#these papers will be like there’s a significant decrease in oppositional behaviors when treated with adhd meds

[autopsytableromance]

Oppositional defiant disorder I hate you forever

[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Does Psychotherapy Change the Brain Functioning?

Introduction

Psychoanalysis and diverse types of psychotherapies have proved their benefits in treating different kinds of mental distress. But, what happens into the brain¬? Can it be seen objectively? Psychological psychotherapy and biological psychiatry approaches regarding a patient´s treatment are no longer seen as opposites, but complementarians. It is interesting to know how concepts like Freudian “repression”, “transference”, “free associate” have been identified into the central nervous system. Neuroimaging nowadays has made possible the Freud’s dream of watching the neurons work. Psychoanalytical technique differs from other types of psychotherapy. The effects of psychoanalysis depend on the psychodynamic process of the resulting therapeutic relationship between the personality, empathy capacity, psychotherapeutic identity and attachment style of the analyst and the personality, psychodynamic structure, behavior and attachment style of the patient [1] .

That is the reason why controlled experiments have been so hard to do in psychoanalysis besides the duration of a complete process. Replicability is a full challenge. Psychodynamic therapy embraces many of these factors. Other types of psychotherapy just focus on given tasks. This paper is about relevant notes to take in account at dawn of this branch of biomedical research.

Psychotherapeutic Approaches

Behavioral therapy (BT) and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Roffman et al. [2] at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Linden at the University of Wales [2,3], published review articles about neuroimaging changes due to behavioral therapy (BT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) applied to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias and depression. Their conclusions are alike, as follows:

1. Provocation of OCD symptoms has been associated with increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum and thalamus. After 10 weeks of BT, it was observed an uncoupling of hyperactivity in the right caudate, orbitofrontal cortex and thalamus (same as 10 weeks of treatment with fluoxetine) with decreased metabolism in the right caudate nucleus, a finding consistent with the well-established pathophysiology of the disorder.

2. Phobic patients show a prominent activation in limbic structures, including amygdala (the “fear center”), hippocampus and adjacent temporal cortex. After 8 weeks of CBT, there was a significant reduction of activity in these limbic and paralimbic regions; also showed decreased CBF in the periaqueductal gray area, which has been associated with defense behaviors.

3. Other studies are consistent with the model of BTrelated desensitization where modulation of limbic activation may involve either reductions of CBF in limbic and adjoining paralimbic regions or enhancement of CBF in ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC) or both when treating phobic patients.

4. Major depressive disorder has been associated with alterations in prefrontal brain activity with dorsal areas exhibiting decreased activity and ventral frontal regions demonstrating increased activity. Surprisingly in the CBT group, metabolism in multiple frontal regions including the dorso-lateral PFC decreased after therapy. This finding is contrary to expectation. The authors related the reduction in prefrontal metabolism to treatment-related diminution of active rethinking and reappraisal of emotional ideas. Patients who received paroxetine showed increased PFC metabolism. Since efficacy was comparable to CBT, it may imply that medication and CBT work through different mechanisms.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Beutel et al. [4] investigated 14 panic patients before and after psychodynamic inpatient treatment. Based on the fMRI findings, at the beginning they showed stronger limbic activations (amygdala) to panic-specific words (e.g., dying, heart attack, collapse, etc.) compared to neutral or positive words. Intensive psychodynamic psychotherapy was conducted in an inpatient setting for 4 weeks. At the end, patients’ state anxiety scores were no different from the normal controls and differences regarding brain-activation patterns were no longer discernable.

Beutel also cites the work of Viinamäki, Kuikka, and Tiihonen who studied by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) a couple of patients with borderline personality disorder who showed a reduced uptake of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and the thalamus. One of them underwent psychotherapy for one year. After that, serotonin uptake was restored. Gerber and his colleagues [5] observed the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in free association and concluded that “cognitive” concepts such as executive function, attention, and working memory and “analytic” concepts such as free association, defense and resistance all belong in a single category of mental functions. Understanding free association through its effect on executive function and the DLPFC, therapeutic action of psychodynamic, cognitive and interpersonal treatments may not be fundamentally different.

