts known as derivatives derive their value from underlying assets such as stocks, bonds, or indexes. Derivatives that are frequently used are swaps, options, and futures. They are employed in price movement speculation and risk hedging. Since they can be complicated, derivatives are usually only advised for seasoned investors.

Instruments for Foreign Exchange Currency trading is a part of foreign exchange instruments. Businesses and investors use them to speculate on currency changes or as a hedge against currency risk. Forex trading is extremely risky and necessitates a solid grasp of world economic issues.

Cash and Cash Equivalents These include instruments like treasury bills, commercial papers, and certificates of deposit. They are highly liquid and can be quickly converted into cash. Cash equivalents are low-risk investments, suitable for short-term needs or as a part of a diversified portfolio

Goods and Services Investing in commodities such as crude oil, silver, and gold is an additional choice. Direct commodity trading is also possible, as is commodity futures trading. They diversify an investment portfolio and act as a buffer against inflation. In summary The financial market in India provides a vast range of instruments to suit varying risk appetites and investment requirements. Investors have a wide range of alternatives, from secure and steady fixed deposits to high-risk, high-reward stocks. Making wise investing selections requires having a thorough understanding of these instruments, as well as the risks and rewards associated with each. There is a financial product in India to meet your demands, regardless of whether you are an aggressive investor wanting large profits or a conservative investor seeking safety.

[dushyantsm2]

How Jignesh Shah Leads: A Pioneer in Today's Financial Markets

Mr. Jignesh Shah, Founder, Chairman Emeritus, and Chief Mentor of 63 Moons Technologies Limited, led the company innovatively, leaving a lasting mark on the Indian financial market infrastructure. His ideas went beyond how markets usually work. 

As a result, he set up world-class trading systems in India and electronic silk and spice routes that crossed countries. This blog talks about Mr. Jignesh Shah's way of leading by looking at his creative ideas, the successful Public-Private Partnership (PPP) plan, and his dedication to being a good citizen.

Leadership with a Vision

Jignesh Shah's leadership style is based on his ability to see the big picture. Mr. Shah saw a future where India could be one of the world's financial powerhouses. This was at a time when the Indian financial market needed help with global integration and building up its own capabilities. Because he was smart, he started 63 Moons Technologies Limited, a business that has been very important in modernizing India's financial markets. His creative leadership was built on his ability to see beyond the obvious and guess what would happen in the future.

One of the most important things he did as a leader was starting the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) in 2003. MCX, an earlier sister company of NSEL, changed the way goods were traded in India because it was the country's first commodity exchange . The fact that the exchange grew to become the world's sixth-biggest commodity futures exchange by 2009 shows how forward-thinking Mr. Shah is.

Innovative Leader in Today's Financial Markets

Because Mr. Shah was always looking for new ways to do things, people called him the "Innovator of Modern Financial Markets." One of the most impressive things about his leadership is that he came up with a successful Public-Private Partnership (PPP) plan for building world-class financial institutions. 

By encouraging the government and businesses to work together, Jignesh Shah made it easier for modern financial markets that focus on intellectual property to grow. Not only have these markets changed the way exchange trade works in India, but they have also done so in other developing economies in Asia and Africa.

Setting up electronic silk and spice lines as a leader shows how committed he is to integrating the world. These routes have made it easier to trade across countries, from Africa to the Middle East to South-East Asia. 63 Moons Technologies is the only Indian company to have been able to do this. This global view is an important part of Mr. Shah's leadership style and shows that he can think beyond geographical limits.

Promise to Be Socially Responsible

Beyond his work in the financial markets, Mr. Shah is a strong leader who cares deeply about Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). He really wants to use markets to make social change happen, and he has started a number of programs to help poor areas get more power. "Pragati" with Rotary International and "Gramin Suvidha Kendra" with India Post are two of the most important of these. These programs are meant to help underprivileged groups get education and training, which shows that Mr. Shah believes that markets have the power to change things.

Rotary International named him a "Global Social Entrepreneur," and he was on Forbes' list of the richest Indians until 2010. These honors show that he is focused on both business success and making a positive difference in the world. By doing these things, Mr. Shah has shown that real leadership means doing more than just running a business well. It also means making a difference in the world.

