#three blackfeet chiefs

[omgthatdress]

dress by Mrs. Walking Sun, Nadoka (Assiniboine), 1941, The Royal Ontario Museum

Chief American Horse's Outfit, 1900-1913, The McCord Museum

Chilkat robe, Tlingit, 1860, The Fenimore Art Museum

Inuit Girls

Three Blackfeet Chiefs

Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs protesting

Cree women in powwow regalia

White men in Canadian Tuxedos

[whitepolaris]

Wally of Wallowa Lake

Located just south of Joseph, Wallowa Lake is about five miles long and a mile wide. It's about 283 feet deep. Essentially a tear in the earth from the last ice age, the lake and the surrounding wilderness inspire the imagination and possibly conceal some undiscovered secrets of nature.

In one such legend, Nez Perce and Blackfeet Indians, who inhabited opposite shores of Wallowa Lake, negotiated peace after years of war. As part of their conciliation, Tlescaoe, son of the Blackfeet chief, and Wahluna, daughter of the Nez Perce chief, was married. After their wedding ceremony, the newlyweds went canoeing on the lake, taking in an especially impressive sunset. Without warning, a great serpent lunged at them under water, capsizing their canoe and killing them. The Blackfeet worried that, by ending hostilities between their people, the chiefs defied their warriors' preordained destiny and angered the Great Spirit. The giant serpent may have simply acted as an emissary of punishment.

Another legend states that Wally originally lived high up in the mountains surrounding the lake. An Indian brave who was exploring startled it and caused it to flee. The adventurous young man chased it over the mountains and, eventually, the serpent came to Wallowa Lake and dove in, quickly followed by his pursuer. After a few moments, the brave gave up, turned around, and began swimming to shore. As his friends approached, they saw him jerk and scream as he was pulled under.

Stories like these have caused generations of Native Americans to approach Wallowa Lake with caution. Though the newlyweds and the Indian grave are said to never have been seen again, the monster has since been spotted form time to time.

In 1885, shortly after settlers began using the lake for recreation, the first known sighting of the monster by a white man was reported in a local newspaper. A prospector was roughly halfway across the lake when he saw a ten-foot-long neck with a flat, cowlike head rise out of the water fifty yards to his right. It called out in a few low bellows, submerged, and soon reappeared to his left. This time, the serpent's entire body rose to the surface. The prospector estimated it to be about one hundred feet long. It glided along the water surface for a few hundred yards before submerging again.

In 1932, a couple in a boat saw what they described as a "monster fish" about three hundred feet from the west shore.

Irene Wiggins, who owned a lakeside lodge, claimed to have seen the monster several times, from 1945 onward. She may have been among the first to refer to the creature as Wally. Her description of Wally was consistent with previous sightings.

In 1950, three witnesses saw two sleekly shaped creatures with heads resembling those of buffalo. The creatures were approximately sixteen and eight feet long. Previous descriptions of a larger lake monster therefore suggest that these two were youngers. It follows, then, that what is commonly thought of as a single animal may instead be a group of some sort.

In his book Oregon's Ghost and Monsters, author Mike Helm claims that his father once saw Wally while fishing. He writes that, based on his father's description, he's "always pictured it as a huge snake with a head like a Chinese dragon, a regular medieval sea serpent, rippling across the surface of the lake."

He also touches on other lands of Wallowa Lake, such as speculation that it's connected to the Great Lakes by a vast underground river. (As Helm heard it, some time ago the body of a man who drowned in Wallowa Lake was supposedly recovered in Lake Erie).

This concept raises another interesting question: Could Wally be the same creature as, or a relative of, South Bay Bessie, the Lake Erie Monster?

[theamericanparlor]

Three Piegan (Blackfeet) Chiefs

Albumen print. 1900

The North American Indian by Edward S. Curtis. These images were published between 1907 and 1930.

[fatehbaz]

Tribunal discussing murdered and missing Indigenous women to be hosted by Blackfeet Nation during the first weekend in October 2019.

-

From The Daily Inter-Lake, 24 September 2019:

The two-day tribunal will record public testimony from MMIW survivors and victims’ families, as well as provide private sessions for witnesses who may be hesitant to share their accounts in a public forum.

“We welcome witnesses from the four directions to attend and share their experiences,” Blackfeet Nation Chairman Tim Davis said in a press release. “This is not just a Blackfeet or Montana tribes’ tragedy, it is an Indian Country tragedy, and a national and international disgrace.

“This is a multi-generational epidemic the federal government has done nothing to address – even less than the Canadian government – which was found to be complicit in ‘deliberate race, identity and gender-based genocide’ by its own national inquiry into MMIW,” Davis continued.

The Blackfeet Nation is uniquely positioned to host this first of its kind MMIW tribunal in the lower-48 states, he said. The Blackfeet Tribe (Amskapi Pikuni), a member of the Blackfoot Confederacy, along with its three sister tribes – the Piikani, Blood and Siksika — located in Alberta, Canada, stands in solidarity in combating the issue of murdered and missing indigenous women in Indian Country, the press release noted.

“The truth is that we live in a country whose laws and institutions perpetuate violations of basic human and indigenous rights. These violations amount to nothing less than the deliberate, often covert campaign of genocide against Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA people,” Chief Commissioner Marion Buller wrote in “Reclaiming Power and Place,” the final report of Canada’s National Inquiry into Murdered and Missing Indigenous Women and Girls, published on June 3.

Davis continued, “We are not divided by the border; we are united in our grief. Many women and children stolen from our communities are trafficked back and forth between the U.S. and Canada,” explained Chairman Davis.

Tribal members constitute 7% of Montana’s population, but the state identifies some 26% of missing persons as Native American. Available evidence suggests that may be a low estimate. Last year’s Urban Indian Health Institute Report identified Montana as the state with the fifth-highest incidence of MMIW cases.

Billings, which had the same disturbing ranking among cities, is a purported hub on the I-90 corridor through Crow, Cheyenne and Lakota-Dakota country to Minnesota, along which indigenous women and children are trafficked into sex slavery, the press release said. The western “track” runs from Missoula to Seattle.

As of this spring Montana had not submitted any MMIW data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the release stated.

“For those abducted into sex-slavery, the I-90 corridor is a second ‘Highway of Tears,’” Davis commented, drawing a comparison to the infamous highway in British Columbia cited in Reclaiming Power and Place.

The Blackfeet MMIW Tribunal is being held in conjunction with the Global Indigenous Council and is endorsed by the Rocky Mountain Tribal Leaders Council. The Blackfeet Tribal Business Council credits the work of both organizations in partnership with the Great Plains Tribal Chairman’s Association in raising the profile of MMIW cases and the alliance’s efforts to secure meaningful MMIW legislation on Capitol Hill.

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For further information: www.mmiwtribunal.com www.mmiw-gic.com; Facebook.com/MMIWtribunal; info@mmiwtribunal.com or call 406-209-8480/703-980-4595.

[walkonandtwo]

"Tough little town"

By 1913-1914 the Blackfeet Agent held firm control of the reservation. How he disbursed rations lay at the center of his power . . . he could either cut back or withhold rations at will to keep his wards in control. The agent could also grant or cancel allotments and leases. As for the Council . . . it could make a lot of noise and blow up a big cloud of dust, but that was about it.

In 1914 Special Agent Charles Ellis was called in to investigate several issues of immorality, before they got out of hand. To assist him in the delicate matter, Ellis contracted Elsie (Eaton) Newton, Educator for Indian Services. Newton had already made a name for herself as a serious, dedicated federal servant. Ellis and Newton conducted the most rigorous investigation to date and filed an extensive report.