Neuropsychoanalysis

Id, Ego, Superego: In short terms, the Id is the affective/ instinctual limbic system of the brain; the Ego is the inhibitor/ cognitive cortex; and the Superego is the frontal lobes. It is easy to contemplate “short-cuts” between the anatomical structures or misfunctioning to expect altered behavior.

There are, then, basic emotions, pulsions, instincts, wishes. Seven are the innate-predictive emotions:

1. Seeking/Enthusiasm

2. Lust

3. Rage/Anger

4. Care/Nurturance

5. Play/Joy

6. Fear/Anxiety

7. Panic/Grief [6]

All of them are needed for learning from good and bad experiences. Cerebral cortex records that experiences, so it inhibits impulses, plans behavior, thinks and imagines modulating inner emotions when required. Humans develop avoidant forms of thinking or feeling distress: they repress. Internal anxiety causes suffering that is avoided or distorted by defenses: some mature (repressive), some immature (pre-repressive) [7]. The Ego begins at the periphery of the body, with the sensory end-organs that convey coded information derived from the outside world to the cortex. The information is analyzed within the grey matter of the spinal cord, the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem and specific parts of the thalamus on its way to the unimodal cortical zones (the ω system of the Freud´s “Project”). Heteromodal cortical zones are conceived as being the beginning of the mnemic systems of the Ego (the φ systems). Mnemic systems occupy the posterior cortico-thalamic convexity and register and re-transcribe external perceptual information in “directories” linked to patterns. Significant patterns are encoded at deeper levels. This process is known as the structuralization of the Ego. In the right hemisphere, the structuralizations in heteromodal cortico-thalamic zones correspond to whole-object representations. In the left hemisphere, same structuralizations are associated with abstract quasi-spatial presentations of an audioverbal type described by Freud and Luria as symbolization [8].

Psychoanalytical process: Patients most seek psychotherapy because of distress. In psychoanalysis conscious symptoms are assumed to be the result of mechanisms of defense and formations of compromise which deal with multiple pre-conscious or unconscious factors.

Boeker et al. [1] point out that two are the basic psychoanalytic approaches to enable a therapeutic process:

1. To generate a patient´s insight of the pre-conscious or unconscious aspects and parts of him- or herself.

2. The therapeutic relationship promotes an identification based upon introjection (of a good object) and empathy by constructing a new affective organization.

Interpretation is related to explicit memory (as part of the cortex). Implicit memory can be seen through repetitive transference. These implicit memories can be emptied of their quotas of affect through transference when a new affective configuration is established. Introjection may be the neurochemical basis of psychic change, since new neural circuits develop. Affective involvement is needed in neural plasticity that evolves after mechanisms of learning and their repetition.

When a therapist ´takes a history´, episodic memories from the patient emerge in a focused way. When the same patient evokes memories through free association, episodic recall occurs in a less organized, more random way. Random memories may engage wide networks of association cortex in frontal, parietal and temporal regions while focused memories activate selective verbal areas, including the Broca´s one [2].

Conclusion

Despite the few studies to date, neuroimaging has revealed psychotherapy effects in the functional structure of the brain. So far, it is behavioral treatments that have been studied, with a brief duration. The longest study reported is one with a borderline patient after one year of treatment showing evident cerebral changes [9]. It is expected to find identifiable changes in larger processes. Systematic and well-controlled brain imaging studies are the future in neuroscience. Contributions between psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical psychotherapies and brain imaging may lead to more accurate diagnosis and therapeutic predictive markers determining the best approach to be prescribed. Boeker et al. [1] have told us about variables to think about for studying the way therapeutic processes change the stirring mind [1] . Challenge is at the door. There is a lot to come.

Conflict of interest

None.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume3/does-psychotherapy-change-the-brain-functioning.000670.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid

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Founder of Positive Psychology Reflects on the Field and Responds to Critics

A current short article published in the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology uses a retrospective look at Positive Psychology by co-founder Martin Seligman. He discusses preliminary efforts to change the field of psychology in the direction of well-being instead of illness, financial and political obstacles associated with the monopolies of neuroscience and Big Pharma, and other concerns connected with the movement.