A Boss and Guide

Mr. Shah's leadership is shaped by his job as a mentor and guide at 63 Moons Technologies Limited, where he is the Chief Mentor. He has made the company's culture one of innovation and excellence, which has inspired the next generation of leaders to carry out his mission. His guidance has been very important in creating a lively and forward-thinking work culture, ensuring that the company's history of innovation lives on.

In conclusion

Mr. Jignesh Shah is a leader who thinks big, comes up with new ideas, and cares deeply about doing the right thing for society. His ability to see trends before they happen, build solid public-private relationships, and push for global integration has completely changed the Indian financial market. His many awards and recognition as an innovator show how much of an effect he has had on the industry. In addition, his commitment to CSR projects shows that he believes markets have the power to make the world a better place. As a teacher and mentor, Mr. Shah has made sure that his legacy of innovation and success will continue to inspire people in the years to come.

source:- https://upuge.com/read-blog/33844_how-jignesh-shah-leads-a-pioneer-in-today-039-s-financial-markets.html

[palvichemical]

Sodium Molybdate as a Catalyst in Chemical Reactions: Driving Innovation in Chemistry

Within the realm of chemistry, catalysts play a crucial role as inconspicuous protagonists, discreetly expediting chemical reactions and facilitating the advancement of innovative procedures and commodities. Sodium Molybdate, a highly adaptable chemical molecule, has emerged as a pivotal catalyst, fostering advancements across diverse industries. This article examines the importance of Sodium Molybdate, its involvement in catalytic processes, and the contributions made by Palvi Chemicals - one of the excellent Molybdenum chemicals manufacturers in India, and Sodium Molybdate exporter in UAE towards its worldwide influence.

·         The Power of Catalysts:

Catalysts are chemical substances that enhance the rate of chemical reactions by reducing the energy required for activation, hence promoting faster and more efficient reaction processes. They facilitate the production of necessary goods while minimising the generation of excess materials.

·         Sodium Molybdate:  A Versatile Catalyst:

Sodium Molybdate, chemically represented as Na2MoO4, is classified as a sodium compound derived from molybdic acid. This compound is notable for its inclusion of molybdenum, a transition metal. The indispensability of this substance in numerous chemical processes can be attributed to its versatile nature as a catalyst.

·         One of the Top Molybdenum Chemicals Manufacturers in India:

India has established itself as a prominent producer of molybdenum compounds, notably Sodium Molybdate. The primary objective of these producers is to produce chemicals of superior quality in order to cater to the varied requirements of businesses on a global scale.

·         Trusted Sodium Molybdate Manufacturer in India:

The production of Sodium Molybdate in India necessitates meticulousness and compliance with global benchmarks. The manufacturers inside the nation are widely recognised for their steadfast dedication to producing high-quality products and driving innovation.

·         Prominent Sodium Molybdate Exporter in UAE:

The export of Sodium Molybdate and other chemicals is of significant importance in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which functions as a crucial centre for such activities. Exporters headquartered in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) play a vital role in facilitating the worldwide dissemination of this indispensable catalyst.

·         One of the Leading Sodium Molybdate Traders in UAE:

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is home to a network of traders who play a crucial role in the distribution of Sodium Molybdate. These traders serve as intermediaries, effectively managing the supply chain by connecting manufacturers of Sodium Molybdate with clients located worldwide. The critical nature of their position in the worldwide trade of chemicals cannot be overstated.

·         A Distinct Sodium Molybdate Supplier in UAE:

Suppliers operating within the United Arab Emirates (UAE) take measures to ensure the widespread availability of Sodium Molybdate to industries on a global scale. The catalyst's reliability and efficiency play a significant role in facilitating a smooth flow of this catalyst across the global market.

·         Applications of Sodium Molybdate:

Sodium Molybdate exhibits a wide range of applications across many industries, encompassing agriculture, metallurgy, and the manufacturing of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The wide range of processes in which it is utilised highlights its indispensability, owing to its remarkable versatility.

