#the depiction of the air nomads being invaded by the fighting

[endless-nightshift]

Something Something Avatar The Last Airbender was fundamentally about showing the horrible long-lasting effects of both war and violence in a grand sense (the way people suffer under fire nation occupation including the air nomad genocide and the state of the southern water tribe) but also a personal sense (zukos entire arch) and the show goes to great lengths to avoid glorifying war, often specifically choosing only depict the aftermath of terrible violence while not graphically depicting the violence itself.

And I think it's a profound misunderstanding, maybe even an insult to the source text to continually depict gratuitous death and violence as a focal point of the live action.

[star-ocean-peahen]

im watching atla with my grandma and it is very much up her alley which is very cute. i think her favorite part is whenever momo does something funny because she smiles the most.

[random-thought-depository]

The infamously corny Star Trek TOS episode The Omega Glory was on TV last night and I watched it. My ideas for how I’d rewrite it to make it less silly:

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The Yang ancestral culture wasn’t literally the USA, it was just a society that looked kind-of sort-of like the USA in the same way some pre-Columbian American and ancient Indian societies may have looked kind-of sort-of like ancient Athens. That by itself would make the episode much less stupid, and you could keep most of the same basic ideas.

Since we’re not bound to absurd levels of parallelism anymore, I’d personally be inclined to make the Kohms light-skinned blue-eyed blond(e)s and make the Yangs darker-skinned with darker hair and eyes, and imply that the Kohm ancestral society was fascist instead of communist. Maybe sprinkle some symbols distantly reminiscent of Nazi iconography around the Kohm village. It’s not like there was any meaningful connection between the Kohms and communism anyway, and I feel this resonates better with a lot of the ideas the episode was going for. Admittedly, this is probably influenced by my own biases.

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Basically swap the roles of Cloud Williams and his mostly silent female companion who doesn’t really do much.

Why? Let’s think about how Yang society might work for a moment. I’m going to say they’re horse-riding big game hunters, like the nineteenth century Great Plains native American cultures on Earth, because 1) that fits with the idea that they’ve been driven into marginal lands and had to become nomads, 2) if you want nomads capable of assembling armies of thousands of people it’s either that or Eurasian-style herders, 3) it fits with the “they’ve become like native Americans” idea. They’re very slow-aging, theoretically capable of living over a thousand years ... but if they’re like their precedent cultures on Earth they probably live fairly rough and dangerous lives and I think would probably tend to live only a few decades or centuries before dying in a hunting accident or battle or something like that. But... going by Earth precedent, it would probably be mostly the men who do the most high-risk activities of hunting and war, which might result in very gender-asymmetrical life expectancy patterns, where men tend to only live a few decades or centuries while women stay relatively safe and have a decent chance of living to be thousand year old ancients. This would be compounded by 1) a lower death rate would mean a lower birth rate for replacement rate reproduction, 2) they’re almost immune to infectious diseases, which would make childbirth in primitive conditions much safer, so that would greatly reduce the probable primary cause of death for women in such a society (childbirth complications). So I think it’s pretty plausible that they’d have a more-or-less matriarchal society where women have a lot of power because they live a lot longer and hence have a lot more time to accumulate experience and become repositories of culture (important for a low-tech nomadic society that will have a mostly oral culture!).

So, I’d gender-swap Cloud Williams; my version of her would a matriarch with a leadership position in her tribe because she’s one of its oldest able-bodied members, she’s got a thousand years of experience and she’s had time to memorize a lot of the oral histories of her tribe and become basically a living library. Why would such a person be anywhere near a battlefield? Well, “the oral histories of her tribe” would include a lot of war stories, with detailed and often basically accurate descriptions of tactics and strategy because that’s how knowledge of how to win wars against Kohms and rival Yang tribes is transmitted in her society. She’s a living tactical manual, so of course she leads her tribe’s warriors in battle.

She could have a companion who’s a big guy who doesn’t talk much and does the brute strength side of what in the episode is Cloud Williams’s role (fighting Kirk in the cell, ripping out the bars). Maybe he’s her grandson, and was captured with her because one of his roles in the tribe is to be her bodyguard in battle.

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Related to what I just said, have a bit where Captain Tracey says that he expected the primitive and superstitious Yangs to be overawed by phasers, but instead it was almost like they have a recent cultural memory of war with modern weapons and war against technologically superior opponents and they quickly started using effective counter tactics. Given the explanation in the episode for the long lifespans of people on Omega IV (very strong selection pressure for disease resistance), none of the Yangs would actually remember the ancient high-tech Yang civilization and original war against the Kohms, but the generational transmission chains from a lot of presently living Yang matriarchs to that time might be relatively short. For a lot of the presently living Yang matriarchs shooting down Kohm helicopters with surface-to-air missiles and ambushing Kohm armored columns in mountain passes might be something like “my grandma’s time.”

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The reason the “Eee Plab Neesta” sounds like gibberish is that Cloud Williams is reciting it in its archaic original language, which the living Yang language has evolved into mutual incomprehensibility with. The Yangs might have one lovingly preserved paper copy of their equivalent of the Declaration of Independence, but their culture is mostly oral, and they mostly preserve the “holy words” in the heads of the matriarchs, who memorize it and transmit it from mother to daughter exactly (“by heart”), being careful to get every syllable right so it does not become distorted. The oldest matriarchs can still speak the ancient language, but for most of the Yangs, especially the relatively short-lived men, it’s like me listening to somebody recite Beowulf in its original language.

This is more-or-less my headcanon for what’s going in the actual episode too: the “Eee Plab Neesta” is just the text in its original now archaic form of the Yang language, which the universal translator can’t translate because it doesn’t have a big enough sample to work on. I’d make that much more explicit though.

The way I’d handle the scene is to have Cloud Williams start to recite the Eee Plan Neesta, and then have Kirk ask her what it means and suggest that she try to translate it into the everyday language of the Yangs so all her people could hear it with understanding, and of course it wouldn’t be the actual Declaration of Independence but something different but with a similar spirit, something like this:

“We the people of these five colonies of the nation across the sea and seven nations of the original inhabitants of this land, establish a Union, which we found in and organize according to the following principles: that all people are equally precious, that laws exist by the consent of the people and to serve the people, that leaders serve the people and hold their offices by the consent of the people...”

Then have Kirk give his speech about how these words are meant for everyone and not just for chiefs and should be something shared among all the people and lived by and not something gatekept behind archaic language most people can’t understand. Have him reference the USA founding documents by saying that his world has something very similar and he knows from the history of his own world how world-changing these ideas can be and how precious they are.

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Obviously you can’t do that “the Yangs try to find out if Kirk recognizes the holy words, and Kirk almost recognizes them but not quite” thing with this version, so the equivalent I propose is:

Kirk recognizes the original functions of Yang “holy relics,” i.e. relics from the ancient Yang civilization: one is part of a machine that once carried people through the air (it’s a snapped-off piece of a helicopter blade), one was a device for seeing far away things as if they’re near (it’s a broken pair of binoculars), one was a machine which people could use to talk to people who were beyond the horizon (it’s a broken-down cell phone), etc.. OK, the last thing is anachronistic for TOS, but if I were writing this as a fanfic it’s what I’d do.

Cloud Williams starts to recite a long epic poem the Yangs have that tells their entire history, to see if Kirk will recognize it. Of course Kirk doesn’t, but while the Yangs don’t have history books they do use visual textile art as an aid to memory and they’ve set up a big story cloth that depicts the narrative in the room and Kirk goes over to it and starts pointing to pictures on it and correctly interpreting them:

“Here, the Yangs were oppressed by kings. The Yangs rebelled and overthrew their kings and made a new nation that had no kings. After this the Yangs became very rich and very powerful, they built great cities. The lords of the Kohms were threatened by this and they used terrible weapons on the Yangs and invaded the Yang land with great armies. Here’s a Yang city being destroyed in an instant by a Kohm weapon. The Kohm lords were so threatened that they tried to destroy the Yangs’ whole way of life. The Yangs retreated to the bad lands and kept fighting. Here are Kohm flying machines attacking a Yang village, and a Yang warrior hiding behind a rock destroying one of those flying machines with a lance of fire. The Kohm lords couldn’t overcome the Yangs until they brought the Death Thirst to the Yang lands in a box and let it out. But that weapon had a life of its own, and turned against the Kohms, and almost destroyed them too. Only a few Yangs survived in the bad lands, and the Kohms claimed the good Yang lands and settled them. But the Yangs survived, they learned the bow and the lance, and eventually their numbers started to increase. The survivors lived longer than people had before; you interpreted this as a gift for the Yangs and curse on the Kohms by the Great Spirit, so that both might live to see you retake what was once yours. And little by little, you did retake what was once yours...”

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One way to suggest the Enterprise crew making a positive difference on Omega IV at the end of the episode: have Kirk convince the Yangs to spare the Kohm civilians in that village.

The victorious Yangs are all set to give the last Kohms the Numbers 31 treatment, which is what they usually do when they overrun a Kohm community. Of course, Kirk is horrified by this, and he manages to use arguments involving the Yang “holy words” to convince the Yangs to be merciful instead. “Your own holy words say that every person is equally precious! Every person! That includes the Kohms too! If you really mean it, it includes the Kohms too! They’re no threat to you anymore! Did you fight for so long just for a chance to do to them what they tried to do to you? If so, how are you any better than them? Your own holy words claim to be for all people! Your own holy words say that all people are more alike than they are different, and all people are capable of appreciating the gift of freedom! If that’s true, then your holy words are for the Kohms too! That’s why the Kohm lords were so threatened by you, because they were afraid of what would happen if the Kohm people heard those powerful, good words! Tell the Kohms about your holy words!”

So Cloud Williams agrees to make a merciful and peaceful settlement with the “last of the Kohm places,” let it integrate peacefully into Yang society with no further bloodshed and no abuse inflicted or spoils taken. And then Kirk says “If you mean your words of freedom, your work didn’t end today, it’s just starting. Build good seaworthy boats that can cross the ocean, and send people to the Kohms across the sea, so they can hear your words of freedom too! The words of your ancestors are for them too! You’d never be able to conquer them, but they can hear your words!”

[getinthering]

Traditions

[This is my first fic that I’ve published in years, but I’m pretty happy with it. Anyway,

Taang Week Day 1: Traditions @taangweek

Aang escapes to grieve his people, feeling lonelier than usual.]  

The Air Nomads are incredibly fortunate to have their culture preserved in such a beautiful way. 

The world has a gaping, empty hole without their presence, an entire way of life wiped out save for one boy.  And so it is an immense blessing, however small it may be, to have the four Air Temples left completely intact.  Aang is hopeful that one day, when the war is behind them and there is peace and trust between the nations, their intricate beauty can be shared with the rest of the world once more.  Perhaps there will come a day when people can live here again and learn the ways of the Air Nomads.

Maybe that is too hopeful, but it is a comforting thought on long and lonely nights when the feeling of how alone he is in the world weighs heavy on Aang.  From the moment he was told of his Avatar status, he became an outcast amongst his peers; but at least then, he was still surrounded by the airbending monks who had raised and grown up with him.  

Now, lying on a cot in the horrendously empty Western Air Temple, where once the female Air Nomads were raised and trained, the weight of his place in the world as the last airbender again bears on him.  True, he has his friends who have literally gone to the ends of the Earth for him.  They can’t, however, make up for the stinging ache in his chest as he takes note of the ways the paint has chipped and faded, the stone has cracked, the moss has overtaken the darkest corners of each room.  And so he finds comfort in dreams of what the Temples could look like after the war, teeming with life once more, him passing down the Air Nomads’ traditions to new groups of people, ensuring they will not be forgotten.

He has never dared to voice these dreams. 

They are not the only secret he keeps from the others, either.  When they first arrived at the Western Air Temple, he excitedly showed his friends around; he showed them the rooms where the girls and the higher monks slept, the dining areas, the training arenas, the spiritual commons, explaining in detail what he could remember from his last visit.  

Yet there is one room--attached to the bedroom he claimed as his own by a small corridor, hidden behind a jutting wall that blends into the rest of the room to the passing eye--that he kept to himself.  It is on nights such as these, when he is particularly mourning the loss of his race, that he ventures inside this room and sits on the dirty floor.  There are faded paintings on each of the walls, depicting Avatar Yangchen’s childhood in the Air Temple.  Aang smiles as he imagines her running through the halls with the other Nomad children, laughing as he had in those simpler days before he was shackled with the responsibility of being the Avatar.  

“Thought you said you were giving us the full tour,” a voice sounds behind him, making him jump.  He whirls around to see the familiar figure of a blind earthbender standing behind him.  

“Toph!” he exclaims, standing and brushing the dirt off his pants.  “How did you get in here?  How did you find me?”

She scoffs at that.  “Uh, I walked through the door, same as you.” She lifts one foot off the ground and points at it.  “I can see this whole place, remember?” Her brazen tone, tinged with harsh humor as always, is enough to shake some of his burning longing and let slip a chuckle.  She looks at him with her pale, sightless eyes and he is reminded that though she is blind, Toph sees more than any of them could ever dream of.  

“Wanna tell me why you’re keeping this place a secret?”  He starts to interject, but she cuts him off.  “Don’t lie to me, Twinkletoes.”