Here are some of the report's main concerns: [names were listed and annotated]

1) Seven full bloods (Heavy Gun, Wolf Eagle, Whiteman, Looking for Smoke, Curley Bear, Chief Crow, and Heavy Runner) were cited for continuing the illicit practice of plural wives. No matter that these men were respected elders in the tribe . . . Ellis and Newton recommended they be reprimanded, counseled, and, if need be, punished for their reprehensible behavior.

2) Three men (Eddie Big Beaver, Henry No Bear, and Walter Mountain Chief) were cited for "premeditated" adultery. Ellis and Newton said the Agent and Church must intervene and disrupt this vile practice. Newton added that these criminals had already committed "fruits of their folly" and would continue to do so if they were not arrested and jailed.

3) At least 33 additional men were charged with living and cohabitating in a series of "entangled" households. In other words, these men would move in, impregnate the woman, and move on to the next house. Ellis told the Agent he must employ a 5-person morality police force to clean up the mess. Newton insisted that a woman be a member of the force to handle the women who were party to this heinous lifestyle.

4) Louis Marceau, Chief of Police, and Louis Monroe were given particular attention. A group of disgruntled witnesses told Ellis and Newton that the Agent should control his police chief and leave the people alone. The group testified that in a bizarre twist of fate Marceau and Monroe casually swapped wives (Short Robe and Mountain Chief) without any good reason and suffered no consequence, which was a gross violation of any moral code.

5) Finally, Newton demanded the Agent employ a squad of field matrons to patrol the town and set the many wandering, lost girls on the right path. Newton dictated a small sermon into the report: "Field matrons prevent them being subjected to the dangers of seductive temptations, and while the call of nature may be stronger in the Indian girl than the average white, that, if true, shows the more need of preventive measures to protect her chastity."

6) Ellis and Newton summed up their report by stating that despite the many young men who openly live with a succession of girls and the many loose girls who bring false paternity charges against men of means to entrap them into marriage . . . Browning is a "tough little town" that can be saved by strict management and an active police force.

The Ellis-Newton Report is grossly insulting by any standard and should offend everyone. But the real intent is much more sinister than mere insult. The Agent, prompted by Washington, wanted to see how far into the corner he could push the tribal members . . . thus guaranteeing absolute and perpetual control of the Blackfeet reservation.

[kommahana93]

Just A Dream C1.3

∞ Ş ∞ Ş ∞ Ş ∞

“I don't like it,” Sitara whined, suddenly speaking in English again, “old shirt!” She chuckled at the childish demand of her sister; even she could agree that their old uniform was easier to put on. The old version was the main reason the other military schools bullied them; she glanced up at her shelf beside the door, smiling at the old photo of her and her three friends. Their uniforms went from shirts with wide sailor-collars, to a tighter-throat military look. Not only were the old uniforms simple in design and coloring, but their academy crest was easily localized on their scarves, instead of on their vests, bags, and pretty much everything else the academy owned. Of course the change in uniform design brought a new problem: her siblings getting used to the new clothes. They’ve all practiced putting on the tops multipole times already and yet her siblings STILL kept getting their hair tangled in the zippers and buttons; especially Sitara. Her hair was a headache on a good day, but it was stubborn enough to never give the poor girl a good day; every day was a struggle just for a ponytail. It was as if nothing in the world could reign in its search for freedom.

"I agree. The old uniforms were much better than these ones," Silas huffed, folding his arms over his vest, partially covering his little fox. "I can't believe that we don't get real coats in winter, just lousy cloaks." Technically they did get jackets, but they weren’t made for withstanding the wet winters their region was plagued with, which was why the academy changed to waterproof cloaks. Their jackets were good against the autumn winds but not the winter rain and snow.

"Too bad," she chuckled at her siblings, "school rules." Sitara pouted as she pulled the knee-length dress over her head and zipped up the large gap on her right side. "Did you grab your shorts?" She asked as she stood to her full height and wandered to her vanity table. She quickly grabbed a brush for her hair and two bright sapphire ribbons from her desk before she sat down. The shorts were a demand most mothers made of their daughters. The headmaster didn't give a damn, but the mothers felt better knowing their daughters wouldn't accidentally flash someone. She thought that if the parents in question got the girls the right length of skirts they wouldn't have to worry about it. She was just uncomfortable with her little sister in a skirt, primarily because Sitara and Silas got in so many fights that the younger girl almost always ends up pinned to the ground trying to fend off her brother’s dangling spit.

"Uh-huh," Sitara nodded as she tugged a stray curl behind her ear, only to wince as the curl locked around her finger and sent a bolt of pain through her temple as she tried to pull her hand away.

"Why don't you do something with that already?" Silas asked as he leaned forward to watch his little sister unwind the unruly hair from her finger. "I mean seriously Sitara, you look like a homeless orphan." She snorted at her brother’s observations, her blue eyes sparkling as she watched her siblings through her mirror. With their uniforms on straight, they looked like adorable little honor students. Wild haired, pouty-faced, sarcastic and spoiled honor students; she doubted she’d ever been so proud of her siblings’ appearances before.

"So?" Sitara tilted her head to the side with a defiant look, "better than you."

"How so?" Silas asked, narrowing his golden eyes at her warningly. Sitara smiled impishly at him and pointed at his dark gray vest.

"Wrinkle-Crinkle!" Sitara chimed. Through her vanity mirror, she watched as Silas stared blankly at Sitara for all of two seconds before he had Sitara in a headlock and was giving her a noogie. "Owy! Owy! Saly stop iiiittt!!" Sitara protested loudly but Silas ignored her. Wrapping her tiny pale fingers around her brother's arm, Sitara began flailing her feet to try and unbalance him but he was stronger than her and so didn’t sway with her added weight. She pulled the last of her sunset-copper hair up into her twin pigtails, her ribbons dangling with the weight of the silver orbs at the ends. Glancing once more through the mirror at her siblings, she watched as Silas continued to ignore Sitara’s loud protests while the vein in his forehead pulsed.

"Hey," she drawled as she turned back to her siblings, just in time to see Sitara put one foot on her doorway and push all her weight into Silas's chest, effectively making them both tumble to the ground. "That was new," she blinked her big eyes at her out-of-breath-siblings who were both laying on the dinning floor in awkward positions. "Little monsters," she sighed in the other language as she rose from her seat and approached her siblings, straightening her uniform. She watched as Silas tried to remove Sitara from himself but realized too late that Sitara's curls had tangled themselves into his buttons.

"Damn it Sitara!" Silas snarled. "Curse your hair to the depths of HELL!!"

"Calm down Little brother, I have an idea.” she smiled at her siblings, slipping between languages effortlessly. "There is a product I can use on little sister taming, take hour or two." Her eyes dancing as her siblings carefully rose to their knees, not wanting to make the knots worse. "Come." She moved passed Sitara and Silas, "it’s in the bathroom, we hurry.”