·         Catalytic Functions:

Sodium Molybdate serves as a catalyst in a wide range of chemical reactions, including oxidation, desulfurization, and nitrogen fixation. The capacity of this substance to augment reaction rates and selectivity has significant value in several industrial processes.

·         Driving Innovation:

The catalytic properties exhibited by Sodium Molybdate play a pivotal role in driving innovation within the fields of chemistry and industry. The significance of this technology in enhancing the effectiveness of chemical processes, mitigating environmental consequences, and facilitating the advancement of novel materials highlights its paramountcy in contemporary society.

Final Thoughts:

Sodium Molybdate exported by a noteworthy Sodium Molybdate supplier in UAE serves as a testament to the significant influence that catalysts exert on the domains of chemistry and industry. Due to its multifunctionality and exceptional catalytic abilities, this phenomenon stimulates the development of novel ideas and facilitates progress across several industries. The collaborative endeavours of Indian manufacturers and UAE exporters, suppliers, and merchants contribute to the widespread accessibility of Sodium Molybdate in global businesses, hence facilitating advancements in the field of chemistry and beyond. As the boundaries of scientific inquiry and industrial progress are further expanded, the catalytic properties of Sodium Molybdate continue to be of utmost importance, serving as a critical driver towards a future characterised by enhanced efficiency and sustainability.

[chimax-crypto]

Introducing Choice Group: Your Secret Weapon for Financial Awesomeness in India

Choicese (CHC-SES) Transforms Asset Management Landscape in India with a $10 Billion Fund

Choicese (CHC-SES), a renowned financial institution, has entered the Indian market with a resounding impact, revolutionizing the landscape of asset management and empowering individuals to achieve their financial goals. With an impressive $10 billion fund under its management, Choicese brings extensive experience and expertise to cater to the diverse needs of investors in India. Unveiling a Comprehensive Suite of Services Choicese offers a comprehensive suite of services designed to simplify personal finance and provide tailored solutions to meet individual needs. From seamless trading to insurance coverage and retirement planning, Choicese aims to empower individuals with a wide range of financial services.

Seamless Trading Solutions: Choicese's platform provides a seamless trading experience, allowing individuals to trade equities, commodities, and currencies with ease. With advanced tools and real-time market data, investors can stay informed and make informed decisions to optimize their investment portfolios.

Diversified Mutual Fund Portfolio: Choicese serves as a convenient hub for buying and selling various types of mutual funds, providing investors with a diverse range of investment options. Whether it's equity funds, debt funds, or hybrid funds, Choicese offers accessibility and convenience for individuals to diversify their investment portfolios based on their risk appetite and financial goals.

Tailored Insurance Products: Choicese recognizes the importance of safeguarding one's financial well-being in times of uncertainty. Therefore, it offers a diverse portfolio of insurance products to provide individuals with tailored coverage options. Whether it's life insurance, health insurance, or general insurance, Choicese ensures that individuals have the necessary protection to secure their financial future.

Hassle-Free Personal Loans: Choicese simplifies the process of obtaining personal loans, offering hassle-free solutions with minimal documentation. Whether it's for education, medical expenses, or any other personal need, Choicese provides individuals with flexible loan options and competitive interest rates to meet their financial requirements.

National Pension Scheme (NPS) Facilitation: As a facilitator of the National Pension Scheme (NPS), Choicese empowers individuals to plan for a secure and regular income post-retirement. With Choicese's expertise and guidance, individuals can make informed decisions regarding their pension contributions, ensuring a financially stable future.

Bond Investments for Optimal Returns: Choicese presents opportunities to invest in bonds, diversifying investment portfolios and optimizing returns. With a wide range of bond options, individuals can explore fixed income investments that align with their risk tolerance and financial objectives.

Public Provident Fund (PPF) for Long-Term Tax Savings: Choicese offers the popular Public Provident Fund (PPF), providing individuals with stable returns and long-term tax benefits. By investing in PPF, individuals can enjoy tax deductions while accumulating wealth over time. Why Choose Choicese (CHC-SES)?