Aang’s smile slips away and he takes back his seat upon the floor, sighing.  “I don’t know.  I guess, I just...wanted part of the Air Nomads to myself for just a while.  It’s like...like a connection to my family and friends.  And I felt like, if I shared it with you guys, I wouldn’t have anywhere to go by myself to feel close to them.  It’s hard to explain, I guess.” 

There is a beat of silence.  To his surprise, Toph sits next to him, crossing her legs, close enough that their knees almost touch.  He expects a rough joke, maybe even an awkward dismissal and change of subject.  Instead, she places a hand on her own knee, gingerly reaching out to rest the tips of her fingers against his.  “I get that,” she says quietly.

He blushes, unsure of how to react.  He has seen Toph express a wide range of emotions, even something close to vulnerability, but never this.  Looking at her hand, he isn't even sure what to call it; the way her fingers arch over the small gap between them, all reaching to touch him, makes it clear the gesture isn't an accident.  

"What's in here?" She asks him, breaking his train of thought.  He is reminded that the room is all but empty, and a hollow sorrow invades his lungs, forcing out the air and threatening to drown him.  He can remember so clearly how this room once was.  He had visited the Western Air Temple with the monks a few short months before he was told that he was the Avatar, before he ran away, before he was frozen in an iceberg for 100 years while his people were slaughtered.  

The paintings of Yangchen were vivid then, well kept, colors bright enough to reflect her youthful joy.  The room had not been empty then.  It had been a small library of sorts, one of the many dedications throughout the Temple to the previous Air Nomad Avatar.  What he now calls his bedroom had been the main library, filled to the ceiling with books on varying topics transcribed from around the world.  This room, however, had been home to scrolls and artifacts from Yangchen herself.  There were once cushions upon the floor surrounding a small table for the monks who maintained the library to complete their studies.  Nearly every inch of the room had either displays of what few earthly possessions Yangchen kept throughout her life or scrolls composed of letters to and from the Avatar, writings about her life and the impacts she had.

All of that is gone now, destroyed by the Fire Nation all those years ago.  

"This was a library for Avatar Yangchen," he says lamely, unsure how to release all the grief he has caged up inside of him.

"So, you come and sit in a completely empty room because it used to be a library dedicated to your past life?" She asks, less gentle than before, sounding more like the Toph he is used to.  

"No!  I mean, it's not completely empty."  He describes the beautiful, if decrepit, paintings they now sit before, trying his best to do them justice for the girl who otherwise wouldn’t know they are there.  He pauses and looks at her.

"They make me feel happy.  I don't know if I really remember Yangchen’s life or if it's just my own memories, but either way, they remind me of my childhood and what it was like to grow up with the monks.  These paintings, they're some of the only ones left in the world depicting Air Nomads that were actually made by Air Nomads."

"You come in here to feel connected to them when you really feel like you're alone," she says, more of a statement than a question.  Aang nods, sliding his hand across his leg until it just barely grazes her fingertips.  

"I mean, obviously I always carry it with me, but sometimes it just really hits me that I'm the last one.  It's my responsibility to carry on the traditions of my entire culture, and I don't know if I can do that.  That's a lot of pressure and it's not even taking account for all the other pressures I have."

Both of them are silent for a while.  Aang contemplates everything he's gotten off his chest just now.  He thought he would feel violated, in a way, if anyone ever found him in here, but in actuality, he feels like a lot of his grief has been freed.  He knows it is only temporary, that it will return sooner or later, but he is grateful.  He's shared a lot of his longing for his people with Katara and Sokka, but they never really got it the way he wanted them to: Sokka just didn't know how to relate, wasn't comfortable enough with his own feelings, and Katara always pitied him and felt like she needed to baby him.  

Toph, on the other hand, took it in stride.  She always lets him air his troubles and tries to share them.  He doesn't think he’s ever properly appreciated that about her until right now.  He looks at her hand, still touching him as slightly as she possibly could, and wonders what it would be like to hold it.  

She inclines her head towards him and asks, "So what does that mean?  How do you plan to carry on your traditions?”

“Well...I’d like to restore the Air Temples first, I guess, when all this is over.  Maybe I’ll find some followers who would listen to the history and ways of the monks, even help restore some of the scrolls and artwork.”  Aang finds himself blushing and bowing his head, embarrassed by the vulnerable thoughts he had never told anyone until now.  For a moment, he is afraid Toph will tease him, point out all the flaws in his ideas, scold him for dreaming of this when he is days away from fighting the Fire Lord.

Instead, he suddenly finds her hand on top of his, fingers squeezing gently.  He lifts his head in surprise to see her offering a small smile.

“Well, you’ve found your first follower.  So you’d better start teaching.”

[skullssales]