By the time noon came around, Sitara's head was still a mess of curls but they were no longer frizzy. She hummed as she raked her fingers through the waist long midnight curls and watched as they defiantly curled together again. There were times when she was jealous of the beautiful curls Sitara had: remembering the work, the knots, and the hours it takes to ‘calm it’ always sobered her up, turning her envy into pity. Glancing up into the bathroom mirror, she stared at the faces of her siblings beside her own; even she could admit they looked nothing alike. She looked like their Native American-Irish grandmother, complete with caramel skin, blue eyes and flaming hair; the poor old woman was a half breed of an Irish merchant and a Blackfeet Chief-man's daughter. Silas took after their Nigerian grandfather. His hair was more brown than black and was wavy compared to Sitara’s almost uncontrollable curls, but he did inherit the man's dark chocolate skin and their mother's unexplainable golden eyes. Little Sitara had their great grandfather's ivory white skin, their grandfather's wild black curls and their father's warm chocolate almond-shaped eyes. How could three children sharing the same mother and father look so vastly different from each other? They looked more like cousins or strangers than siblings.

[the-firebird69]

Tons of people are buying this because it's liquid cooled and it has shocks at least they put them on and we're actually building now with shocks on the rear and it's much better the system is a full floater system it has a lot of weight and it's slightly higher but not much but it does give you travel and it's a real shock and those are fitted out for the dirt and these are not necessary filling out properly for the dirt and the road and a lot of people are buying them for the name and they're going around scouting and they're saying they're using the Indians and they mean us

Thor Freya

We also have our version no we're part of the same company and the old Indian company is producing bikes still and they build them just like this and they can't see where ours are coming from they think it's China so they're mad at China they're bringing Chinese in with their episodes and stuff it is with Asians and we're also Indian we're somewhere and we're selling these in building these and we're the ones making them you know where we are and making huge numbers today of the scout model and the new scout model that our son and Thor Freya did the actual engineering of the ladder and he helped design it it is very slick it's very cool looking like this and they're using it to scout and we know about the analogy and it really mean us our race Indians because we made really good scouts and they are still using some and you'll see them in some movies that's what they're using them for and they're trying to find us

Blackfeet Chief

Awesome this is a big boost and the help we got at Harley-Davidson for the program Harley-Davidson and we got for our program take on me really is what it is because we're taking them on and she's smiling because she knows what I mean I might have to win a race I don't think I've ever want to race for real with you people to win the circuit we'd have to win every race from now on or or if we lost when we tie if we won first place each time as it is Mac will win even if he loses three races and there's four left so I'm happy with second or third, yeah it won't heat it up sufficiently and he's not exactly helping me so we're going to sit down and think about this can't get a damn dime it's supposed to be helping you get through and he never does

Zues

I'm proud of you you've thought through it I do get it it's not really you we're going to do this

Hera

I want 550,000 of those bikes the scouts at my door tomorrow no I'm building them, and it's my factory that they're coming out of he's got one too and they're the same bike his adults with a solid frame though his way only about 10 more pounds believe it or not they're heavier it says it's cuz he has to use the same kind of motor it's a huge block it's a waste of time it was done because it's all Air Cold and heat some cools uniformly and that's the idea of anyways it's important to write what he says so with our bike it's inexpensive no it's less expensive no but it's made by us not by them and we're not going to put any devices on it it don't lead back to me right down the street from you so think about it we don't put any devices on them anyways as a matter of fact that we just found any on his but it would help us in our economic situation I'm also making the light bike go kart for our McDonald's restaurants tons of them give me the first one in the seat he probably forget to eat as a matter of fact you and your stupid rat pack will be racing each other until midnight some of them stay open till midnight you just bribe the guy Stan Jackie the a****** Trump would lose every time I can see him being aggressive for letting Stan win

No I'm not buying any of his Indian bikes

Mac Daddy

[leonard-94]

Books by Jay North, Native American, Blackfeet Indians Life Of A Gypsy Traveler

Press Release; Life Of A Gypsy Traveler For some of us there is no life if we can’t be on the road. Its not merely traveling, it is the experience of so much beauty to behold and folks one can meet while enjoying the drive. I am not up for hitching rides, no I am an RV liver-at my age 71 I need creature comforts. I have been For some of us there is no life if we can’t be on the road. Its not merely traveling, it is the experience of so much beauty to behold and folks one can meet while enjoying the drive. I am not up for hitching rides, no I am an RV liver-at my age 71 I need creature comforts. I have been on the road for fourteen years and would hate to give it up, unfortunately health issues are getting in my way. They (doctors) tell me I have advanced cancer-what a pain. What led me to see 29 states and 56 National Parks? Wonder! My wife (Pamela) of 24 years passed and I thought Jay why not? Before taking up the gypsy life I was a hairdresser, an organic farmer in the small town of Carpinteria CA, I was in the sales and marketing business in the trash hauling business, an antique dealer and now for the most part a full time writer, with 30 books under my belt. Thing is being unwell and all my friends telling me I should be in a nursing home-to which my reply is- hell no I am going to let go in the woods-where I love so much. Why am I writing this now, to encourage people to do what they love-no matter what we are all going to die, why not go out with love of life. The most common question I get is where is your favorite place that you have been, everywhere I reply, but if I have to choose one -Glacier National Park is the cats meow. Life seems to go by so fast, so please if you can take the opportunity - the road it's the best way to live, just my opinion. Jay North Three wishes, 1) get well, 2) the ability to go fly fishing again and 3) finally see my book Open Spaces: My life With Leonard J. Mountain Chief Blackfeet Elder Northwest Montana read by the masses, understood and applied. Find it here. Jay North- no, not the child star can be reached at www.OneGlobePress.com # Released for publication and distribution Jay North PO BOX 1211 Ojai CA 93024 805-794-9126 jaysbookshere@gmail.com Jay North: Published author, organic gardener, and social activist, naturalist. Jay is truly inspirational at appreciating the journey and the roller coaster of life! In the 1980’s and 90’s he was revered worldwide as the Edible Flower Child, partially due to his astonishing success with Paradise Farms and his books regarding organic gardening. Jay is currently enjoying his life as a full time writer. Jay came into the world knowing exactly what he wanted. He intended to experience life to the fullest; on every level imaginable. His path would eventually expand outward; to include assisting everyone in understanding their own ability to savor and cherish their own life; in love, peace and joy. Jay’s life experiences are vast. All accepted as a vehicle of growth; regardless of the degree (or lack thereof) of amusement and excitement. He allowed everything without judgment. This is attainable for anyone, says Jay. www.oneglobepress.com

[engelspolitics]

Comanche Tribe

https://www.grunge.com/265660/comanche-the-most-powerful-native-american-tribe-in-history/

Comanches → Native American nation once the most powerful in America → controlled a vast empire in current Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas,

Held off invaders for decades; only defeated in the late 19th century

Comanche were originally nomadic hunter-gatherers who moved following seasonal prey; in many ways they lagged behind their peers (Aztec Empire) but in late 17th century they encountered horses brought in by the Spanish and

Within a century the hunter-gatherers had transformed into dominant, aggressive empire of warriors that conquered neighbouring tribes

Culture became almost solely focused on waging war; no religious structure, no social organizations, no manufacturing or art; children learned how to ride, how to hunt, and how to fight and lives would be focused on those three aspects.

As a result, the Comanches evolved into a force of violence no one could withstand.

Waged war on everyone who came into contact with them; raids were brutal (all males killed, women sexually assaulted and then killed, young children taken captive)

Comanche Nation was divided into bands, which were centred on a patriarch (eldest patriarch was chief) and usually comprised of extended relatives; could be hundreds strong

Bands would combine informally into a tribe or nation, based on mutual need or advantage

Comanche government was council-based, with elders gathering on (in)informal basis and each having a vote → democracy > monarchy

Comanches were particularly aggressive against their fellow Native Americans; systematically pushed all the other tribes off the central plains, forcing them to find new lands

Almost wiped out Apaches to point they asked for Spanish protection

Killing thousands of Pawnees, the Osages, the Blackfeet, the Kiowas, and the Tonkawas.