" Psychiatry-as-usual already had its substantial catalog of unfavorable qualities: DSM (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). This is a manual of the insanities: schizophrenia, psychopathy, panic disorder, autism, and so on, more than 300 of them, in fact, in addition to their sex ratios, heritability, course, prognosis, and diagnostic requirements. Chris-- moneyed by Neal Mayerson, head of the Manuel and Rhoda Mayerson Foundation-- took a 3-year sabbatical from his post as director of clinical training at the University of Michigan and pertained to Penn to work with me on creating a DSM of good character and virtue along with a questionnaire to determine good character," Seligman composes.

Positive Psychology emerged in the 1990s as an action to what Martin Seligman and co-founder Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi perceived as an overemphasis on disease in psychology. "Positive" oriented psychologies in fact began much earlier, with the early American psychologist William James promoting the research study of virtue and accomplishment instead of exclusively 'mental illness.'

Likewise, humanistic psychologists such as Gordon Allport, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers stressed a holistic, positive understanding of humans, with an essential belief in our important goodness. Favorable Psychologists claim, nevertheless, that humanistic psychologists stopped working to alter the field basically, and seek to treat the illness story by using conventional scientific methods (opposed to the more powerful focus on idiographic research, or individual experience, promoted by humanists).

Some have slammed Positive Psychology as promoting social conformity and adaptation. Others have actually implicated the discipline of rehashing humanistic perfects while failing to give credit, and normally failing to be reflective about the worths associated with the work. Finally, there is controversy over the analytical significance of Positive Psychology findings, with some questioning whether "positive thinking" can be a force of healing for those in severe suffering.

In the existing paper, Martin Seligman reviews the introduction of Positive Psychology as a discipline, including the challenges related to shifting psychology away from a health problem design. Seligman describes the viewpoint behind Positive Psychology, explores some of its empirical findings, argues for the development of a "Positive Education," and reacts to some of his critics.

In Seligman's early conversations with Csikszentmihalyi, he specifies that they concurred about what the focus of Positive Psychology ought to be: "The compound was anchored by the opposite concerns from clinical psychology: the good life-- what it is to be sane and healthy, and what humans select to pursue when they are not suffering or oppressed."

Seligman passes on a conversation with reporter Bill Moyers, where he convinced Moyers that it was not enough to simply "discover what is hidden," or to put it in psychological terms: to remove what is negative. Rather, Seligman thinks that positivity must be cultivated as a separate domain from illness and negative symptoms.

This mindset notified the "Authentic Happiness website," which aimed to distribute Positive Psychology findings and workouts to the public, initially without cost and after that at a low fee. In spite of promising research associated with these workouts-- comparable and "possibly superior to the effects of medication and psychiatric therapy for serious anxiety"-- the website eventually stopped working due to a lack of financing and stiff competitors related to Big Pharma. According to Seligman, however, its failure pre-empted the success of Positive Psychology as a field.

Distilling empirical findings in the field, Seligman believes that there are 5 essential parts of well-being (PERMA):.

Positive Emotion

Engagement

Relationships

Implying

Achievement

With controversial newer speculations such as physical health and control.

These findings eventually caused the creation of a "peace of mind" handbook and a "VIA (Values in Action) Signature Strengths Test," based in a list of 24 necessary virtues or strengths that appeared to have cross-historical and cross-cultural validity:.

" Kindness fit. Knowledge fit. Vitality fit. Social intelligence fit. Since it was not (generally) valued in Salt Lake City or Mecca, tolerance did not. Obedience? The Boy Scouts and Merlin liked it, but the feminist movement did not. Chastity? The Victorians embraced it, but the commune movement declined it. How about humor? That one was close. Everybody believes they have a funny bone (universality), and Chris was, in fact, an amazing sotto voce stand-up comic.

However I was not exactly sure humor was necessary sufficient to make the list. Chris wore me down, arguing that humor is a transcendent strength that enhances all the others. We eventually narrowed the note down to 24 strengths, and after that we organized the strengths, rather arbitrarily, under six virtues: Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance, and Transcendence.".

Later On, Positive Psychology, as a research study paradigm, began to study joy as a causal consider well-being. Empirical findings began to emerge, such as a favorable impact on the body immune system, much better health habits such as wearing seat belts and preventing smoking cigarettes, life durability, greater income, much better worker efficiency, improvement at work, prosocial behavior, and life stability in terms of marriage/work.