Hunnic Empire | Wikipedia article

The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia the Caucasus and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th century AD according to European tradition they were first reported living east of the Volga River in an area that was part of Scythia at the time the Huns arrival is associated with the migration westward of a Scythian people the Allens by 370 ad the Huns had arrived on the Volga and by 430 the Huns had established a vast if short-lived Dominion in Europe in the 18th century the French scholar Josef dig Wiens became the first to propose a link between the Huns and the Xiongnu people who were northern neighbors of China in the 3rd century BC since gheens time considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection however there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns Priscus a 5th century Roman diplomat and historian mentions that the Huns had a language of their own little of it has survived and scholars have considered whether it was related to Turkic mongolic or even to music language families although the almost complete lack of a text corpus renders the language unclassifiable at present some researchers indeed argue the original Huns may have had a Yenisei and tribal elite which ruled initially over various Turkic mongolic and Iranian speaking tribes numerous other ethnic groups were included under Attila the Huns rule including very many speakers of Gothic which some modern scholars describe as a lingua franca of the Empire their main military technique was mounted archery the Huns may have stimulated the great migration a contributing factor in the collapse of the Western Roman Empire they formed a unified Empire under Attila the Hun who died in 453 after a defeat at the Battle of neta their empire disintegrated over the next 15 years their descendants or successors with similar names are recorded by neighboring populations to the south east and west as having occupied parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia from about the 4th to 6th centuries variants of the Hun name are recorded in the Caucasus until the early 8th century the memory of the Huns also lived on in various Christian saints lives where the play the roles of antagonists as well as in Germanic heroic legend where the Huns are variously antagonists or allies to the Germanic main figures in Hungary a legend developed based on medieval chronicles that the Hungarians and the CKD ethnic group in particular are descended from the Huns however mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns topic origin the origins of the Huns and their links to other steppe people remain uncertain scholars generally agree that they originated in Central Asia but disagree on the specifics of their origins classical sources assert that they appeared in Europe suddenly around 370 most typically Roman writers attempt to elucidate the origins of the Huns simply equated them with earlier step peoples Roman writers also repeated a tale that the Huns had entered the domain of the Goths while they were pursuing a wild stag or else one of their cows that had gotten loose across the Kerch Strait into Crimea discovering the land good they then attacked the Goths jordan says get akka relates that the Goths held the Huns to be offspring of unclean spirits and Gothic witches topic relation to the Xiongnu and other people’s called Huns since Joseph Digg Wiens in the 18th century modern historians have associated the Huns who appeared on the borders of Europe in the 4th century AD with the Xiongnu who had invaded China from the territory of present-day Mongolia between the 3rd century BC and the second century AD due to the devastating defeat by the Chinese Han Dynasty the northern branch of the Xiongnu had retreated north westward their descendants may have migrated through Eurasia and consequently they may have some degree of cultural and genetic continuity with the Huns scholars also discussed the relationship between the Xiongnu the Huns and a number of people in Central Asia were also known as her came to be identified with the name hun or Iranian Huns the Chia Knights dakedo rights and the hoof delights or white Huns being the most prominent Otto J maintain health and was the first to challenge the traditional approach based primarily on the study of written sources and to emphasize the importance of archaeological research since maintian health ins work the identification of the Xiongnu as the Huns ancestors has become controversial additionally several scholars have questioned the identification of the iranian Huns with the european Huns walter pol cautions that none of the great Confederations of steppe warriors was ethnically homogeneous and the same name was used by different groups for reasons of prestige or by outsiders to describe their lifestyle or geographic origin it is therefore futile to speculate about identity or blood relationships between HS IU and G nu left the lights and Attila’s Huns for instance all we can safely say is that the name Huns in late antiquity described prestigious ruling groups of steppe warriors recent scholarship particularly by young Jin Kim and Etienne de la vie sea air has revived the hypothesis that the Huns and the Xiongnu are one and the same de la vie sea air argues that ancient chinese and indian sources used song nu and hunt to translate each other and that the various Iranian Huns were similarly identified with the Xiongnu Kim believes that the term Han was not primarily an ethnic group but a political category and argues for a fundamental political and cultural continuity between the Xiongnu and the European hunts as well as between the Xiongnu Anna Iranian Huns you topic race ancient descriptions of the Huns are uniform in stressing their strange appearance from a Roman perspective these descriptions typically caricature the Huns as monsters jordanes stressed that the Huns were short of stature and had tan skin various writers mentioned that the Huns had small eyes and flat noses the Roman writer Priscus gives the following eyewitness description of Attila short of stature with a broad chest and a large head his eyes were small his beard thin and sprinkled with grey and he had a flat nose and tanned skin showing evidence of his origin many scholars take these to be unflattering depictions of East Asian mongoloid racial characteristics main chin health and argues that while many Huns had some East Asian racial characteristics they were unlikely to have looked as Asiatic as the ocular Tongass he notes that archeological finds have presumed Huns suggest that they were a racially mixed group containing only some individuals with East Asian features Kim similarly cautions against seeing the Huns as a homogeneous racial group while still arguing that they were partially or predominantly of mongoloid extraction at least initially quote some archeologists have argued that archaeological finds have failed to prove that the Huns had any mongoloid features at all and some scholars have argued that the Huns were predominantly Caucasian Kim notes that at the Battle of chlons 451 the vast majority of Attila’s entourage and troops appears to have been European topic history topic before Attila the Romans became aware of the huns when the latter’s invasion of the pondok steps forced thousands of Goths to move to the lower Danube to seek refuge in the Roman Empire in 376 the Huns conquered the Allens the growth ngey or Western Goths and then the 13-year eastern Goths in 395 the Huns began their first large-scale attack on the eastern Roman Empire Huns attacked in Thrace overran Armenia and pillaged Cappadocia they entered parts of Syria threatened Antioch and passed through through the province of ufer diva after this the Huns invaded the Sassanid Empire this invasion was initially successful coming close to the capital of the empire at si te siphon however they were defeated badly during the Persian counter-attack during their brief diversion from the eastern Roman Empire the Huns may have threatened tribes further west old in the first hunt known by name headed a group of Huns and Allen’s fighting against Radig ASIS in defense of Italy alden was also known for defeating gothic rebels giving trouble to the east Romans around the Danube and beheading the goth gained is around four hundred to four hundred one the east Romans began to feel the pressure from Aldens Huns again in 408 olden crossed the Danube and pillaged Thrace the east Romans tried to buy Alden off but his sum was too high so they instead bought off Alden subordinates this resulted in many desertions from alguns group of Huns Hunnish mercenaries are mentioned on several occasions being employed by the east and west Romans as well as the Goths during the late 4th and 5th century in 433 some parts of Pannonia were ceded to them by Flavius EDS the Magister militant of the Western Roman Empire topic under attila from 434 the brothers attila and blade a ruled the hunts together Attila and blader were ambitious as their uncle rutila in 435 they forced the eastern roman empire to sign the treaty of Margus giving the Huns trade rights and an annual tribute from the Romans when the Romans breached the treaty in 440 Attila and bladah attacked Castro Constantius a Roman fortress and marketplace on the banks of the Danube war broke out between the Huns and Romans and the Huns overcame a weak Roman army to raze the cities of Margus singer Dunham and Vinay sium although a truce was concluded in 441 two years later constantinople again failed to deliver the tribute and war resumed in the following campaign hun armies approached constantinople and sacked several cities before defeating the Romans at the Battle of chersonesus the eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius ii gave into hunda man’s and in autumn 443 signed the Peace of Anatolia swith the two hunting’s bladed I’d in 445 and Attila became the sole ruler of the Huns in 447 Attila invaded the Balkans and Thrace the war came to an end in 449 with an agreement in which the Romans agreed to pay a till an annual tribute of 2100 pounds of gold throughout their raids on the eastern Roman Empire the Huns had maintained good relations with the Western Empire however in Honoria sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian the third sent a Atilla a ring and requested his help to escape her betrothal to a senator attila claimed her as his bride and half the western roman empire as dowry additionally a dispute arose about the rightful heir to a king of the salian franks in 451 Attila’s forces entered gaul once in gaul the Huns first attacked Metz then his armies continued westwards passing both Paris and troice to lay siege to or lay on Flavius Adeus was given the duty of relieving or Leon by Emperor Valentinian the third a combined army of Roman and Visigoths then defeated the Huns at the Battle of the Catalonian Plains the following year attila renewed his claims to Honoria and territory in the Western Roman Empire leading his army across the Alps and into northern Italy he sacked and raised a number of cities hoping to avoid the sack of Rome Emperor Valentinian the third sent three envoys the high civilian officers gennadius abbe inocent Rajesh Asst as well as Pope Leo the first who met Attila at minseo in the vicinity of Mantua and obtained from him the promise that he would withdraw from Italy and negotiate peace with the Emperor the new eastern Roman Emperor Marcion then halted tribute payments resulting in a Atilla planning to attack Constantinople however in 453 he died of a hemorrhage on his wedding night topic after Attila after a Taylor’s death in 453 the Hunnic Empire faced an internal power struggle between its vassal eyes Germanic peoples in the Hunnic ruling body led by ellic attila’s favorite son and ruler of the Akatsuki the Huns engaged the Gepard king our derek at the Battle of Neto who led a coalition of Germanic peoples to overthrow Hunnic Imperial Authority the amali Goths would revolt the same year under Vil a mere allegedly defeating the Huns in a separate engagement however this did not result in the complete collapse of hunting power in the Carpathian region but did result in the loss of many of their Germanic vassals at the same time the Huns were also dealing with the arrival of more augur turkic-speaking peoples from the east including the ogres Serra Gore’s own ogres and thus appears in 463 the Serra gore’s defeated the akan Seri or a Kadir Huns and asserted dominance in the Pontic region the Western Huns under Deng such experienced difficulties in 461 when they were defeated by villa mere in a war against the santa giuse of people allied with the Huns his campaigning was also met with dissatisfaction from earning ruler of the akan Ceri hunts who wanted to focus on the incoming ogre speaking people’s dens each attacked the Romans in 467 without the assistance of ur neck he was surrounded by the Romans and besieged and came to an agreement that they would surrender if they were given land and his starving forces given food during the negotiations a hunting service of the Romans named she’ll chill persuaded the enemy Goths to attack their hunt overlords the Romans under their general a spar and with the help of his bachelor e then attacked the quarreling Goths and Huns defeating them in 469 den ziget was defeated and killed in Thrace after densey gages death the Huns seemed to have been absorbed by other ethnic groups such as the bull Gers Kim however argues that the Huns continued under earn ik becoming the ku trigger and you Tagore Hondo Bulger’s this conclusion is still subject to some controversy some scholars also argue that another group identified in ancient sources as Huns the North Caucasian hunts were genuine hunts the rulers of various post Hunnic steppe peoples are known to have claimed descent from Attila in order to legitimize their right to power and various steppe peoples were also called Huns by Western and Byzantine sources from the fourth century onward lifestyle and economy topic pastoral nomadism the Huns have traditionally been described as pastoral nomads living off of hurting and moving from pasture to pasture to graze their animals Jung Jin Kim however holds the term nomads to be misleading te term nomads if it denotes a wandering group of people with no clear sense of territory cannot be applied wholesale to the Hong’s all the so called nomads of Eurasian steppe history where people’s whose territory territories were usually clearly defined who is pastoralists moved about in search of pasture but within a fixed territorial space maintian health and notes that pastoral nomads or semi nomads typically alternate between summer pastures and winter quarters while the pastures may vary the winter quarters always remain the same this is in fact what jordanes writes of the Han occult xia giri tribe they pastured near terse anon the Crimea and then wintered further north with maintian health and holding the size as a likely location ancient sources mentioned that the Huns herds consisted of various animals including cattle horses and goats sheep though unmentioned in ancient sources are more essential to the steppe nomads even than horses and must have been a large part of their herds additionally maintian health and argues that the Huns may have kept small herds of Bactrian camels in the part of their territory in modern Romania and Ukraine something attested for the Tsar Nations immunised says that the majority of the Huns diet came from the meat of these animals with maintian health and arguing on the basis of what is known of other steppe nomads that they likely mostly ate mutton along with sheep’s cheese and milk they also certainly ate horse meat drank mares milk and likely made cheese in kumis in times of starvation they may have boiled their horses blood for food ancient sources uniformly denied that the Huns practiced any sort of agriculture Thompson taking these accounts at their word argues that w without the assistance of the settled agricultural population at the edge of the step they could not have survived he argues that the Huns were forced to supplement their diet by hunting and gathering maintian health and however notes that archaeological finds indicate that various steppe Nomad populations did grow grain in particular he identifies a find at Cunha u-az in queires amman the o bravura of agriculture among a people who practiced artificial cranial deformation as evidence of Hunnic agriculture Kim similarly argues that all step empires have possessed both pastoralist and sedentary populations classifying the Hans s agro pastoralist you topic horses and transportation as a nomadic people the Huns spent a great deal of time riding horses on me and has claimed that the Huns are almost glued to their horses Zosima same that they live and sleep on their horses and Cydonia shamed that s cars had an infant learned to stand without his mother’s aid when a horse takes him on his back they appear to have spent so much time riding that they walked clumsily something observed in other nomadic groups Roman sources characterized the hunting horses as ugly it is not possible to determine the exact breed of horse the Huns used despite relatively good Roman descriptions seiner believes that it was likely a breed of mongolian pony however horse remains are absent from all identified hun burials based on anthropological descriptions and archaeological finds of other nomadic horses maintian health and believes that they rode mostly geldings besides horses ancient sources mentioned that the Huns used wagons for transportation which maintenance were primarily used to transport their tents booty and the old people women and children topic economic relations with the Romans the Huns received a large amount of gold from the Romans either in exchange for fighting for them as mercenaries or as tribute raiding and looting also furnished the Huns with gold and other valuables civilians and soldiers captured by the Huns might also be ransomed back or else sold to Roman slave dealers as slaves the Huns themselves maintain health and argues had little use for slaves due to their nomadic pastoralist lifestyle those slaves that existed likely performed menial tasks Thompson argues that all Hunnic slaves appear to have been captives from war the Huns also traded with the Romans he aid Thompson argued that this trade was very large scale with the Huns trading horses first meat and slaves for Roman weapons linen and grain and various other luxury goods while maintian helfen concedes that the Huns traded their horses for what he considered to have been a very considerable source of income in gold he is otherwise skeptical of Thompson’s argument he notes that the Romans strictly regulated trade with the barbarians and that according to Priscus trade only occurred at a fair once a year while he notes that smuggling also likely occurred he argues that the volume of both legal and illegal trade was apparently modest he does note that wine and silk appeared to have been imported into the Hunnic Empire in large quantities however Roman gold coins appear to have been in circulation as currency within the whole of the Hunnic