By 1750, the Comanches had total control of the plains

Comanches were very adaptable; transformed their entire society around horses in a few decades

Also quickly adopted the concept of the Winter Village from other tribes, not only safeguard their horses and herds, but to cement their control over a local area.

Americans went west and brushed up against Comancheria in the 1820s (250,000 square miles)

They also had vassals, with about 20 other tribes acknowledging Comanche supremacy.

Comanches were the reason California and the West Coast were settled before the middle

One reason Mexico was so easily defeated in the Mexican-American War was due to the Comanches, who had spent decades stretching Mexico's fighting force

Wars between the Comanches and the United States are often not described as wars but they fought Texas nearly 40 years, stretching across its time as a Spanish colony, independent state, U.S. state

Only when President Ulysses S. Grant made defeating the Comanches a priority after the Civil War that they were finally pushed back, setting off a series of events that culminated in their final defeat in the 1870s.

Already weakened by smallpox and cholera → two widespread epidemics in 1816 and 1849 had reduced the Comanche population by half.

They relied almost completely on the buffalo for food → when the United States got serious about opposing the Comanches they realized that this dependence was a strategic weakness.

Between 1868 and 1881, 31 million buffalo were slaughtered to destroy the Comanches' food source; by 1874, the Comanches faced an almost total collapse of their civilization and way of life.

In 1874 Quanah (chief) gathered 300 Comanche warriors and launched a final assault on the American forces encroaching on the Comancheria

A five-day siege that ended with the Indians retreating

This broke the back of the Comanche Nation, and Quanah led his surviving warriors to surrender, agreeing to move to a reservation.

[covid19updater]

COVID19 Updates: 08/18/2021

World:  Actress Sally Kirkland After Moderna Vaccine: In My 79 Years, I’ve Never Experienced This Level of Pain LINK

California:  The Lambda COVID variant is in California: 5 things you should know LINK

Alabama:  Alabama has “negative” ICU beds free as U.S. hospitals struggle with surge of cases

US:  More than 1,000 COVID-19 deaths recorded as US returns to April levels LINK

India:  COVID-19 Vaccine for Children Will Be Available In India By September, Says Director of ICMR-NIV LINK

UK: Scotland:  Side point: Schools went back in Scotland on Monday, 16 Aug Nightclubs opened 9th Aug. Cases reported: 2021-08-18,2531 2021-08-17,1815 2021-08-16,1567 2021-08-15,1498 2021-08-14,1383 2021-08-13,1542 2021-08-12,1525 2021-08-11,1498 2021-08-10,1032 2021-08-09,851 Highly vaccinated, approx 75% double-pricked.

China:  The Chinese mainland Tuesday reported six new locally transmitted #COVID19 cases in Jiangsu Province, the National Health Commission said on Wednesday.

World:  WHO & @Unitaid express concern over @Roche's warning of a global shortage of tocilizumab, a WHO-recommended IL6 inhibitor for use as a treatment for severe #COVID19.

Tennessee:  In West Tennessee, a class of second graders at Riverwood Elementary in Cordova were sent home yesterday with a letter about the death of their teacher, 31-year-old Ashley Leatherwood. Family and friends say she contracted #COVID19 in the classroom. #GetVaccinatedNow #WearAMask

Texas:  Despite urgent cries from families, Plano ISD is not taking any new action to prevent COVID-19 in schools. LINK

Montana:  The Blackfeet Nation has implemented a mask mandate and the tribe’s offices are closed to the public. This comes as Montana experiences increased spread of COVID-19. Please mask up on Blackfeet land.

US:  U.S. COVID update: Nearly 177K new cases, including Florida backlog, and 1,316 new deaths - New cases: 176,787 - Average: 138,396 (+2,813) - In hospital: 88,481 (+3,742) - In ICU: 21,914 (+1,047) - New deaths: 1,316

Texas:  #COVID19 outbreaks in rural #Texas districts signal a troubled back-to-school season LINK

US:  WASHINGTON (AP) — US health officials recommend COVID-19 booster shots for all Americans to boost their defenses amid delta variant.

UK:  United Kingdom Daily Coronavirus (COVID-19) Report · Wednesday 18th August. 33,904 new cases (people positive) reported, giving a total of 6,355,887. 111 new deaths reported, giving a total of 131,260.

World:  How SARS-CoV-2 Evades And Suppresses The Immune System (Part 4) LINK

Alaska:  Anchorage ICUs at capacity as a surge of COVID-19 patients has hospitals under stress and scrambling LINK

Israel:  In less than a month #Israel may no longer be able to hide the very obvious about the #covidvaccine despite booster doses, #lockdowns and suppression of V data. Leaked yesterday - 95% of deaths in the #vaccinated and a huge jump from June.

Israel:  Israel: in high cases areas, only classrooms in which over 70 % of students are either vaccinated, recovered or pass a positive serological test for antibodies will be allowed to meet in person. Classrooms that fall below that level will be required to switch to home learning. LINK

Texas:  The new Texas COVID-19 surge could be worse than anything the state has seen yet Last week in San Antonio, 26 minutes went by with no ambulances available to respond to 911 calls from the city’s 1.5 million residents. LINK

US:  Booster doses of Covid-19 vaccine will be offered to Americans beginning September 20, pending CDC and FDA approval, US health officials say LINK

US:  There's concerning evidence of waning vaccine effectiveness over time and against delta; the risk of severe infection increasing among those vaccinated early and those with at-risk conditions.

US: CDC DIRECTOR  *WALENSKY: VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS FALLING IN NURSING HOMES.  WALENSKY SAYS  OVERALL VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS IS DECREASED FOR THE DELTA VARIANT

World:  Various people have been raising the variant AY.3 as a potential problem. So here is a quick thread on what we are seeing here (and internationally). TLDR: Definitely the first clear sign of potentially worrying variant here in a while.  First what is AY.3? It's a subtype of Delta and is most prevalent in the US where it is about 9% of their cases. Very early results from India suggest that it is more immune evasive than "original" Delta.   In the US, AY.3 has also increased rapidly, but alongside Delta so it's hard to say if it's outcompeting Delta or just outcompeting previous variants.

NYC:  *DE BLASIO SAYS 'DOESN'T ANTICIPATE' NYC SCHOOL VACCINE MANDATE

Michigan:  Grand Rapids and Traverse City regions are at "substantial" increases in new cases of #COVID19. The rest of the state's regions are classified as "high" numbers of new cases.

World:  Why is Delta so much more contagious than prior #SARSCoV2 variants? It achieves membrane fusion far more efficiently and faster LINK

Mississippi:  Mississippi eighth grader dies of COVID-19 amid escalating mask battle LINK

France:  France reports 2,054 people in intensive care units for covid-19, up by 111 ICU tally above the 2,000 limit for the first time since June 14

South Carolina:  As Delta Spreads Through South Carolina, A Troubling Rise In Breakthrough Cases LINK

New York:  Today's update on the numbers: Total COVID hospitalizations are at 1,888. Of the 156,128 tests reported yesterday, 4,737 were positive (3.03% of total). Sadly, there were 20 fatalities.