Choicese stands out as a trusted financial partner due to its commitment to technological innovation, market insights, and a proven track record of success. Through the Choicese FinX Trading App, individuals gain access to a sophisticated and user-friendly interface, enabling seamless wealth management. Additionally, Choicese provides valuable market insights and expert analysis, empowering individuals to make informed investment decisions.

Choicese (CHC-SES) has made a remarkable entry into the Indian market, offering a comprehensive suite of services to empower individuals in their financial journey. With its seamless trading solutions, diversified mutual fund portfolio, tailored insurance products, hassle-free personal loans, NPS facilitation, bond investments, and PPF offerings, Choicese caters to the diverse financial needs of its clients. Backed by a $10 billion fund managed with expertise and excellence, Choicese is poised to transform the asset management landscape in India. Visit Choicese's website at [https://choiceses-india.com] to embark on a transformative financial journey towards prosperity and financial freedom.

Choicese (CHC-SES) Revolutionizes Indian Asset Management with a Groundbreaking $10 Billion Fund

In a move that signifies a major shift in the Indian financial landscape, Choicese (CHC-SES) has recently entered the market, wielding a formidable $10 billion fund. This entry not only diversifies the asset management options available to Indian investors but also introduces a new paradigm in personal financial management.

Key Offerings and Strategic Impact

Innovative Trading Platform: Choicese debuts with a cutting-edge trading platform, enhancing the trading experience in equities, commodities, and currencies. The integration of advanced analytical tools and real-time market updates positions investors to capitalize on market movements effectively.

Expansive Mutual Fund Selection: The company provides an extensive array of mutual funds, including equity, debt, and hybrid options. This broad selection caters to a variety of investment strategies and risk profiles, empowering investors with choices that align with their long-term financial aspirations.

Personalized Insurance Options: Emphasizing the need for comprehensive financial security, Choicese introduces a range of customized insurance products. This initiative ensures that clients have access to the right insurance coverage, from life and health to general insurance, catering to their unique circumstances.

Simplified Loan Processes: With a focus on accessibility, Choicese streamlines the process for obtaining personal loans. This approach minimizes paperwork and maximizes efficiency, addressing diverse needs like education, healthcare, and other personal investments.

Retirement Planning via NPS: Choicese actively facilitates participation in the National Pension Scheme (NPS), offering guidance and expertise to secure a stable retirement. Their advisory services help clients navigate pension contributions for a financially secure future.

Diverse Bond Investment Opportunities: The firm introduces a variety of bond investment options, broadening investment portfolios and enhancing return potentials. These investments are tailored to suit different risk tolerances and financial objectives.

Public Provident Fund (PPF) for Long-Term Savings: Choicese offers the PPF, an established avenue for secure, long-term savings with tax benefits. This is particularly appealing to investors seeking stable and consistent returns.

Why Choicese (CHC-SES) is a Game-Changer?

Choicese's approach is underpinned by a commitment to technological advancement and deep market insights. The Choicese App exemplifies this, offering an intuitive, user-friendly platform for effective wealth management. Coupled with expert market analysis, Choicese is well-positioned to guide investors towards informed and strategic financial decisions.

In conclusion, Choicese's launch in India is a significant milestone in asset management. Its comprehensive suite of services, backed by a substantial $10 billion fund, sets a new standard in the industry and promises to transform the way Indian investors approach their financial planning. For more details on Choicese's offerings and to begin your financial journey, visit [https://choiceses-india.com].

[fatehbaz]

In 1678, a Chaldean priest from Baghdad reached the Imperial Villa of Potosí, the world’s richest silver-mining camp and at the time the world’s highest city at more than 4,000 metres (13,100 feet) above sea level. A regional capital in the heart of the Bolivian Andes, Potosí remains – more than three and a half centuries later – a mining city today. [...] The great red Cerro Rico or ‘Rich Hill’ towered over the city of Potosí. It had been mined since 1545 [...]. When Don Elias arrived [...], the great boom of 1575-1635 – when Potosí alone produced nearly half the world’s silver – was over, but the mines were still yielding the precious metal. [...]