Empire topic government Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized Confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy much like Germanic societies denis signer similarly notes that with the exception of the historically uncertain Balam er no hun leaders are named in the sources until Alden indicating their relative unimportance Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the near constant warfare that followed regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila Peter golden comments it can hardly be called a state much less an empire golden speaks instead of a hunnit Confederacy Kim however argues that the Huns continued the Xiongnu state organization in which their polity was divided into left-right south and north in that order of priority Kim argues that the Huns continued the Council of six horns Nobles that the Xiongnu had under their emperor likewise kim suggests that the Huns continued to use the decimal military organization of the Xiongnu as well amy and has said that the Huns of his day had no kings but rather that each group of Huns instead had a group of leading men primates for times of war ii a thompson supposes that even in war the leading men had little actual power he further argues that they most likely did not acquire their position purely hereditarily Heather however argues that ami and his merely means that the Huns didn’t have a single ruler he notes that Olympia Doris mentions the Huns having several kings with one being the first of the Kings Omni andis also mentions that the Huns made their decisions in a general council omne zijn commune while seated on horseback he makes no mention of the Huns organization in two tribes but Priscus and other writers do naming some of them the first Hunnic ruler known by name is Eldon Thompson takes old in sudden disappearance after he was unsuccessful at war as a sign that the Hunnic kingship was democratic at this time rather than a permanent institution kim however argues that alden is actually a title and that he was likely merely a sub king Priscus calls Attila king or Emperor bacillus but it is unknown what native title he was translating with the exception of the sole rule of Attila the Huns often had two rulers Attila himself later appointed his son alack his cocaine subject peoples of the Huns were led by their own kings Priscus also speaks a pict men or low gates low gates forming part of a Tila’s government naming five of them samatha picked men seem to have been chosen because of birth others for reasons of merit thompson argued that these picked men were the hinge upon which the entire administration of the hun empire turned he argues for their existence in the government of alden and that each had command over detachments of the Hunnic army and ruled over specific portions of the Hunnic empire where they were responsible also for collecting tribute and provisions maintian health and however argues that the word low gates denotes simply prominent individuals and not a fixed rank with fixed duties kim affirms the importance of the low gates for hunting administration but notes that there were differences of rank between them and suggests that it was more likely lower ranking officials who gathered taxes and tribute he suggests that various Roman defectors to the Huns may have worked in a sort of Imperial bureaucracy topic society and culture topic art and material culture there are two sources for the material culture and art of the huns ancient descriptions in archaeology unfortunately the nomadic nature of hunt society means that they have left very little in the archaeological record it can be difficult to distinguish Hunnic archaeological finds from those of the Sarmatian x’ as both peoples lived in close proximity and seemed to have had very similar material cultures kim thus cautions that it is difficult to assign any artifact to the Huns ethnically roman descriptions of the Huns meanwhile are often highly biased stressing they’re supposed primitiveness archaeological finds have produced a large number of cauldrons that have since the work of paul rynek in 1896 been identified as having been produced by the Huns although typically described as bronze cauldrons the cauldrons are often made of copper which is generally of poor quality maintian health enlists 19 known finds of Hunnish cauldrons from all over Central and Eastern Europe and Western Siberia he argues from the state of the bronze castings that the Huns were not very good metalsmiths and that it is likely that the cauldrons were cast in the same locations where they were found they come in various shapes and are sometimes found together with vessels of various other origins maintian health and argues that the cauldrons were cooking vessels for boiling meat but that the fact that many are found deposited near water and were generally not buried with individuals may indicate a sacral usage as well the cauldrons appeared to derive from those used by the Xiongnu ami anise also reports that the Huns had iron swords Thompson is skeptical that the Huns cast them themselves but maintian helfen argues that t he idea that the Hun horsemen fought their way to the walls of Constantinople into the Marne with bartered and captured swords as absurd both ancient sources and archaeological finds from graves confirmed that the Huns wore elaborately decorated golden or gold-plated diadem’s maintian helfen lists a total of six known Hunnish diadem’s Hunnic women seem to have worn necklaces and bracelets of mostly imported beads of various materials as well the later common early medieval practice of decorating jewelry and weapons with gemstones appears to have originated with the Huns they are also known to have made small mirrors of an originally Chinese type which often appear to have been intentional broken when placed into a grave archaeological finds indicate that the Huns wore gold plaques as ornaments on their clothing as well as imported glass beads on me and his reports that they wore clothes made of linen or the furs of marmots and leggings of goat skin AMI and his reports that the Huns had no buildings but in passing mentions that the Huns possessed tents and wagons maintian health and believes that the Huns likely had tents of felt and sheepskin Priscus once mentions at Teela’s tent and jordanes reports that attila lay in state in a silk tent however by the middle of the fifth century the Huns are also known to have also owned permanent wooden houses which maintian health and believes were built by their Gothic subjects topic artificial cranial deformation artificial cranial deformation was practiced by the Huns and sometimes by tribes under their influence artificial cranial deformation of the circular type can be used to trace the route that the Huns took from North China to the Central Asian steppes and subsequently to the southern Russian steppes the people who practiced an Euler type artificial cranial deformation in Central Asia were using cushions some artificially deformed crania from the 5th 6th century AD have been found in northeastern Hungary and elsewhere in Western Europe none of them have any mongoloid features and all the skulls appear euro poit these skulls may have belonged to Germanic or other subject groups whose parents wish to elevate their status by following a custom introduced by the Huns topic languages a variety of languages were spoken within the hun empire Priscus noted that the hunnic language differed from other languages spoken at a Teela’s court he recounts how a Teela’s gestures hurcomb ada teyla’s guests laugh also by the promiscuous jumble of words latin mixed with Hunnish and gothic Priscus said that a Tila’s Scythian subject spoke besides their own barbarian tongues either Hunnish or gothic or as many have dealings with the Western Romans flattened but not one of them easily speaks Greek except captives from the Thracian or illyrian frontier regions some scholars have argued that the Gothic was used as the lingua franca of the Hunnic Empire young Jin Kim argues that the Huns may have used as many as four languages at various levels of government without anyone being dominant Hunnic gothic Latin and Sarmatian as to the Hunnic language itself only three words are recorded in ancient sources as being Hunnic all of which appeared to be from an indo-european language all other information on Hunnic is contained in personal names and tribal ethnonyms on the basis of these names scholars have proposed that Hunnic may have been a Turkic language a language between mongolic and Turkic Orellana Sein language however given the small corpus many scholars hold the language to be unclassifiable topic religion almost nothing is known about the religion of the huns roman writer ami and his Marcellinus claimed that the Huns had no religion while the 5th century Christian writer Salvi include them as pagans jordans Aesthetica also records that the Huns worshiped the sword of Mars an ancient sword that signified to till his right to rule the whole world maintian helfen notes a widespread worship of a war God in the form of a sword among steppe peoples including among the Xiongnu denis signer however holds the worship of a sword among the hunts to be a proc raffle maintian health and also argues that while the Huns themselves do not appear to have regarded Attila as divine some of his subject people clearly did a belief in prophecy and divination is also attested among the Huns maintian health and argues that the performers of these acts of soothsaying and divination were likely shaman’s signer also finds it likely that the Huns had shaman’s although they are completely unattested main chin health and also deduces a belief in water spirits from a custom mentioned in ami anise he further suggests that the Huns may have made small metal wooden or stone idols which are attested among other steppe tribes and which a Byzantine source attests for the Huns in Crimea in the 6th century he also connects archaeological finds of Hunnish bronze cauldrons found buried near or in running water two possible rituals performed by the Hong’s in the spring John Mann argues that the Huns of attila’s time likely worshipped the sky and the steppe deity Tengri who has also attested as having been worshipped by the Xiongnu maintian health and also suggests the possibility that the Huns of this period may have worshipped Tengri but notes that the god is not attested in european records until the 9th century worship of Tengri under the name Tangra khan is attested among the Caucasian Huns in the armenian chronicle attributed to moths s task Sharan see during the later 7th century moths s also records that the Caucasian Huns worshipped trees and burnt horses as sacrifices to Tengri and a day made sacrifices to fire and water and to certain gods of the roads and to the moon and to all creatures considered in their eyes to be in some way remarkable there is also some evidence for human sacrifice among the European Huns maintian health and argues that humans appear to have been sacrificed at a Teela’s funerary right recorded in jordanes under the name Strava Priscus claims that the hun sacrificed their prisoners to victory after they entered Scythia but this is not otherwise that tested as a hunted custom and may be fiction in addition to these pagan beliefs there are numerous attestations of hunts converting to christianity and receiving Christian missionaries the missionary activities among the Huns of the Caucasus seem to have been particularly successful resulting in the conversion of the Hunnish Prince Albert BER Attila appears to have tolerated both Nicene and Aryan Christianity among his subjects topic warfare topic strategy and tactics hun warfare as a whole is not well studied and many scholars as of recent have discounted Ana’s description of the Huns while ami and his claims that the Huns knew no metalworking maintian health and argues that a people so primitive could never have been successful in war against the Romans a major source of information on hun warfare comes from the 6th century strategy icon which describes the warfare of dealing with the Scythians that is Avars turks and others whose way of life resembles that of the Hunnish peoples the strategy icon describes the Avars and Huns as devious and very experienced in military matters they are described as preferring to defeat their enemies by deceit surprise attacks and cutting off supplies the Huns brought large numbers of horses to use as replacements and to give the impression of a larger army on campaign the Hunnish people’s did not set up an entrenched camp but spread out across the grazing fields according to clan and guard their necessary horses until they began forming the battle line under the cover of early morning the strategy Kahn States the Huns also stationed sentries at significant distances and in constant contact with each other in order to prevent surprise attacks according to the strategy Kahn the Huns did not form a battle line in the method that the Romans and Persians used but in irregularly sized divisions in a single line and keep a separate force nearby for ambushes and as a reserve the strategy Kahn also states the Huns used deep formations with a dense and even front auto maintenance states that the Huns likely formed up in divisions according to tribal clans and families which Omni andis calls Q nay the leader of which was called occur and inherited the title as it was passed down through the clan the strategy Kahn states that the Huns kept their spare horses and baggage trained to either side of the line about a mile away with a moderate sized guard and would sometimes tie their spare horses together behind the main battle line the Huns preferred to fight at long range utilizing ambush encirclement and the feigned retreat the strategy Kahn also makes note of the wedge-shaped formations mentioned by ami anise and corroborated as familial regiments by maintian Halfin the strategy Kahn states the Huns preferred to pursue their enemies relentlessly after a victory and then wear them out by a long siege after defeat Peter Heather notes that the Huns were able to successfully besiege walled cities and fortresses in their campaign of 441 they were thus capable of building siege engines while Heather believes that this was likely a newly acquired skill he notes that the Huns as potential descendants of the Xiongnu may have already known how to make CG equipment before entering Europe topic military equipment the strategy con states the Huns typically used male swords bows and Lance’s and that most Hunnic warriors were armed with both the bow and lance and used them interchangeably as needed it also states the Huns used quilted linen wool or sometimes iron bar ting for their horses and also wore quilted cloths and captain’s this assessment is largely corroborated by archaeological finds of hun military equipment such as the volnek aapke and brute burials a late Roman Ridge helmet of the burkas ovo type was found with a hun burial at consist e a hunnic helmet of the segmental helm type was found at chu Jeske a hun expanding helmet at tera zovsky grave 1784 and another of the band helm type at torre vile fragments of lamellar helmets dating to the Hunnic period and within the Hunnic sphere have been found at eye Atris Ilic f gu and cult me hun lamellar armor has not been found in europe although two fragments of likely hun origin have been found on the upper Oban in west kazakhstan dating to the 3rd 4th centuries a find of lamellar dating to about 520 from the top-40 warehouse in the fortress of homura’s near bodybag romania suggests a late 5th or early 6th century introduction it is known that the Eurasian avars introduced lamellar Armour to the Roman army and migration era Germanic sin the middle sixth century but this later type does not appear before then it is also widely accepted that the Huns introduced the Lang’s eyx a 60 centimeters cutting blade that became popular among the migration era Germanic sand in the late Roman army into Europe it is believed these blades originated in China and that the Tsar Nations and hung served as a transmission vector using shorter si axes in Central Asia that developed into the narrow Lange’s eyx in Eastern Europe during the late fourth and first half of the 5th century these earlier blades date as far back as the 1st century AD with the first of the newer type appearing in Eastern Europe being the Wien simmerman example dated to the late 4th century AD other notable hunt examples include the Lang’s eyx from the more recent find at volna kafka in Russia the Huns used a type of spatha in the ironic or sassanid style with a long straight approximately 83 centimetres blade usually with a diamond shaped iron guard plate swords of this style have been found at sites such as Alzheimer Bassanio volna Kafka novo ivanovka and civilians 61 they typically had gold foil hilts gold sheet scabbards and scabbard fittings decorated in the polychrome style the sword was carried in the Iranian style attached to a sword belt rather than on a baldric the most famous weapon of the Huns as the comb Daria type composite recurve bow often called the Hunnish bow this bow was invented sometime in the 3rd or 2nd centuries BC with the earliest finds near Lake Baikal but spread across Eurasia long before the hunting migration these bows were typify by being asymmetric in cross-section between 145 to 150 5 centimeters in length having between 4 to 9 lathes on the grip and in the seus although whole bows rarely survive in european climatic conditions signs of bone Sia’s are quite common in characteristic of steppe burials complete specimens have been found at sites in the trim basin and Gobi Desert such as nia come Darya and Shambhu simbel care Eurasian nomads such as the Huns typically used trial abate diamond shaped iron arrowheads attached using birch tar in a tank with typically 75 centimeters shafts and fletching attached with tar and sinew whipping such trial abate arrowheads are believed to be more accurate and a better penetrating power or capacity to injure than flat arrowheads topic legacy topic in Christian hagiography after the fall of the hunnic Empire various legends arose concerning the Huns among these are a number of Christian hagiographic legends in which the Huns play a role in an anonymous medieval biography of Pope Leo the first a deal is marched into Italy in 452 as stopped because when he meets Leo outside Rome the Apostles Peter and Paul appeared to him holding swords over his head and threatening to kill him unless he follows the Pope’s command to turn back in other versions attila takes the pope hostage and is forced by the saints to release him in the legend of Saint Ursula Ursula and her 11,000 holy virgins arrive at Cologne on their way back from a pilgrimage just as the hunks under an unnamed Prince are besieging the city Ursula and her virgins killed by the Huns with arrows after they refused the Huns sexual advances afterwards however the souls of the slaughtered virgins form a heavenly army that drives away the Huns and saves cologne other cities with legends regarding the Huns and a Saint include Orleans Troy’s Do’s Mets Madonna and Ron’s in legend surrounding st.