Colorado:  COVID-19 vaccine mandate issued for Colorado prison workers, other state employees LINK

Israel:  Israel is now requiring anyone over the age of three to show proof of vaccination or a negative Covid-19 test before entering many indoor spaces, as it tackles a sharp rise in infections. LINK

Nevada:  The Las Vegas Raiders are the first NFL team to require all fans attending home games to be vaccinated against COVID.

France:  People refusing to get Covid-19 vaccines in France are paying hundreds for fake health passes in an online black market that has flourished since the government imposed mandates for them to enter cafes, intercity trains and other public places;

Singapore:  Singapore court sentenced Brit Ben Glynn to 6 weeks in prison, for repeated breaching covid protocols. Found guilty on 4 charges for: failing to wear a mask on train in May & his July court appearance; causing a public nuisance; & use of threatening words to public servants;

Texas:  Five regions of Texas have zero open ICU beds LINK

Alabama:  Alabama is out of ICU beds amid a COVID-19 surge, with some patients being treated on gurneys in hallways, hospitals chief says LINK

Afghanistan:  JUST IN - Former Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani reportedly hospitalized in Abu Dhabi, UAE.

NYC:  Restaurants in NYC sue the Mayor over his vaccine mandate.

US:  The Biden administration will move to require that nursing home staff are vaccinated against COVID-19 as a condition for those facilities to continue receiving federal Medicare and Medicaid funding. LINK

Israel:  Israeli congressman in hospital with covid, Fully vaccinated 47-year old, not yet boosted, describes his experience LINK

Florida:  BREAKING: 3,055 students in Florida's Palm Beach County Schools have been forced to quarantine due to #COVID19 since classes began 7 days ago. There are now 608 confirmed student COVID-19 cases out of 167,000 students enrolled.

World:  Significant reduction in humoral immunity among healthcare workers and nursing home residents 6 months after COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination LINK

Israel:  Pfizer COVID vaccine 83% effective after third shot - Maccabi LINK

US:  UPDATE: J&J BOOSTER PENDING—People who received Johnson & Johnson vaccines may need boosters, too, says @Surgeon_General Vivek Murthy. The CDC will have more information about additional J&J shots in **coming weeks**

US:  The Biden admin will cover of 100% of states' emergency COVID costs. LINK

Alabama:  WaPo: An Alabama doctor watched patients reject the coronavirus vaccine. Now he’s refusing to treat them. “'Dr. Valentine will no longer see patients that are not vaccinated against covid-19,' the sign reads." LINK

US:  The COVID-19 Forecast Hub at UMass Amherst, which is utilized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, predicts new COVID-19 hospitalizations could reach 32,000 a day as soon as Sept. 13. LINK

South Africa:  ⁦@USAfricaLive⁩ BrkNEWS: South Africa hit by 14,728 new COVID-19 cases — within 24 hours ⁦@MLKmandelachebe⁩ ⁦@WHO LINK

Alabama:  JUST IN: Alabama now at NEGATIVE 29 ICU beds, according to the Alabama Hospital Association.

US:  BREAKING: Number of Americans hospitalized with COVID-19 tops 90,000

Kentucky:  More Kentuckians currently in ICU battling COVID than ever before during pandemic LINK

Washington:  BREAKING: K-12 school teachers and staff must be vaccinated in WA by Oct. 18 or face losing their jobs.  The applies to public, private, and charter schools. @GovInslee is live on #KOMONews  right now

Canada:  553 new cases of #COVID19 in B.C., as the rolling average increases slightly, but may be beginning to plateau. Active cases up to 5,580 (highest since May 13), hospitalizations down to 107 but ICU cases to 53, one new death.

World:  Researchers find that COVID-19 patients who only suffered mild infections can be plagued with life-altering and sometimes debilitating cognitive issues LINK

Australia:  Sydney Children's Hospital Network is currently looking after SEVEN HUNDRED kids with #COVID19 Still fortunately vast majority as outpatients, but expecting more to become unwell as time goes on

Hong Kong:  Hong Kong’s granting of quarantine exemption to Nicole Kidman following her arrival from Australia last week has sparked outrage among residents who face some of the world’s toughest pandemic restrictions. LINK

[deepartnature]

Native American Hand Talkers Fight to Keep Sign Language Alive

Detail of portrait of Shoshoni Chief Tendoi Demonstrating Sign Language.

"In early September 1930, the Blackfeet Nation of Montana hosted a historic Indian Sign Language Grand Council, gathering leaders of a dozen North American Nations and language groups. The three-day council held was organized by Hugh L. Scott, a 77-year-old U.S. Army General who had spent a good portion of his career in the American West, where he observed and learned what users called Hand Talk, and what is today more broadly known as Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL). With $5,000 in federal funding, Scott filmed the proceedings and hoped to produce a film dictionary of more than 1,300 signs. He died before he could finish the project. Scott’s films disappeared into the National Archives. Recently rediscovered, they are an important resource for those looking to revitalize PISL. Among them is Ron Garritson, who identifies himself as being of Choctaw and European heritage. He was raised in Billings, Montana, near the Crow Nation. ..."

VOA (Video)

A Sign Language of the Plains Indians – Part 1

North American languages map before European contact

W - Plains Indian Sign Language

Fighting to Save Indigenous Sign Languages

2011 July: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee - Dee Brown, 2012 September: The Ghost Dance, 2016 September: A History and Future of Resistance, 2016 November: Dakota Access Pipeline protests, 2016 December: Police Violence Against Native Americans Goes Far Beyond Standing Rock, 2016 December: Dakota Protesters Say Belle Fourche Oil Spill 'Validates Struggle', 2017 January: A Murky Legal Mess at Standing Rock, 2017 January: Trump's Move On Keystone XL, Dakota Access Outrages Activists, 2017 February: Army veterans return to Standing Rock to form a human shield against police, 2017 February: Standing Rock is burning – but our resistance isn't over, 2017 March: Dakota Access pipeline could open next week after activists face final court loss, 2017 April: The Conflicts Along 1,172 Miles of the Dakota Access Pipeline, 2017 May: 'Those are our Eiffel Towers, our pyramids': Why Standing Rock is about much more than oil, 2017 June: Dakota pipeline protesters won a small victory in court. We must fight on, 2018 February: PHOTOS: Since Standing Rock, 56 Bills Have Been Introduced in 30 States to Restrict Protests, 2018 November: Dennis J. Banks, Naawakamig (1937-2017), 2018 April: The Next Standing Rock? A Pipeline Battle Looms in Oregon, 2018 October: Democrats, Don’t Take Native American Voters for Granted

[fatehbaz]

4 October 2019: Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women tribunal, the “first in the US” and hosted by Blackfeet Nation, begins.

Excerpts from Holly K. Michels, Helena Independent Record:

Browning, Montana - At a tribunal here to record testimony from the families of Indigenous people who have gone missing or been murdered, organizer Belinda Bullshoe left a red skirt draped over a chair near the corner of the room. The seat was left empty, Bullshoe said, to represent the stolen voices of missing and murdered Indigenous people, some of whose families gathered at the community college here Friday to share and record their stories. "That skirt represents the MMIW," said Bullshoe, of Browning, using the acronym for missing and murdered Indigenous women. " … We hope that we can actually, by doing events like this, and the families coming forward, that we can actually be their voice and they're not going to be stolen anymore."

The stories recorded at the two-day tribunal will be compiled into a report examining the epidemic of missing and murdered Indigenous women, men and children. The inquest is organized by the Global Indigenous Council, which helped put on the event in coordination with the Blackfeet Nation and Rocky Mountain Tribal Leaders Council. [...]