These findings led to applications in fields such as soldier fitness and positive education. Seligman assisted in a program assisting members of the military orient toward "Posttraumatic Growth" and strength after dealing with battle, through findings and works out the field had actually established. The results were appealing, with soldiers who went through the program showing higher "emotional physical fitness, active coping and optimism, and [...] decreased catastrophizing in contrast to soldiers who had no strength training.".

In addition, soldiers with durability training were less most likely to be identified with Depression, ptsd, and anxiety. The rate of substance abuse amongst these soldiers was apparently halved.

[ourseverebasementcollection-blog]

Purchase Get In touch With Lenses On Line

Buy Get In contact With Lenses On Line

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[michlndblog]

Seeking Information On Caring For Cats? Have A Look At These Superb Advice!

A cat’s purr is surely an amazingly relaxing event. This can calm both your as well as your feline companion. This is why why you need to take better care of your cat as well as keep him happy. Here are several tips which will elicit a purr more frequently.

When you have multiple cats, save on cat dishes by checking your neighborhood dollar store for salsa dishes. You may usually obtain a package of three for a dollar. These are typically sturdy are available in pretty colors. They search nice in your kitchen, and are generally the ideal size for cat food.

Have the kids assist you to handle the cat. Assign daily jobs such as feeding the cat and washing the litter box. Not simply will taking care of the cat make them learn responsibility, furthermore, it offers you an escape from all of these tasks. This means that it is possible to take more time cuddling with the cat.

For those who have an outdoor cat, be certain she or he has a tagged collar. Cats can travel a long way and this should help you purchase them back easier if they’re lost. No less than put your contact number and pets name about the tag.

And also hardwearing . cat happy and healthy, its essential to schedule regular visits to the vet. Not merely are regular checkups good for catching problems early, but regular visits can insure that the cat keeps up-to-date on its vaccinations. Should you don’t know once the last time your cat had its shots, schedule a scheduled visit for booster shots as soon as possible.

Spritz a little bitter apple on electrical cords to shield your cats. When they prefer to chew on cords, try covering them up to you can. Bundle electrical cords together within a tube. Any electrical cords which are really thin (and very tempting) really should be hidden whenever possible.

If you want to have your cat for quite some time, it is a good idea to keep them indoors. While a cat may enjoy going outside, it can be statistically proven that outdoor cats live shorter lives than indoor cats. You can find dangers to your cat that spends time outside, not least of other animals.

Cats are typically great with kids, though small kids may be too rough. Ensure your son or daughter understands how to pet a cat. Show them what activities are appropriate and how to pick them up. Cat’s bones aren’t quite as strong as dogs, so they ought to be treated gingerly.

Put the right amount of cat litter from the litter box. Many people try to escape washing the box by putting an excessive amount of litter within. Cats don’t like walking on sand dunes! Two inches or more ought to be sufficient to the cat’s needs, and you just have to be vigilant about cleansing the box out.

Ensure your new cat is spayed or neutered. This is significant even though your cat will never be outdoors or around cats of the opposite gender. Research has shown that spayed cats are less at risk of uterine, mammary, and ovarian cancer. Neutering your male cat decreases his likelihood of developing prostate cancer. An additional benefit of neutering is your cat will not feel compelled to mark his territory by spraying.

Make your cat healthy, and make certain him an extended life, keeping him updated on his vaccinations and health check-ups. Your cat must get some shots regularly to stop different illnesses and parasites. Treat your cat as though it were a member of the family.

While cats might be finicky, you should not encourage this behavior. A cat will eat the exact same cat food their whole life should it be tasty and nutritious. You do not should mix within the flavors. Doing this can let the cat to skip certain foods they previously ate and await another.

It might look like a little much on an animal, nevertheless, you should comb your cat’s hair as much as you possibly can. Combing your hair helps prevent the cat from licking loose fur and building a furball to spit up later. Different cats shed at different rates plus some require far more maintenance as opposed to others.

Use aversives to discourage your feline friend from going places where it is not necessarily allowed. An aversive is anything that creates an undesirable environment for the cat. Examples include shelf paper (sticky side facing upward) and tinfoil. Most cats prefer to avoid these textures no matter what. You can home improvement agency also use carpet tape which has adhesive on sides.

A cat that’s happy will treat you well, so that means you have to take good care of your cat. Cats are wonderful creatures to obtain around along with the tips in the above article should allow you to handle having one. If you love the happy, purring sound of the cat, be sure to supply the above tips a test.