Carrier of Tonga and courting to at least the eighth century service is alleged to have modified Attila and the Huns to Christianity earlier than they later grew to become apostates and back to their paganism matter in Germanic legend the Huns also play an primary position in medieval Germanic legends which generally carry versions of movements from the migration interval and have been at the start transmitted orally recollections of the conflicts between the Goths and Huns in japanese Europe appeared to be maintained within the historic English poem with Sethe as good as in historic Norse poem the fight of the Goths and Huns which is transmitted within the 13th century Icelandic Rivera saga wid Sethe additionally mentions that Atilla having been ruler of the Huns placing him on the head of a record of various legendary and historical rulers and peoples and marking the Huns as essentially the most famous the name of Atilla rendered in historic English as eighth ‘la was a given identify in use in anglo-saxon England ex Bishop Ayla of Dorchester and its use in England at the time can have been related to the heroic Kings legend represented in works equivalent to Widseth maintian well being and however doubts using the title via the anglo-saxons had something to do with the Huns arguing that it used to be no longer a rare name beed in his ecclesiastical history of the English individuals lists the Huns among other peoples residing in Germany when the anglo-saxons invaded England this may increasingly indicate that beed seen the anglo-saxons as descending partly from the Huns the Huns and Attila additionally formed imperative figures within the two most popular Germanic legendary cycles that of the Nibelungs and of dietrich von Bern the old theater at the nice the Nibelung legend above all as recorded in the ancient norse poetic Edda and vole sangha saga as good as within the german nibel lung and lead connects the Huns and Attila and within the Norse tradition attila’s demise to the destruction of the Burgundian kingdom on the rhine in 437 within the legends about dietrich von Bern Attila and the Huns furnish Dietrich with a refuge and help after he has been pushed from his kingdom at Verona a version of the pursuits of the combat of nadao may be / served in a legend transmitted in two differing types in the core excessive German die Rabin schlock and ancient Norse didrik saga in which the sons of Attila fall in battle the legend of Walter of Aquitaine in the meantime shows the Huns to acquire youngster hostages as tribute from their area folks’s usually the Continental Germanic traditions paint a extra constructive image of Attila and the Huns than the Scandinavian sources where the Huns show up in a surprisingly poor gentle in medieval German legend the Huns were identified with the Hungarians with their capital of Etzel burg attila metropolis being recognized with Esther gamma or Buda the historic norse didrik saga nonetheless which is centered on North German sources locates Hoonah land in northern Germany with a capital at Sohus tin Westphalia in different ancient Norse sources the term hon has repeatedly applied indiscriminately to more than a few individuals chiefly from south of Scandinavia from the 13th century onward the center excessive german word for hon hello own grew to be a synonym for colossal and continued for use in this that means in the varieties hoon and Hyun into the brand new generation in this method quite a lot of prehistoric megalithic constructions in particular in northern Germany came to be identified as hunting Graber hun graves or hoon in Benton hun beds matter hyperlinks to the Hungarians beginning in the excessive middle a long time Hungarian sources have claimed descent from or a close relationship between the Hungarians Magyars and the Huns the claim seems to have first arisen in non Hungarian sources and handiest gradually been taken up through the Hungarians themselves for the reason that of its terrible connotations the anonymous visitor ahangar Orem after 1200 is the primary Hungarian supply to mention that the road of artwork Padian Kings were descendants of Attila however he makes no declare that the Hungarian and hun peoples are related the primary Hungarian author to say that hun and Hungarian peoples had been associated with Simon of kaiza in his visitor a Honora at hangar Orem 1282 to 1285 Simon claimed that the Huns and Hungarians have been descended from two brothers named Honora and Magor these claims gave the Hungarians an historic pedigree and served to legitimize their conquest of Pannonia cutting-edge scholars mostly disregarded these claims regarding the claimed Hunnish origins located in these chronicles jeno suits writes the Hunnish foundation of the Magyars is of path a fiction just like the trojan starting place of the french or any of the opposite Arrigo gentes theories fabricated at a lot the same time the Magyars actually originated from the U Gurion branch of the finno-ugric peoples in the direction of their wanderings in the steppes of japanese Europe they assimilated a type of especially Iranian and one of a kind Turkic cultural and ethnic factors but they had neither genetic nor historical hyperlinks to the Huns usually the proof of the relationship between the Hungarian and the finno-ugric languages within the nineteenth century has taken to have scientifically disproven the Hunnic origins of the Hungarians a different declare additionally derived from Simon of kaiza is that the Hungarian speaking CK persons of Transylvania are descended from Huns who fled to Transylvania after a Teela’s death and remained there unless the Hungarian conquest of Pannonia whilst the origins of the CK are unclear modern-day scholarship is skeptical that they’re concerning the Huns unlike within the legend the CK have been resettled in Transylvania from Western Hungary within the eleventh century their language in a similar way suggests no proof of a metamorphosis from any non Hungarian language to Hungarian as one would assume in the event that they were Huns at the same time the Hungarians and the CK’s is probably not descendants of the hunt they were traditionally carefully related to Turkic people’s Paul Engle notes that it can’t be fully excluded that our Padian kings will have been descended from Attila however and believes that it is doubtless the Hungarians once lived underneath the rule of thumb of the Huns jung jin kim supposes that the hungarians might be linked to the Huns by way of the bulgar xin Avars each of whom he holds to have had Hunnish elements nevertheless there is no genetic or linguistic proof aiding a connection between old or today’s hungarians and the Huns even as the idea that the hungarians are descended from the Huns has been rejected through mainstream scholarship the inspiration has persisted to excerpt a relevant affect on hungarian nationalism and national identity a majority of the hungarian aristocracy endured to ascribe to the Hunnic view into the early twentieth century the fascist arrow move events similarly stated hungary as Honea in its propaganda hunnic origins also performed a colossal function within the ideology of the cutting-edge radical correct-wing celebration javac aspect ii ology of pantora nism legends related to the Hunnic origins of the seek a minority in romania meanwhile persisted to play a massive role in that organizations ethnic identity the Hunnish origin of the CK’s stays essentially the most preferred theory of their origins among the many hungarian basic public subject twentieth-century use in reference to Germans on the twenty seventh of July 1900 doing the Boxer uprising in China kaiser wilhelm ii of germany gave the order to act ruthlessly closer to the rebels mercy is probably not proven prisoners might not be taken just as a thousand years ago the Huns below attila received a repute of could that lives on in legends so made the name of germany in china such that no chinese will also again dare so much as to seem askance at a german this evaluation was later heavily employed by using british and english language propaganda for the duration of World war one and to a lesser extent for the period of World warfare two in an effort to paint the Germans as savage barbarians matter see also list of rulers of the Huns nomadic Empire topic notes subject references matter extra reading attila died huntin beg like Bexar Estela HRSG vom historian museum do fowls Speyer stuttgart 2007 Christopher Kelly Attila the Hun barbarian terror in the fall of the Roman Empire London 2008 Rudy Paul Lindner nomadism horses and Huns in past and present ninety two 1981 p3 to 1987 ago Vern early empires of critical Asia 1939 Frederick Jon Taggart China in Rome 1969 re PR 1983 matter outside links Dornoch Chris M 2008 chinese language sources on the historical past of the brand new cyc Aussie oi rashiku RC RC rewsey and their kuosheng Kushan dynasty GG a hundred and ten tenchu 94 a the Xiongnu synopsis of chinese usual text and several Western translations with extant annotations a weblog on significant asian history Hun’s Encyclopedia Britannica eleventh ed 1911