On Potosí’s main market plaza, indigenous and African women served up maize beer, hot soup and yerba mate. Shops displayed the world’s finest silk and linen fabrics, Chinese porcelain, Venetian glassware, Russian leather goods, Japanese lacquerware, Flemish paintings and bestselling books in a dozen languages. [...]

Pious or otherwise, wealthy women clicked Potosí’s cobbled streets in silver-heeled platform shoes, their gold earrings, chokers and bracelets studded with Indian diamonds and Burmese rubies. Colombian emeralds and Caribbean pearls were almost too common. Peninsular Spanish ‘foodies’ could savour imported almonds, capers, olives, arborio rice, saffron, and sweet and dry Castilian wines. Black pepper arrived from Sumatra and southwest India, cinnamon from Sri Lanka, cloves from Maluku and nutmeg from the Banda Islands. Jamaica provided allspice. Overloaded galleons spent months transporting these luxuries across the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Plodding mule and llama trains carried them up to the lofty Imperial Villa.

---

Potosi supplied the world with silver, the lifeblood of trade and sinews of war [...]. In turn, the city consumed the world’s top commodities and manufactures. [...] The city’s dozen-plus notaries worked non-stop inventorying silver bars and sacks of pesos [...]. Mule trains returning from the Pacific brought merchandise and mercury, the essential ingredient for silver refining. [...] From Buenos Aires came slavers with captive Africans from Congo and Angola, transshipped via Rio de Janeiro. Many of the enslaved were children branded with marks mirroring those, including the royal crown, inscribed on silver bars.

Soon after its 1545 discovery, Potosí gained world renown [...]. Mexico’s many mining camps [...] peaked only after 1690. [...] Even in the Andes of South America there were other silver cities [...]. But no silver deposit in the world matched the Cerro Rico, and no other mining-refining conglomeration grew so large. Potosí was unique: a mining metropolis.

Thus Don Elias, like others, made the pilgrimage to the silver mountain. It was a divine prodigy, a hierophany. In 1580, Ottoman artists depicted Potosí as a slice of earthly paradise, the Cerro Rico lush and green, the city surrounded by crenellated walls. Potosí, as Don Quixote proclaimed, was the stuff of dreams. Another alms seeker, in 1600, declared the Cerro Rico the Eighth Wonder of the World. A [...] visitor in 1615 gushed: ‘Thanks to its mines, Castile is Castile, Rome is Rome, the pope is the pope, and the king is monarch of the world.’ [...]

---

For all its glory, Potosí was also the stuff of nightmares [...].

Almost a century before Don Elias visited Potosí, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revolutionised world silver production. Toledo was a hard-driving bureaucrat of the Spanish empire [...]. Toledo reached Potosí in 1572, anxious to flip it into the empire’s motor of commerce and war. By 1575, the viceroy had organised a sweeping labour draft, launched a ‘high-tech’ mill-building campaign, and overseen construction of a web of dams and canals to supply the Imperial Villa with year-round hydraulic power, all in the high Andes at the nadir of the Little Ice Age. Toledo also oversaw construction of the Potosí mint, staffed full-time with enslaved Africans. [...] Toledo’s successes came with a steep price. Thanks to the viceroy’s ‘reforms’, hundreds of thousands of Andeans became virtual refugees (those who survived) and, in the search for timber and fuel, colonists denuded hundreds of miles of fragile, high-altitude land. [...] The city’s smelteries belched lead and zinc-rich smoke [...].

The Habsburg kings of Spain cared little about Potosí’s social and environmental horrors. [...] For more than a century, the Cerro Rico fuelled the world’s first global military-industrial complex, granting Spain the means to prosecute decades-long wars on a dozen fronts – on land and at sea. No one else could do all this and still afford to lose. [...]

By [...] 1909 [...], mineral rushes had helped to produce cities such as San Francisco and Johannesburg, but nothing quite compared for sheer audacity with the Imperial Villa of Potosí, a neo-medieval mining metropolis perched in the Andes of South America.

---

Text by: Kris Lane. “Potosi: the mountain of silver that was the first global city.” Aeon. 30 July 2019. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me.]