Source: http://apacificacousticceilings.com/should-you-really-make-the-cat-homemade-food/

from Joe Scheffler Ceiling Repair | Cypress, CA https://joeschefflerceilingrepaircypressca.wordpress.com/2017/04/26/should-you-really-make-the-cat-homemade-food/

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Should You Really Make The Cat Homemade Food?

Seeking Information On Caring For Cats? Have A Look At These Superb Advice!

A cat’s purr is surely an amazingly relaxing event. This can calm both your as well as your feline companion. This is why why you need to take better care of your cat as well as keep him happy. Here are several tips which will elicit a purr more frequently.

When you have multiple cats, save on cat dishes by checking your neighborhood dollar store for salsa dishes. You may usually obtain a package of three for a dollar. These are typically sturdy are available in pretty colors. They search nice in your kitchen, and are generally the ideal size for cat food.

Have the kids assist you to handle the cat. Assign daily jobs such as feeding the cat and washing the litter box. Not simply will taking care of the cat make them learn responsibility, furthermore, it offers you an escape from all of these tasks. This means that it is possible to take more time cuddling with the cat.

For those who have an outdoor cat, be certain she or he has a tagged collar. Cats can travel a long way and this should help you purchase them back easier if they’re lost. No less than put your contact number and pets name about the tag.

And also hardwearing . cat happy and healthy, its essential to schedule regular visits to the vet. Not merely are regular checkups good for catching problems early, but regular visits can insure that the cat keeps up-to-date on its vaccinations. Should you don’t know once the last time your cat had its shots, schedule a scheduled visit for booster shots as soon as possible.

Spritz a little bitter apple on electrical cords to shield your cats. When they prefer to chew on cords, try covering them up to you can. Bundle electrical cords together within a tube. Any electrical cords which are really thin (and very tempting) really should be hidden whenever possible.

If you want to have your cat for quite some time, it is a good idea to keep them indoors. While a cat may enjoy going outside, it can be statistically proven that outdoor cats live shorter lives than indoor cats. You can find dangers to your cat that spends time outside, not least of other animals.

Cats are typically great with kids, though small kids may be too rough. Ensure your son or daughter understands how to pet a cat. Show them what activities are appropriate and how to pick them up. Cat’s bones aren’t quite as strong as dogs, so they ought to be treated gingerly.

Put the right amount of cat litter from the litter box. Many people try to escape washing the box by putting an excessive amount of litter within. Cats don’t like walking on sand dunes! Two inches or more ought to be sufficient to the cat’s needs, and you just have to be vigilant about cleansing the box out.

Ensure your new cat is spayed or neutered. This is significant even though your cat will never be outdoors or around cats of the opposite gender. Research has shown that spayed cats are less at risk of uterine, mammary, and ovarian cancer. Neutering your male cat decreases his likelihood of developing prostate cancer. An additional benefit of neutering is your cat will not feel compelled to mark his territory by spraying.

Make your cat healthy, and make certain him an extended life, keeping him updated on his vaccinations and health check-ups. Your cat must get some shots regularly to stop different illnesses and parasites. Treat your cat as though it were a member of the family.

While cats might be finicky, you should not encourage this behavior. A cat will eat the exact same cat food their whole life should it be tasty and nutritious. You do not should mix within the flavors. Doing this can let the cat to skip certain foods they previously ate and await another.

It might look like a little much on an animal, nevertheless, you should comb your cat’s hair as much as you possibly can. Combing your hair helps prevent the cat from licking loose fur and building a furball to spit up later. Different cats shed at different rates plus some require far more maintenance as opposed to others.

Use aversives to discourage your feline friend from going places where it is not necessarily allowed. An aversive is anything that creates an undesirable environment for the cat. Examples include shelf paper (sticky side facing upward) and tinfoil. Most cats prefer to avoid these textures no matter what. You can home improvement agency also use carpet tape which has adhesive on sides.

A cat that’s happy will treat you well, so that means you have to take good care of your cat. Cats are wonderful creatures to obtain around along with the tips in the above article should allow you to handle having one. If you love the happy, purring sound of the cat, be sure to supply the above tips a test.

Source : http://apacificacousticceilings.com/should-you-really-make-the-cat-homemade-food/