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[anchoredtether]

Title: Secret Tunnels

Author: AnchoredTether

Rating: M [graphic depictions of violence, dark/disturbing themes]

Series: Avatar: The Elements of Chaos

Chapter: 2/?

Summary:  Nearly 200 years has passed since Avatar Aang saved the world, and although he restored peace among the nations it did not stay for long. After Aang’s death, the new Avatar born into the water tribe was quickly killed while in the avatar state.

Since the Avatar cycle was broken, the world fell apart. The nations became filled with hatred and nature itself perished. Because the Avatar died when from the water tribe, representing the season of winter, the world has been stuck in seasonal dissonance where winter lasts nearly the whole year.

With the imbalance of the four seasons and the four nations, devastation constantly lies upon the horizon. Zavital and Yasu, two young air and firebenders, are slaves of project Kanora, a military of benders trained to control the chaos of the world. Zavital encounters the spirit of Avatar Aang who claims to know a way to restore the Avatar cycle. Through his help, Zavital and Yasu strive to bring back the Avatar so the world may once more be restored to full balance.

As the morning broke the horizon, the whole camp flooded with red light. A bell sounded throughout the crisp air, and Zavital could hear it clearly within her warm bed. She groaned and turned to her side, slowly opening her honey eyes. "I hate this place." She reluctantly lifted her worn blankets and rotated her legs to the side of the bed. Slowly standing up, she stretched her limbs and sighed, feeling the soreness of yesterday's fights deep in her bones. She pulled on her uniform and shoes and opened her cabin door to be blinded by the morning sun. At the breakfast line, Zavital got her usual bland-tasting meal. As she looked for a good place to sit, she noticed a now familiar face among the unhappy campers. "How's your cut?" Yasu asked as she sat across from him. "Ugh, thanks for reminding me." She made a face as she realized just speaking was making it ache. "Oh no I'm sorry! I didn't mean to d-" "It's alright! I was being sarcastic!... Mostly. Don't take everything I say literally." She muttered with a mouth full of bread. "Oh. Ok. Sorry." "And quit apologizing." "Sor-" Zavital lifted a finger, Yasu's eyes wide. He gave her an awkward smile. "Right." There was a moment of silence as they both ate their food. She closed her eyes and rested her head back as she tried to stretch out her shoulders. "You know, I've always wondered..." Zavital pondered, "why do they serve us lousy food if they expect us to become stronger and stay healthy? If I was eating relatively healthy food, my injuries could be cured in a matter of days." "That's true. Well, they probably won't serve us good food because there's so many of us. And we're not paying them any money." "We're paying them with our lives." She sighed heavily, trying to control her anger. "Well..." Yasu began, "maybe we could put those secret tunnels of mine to good use." "Really? Show me." Acting as if both of them were finished eating, the two benders walked casually towards cabin 321. "This is my cabin, by the way." He mentioned. "Follow me." Checking their surroundings to make sure no one noticed them, Yasu led Zavital behind his cabin where the only thing back there was a gray boulder. He slowly pushed it aside (and she was slightly surprised to see he had the strength to do so), to reveal a square metal plate which he lifted to show a hatch with a wheel handle. He turned it a couple of times and opened the door. "Ladies first?" he offered with a hand gesture. "Sure, why not?" Zavital jumped into the hole, making a graceful landing with a soft whoosh of air to cushion her assent. She moved out of the way as Yasu came down far less silently. He pulled two strings attached to the hatch and metal plate, concealing them within the tunnel with an echoing thud. Before Zavital could complain how it was now pitch black, Yasu had a flame burning in his hand. "Oh yeah, you're a firebender. I almost forgot." She laughed softly. "That must come in handy." "What were you expecting? Me to bring a lantern?!" He laughed along with her. "Yeah, kind of! I mean, that's what I would have to do." She marveled at the fire that Yasu contained, her eyes glowing not only from the light. She was always awed at the beauty of firebending, how one could handle such a deadly element without getting hurt; waterbending, earthbending, and airbending were all elements that anyone could touch. While fire was untouchable, firebenders proved it wrong. "Follow me." Yasu broke her from her thoughts, and she followed him down the dark tunnel. They made a couple of turns in silence, except for the sound of their feet in the shallow puddles of water throughout the entire catacombs. "Does fire ever hurt you?" She asked, curious. "I've always wondered... if firebenders were immune to the burns..." "Can waterbenders get wet?" His tone was raw and borderline harsh. "Certainly there's a degree of temperature control and some skilled firebenders can will the fire to not hurt them, but… if anything, firebenders get burnt worse than anyone else." After his last words finished their soft echo through the tunnel, the silence stretched uncomfortably between them. She gazed softly upon him, trying to study the emotion in his face illuminated by amber light. She contemplated what he could have possibly gone through since she could tell just by the tone of his voice that he had a bad history with fire. Her curiosity consumed her mind and she hoped that one day he would tell her the story, but now was not an appropriate time. "Wait..." Zavital thrust her hand in front of Yasu to stop him. Off in the distance they could hear footsteps approaching. "Quick! Douse your light!" she whispered as she pulled him off from the main tunnel to one that branched away. They continued further into the darkness as they watched the Kanoran guard pass by with faint light from a lantern. "I don't think he saw us…but we should go this way to be safe." Yasu muttered. He snapped his fingers to summon the small flame once more, and they continued down the tunnels in silence. When they approached an intersection in the catacombs, Yasu sighed. "I'm not too familiar with this part of the catacombs. I usually take that main tunnel. I don't know which way is to the kitchens..." "Here, allow me." Zavital stepped into the center of the intersection and faced towards the left tunnel first. She thrust a breeze down each tunnel and waited a few seconds. "The right tunnel had the shortest duration of noise caused by the breeze, which means the tunnel either ends, or starts to ascend or descend. And if it ascends, we can guess it's leading up to the surface, where the kitchen would be, right?" "Well, aren't you smart." Yasu smiled at her, his teeth glowing under the firelight. As they traveled down the right tunnel, it turned out to be the correct way since they could smell a buffet of delicious scents approaching them. Luckily they made it to the door before any more guards interfered. Sneaking off into the pantry, Zavital noticed that hardly anyone was in the kitchen. The only people she saw were two men and a woman cooking by the stoves and arguing. Zavital and Yasu went unnoticed as they grabbed some containers of food from the storage. After running back to the surface by cabin 321, they sighed in relief. "That was the most amusing thing I've done since I've been forced to live here." She remarked, her face lit up like a child receiving candy. He smiled and said, "Anytime you want high-quality food, come visit me." "No... we can't." She let out reluctantly as she opened a jar of peach jam. "Why not?" "They'll find out eventually. A portion of food missing quite frequently is going to grab their attention. If we only do it on rare occasions, they won't notice because they'll just think they miscalculated or something." "You worry too much." "You don't worry enough." Zavital jabbed as she sat down with her back up against his cabin, and began dipping a piece of bread into her newly acquired jam. Yasu sat next to her and they ate side by side for a few minutes before he broke the silence. "How did you come... to be forced here?" After a moment, he quickly added, "Oh, you don't have to answer if you don't want to. I was just… trying to converse." Zavital's honey brown eyes met Yasu's crystalline blue. Her eyes softened and shifted towards the ground, empty and lifeless. She considered his offer of not answering, but ultimately decided to cave in. "I suppose I might as well tell you. I mean… doesn't everyone here have a tragic story to tell? Yours might be even worse than mine. So I might as well tell it." She sighed and paused, reluctant to continue. He had been so kind to her when he had no reason to be, so the least she could do was talk to him as a friend. "I was brought here almost three years ago. My parents were Air Nomads from the western Air Temple, although the place was invaded when I was young. Seeing the danger I would be in, they decided to live somewhere remote so we wouldn't be found. My father was a legendary airbender - one of the best within the western Air Temple, arguably the world. He figured Project Kanora would want him to work for them. So we lived in Cahnti, a small village at the southwestern tip of the Earth Kingdom. The village has many dangerous cliffs surrounding it, so we figured Kanoran soldiers wouldn't bother trying there. "Apparently one of the villagers spilled about me. Before we knew it, the village was attacked. The soldiers took us captive and I was separated from my father when he was dropped off in Ba Sing Se. I was brought here, and have been stuck here since." She shoved the rest of her bread into her mouth, and once she was finished she turned to Yasu and asked him in kind. "What's your story?" "Oh... I just... you know... was recruited by force." He hesitated, stumbling over his words. "I was taken here when I was twelve." "You've been here for nearly a decade?? For almost half of your life?!" She thought three years was forever. She couldn't even fathom what it was like for the firebender. Yasu paused, his eyes coldly staring at the ground. He finally spoke, his voice rough and shaky. "My parents... were killed.... By the Bluebloods. Waterbenders and firebenders have always been opposing elements, but ever since the last Avatar was killed… waterbenders have always had the advantage." Although Zavital had never seen them, she had heard of the Bluebloods - a notorious cult of waterbenders who abused their bending to claim superiority over others. "Kanoran soldiers saw me defend myself against them and persuaded me to join. It's not like I had anywhere else to go. It seemed like a good idea at the time." "I'm sorry, Yasu…" She wasn't good at empathy and wondered if she was supposed to hug him or something. She closed her jar of jam and set it down, curled her knees towards her chest and wrapped her arms around her legs. "I can't possibly know what that's like… but I do miss my family something awful. So I can't even imagine the ache you must be feeling." His mouth opened to speak, but he hesitated and closed his lips shut. He was saved from continuing the conversation by the siren that wailed through the concentration camp. He turned to Zavital and they locked eyes. An excitement and dread stirred inside her. "I guess I'll get to see how you fight after all."