It’s the first time an effort like this has been made in the U.S. Canada went through a similar process and a report generated from the inquiry this summer documented what its chief commissioner called “genocide.” Those who spoke Friday said the Blackfeet Nation does not acknowledge a strong division at the U.S. border and is strongly connected to sister tribes in Canada.

In Montana, 46 of the 162 missing people in the state, or 28%, are Native, though Indians make up a little less than 7% of the state’s residents, according to Misti LaPlant, the state Department of Justice’s missing persons coordinator.

Seemingly everyone who attended the tribunal had been touched by tragedy that would be easier to call unthinkable except it's something they contemplate every day. A thread through each of their stories, as common as the red skirts and shirts many wore, was anger at law enforcement for not listening to a family's pleas to search for missing loved ones.

“I believe the law enforcement ruined my sister’s case because they did not take it seriously,” said Kimberly Loring, the sister of Ashley Loring HeavyRunner, who went missing from Browning in June 2017. Malinda Harris Limberhand said she had to make appeals to social media to get the community looking for her daughter, Hanna Harris, when she went missing in Lame Deer in 2013 before being found murdered days later. Law enforcement told her, Limberhand said, they wouldn’t take a missing persons report for 48 hours.“The chief of police told me, ‘Oh, she’s probably out partying and scared to come home,'” Limberhand said.

LaPlant, the missing persons specialist, said Friday the misconception that law enforcement has to wait 24 or 48 hours before taking a missing persons report is false, and a dangerous delay to starting a search for someone.LaPlant’s position was created under Hanna’s Act, which passed the state Legislature earlier this year as part of a package of bills meant to start addressing the epidemic of missing and murdered Native women. LaPlant has been on the job three weeks and said the percentage of Natives who make up missing persons cases in the state has fallen from 31% to 28% over that time.“It seems minuscule when you look at the big picture, but that’s how many more people that were located safely and are off the list,” LaPlant said.Blackfeet Nation Chairman Timothy Davis said he was pleased to see the state start to take some action, but has been frustrated with the slower pace of legislation at the federal level. A bill called Savanna's Act, to revamp the federal database on missing and murdered Native women, has stalled in Congress. Late last year, Loring testified about her sister in front of the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs.

-

[Source.]

[toldnews-blog]

New Post has been published on https://toldnews.com/world/united-states-of-america/joe-biden-facebook-n-f-l-draft-your-thursday-briefing/

Joe Biden, Facebook, N.F.L. Draft: Your Thursday Briefing

(Want to get this briefing by email? Here’s the sign-up.)

Good morning,

We’re covering Joe Biden’s long-awaited campaign announcement, the brewing fight between the White House and Congress, and a potential $5 billion fine for Facebook.

Mr. Biden, 76, is set to offer himself as a moderate and a trustee of former President Barack Obama’s legacy, which he will hope can attract a broad cross-section of voters who want to move on from President Trump. But his long political record is expected to face intense scrutiny, particularly from younger, more progressive Democrats.

The details: We examined where Mr. Biden stands on the issues, and how his views have changed over nearly 50 years in Washington.

Closer look: The Democratic Party has grown increasingly progressive and diverse since Mr. Biden first ran for the Senate in 1972.

President Trump vows to fight “all the subpoenas”

The Trump administration has made a series of moves this week to block multiple investigations, which could redefine Congress’s power to conduct oversight of the executive branch as well as presidents’ power to keep government affairs secret.

Citing the end of the special counsel’s investigation, Mr. Trump said on Wednesday that he had been investigated enough. “These aren’t, like, impartial people,” he said. “The Democrats are trying to win 2020.”

Closer look: Past administrations have also been reluctant to comply with congressional requests, but Mr. Trump’s actions are unusual, our chief Washington correspondent writes.

News analysis: The president once welcomed the special counsel’s report as a “total exoneration,” but he has shifted to calling it a “total ‘hit job’” produced by “true Trump haters.” Our chief White House correspondent examines Mr. Trump’s increasingly incongruous messaging about the findings.

Another angle: The special counsel’s report also revealed that Mr. Trump repeatedly sought to have the Justice Department reopen an investigation into Hillary Clinton and her use of a private email server.

The timing of a potential fine was unclear. Facebook has been in negotiations with the F.T.C. over a financial penalty for claims that the company violated a 2011 privacy consent decree.

American regulators have been criticized as lacking scrutiny of tech giants, even as their European counterparts have moved aggressively against the companies.

Quotable: “This would be a joke of a fine — a two-weeks-of-revenue, parking-ticket-level penalty for destroying democracy,” said Matt Stoller, a fellow at the Open Markets Institute, a think tank that is critical of tech companies’ powers. Facebook had $56 billion in revenue last year.

Sri Lanka faces new threats

Imams in the country are being encouraged to cancel Friday Prayer services after the police said that they had information that Sufi Muslims could be attacked by Islamist extremists. Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith of Colombo, the capital, has suspended services for Roman Catholic worshipers through the weekend.

The American ambassador to Sri Lanka, Alaina Teplitz, said on Wednesday that there were “ongoing terrorist plots,” days after suicide bombers killed more than 350 people at churches and hotels across the country.

Another angle: After the Easter Sunday attacks, Muslims in some areas of Sri Lanka are facing a backlash from gangs of Christians. The two faiths are small minorities in the country, which is predominantly Buddhist.

If you have 5 minutes, this is worth it

Working in the weed industry

While cannabis is still illegal on a federal level, it’s allowed at least for medical purposes in 33 states. And that’s creating hundreds of thousands of jobs, ranging from farm work to executive positions to “budtenders,” who help customers decide what kind of cannabis they want.

But working in the industry comes with caveats, including stigma and a pay cut.

Here’s what else is happening

North Korea-Russia meeting: The North’s leader, Kim Jong-un, met with President Vladimir Putin in Russia today. Mr. Kim is seeking support for sanctions relief and a gradual approach to nuclear disarmament that the Trump administration opposes.

Measles outbreak: The number of cases has risen to 695 — the highest annual number recorded since 2000, when the disease was declared eliminated in the U.S. The virus mostly has affected families that do not vaccinate their children.

White supremacist’s execution: John William King was put to death in Texas on Wednesday for the murder of James Byrd Jr., who was chained to the back of a pickup truck and dragged to his death in 1998.

Snapshot: Above, the Grand Organ at Notre-Dame in Paris last year. The cathedral’s three primary organists initially feared that the instrument — which has five keyboards and almost 8,000 pipes — had been destroyed in the fire that devastated the building last week, but technicians have confirmed that it is safe.

N.F.L. draft: Here’s a preview of the first round tonight. A talented class of rookies is led by the Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Kyler Murray.

“Jeopardy!” champion: James Holzhauer has won more than $1 million in just 15 games, putting him second on the all-time earnings list. The Times spoke to him about his aggressive strategy.

Late-night comedy: Several of the hosts noted a meeting in which President Trump reportedly asked Twitter’s chief executive why he had been losing followers. “It’s like breaking the news to a child that Santa isn’t real,” Trevor Noah said. “It’s like, ‘Sir, you’re 72 now, so I think you’re old enough to know the truth: @MIKHAIL_62875 isn’t a real person.’”

What we’re watching: This TED Talk by Mariah Gladstone, a member of the Blackfeet Nation. “She’s also a cook with a degree from Columbia,” says our national food correspondent, Kim Severson, “who started a cooking show called ‘Indigikitchen’ to help people remember what food was like before colonization: locavore paleo.”