[skullssales]

Huns | Wikipedia article

The Huns had been a nomadic folks who lived in primary Asia the Caucasus in japanese Europe between the 4th and 6th century advert in line with European tradition they have been first pronounced living east of the Volga River in an discipline that was once part of Scythia at the time the Huns arrival is related to the migration westward of a Scythian folks the Allens by using 370 ad the Huns had arrived on the Volga and by means of 430 the Huns had situated a titanic if brief-lived Dominion in Europe conquering the Goths and many different Germanic peoples living external of Roman borders and inflicting many others to flee into Roman territory the Huns exceptionally below their king Attila made common and devastating raids into the japanese Roman Empire in 451 the Huns invaded the Western Roman province of Gaul where they fought a mixed military of Romans and Visigoths at the combat of the Catalonian fields and in 452 they invaded Italy after a Teela’s death in 453 the Huns ceased to be a important danger to Rome and misplaced a lot of their empire following the fight of Neto 464 descendents of the Huns or successors with similar names are recorded by using neighboring populations to the south east and west as having occupied constituents of eastern Europe and vital Asia from concerning the 4th to sixth centuries editions of the Hun identify are recorded in the Caucasus until the early eighth century within the 18th century the French pupil Josef dig Wiens grew to become the primary to advise a link between the Huns and the Xiongnu persons who were northern neighbors of China within the 3rd century BC since Greene’s time giant scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating this kind of connection nonetheless there’s no scholarly consensus on a right away connection between the dominant aspect of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns little or no is known about Hunnic tradition and only a few archaeological stays were conclusively associated with the Huns they are believed to have used bronze cauldrons and to have performed synthetic cranial deformation no description exists of the Hunnic religion of the time of Attila however practices such as divination or attested and the existence of shaman’s doubtless additionally it is identified that the Huns had a language of their possess nonetheless best three words and private names attested economically they’re identified to have practiced a type of nomadic pastoralism as their contact with the Roman world grew their financial system became increasingly tied with Rome by means of tribute raiding and alternate they do not appear to have had a unified govt once they entered Europe however rather to have developed a unified tribal leadership within the course of their wars with the Romans the Huns ruled over a type of peoples who spoke more than a few languages and a few of whom maintained their possess rulers their foremost navy method was mounted archery the Huns can have encouraged the satisfactory migration a contributing component in the fall down of the Western Roman Empire the reminiscence of the Huns also lived on in quite a lot of Christian saints lives the place the Huns play the roles of antagonists as well as in Germanic heroic legend the place the Huns are variously antagonists or allies to the Germanic fundamental figures in Hungary a legend developed headquartered on medieval chronicles that the Hungarians and the CKD ethnic group in certain are descended from the Huns however mainstream scholarship dismisses a detailed connection between the Hungarians and Huns modern-day tradition commonly associates the Huns with severe cruelty and barbarism topic origin the origins of the Huns and their links to different steppe individuals remain uncertain students mostly agree that they originated in central Asia however disagree on the specifics of their origins classical sources assert that they regarded in Europe all of a sudden round 370 most in most cases Roman writers makes an attempt to elucidate the origins of the Huns easily equated them with prior step peoples Roman writers also repeated a story that the Huns had entered the area of the Goths at the same time they had been pursuing a wild stag or else considered one of their cows that had gotten loose across the Kerch Strait into Crimea discovering the land excellent they then attacked the Goths Jordans Aesthetica relates that the Goths held the Huns to be offspring of unclean spirits and Gothic witches matter relation to the Xiongnu and different persons’s known as Huns since Joseph tremendous wins in the 18th century present day historians have associated the Huns who appeared on the borders of Europe in the 4th century advert with the Xiongnu who had invaded China from the territory of present-day Mongolia between the 3rd century BC and the 2nd century ad due to the devastating defeat by using the chinese language Han Dynasty the northern branch of the Xiongnu had retreated north westward their descendants may have migrated by means of Eurasia and consequently they may have some measure of cultural and genetic continuity with the Huns students also discussed the relationship between the Xiongnu the Huns and a quantity of men and women in significant Asia were also known as her got here to be recognized with the identify hun or Iranian Huns the Chia Knights the child rights and the hefty lights or white Huns being probably the most distinguished OTO Jame historic helfen was once the first to challenge the average approach headquartered especially on the study of written sources and to stress the significance of archaeological study seeing that maintian well being ins work the identification of the Xiongnu as the Huns ancestors has become controversial additionally a number of scholars have puzzled the identification of the iranian Huns with the ecu Huns walter pol cautions that none of the great Confederations of steppe warriors was ethnically homogeneous and the identical name was used by distinct corporations for causes of status or by using outsiders to explain their tradition or geographic origin it’s consequently futile to speculate about identity or blood relationships between HS IU and G new pet the lights and Attila’s huns for illustration all we will safely say is that the title Huns in late antiquity described prestigious ruling companies of steppe warriors up to date scholarship mainly by way of younger Jin Kim and Etienne de la vie sea air has revived the hypothesis that the Huns and the Xiongnu are one within the identical de la vie sea air argues that historical chinese language and indian sources used track nu and hunt to translate each and every different and that the various Iranian Huns had been in a similar way identified with the Xiongnu Kim believes that the time period hunt used to be now not above all an ethnic workforce but a political class and argues for a fundamental political and cultural continuity between the Xiongnu and the ecu Huns as well as between the Xiongnu and the iranian Huns subject name and etymology the title hunt is attested in classical European sources as Greek annoy annoy and Latin honey or Tunis John malala’s documents their title as una una one other feasible Greek variant could also be Cho no account even though this staff’s identification with the Hong’s is disputed classical sources additionally most likely referred to as the Hong’s massaged a Scythians Sumerians and different names for earlier companies of steppe nomads the etymology of hunt is unclear quite a lot of proposed etymologies often anticipate as a minimum that the names of the more than a few Eurasian groups referred to as Huns are associated there were a quantity of proposed Turkic etymologies deriving the identify variously from Turkic on onna to develop June glutton kun gun a plural suffix supposedly that means persons June drive and hunt ferocious Auto principal channel Fionn dismisses all of these Turkic etymologies as mere guesses essential chin health and himself proposes an Iranian etymology from a word corresponding to a vest in hunter skill hoon er Avant skilful and means that it may initially have detailed a rank as an alternative than an ethnicity Robert Warner has suggested an etymology from toque Aryan ku dog suggesting based on the truth that the chinese called the Xiongnu dogs that the dog was the totem animal of the Hunnic tribe he additionally compares the title message day noting that the detail Sokka in that name method dog others equivalent to Harold Bailey as parlando and Jamshid jock see have argued that the name derives from an Iranian word equivalent to a vest in Zion ax and was a generalized time period meaning hostel’s opponent Christopher Atwood dismisses this probability on phonological and chronological grounds even as not arriving at an etymology per se atwood derives the title from the Anki river in mongolia which was once said the equal or just like the title Zhang nu and suggests that it was once in the beginning a dynastic title alternatively than an ethnic identify topic race old descriptions of the Huns are uniform in stressing their unusual look from a Roman point of view these descriptions by and large sketch the Huns as monsters jordanes harassed that the Huns were short of stature and had tanned dermis various writers stated that the Huns had small eyes and flat noses the Roman writer Priscus offers the next eyewitness description of Attila short of stature with a huge chest and a huge head his eyes had been small his beard skinny and sprinkled with grey and he had a flat nostril and tanned epidermis showing evidence of his starting place many scholars take these to be unflattering depictions of East Asian mongoloid racial traits major chin well being and argues that even as many Huns had some East Asian racial traits they were not going to have regarded as Asiatic because the yakit or Tungus he notes that archaeological finds have presumed Huns endorse that they have been a racially mixed workforce containing only some members with East Asian points Kim in a similar way cautions towards seeing the Huns as a homogeneous racial staff even as still arguing that they have been partly are predominantly of mongoloid extraction as a minimum at the beginning some archaeologists have argued that archaeological finds have didn’t show that the Huns had any mongoloid aspects in any respect and a few scholars have argued that the Huns have been predominantly Caucasian Kim notes that at the combat of chlons 451 the great majority of Attila’s entourage and troops seems to had been European topic historical past you subject earlier than Attila the Romans grew to be mindful of the huns when the latter’s invasion of the pondok steppes compelled thousands of Goths to maneuver to the diminish Danube to search refuge in the Roman Empire in 376 the Huns conquered the Allens lots of the GRU thong gear Western Goths and then most of the 13 er jap Goths with many fleeing into the roman empire in 395 the Huns started out their first large-scale attack on the jap roman empire Huns attacked in Thrace overran Armenia and pillaged Cappadocia they entered materials of Syria threatened Antioch and passed through by way of the province of Euphrasia while the Huns invaded the sasanian empire this invasion was once at the beginning triumphant coming just about the capital of the empire at si te siphon however they were defeated badly throughout the Persian counter-attack during their temporary diversion from the eastern Roman Empire the Huns will have threatened tribes extra west alden the primary hunt recognized by using identify in cutting-edge sources headed a gaggle of Huns and allens fighting in opposition to Radig isis in protection of italy alden was additionally recognized for defeating gothic rebels giving obstacle to the east Romans across the Danube and beheading the goth gained is round four hundred to 4 hundred one the east Romans started to feel the pressure from elgin’s Huns once more in 408 Alban crossed the Danube and pillaged Thrace the east Romans tried to purchase Alden off however his sum used to be too high in order that they as a substitute bought off Alden subordinates this resulted in lots of desertions from Aldens staff of Huns Eldon himself escaped again throughout the Danube after which he isn’t stated again Hunnish mercenaries are recounted on a few occasions being employed by using the East in West Romans as good because the Goths throughout the late 4th and 5th century in 433 some materials of Pannonia had been ceded to them with the aid of Flavius Adeus the Magister melindam of the Western Roman Empire topic beneath Attila from 434 the brothers attila and blade a ruled the Hunts collectively attila and blade mindful as bold as their uncle rutila in 435 they compelled the eastern roman empire to sign the treaty of Margus giving the Huns alternate rights and an annual tribute from the romans when the romans breached the treaty in 440 attila and blade attacked castro Constantius a roman fortress and market on the banks of the Danube warfare broke out between the Huns and Romans and the Huns overcame a vulnerable Roman army to raze the cities of Margus Singha dunam and Venetian despite the fact that a truce was once concluded in four hundred forty one two years later constantinople again didn’t supply the tribute and war resumed in the following crusade hun armies approached constantinople and sacked a few cities earlier than defeating the romans on the battle of chersonesus the eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius ii gave into hunda man’s and in autumn 443 signed the Peace of Anatolia swith the to hunt Kings bladed ied in 445 and Attila grew to become the sole ruler of the Huns in 447 Attila invaded the Balkans and Thrace the war got here to an lead to 449 with an agreement in which the Romans agreed to pay a Atilla and annual tribute of 2100 pounds of gold for the duration of their raids on the eastern Roman Empire the Huns had maintained good members of the family with the Western Empire nevertheless in Honoria sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian the third sent it Atilla a ring and requested his support to escape her betrothal to a senator attila claimed her as his bride and half of the western roman empire as dowry additionally a dispute arose concerning the rightful inheritor to a king of the salian franks in 451 Attila’s forces entered gaul as soon as in gaul the Huns first attacked Metz then his armies endured westwards passing each Paris and Troy’s to put siege to or lay on Flavia ceadeus was once given the obligation of relieving or leon through emperor Valentinian the 0.33 a mixed army of Roman and Visigoths then defeated the Huns at the combat of the Catalonian plains the following year attila renewed his claims to Honoria and territory within the western roman empire main his army throughout the Alps and into northern Italy he sacked and raised a quantity of cities hoping to prevent the sack of Rome Emperor Valentinian the 1/3 despatched three envoys the excessive civilian officers gennadius AV inocent rajesh Asst as well as Pope Leo the primary who met Attila at minseo within the neighborhood of Mantua and acquired from him the promise that he would withdraw from Italy and negotiate peace with the Emperor the new eastern Roman Emperor Marcion then halted tribute payments resulting in a Atilla planning to assault Constantinople nevertheless in 453 he died of a hemorrhage on his marriage ceremony night time matter after Attila after a Teela’s dying in 453 the Hunnic Empire confronted an internal energy struggle between its vassal eyes Germanic peoples in the hunnic ruling body led by way of ellic attila’s appreciated son and ruler of the akut seri the Huns engaged the Gepard king our derek on the combat of meta who led a coalition of Germanic peoples to overthrow Hunnic Imperial Authority the amali Goths would revolt the identical year below val a mere allegedly defeating the Huns in a separate engagement nevertheless this didn’t effect within the entire fall down of hunnic vigor in the Carpathian neighborhood however did influence within the lack of many of their Germanic vassals whilst the Huns have been additionally dealing with the advent of extra ogre turkic-talking peoples from the east including the ogres Sara gore’s and ogres and therefore seems in 463 the Sara Gore’s defeated the Alcott’s Eyrie or a Kadir Huns and asserted dominance within the Pontic vicinity the Western Huns below Deng’s every experienced difficulties in 461 after they had been defeated via val a mere in a warfare in opposition to the Sioux dodges a people allied with the Huns his campaigning was additionally met with dissatisfaction from incomes ruler of the Alcazar Huns who desired to focus on the incoming ogre talking folks’s gangs attacked the Romans in 467 without the assistance of earn ik he was surrounded by means of the Romans and besieged and got here to an agreement that they’d give up if they were given land and his starving forces given food during the negotiations a hunt in provider of the Romans named she’ll relax persuaded the enemy Goths to assault their hunt overlords the Romans below their general a spar and with the aid of his Bachelor II then attacked the quarreling Goths and Huns defeating them in 469 Danzig H was defeated and killed in Thrace after densey gages death the Huns seemed to have been absorbed by way of different ethnic corporations such as the bull ders Kim nonetheless argues that the Huns continued underneath earning fitting the ku trigger and also you Tagore huh no bull Gers this conclusion is still field to a few controversy some students additionally argue that an additional group identified in old sources as Huns the North Caucasian hunts have been precise hunts the rulers of various submit Hunnic steppe peoples are known to have claimed descent from Attila with a view to legitimize their right to vigor and various steppe peoples were also known as Huns by using Western and Byzantine sources from the fourth century onward topic culture and financial system you topic pastoral nomadism the Huns have almost always been described as pastoral nomads residing off of hurting and moving from pasture to pasture to graze their animals Jung Jin Kim however holds the term nomads to be misleading Teke termed nomads if it denotes a wandering staff of people and not using a clear sense of territory can’t be applied wholesale to the Huns the entire so known as nomads of Eurasian steppe historical past where peoples whose territory territories were ordinarily certainly outlined who is pastoralists moved about searching for pasture but inside a fixed territorial space maintian wellbeing and notes that pastoral nomads or semi nomads ordinarily alternate between summer season pastures and iciness quarters at the same time the pastures may vary the iciness quarters perpetually remain the same that is actually what jordanes writes of the searching referred to as Xia jury tribe they pastored close chur cenang the Crimea after which wintered extra north with maintian wellness and protecting the side as a probable vicinity old sources mentioned that the Huns herds consisted of more than a few animals including cattle horses and goats sheep although unmentioned in historic sources are more essential to the steppe nomads even than horses and need to have been a enormous part of their herds additionally maintian health and argues that the Huns could have kept small herds of Bactrian camels in the a part of their territory in present day Romania and Ukraine whatever attested for the Tsar countries a Mientus says that almost all of the Huns weight loss plan got here from the meat of those animals with maintian well being and arguing on the foundation of what’s recognized of alternative steppe nomads that they possible most often ate mutton together with sheep’s cheese and milk in addition they surely ate horse meat drank mares milk and certain made cheese and kumis in instances of hunger they will have boiled their horses blood for food ancient sources uniformly denied that the Huns practiced any style of agriculture Thompson taking these money owed at their phrase argues that w with out the help of the settled agricultural populace on the edge of the step they might not have survived he argues that the Huns have been compelled to supplement their food regimen with the aid of searching and gathering maintian wellness and however notes that archaeological finds indicate that quite a lot of steppe Nomad populations did grow grain in he identifies a in finding at Cunha u-az enquires Amon the OBE river of agriculture amongst a humans who practiced artificial cranial deformation as evidence of Hunnic a develop tradition kim in a similar fashion argues that every one step empires have possessed both pastoralist and sedentary populations classifying the hans s agro pastoralist topic horses and transportation as a nomadic individuals the Huns spent a quality deal of time using horses ambien has claimed that the Huns are close to glued to their horses Zosima identical that they reside and sleep on their horses and Cydonia scammed that s cars had an infant discovered to stand with out his mom’s aid when a horse takes him on his back they appear to have spent so much time using that they walked clumsily something discovered in different nomadic companies Roman sources characterised the Hunnic horses as unpleasant it’s not feasible to determine the specified breed of horse the Huns used despite moderately excellent Roman descriptions seiner believes that it was seemingly a breed of mongolian pony however horse remains are absent from all recognized han burials headquartered on anthropological descriptions and archaeological signs of different nomadic horses maintian wellness and believes that they wrote frequently geldings besides horses ancient sources stated that the Huns used wagons for transportation which hold well being and believes have been principally used to transport their tents booty and the historic individuals women and children topic fiscal members of the family with the Romans the Huns received a massive quantity of gold from the Romans both in exchange for fighting for them as mercenaries or as tribute raiding and looting also furnished the Huns with gold and other valuables denis signer has argued that on the time of Attila the Hun economic system grew to be virtually fully elegant on plunder and tribute from the Roman provinces civilians and soldiers captured by way of the Huns would even be ransomed again or else bought to Roman slave purchasers as slaves the Huns themselves preserve well being and argued had little use for slaves as a result of their nomadic pastoralists way of life extra recent scholarship nonetheless has demonstrated that pastoral nomads ist’s are actually extra likely to use slave labor than sedentary societies the slaves would have been used to manipulate the Huns herds of cattle sheep and goats Priscus attests that slaves have been used as domestic servants but additionally that trained slaves had been used by the Huns in positions of administration or even architects some slaves had been even used as warriors the Huns also traded with the Romans ei Thompson argued that this exchange used to be very giant scale with the Huns buying and selling horses furs meat and slaves for Roman weapons linen and grain and quite a lot of other luxury items even as maintian wellness and concedes that the Huns traded their horses for what he considered to had been an extraordinarily gigantic supply of revenue in gold he’s in any other case skeptical of Thompson’s argument he notes that the Romans strictly regulated exchange with the barbarians and that in line with Priscus exchange most effective befell at a fair once a year while he notes that smuggling also possible came about he argues that the quantity of each illegal and illegal trade used to be it sounds as if modest he does word that wine and silk perceived to were imported into the Hunnic Empire in huge portions nonetheless Roman gold coins appear to have been in circulation as foreign money inside the entire of the Hunnic Empire subject connections to the Silk avenue Christopher Atwood has suggested that the rationale for the customary Hunnic incursion into Europe will have been to set up an outlet to the Black Sea for the Saudi and retailers beneath their rule who were involved in the alternate along the Silk road to China Atwood notes that jordanes describes how the Cremeans city of Churston the place the avaricious traders convey within the goods of Asia was below the control of the Akagi Huns in the 6th century topic government hunnic governmental constitution has long been debated Peter Heather argues that the Huns have been a disorganized Confederation in which leaders acted thoroughly independently and that finally centered a ranking hierarchy very like Germanic societies denis signer in a similar fashion notes that except for the historically uncertain Balam er no hun leaders are named in the sources until elven indicating their relative unimportance Thompson argues that permanent kingship handiest developed with the Huns invasion of Europe and the close constant warfare that followed related to the organization of hun accrual underneath Attila Peter golden comments it can hardly be referred to as a state much less an empire golden speaks alternatively of a hunnit Confederacy Kim nevertheless argues that the Huns were far extra geared up and centralized with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state walter pol notes the correspondences of Hunnic executive to those of other steppe empires however nevertheless argues that the Huns don’t appear to had been a unified group once they arrived in Europe M ian has stated that the Huns of his day had no kings however instead that every group of Huns rather had a gaggle of leading men primates for times of conflict EI Thompson supposes that even in conflict the leading guys had little specific energy he additional argues that they most likely did not gather their role simply hereditarily Heather nonetheless argues that a Mientus purely implies that the Huns didn’t have a single ruler he notes that olympia doris mentions the Huns having a couple of kings with one being de frst of the kings a Mientus additionally mentions that the Huns made their choices in a normal council omne xing commune at the same time seated on horseback he makes no mention of the Huns institution in two tribes however Priscus and different writers do naming a few of them the primary Hunnic ruler known via name is Eldon Thompson takes Aldens unexpected disappearance after he was once unsuccessful at conflict as a sign that the