Now, a break from the news

Cook: Korean barbecue flavors inspire this easy meatball recipe.

Listen: In his “Ring” cycle, Wagner uses musical themes to create a world of gods, heroes, dwarves and giants. Here’s how.

Go: With few exceptions, musical comedies today are comedic only in the sense that the protagonist doesn’t croak, and musical only in the sense that he does. The new “Tootsie” is an exception, one of our critics writes.

Read: The humorist Dave Barry describes emulating his dog’s grace in “Lessons From Lucy,” which is new this week on our hardcover nonfiction and combined print and e-book nonfiction best-seller lists.

Smarter Living: Apologies are complicated. The urge to be polite undermines your confidence, critics say, and underscores your own insecurity. But context matters, and saying sorry isn’t always a bad thing.

And eating better can change your mood.

And now for the Back Story on …

He-he-helium

This is the International Year of the Periodic Table, so named by the United Nations to honor what is considered the 150th anniversary of a crucial discovery by a Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev.

In 1869, he published the first recognizable periodic table, arranging the 63 elements then known by increasing atomic number — the total number of protons in an atomic nucleus — and in vertical stacks that corresponded to recurring patterns or properties.

That concise organization revealed and predicted many elemental dynamics, and the table became the foundation for chemistry, nuclear physics and other sciences. The periodic system is considered one of modern science’s most important achievements.

But it can also help to explain the chemistry behind a popular party trick: inhaling helium from a balloon to make your voice sound funny.

Helium is lighter than oxygen, enabling the vibrations of your vocal cords to travel more quickly, which shifts the resonant frequencies in your vocal tract to the higher end.

That’s it for this briefing. See you next time.

— Chris

Thank you To Mark Josephson, Eleanor Stanford, Chris Harcum and Kenneth R. Rosen for the break from the news. Katie Van Syckle wrote today’s Back Story. You can reach the team at briefing@nytimes.com.

P.S. • We’re listening to “The Daily.” Today’s episode is about accusations against a Navy SEAL leader. • Here’s today’s mini crossword puzzle, and a clue: Operator of the world’s largest cargo airline (5 letters). You can find all our puzzles here. • “Caliphate,” a Times podcast series that followed our reporter Rukmini Callimachi’s work on the Islamic State, won a 2018 Peabody Award.

[davidhccarter]

Seven Chiefs (Excerpt)

                                                                8

While Crook was undergoing operations on the Rosebud, Terry and Gibbon had established a supply base on the Yellowstone at the Rosebud’s mouth.  It was supplied by the steamer, Far West.  It was assumed, by most in command, that the Sioux were encamped on the Big Horn or Rosebud creek.  So they decided to eliminate the possibility that they were on the Tongue or Powder Rivers.

After Major Reno’s failure to find the Sioux on those rivers and his subsequent return to meet General Terry, after disobeying orders, and missing an opportunity to link up with Crook for the battle on the Powder River, it was now believed by Terry that the Sioux had crossed the Rosebud to the Little Bighorn.  He decided to send Gibbon up the Little Bighorn and Custer down it, from the south.  On the 21st of June, Gibbon’s column began it’s journey.

Colonel Gibbon stayed behind, with his cavalry commander.  General Terry was to hold a war council, on the Far West, where he would outline his plans.  After the meeting, they were to rejoin the column from the steamer.

Terry’s plan was to have Custer journey up the Rosebud to find the trail of the Indians that Reno discovered when he disobeyed his orders.  If the trail was found, he was not supposed to follow it, but continue up the Bighorn River, then, turn west, and follow the Little Bighorn River (a tributary of the Bighorn) down toward the north.  The plan was devised so that Custer, if traveling the speed desired, would meet Gibbons, coming from the north, with the Sioux camp in between the two.

Custer boasted, at the meeting, that the 7th Cavalry could whip the Plains Indians.  The other officers were not as confident.  Terry suggested that Custer bolster his unit with cavalry from Major James Brisbin, but he denied it.  When he was offered three Gatlin guns, he rejected them as well, saying the guns would be an embarrassment.  After Custer left the steamer to join his officers for a meeting, General Terry asked Major Brisbin if he had any faith in Custer, to which Brisbin replied, not at all.

The 7th left at noon, on June, 22.  A review was held, before, and in attendance were, General Terry, Colonel Gibbon, and Major Brisbin (Brisbin and Gibbons had, both, been given the brevet rank of general).  Custer wore his buckskin suit, a double-breasted blouse, trimmed with military buttons, and a light-gray hat.

Before he left, Terry shook hands with him and said, “God bless you.”  When he sped off to his regiment, Gibbons called out to him, “Now, Custer, don’t be greedy.  Wait for us.”  Custer, stammering, replied, “No, I won’t.”

His regiment marched for two days.  Under him were 600 men, 44 Indian scouts (Crow and Arikara), and 20 civilians (guides, interpreters, and packers).  He brought along his brother, Boston Custer, and nephew, Autie Reed, also.

He happened upon the trail Reno had found.  Following it, he encountered abandoned campsites, that told of a large enemy presence.  With bugle calls forbidden, they camped under a steep bluff on the evening of June 24.

The Indian scouts reported that the Sioux had left the Rosebud River valley and headed to the Little Bighorn.

Custer was ordered to “thoroughly examine the upper part of Tullock’s Creek”, which he didn’t.  He was, also, ordered to send a scout to Gibbon’s column to inform him of what he’d seen.  He disobeyed this, as well.

Furthermore, he had been told, “Should the [the trail] be found, as it appears to be almost certain that it will be found, to turn toward the Little Big Horn he [General Terry] thinks that you should still proceed southward, perhaps as far as the headwaters of the Tongue, and then turn toward the Little Big Horn,...”  This was another order disobeyed.

Custer, instead, held his own meeting, in which, he outlined his plan.  They were to leave at night, and cross the Wolf Mountains, following the trail.  At daylight, they were to stay there, using the rocky cover, while the scouts searched for the enemy camp.  They would attack the next day (the 26th).

A day later, in the morning, the Indian scouts spotted the Sioux camp.  They were perched in a high point, called the Crow’s Nest, located between the Little Bighorn and the Rosebud.  “Look for worms.”  They told Lieutenant Charles Varnum, along with them on the scouting mission, as he squinted his eyes to see what they saw.

Waiting to see for himself, Custer climbed the Nest, and searched for the village with his looking glasses.  He was unable to see it, due to the sun’s glare on the valley floor.  He told his officers that he did not believe any Indian camp was there.

By now, the element of surprise had been blown for Custer.  Some of his men had been seen by Sioux who had discovered lost articles of the mule train, and spotted the sergeant sent to recover them.  Several Sioux had, also, been spotted watching the regiment.

Custer decided to attack.  It would be a day earlier than Terry had ordered.  As a result, he would not be fighting with the support of Gibbon.

Custer divided his regiment into battalions.  One under Captain Frederick Benteen.  One under Major Reno.  The final was under him.

The regiment stood at a waterway named, since the battle, Reno creek.  The landscape ahead of them was filled with ravines, creeks, and ridges.  It was the area where the plains meet the Rockies.

Benteen, with about 125 men, was ordered to march southwest, investigate some bluffs in the area, and proceed to the valley.  Any Indians encountered were to be attacked.  After this was done, he was to report back to Custer.

As he disappeared into the valley, Custer sent messengers after him, with orders to continue his advance until Indians were spotted.  Custer continued on, with Reno, down the creek, to where it emptied, the Little Bighorn River.

The Sioux encampment was the largest ever assembled on the western plains.  Thousands came from their agencies, fed up with the policies of the U.S. government, after their proposals for the Black Hills.  It was the last time such a strong force of Indians stood up against the U.S. Army, with the hopes of beating them.

The camp was three miles long and, in some places, a half a mile wide.  It was located on the river’s west side.  1,500 Lodges were present.  The Cheyennes were camped in the north of the village.  The Hunkpapas, under Gall, Crow King and Sitting Bull, were camped at the southern end.  Between the two were the Minneconjous, led by Chief Hump, the Sans Arcs, under Chief Spotted Eagle, the Oglallas, under Crazy Horse, Low Dog, and Big Road, and the smaller bands of Blackfeet Sioux, Two Kettles, Yanktons, Aprapahoes, and Santee, from Minnesota.  The camp his estimated to have between 12,000 and 15,000 Indians, and 4 to almost 5,000 warriors.

Benteen’s column came upon a lone tepee, surrounded by circles of yellow grass.  It was the remnants of a Sioux village that had, recently, moved.  Inside of it were the remains of a Sioux warrior, on a scaffolding.  He had, probably, been a casualty of the battle with Crook’s forces.  The scouts set it afire.

A large cloud of dust was spotted by Custer, five miles away from his column on the west side of the Little Bighorn.  He thought it to be the sign of a Sioux village, and it’s pony herd, or fleeing Sioux.  The army had gotten used to the Indians fleeing at their arrival.  “Here are your Indians-running like devils.”  -Frank Girard, civilian interpreter.  He had spotted forty warriors near the river, running away.

Custer ordered the Indian scouts to pursue them.  They refused, even when shamed with an order to turn in their horses and weapons.  He, then, sent and order to Reno, by way of his adjutant: “General Custer directs you take as fast a gait as you deem prudent, and charge afterward, and you will be supported by the whole outfit.”  The battle of Little Bighorn was under way.

[dailynynews-blog]

Montana State Map, History, Population, Facts, Capitol, Flag

New Post has been published on https://www.dailynynews.com/2018/montana-state-map-history-population-facts-capitol-flag/

Montana State Map, History, Population, Facts, Capitol, Flag

Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen) is a state in the northwestern region of the United States. Montana has several nicknames, although none official,[6] including “Big Sky Country” and “The Treasure State”, and slogans that include “Land of the Shining Mountains” and more recently “The Last Best Place”.[7]

Montana is the 4th largest in area, the 7th least populous, and the 3rd sparsely populated of the 50 U.S. states. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains. The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands.

State of Montana

Flag Seal

Nickname(s): Big Sky Country, The Treasure State Motto(s): Oro y Plata (Gold and Silver)

Official language English Demonym Montanan Capital Helena Largest city Billings Largest metro Billings Metropolitan Area Area Ranked 4th  • Total 147,040[1] sq mi (380,800 km2)  • Width 630 miles (1,015 km)  • Length 255 miles (410 km)  • % water 1  • Latitude 44° 21′ N to 49° N  • Longitude 104° 2′ W to 116° 3′ W Population Ranked 44th  • Total 1,042,520 (2016 est.)[2]  • Density 7.09/sq mi  (2.73/km2) Ranked 48th  • Median household income $51,395 [3] (37th) Elevation  • Highest point Granite Peak[4][5] 12,807 ft (3903.5 m)  • Mean 3,400 ft  (1040 m)  • Lowest point Kootenai River at Idaho border[4][5] 1,804 ft (557 m) Before statehood Montana Territory Admission to Union November 8, 1889 (41st) Governor Steve Bullock (D) Lieutenant Governor Mike Cooney (D) Legislature Montana Legislature  • Upper house Senate  • Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Jon Tester (D) Steve Daines (R) U.S. House delegation Greg Gianforte (R) (list) Time zone Mountain: UTC -7/-6 ISO 3166 US-MT Abbreviations MT, Mont. Website www.mt.gov

Montana State Symbols and Emblems:

State FlagMontana’s official flag was adopted in 1905. The flag has a deep blue field with “Montana” written in yellow, with the state seal below. The seal pictures a beautiful Montana lansdcape: the Rocky Mountains, cliffs, a waterfall, and river beneath a golden sky with white clouds and white sun rays. A plow represents agriculture; a pick and shovel represent mining. A ribbon below the scene states Montana’s motto, “Oro y plata” [meaning “Gold and Silver” in Spanish].

Animal Symbols:

State Bird Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) State Animal Grizzly bear State FishCutthroat trout State Fossil Maiasaura peeblesorum A duckbilled dinosaur – it was also the first dinosaur fossil launched into space!

Plant Symbols:

State FlowerBitterroot State TreePonderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) State GrassBluebunch wheatgrass

Earth Symbols:

State GemstonesSapphire and Montana agate State SoilBlackdog (unofficial)

Geography

Map of Montana

 Montana is one of the nine Mountain States, located in the north of the region known as the Western United States. It borders North Dakotaand South Dakota to the east. Wyoming is to the south, Idaho is to the west and southwest, [15] and three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, are to the north.

With an area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2),[1] Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California;[16] it is the largest landlocked U.S. state.

Demographics

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[181] The 2010 census put Montana’s population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010.[182] During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana’s seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000–2010.[183] The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000–2010.

Montana Racial Breakdown of Population [hide]Racial composition 1990[189] 2000[190] 2010[191] White 92.7% 90.6% 89.4% Native 6.0% 6.2% 6.3% Asian 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% Black 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander – 0.1% 0.1% Other race 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% Two or more races – 1.7% 2.5%

Education

Colleges and universities

The Montana University System consists of:

Dawson Community College

Flathead Valley Community College

Miles Community College

Montana State University – Bozeman

Gallatin College Montana State University – Bozeman

Montana State University – Billings

City College at Montana State University Billings – Billings

Montana State University – Northern – Havre

Great Falls College Montana State University – Great Falls

University of Montana – Missoula

Missoula College University of Montana – Missoula

Montana Tech of the University of Montana – Butte

Highlands College of Montana Tech – Butte

University of Montana Western – Dillon

Helena College University of Montana – Helena

Bitterroot College University of Montana – Hamilton

Tribal colleges in Montana include:

Aaniiih Nakoda College – Harlem

Blackfeet Community College – Browning

Chief Dull Knife College – Lame Deer

Fort Peck Community College – Poplar

Little Big Horn College – Crow Agency

Salish Kootenai College – Pablo

Stone Child College – Box Elder

There are four private colleges in Montana:

Carroll College

Rocky Mountain College

University of Great Falls

Apollos University

Sports

Professional sports

There are no major league sports franchises in Montana due to the state’s relatively small and dispersed population, but a number of minor league teams play in the state. Baseball is the minor-league sport with the longest heritage in the state, and Montana is currently home to four Minor League Baseball teams, all members of the Pioneer League: the Billings Mustangs, Great Falls Voyagers, Helena Brewers, and Missoula Osprey.

College sports

All of Montana’s four-year colleges and universities field intercollegiate sports teams. The two largest schools, the University of Montana and Montana State University, are members of the Big Sky Conference and have enjoyed a strong athletic rivalry since the early twentieth century. Six of Montana’s smaller four-year schools are members of the Frontier Conference.[239] One is a member of the Great Northwest Athletic Conference.