Hunnic kingship was democratic right now as a substitute than a everlasting institution kim however argues that alden is honestly a title and that he was once probably merely a sub king Priscus calls it Atilla king or emperor the sillies but it is unknown what native title he used to be translating apart from the guideline of Attila the Huns most commonly had two rulers Attila himself later appointed his son ellic as cocaine subject humans’s of the Huns were led through their possess kings Priscus additionally speaks up picked guys or low gates low gates forming a part of a Tila’s executive naming 5 of them one of the crucial picked guys appear to have been chosen considering that of start others for reasons of benefit thompson argued that these picked men had been the hinge upon which the whole administration of the hun empire grew to become he argues for their existence within the govt of alden and that every had command over detachments of the Hunnic navy and ruled over specified portions of the Hunnic empire the place they were responsible also for amassing tribute and provisions maintian wellness and nonetheless argues that the word low gates denotes simply prominent participants and no longer a constant rank with constant duties kim affirms the value of the low gates for Hunnic administration but notes that there have been differences of rank between them and means that it used to be more possible cut back rating officers who gathered taxes and tribute he suggests that various Roman defectors to the Huns can have worked in a style of Imperial forms matter society and tradition you subject artwork and material tradition there are two sources for the fabric tradition and art of the huns historic descriptions in archaeology alas the nomadic nature of hung society approach that they’ve left very little within the archaeological document certainly despite the fact that a first-rate quantity of archaeological fabric has been unearthed because 1945 as of 2006 there have been handiest 200 positively recognized Hunnic burials producing hunnic material culture it may be complex to differentiate searching archaeological finds from these of the Sarmatian x’ as each peoples lived in close proximity and seemed to have had very identical material cultures kim as a result cautions that it’s complex to assign any artifact to the Huns ethnically it is also possible that the Huns in Europe adopted the material culture of their Germanic subjects Roman descriptions of the Huns in the meantime are quite often extremely biased stressing they are supposed primitiveness archaeological finds have produced a tremendous quantity of cauldrons that have when you consider that the work of paul rynek in 1896 been recognized as having been produced by means of the Huns even though mainly described as bronze cauldrons the cauldrons are mainly made from copper which is more commonly of negative best maintian well being enlists 19 identified finds of Hunnish cauldrons from all over the place central and jap Europe and Western Siberia he argues from the state of the bronze castings that the Huns were not very good metalsmiths and that it’s probably that the cauldrons were forged within the same places where they had been located they come in various shapes and are many times discovered in conjunction with vessels of more than a few different origins maintian health and argues that the cauldrons have been cooking vessels for boiling meat but that the fact that many are observed deposited close water and were most commonly not buried with individuals may indicate a sacral utilization as good the cauldrons appear to derive from those utilized by the Xiongnu a Mientus also studies that the Huns had iron swords thompson is skeptical that the Huns forged them themselves however maintian wellbeing and argues that t he suggestion that the Hun horsemen fought their method to the walls of Constantinople and to the Marne with bartered and captured swords as absurd each historic sources and archaeological finds from graves tested that the Huns wore elaborately decorated golden or gold-plated die makes an attempt maintian well being enlists a total of six recognized Hunnish diadem’s Hunnic females gave the impression to have worn necklaces and bracelets of probably imported beads of various substances as good the later common early medieval practice of redecorating jewellery and weapons with gem stones appears to have originated with the Huns they’re also identified to have made small mirrors of an at the start chinese language type which in general perceived to were intentional damaged when placed right into a grave archaeological finds indicate that the Huns wore gold plaques as ornaments on their garb as well as imported glass beads a Mientus experiences that they wore clothes fabricated from linen or the furs of marmots and leggings of goat dermis a Mientus studies that the Huns had no constructions but in passing mentions that the Huns possessed tents and wagons maintian helfen believes that the Huns possible had tens of felt and sheepskin Priscus as soon as mentions that Teela’s tent and jordanes stories that attila lay in state in a silk tent nonetheless through the center of the fifth century the Huns are also identified to have additionally own everlasting wood houses which maintian health and believes had been constructed with the aid of their Gothic topics topic artificial cranial deformation more than a few archaeologists have argued that the huns or the the Aristocracy of the huns as well as germanic tribes influenced via them practiced artificial cranial deformation the process of artificially lengthening the skulls of toddlers with the aid of binding them the purpose of this process was to create a transparent bodily difference between the the Aristocracy and the final populace while Erik krub as he has argued in opposition to a Hunnish foundation for the spread this observe nearly all of students keep the Huns liable for the unfold of this tradition in Europe the practice was not firstly offered to Europe by the Huns nonetheless but as a substitute with the Alan’s with whom the Huns were closely associated and Sarmatian ‘z it used to be also practiced with the aid of different peoples referred to as Huns in Asia subject languages a sort of languages were spoken within the hunt empire Priscus noted that the Hunnic language differed from different languages spoken at a Teela’s court he recounts how it Teela’s gestures all right made a deal his guests snicker additionally with the aid of the promiscuous jumble of phrases latin mixed with Hunnish and gothic Priscus said that Attila’s Scythian area spoke besides their own barbarian tongues either Hunnish or gothic or as many have dealings with the western romans latin but now not one among them conveniently speaks Greek except captives from the Thracian or illyrian frontier areas some scholars have argued that the Gothic was used because the lingua franca of the Hunnic Empire young Jin Kim argues that the Huns can have used as many as 4 languages at various stages of presidency with out anyone being dominant Hunnic gothic Latin and Sarmatian as to the Hunnic language itself simplest three phrases are recorded in old sources as being Hunnic all of which show up to be from an indo-european language all different information on Hunnic is contained in individual names and tribal ethnonyms on the groundwork of these names students have proposed that Hunnic will have been a Turkic language a language between mongolic and Turkic or a uni equal language nevertheless given the small corpus many scholars preserve the language to be unclassifiable topic marriage and the function of women the elites of the Huns practiced polygamy whilst the commoners had been mainly monogamous Amy Anna’s Marcellinus claimed that the Hunnish women lived in seclusion however the primary-hand account of Priscus suggests them freely moving and mixing with men Priscus describes Hunnic females swarming round Attila as he entered a village as good as the spouse of a teyla’s minister ona juiciest delivering the King food and drinks together with her servants Priscus was equipped to enter the tent of a Teel as chief wife / Rekha simply Priscus also attests that the widow of attila’s brother blade Oh used to be in command of the village that the Roman ambassadors rode through her territory will have included a better field thompson notes that other step peoples such as the you Tagore’s within the severes are identified to have had feminine tribal leaders and argues that the Huns customarily held widows in high respect due to the pastoral nature of the Huns economic system the females probably had a huge measure of authority over the domestic loved ones topic religion practically nothing is famous in regards to the faith of the huns Roman creator a Mian brush aside Elena’s claimed that the Huns had no faith while the 5th century Christian writer Salvi incorporate them as pagans Jordan’s Aesthetica also documents that the Huns worshipped the sword of Mars an historic sword that signified a Tila’s right to rule the whole world maintian wellbeing and moats a general worship of a battle god in the form of a sword among steppe peoples together with among the Xiongnu denis signer nonetheless holds the worship of a sword among the many hunts to be a proc raffle maintian wellness and also argues that even as the Huns themselves don’t appear to have considered a Atilla as divine some of his field men and women certainly did a perception in prophecy and divination is also attested among the many Huns maintian well being and argues that the performers of those acts of soothsaying and divination were probably shaman’s seiner additionally finds it likely that the Huns had shaman’s even though they’re completely unattested maintian wellness and likewise deduces a perception in water spirits from a customized stated in a me anise he extra means that the Huns will have made small steel picket or stone idols which are attested amongst other steppe tribes and which a Byzantine supply attests for the Huns in Crimea within the sixth century he additionally connects archaeological finds of Hunnish bronze cauldrons located buried close or in jogging water two viable rituals performed by the Huns within the spring John Mann argues that the Huns of Attila’s time possible worshipped the sky and the steppe deity Tengri who is also attested as having been worshipped via the Xiongnu maintian wellbeing and likewise suggests the possibility that the Huns of this interval may have worshipped Tengri but notes that the god is not attested in european files unless the ninth century worshipped of Tengri under the name tang greek on is attested among the many Caucasian Huns in the armenian chronicle attributed to moths as dasker an cheat for the period of the later 7th century moths s additionally records that the Caucasian Huns worshipped trees and burnt horses as sacrifices to Tengri and that they made sacrifices to fire and water and to unique gods of the roads and to the moon and to all creatures viewed in their eyes to be come what may first rate there may be also some evidence for human sacrifice among the European Huns maintian well being and argues that people appear to were sacrificed at a Teela’s funerary proper recorded in jordanes under the name Strava Priscus claims that the Huns sacrificed their prisoners to victory after they entered Scythia however this is not in any other case that proven as a hunted custom and may be fiction moreover to those pagan beliefs there are countless attestations of hunts converting to Christianity and receiving Christian missionaries the missionary activities among the Huns of the Caucasus look to have been exceptionally positive resulting within the conversion of the Hunnish prints out constructed bir attila seems to have tolerated each Nicene and Aryan Christianity amongst his subjects nevertheless a pastoral letter through Pope Leo the fine to the Church of aquileia indicates that Christian slaves taken from there through the Huns in 452 had been forced to participate in Hunnic devout routine matter battle you matter technique and strategies hun struggle as a entire is just not well studied one of the primary sources of understanding on hunnic war as a Mientus Marcellinus who involves an increased description of the Huns ways of conflict in addition they oftentimes fight when provoked and then they enter the combat drawn up in wedge-shaped plenty while their medley of voices makes a savage noise and as they’re flippantly organized for swift movement and unexpected inactivity they purposely divide all of a sudden into scattered bands and attack speeding about in ailment right here and there dealing splendid slaughter and due to the fact of their exceptional rapidity of action they’re in no way noticeable to assault a rampart or pillage an enemy’s camp and on this account you would not hesitate to name them essentially the most horrible of all warriors on account that they battle from a distance with missiles having sharp bone rather of their normal features joined to the shafts with amazing talent then they gallop over the intervening spaces and combat hand-to-hand with swords despite their possess lives and at the same time the enemy are guarding in opposition to wounds from the saber thrusts they throw strips of cloth plaited into nooses over their opponents and so entangled them that they fetter their limbs and take from them the vigour of riding or running based on a me sincere description maintian health and argues that the Huns strategies didn’t fluctuate markedly from these used by different nomadic horse archers he argues that the wedge-formed plenty cneyt mentioned by means of a Mientus have been likely divisions prepared with the aid of tribal clans and families whose leaders could have been called a cur this title would then have been inherited because it used to be passed on the clan like a Mientus the sixth century writers asommus additionally emphasizes the Huns nearly exceptional use of horse archers and their severe swiftness and mobility these characteristics differed from different nomadic warriors in Europe at the moment for this reason our international locations for example relied on closely armored cataphracts armed with Lance’s the Huns use of horrible battle cries are additionally observed in different sources nevertheless a quantity of Emmy and is’s claims were challenged by means of modern scholars in certain while Emmy and his claims that the Huns knew no metalworking maintian wellbeing and argues that a persons so primitive could on no account had been positive in warfare in opposition to the Romans Punic armies relied on their excessive mobility in a shrewd sense of when to attack and when to withdraw an foremost method utilized by the Huns was a feigned retreat – pretending to flee and then turning and attacking the disordered enemy that is mentioned via the writers Zosima syn Agathis they were nonetheless no longer constantly robust in pitched combat struggling defeat at Toulouse in 439 barely successful at the combat of the yudice in 447 likely shedding or stale mating at the battle of the Catalonian plains in 451 and shedding at the battle of meadow 454 Christopher Kelly argues that at Atilla sought to hinder as far as possible large-scale engagement with the Roman army conflict and the threat of conflict have been typically used instruments to extort Rome the Huns normally relied on the nearby traders to avoid losses bills of battles be aware that the Huns fortified their camps by way of using transportable fences or creating a circle of wagons the Huns nomadic subculture stimulated facets reminiscent of quality horsemanship whilst the Huns expert for warfare by typical looking a number of students have urged that the Huns had predicament maintaining their horse cavalry and nomadic way of life after choosing the Hungarian undeniable and that this in flip resulted in a marked lessen in their effectiveness as opponents the Huns are in general noted as combating alongside non hunnic Germanic or Iranian discipline persons’s or in earlier instances allies as Heather notes the Huns army computer multiplied and extended very speedily via incorporating ever greater numbers of the Germany of vital and jap Europe at the fight of the Catalonian Plains Attila as famous through jordanes to have placed his field peoples in the wings of the navy while the Huns held the middle a fundamental supply of expertise on steppe conflict from the time of the Huns comes from the sixth century technique con which describes the struggle of coping with the Scythians that’s Avars Turks and others whose subculture resembles that of the Hunnish peoples the method Kahn describes the Avars and Huns as devious and really experienced in army issues they’re described as preferring to defeat their enemies via deceit shock attacks and chopping off supplies the Huns brought gigantic numbers of horses to use as replacements and to provide the influence of a higher navy on cam the Hunnish people’s did not set up an entrenched camp however spread out throughout the grazing fields consistent with clan and guard their essential horses except they commenced forming the combat line underneath the cover of early morning the strategy Kahn states the Huns additionally stationed sentries at significant distances and in consistent contact with every different as a way to prevent shock attacks consistent with the strategy Kahn the Huns didn’t form a combat line in the approach that the Romans and Persians used however in irregularly sized divisions in a single line and maintain a separate force neighborhood for ambushes and as a reserve the strategy Kahn also states the Huns used deep formations with a dense and even front the procedure Kahn states that the Huns stored their spare horses and baggage knowledgeable to both side of the battle line at about a mile away with a reasonable sized shield and would many times tie their spare horses collectively behind the most important combat line the Huns desired to combat at long range utilizing ambush encirclement and the feigned retreat the process Kahn also makes notice of the wedge-formed formations stated via a Mientus and corroborated as familial regiments via maintian Halfin the approach Kahn states the Huns favored to pursue their enemies relentlessly after a victory after which put on them out through a protracted siege after defeat Peter Heather notes that the Huns were able to efficaciously besiege walled cities and fortresses in their crusade of 441 they had been as a consequence capable of building siege engines Heather makes be aware of a couple of viable routes for acquisition of this knowledge suggesting that it could have been introduced back from carrier beneath EDS obtained from captured Roman engineers or developed via the ought to strain the wealthy silk road metropolis-states and carried over into Europe David Nicola agrees with the latter point and even suggests that they had a complete set of engineering skills together with knowledge for establishing developed fortifications such as the fortress of IG DUI kala in Kazakhstan matter navy gear the strategic on States the Huns more commonly used male swords bows and Lance’s and that the majority Hunnic warriors were armed with both the bow and lance and used them interchangeably as needed it additionally states the Huns used quilted linen wool or frequently iron barding for his or her horses and also wore quilted quaff sand captains this comparison is largely corroborated by means of archaeological finds of hun army gear such because the volnek aapke & Brew burials a late Roman Ridge helmet of the BIR Kosovo form was once located with a hun burial at consist II a hunnic helmet of the segmental helm type was found at Tchaikovsky a hun expandin helmet at Terra zovsky grave 1784 and one more of the band helm variety at Turia vow fragments of lamellar helmets relationship to the Hunnic interval and within the Hunnic sphere have been found at eye Atris Ilitch Epke and known as me hun lamellar armour has now not been located in europe even though two fragments of possible hun foundation were located on the higher Oban in west kazakhstan dating to the 3rd 4th centuries a find of lamellar dating to about 520 from the highest-40 warehouse within the fortress of ham iris near bodybag romania suggests a late fifth or early sixth century introduction it’s recognized that the Eurasian avars offered lamellar Armour to the Roman military and migration technology Germanic sin the center sixth century however this later sort does now not appear earlier than then additionally it is widely approved that the Huns offered the Lang so a 60 centimeters chopping blade that grew to be widespread among the many migration era Germanic sand in the late Roman navy into Europe it’s believed these blades originated in China and that therefore our countries and hunt served as a transmission vector making use of shorter sea axes in important Asia that developed into the slim Lange so in japanese Europe during the late 4th and 1st half of the fifth century these earlier blades date as far back as the first century ad with the first of the newer form showing in jap Europe being the weaned simmerman illustration dated to the late 4th century advert different high-quality hunt examples incorporate the Lang so from the more contemporary find at volnek aapke in russia the Huns used a kind of spatha in the ironic or sassanid type with a long straight approximately 83 centimetres blade quite often with a diamond formed iron guard play swords of this sort were found at web sites comparable to alt much less i’m certain Mabus ano volna Kafka novo ivanovka and civilian 61 they on the whole had gold foil hilts gold sheet scabbards and scabbard fittings decorated in the polychrome kind the sword was once carried within the Iranian type connected to a sword belt alternatively than on a Bal trick essentially the most famous weapon of the Huns as the Darya variety composite recurve bow more often than not called the punished bow this bow was invented someday within the third or 2nd centuries BC with the earliest finds near Lake Baikal but unfold throughout Eurasia long earlier than the looking migration these bows were typifies with the aid of being uneven in cross section between a hundred forty five to a hundred and fifty 5 centimeters in length having between 4 to 9 lathes on the grip and within the seus although whole bows not often live to tell the tale in European climatic conditions indicators of bone seas are rather normal and attribute of steppe burials whole specimens were located at sites within the Tarim basin and Gobi wilderness comparable to nia come Darya and Shambhu simbel care Eurasian nomads such because the Huns in general used trial abate diamond formed iron arrowheads connected using birch tar in a tank with most often seventy five centimeters shafts and fletching hooked up with tar and sinew whipping such trial abate arrowheads are believed to be more correct and have higher penetrating energy or potential to injure than flat arrowheads fines of bows and arrows on this style in Europe are limited however archaeologically evidenced the most famous examples come from Wien simmerman although extra fragments have been located within the northern Balkans and Carpathian areas subject legacy you topic in Kristian hagiography after the fall of the hunnic Empire quite a lot of legends arose concerning the Huns amongst these are a quantity of Christian hagiographic legends in which the Huns play a position in an anonymous medieval biography of Pope Leo the primary a teal is marching to Italy in 452 has stopped due to the fact that when he meets Leo external Rome the Apostles Peter and Paul gave the impression to him conserving swords over his head and threatening to kill him until he follows the Pope’s command to turn back in other types attila takes the pope hostage and is forced via the saints to liberate him in the legend of Saint Ursula Ursula and her 11,000 holy virgins arrive at Cologne on their means back from a pilgrimage simply as the Huns underneath an unnamed Prince are besieging town Ursula and her virgins killed by means of the Huns with arrows after they refused the Huns sexual advances afterwards nonetheless the souls of the slaughtered virgins kind a heavenly army that drives away the Huns and saves cologne other cities with legends regarding the Huns and a Saint incorporate Orleans Troy’s Do’s Mets Madonna and Ron’s in legend surrounding Saint serve a shis of starvation and relationship to at least the eighth century service is claimed to have transformed Attila and the Huns to Christianity before they later grew to be apostates and returned to their paganism topic in Germanic legend the Huns also play an predominant role in medieval Germanic legends which almost always bring models of activities from the migration period and have been at the beginning transmitted orally reminiscences of the conflicts between the Goths and Huns in jap Europe gave the look to be maintained in the ancient English poem would sit as well as in historical Norse poem the combat of the Goths and Huns which is transmitted within the thirteenth century Icelandic Rivera saga wid Sethe additionally mentions at Atilla having been ruler of the Huns putting him at the head of a list of quite a lot of legendary and historical rulers and peoples and marking the Huns as probably the most noted the name Attila rendered in historical English as eighth law used to be a given title in use in anglo-saxon England ex Bishop Aliyah of Dorchester and its use in England on the time may have been linked to the heroic Kings legend represented in works comparable to Widseth maintian wellbeing and however doubts the usage of the name via the anglo-saxons had whatever to do with the Huns arguing that it was not a rare identify beed in his ecclesiastical history of the English people lists the Huns among different peoples dwelling in Germany when the anglo-saxons invaded England this will likely point out that beed considered the anglo-saxons as descending in part from the Huns the Huns in Attila additionally shaped critical figures within the two most popular Germanic legendary cycles that of the Nibelungs and of dietrich von Bern the old theoderic the fine the Nibelung legend certainly as recorded in the old norse poetic Edda and vole sangha saga as good as within the German novel lung in late connects the Huns and Attila and in the Norse tradition Attila’s dying to the destruction of the Burgundy and Kingdom on the Rhine in 437 in the legends about dietrich von Bern Attila and the Huns provide Dietrich with a refuge in support after he has been pushed from his kingdom at Verona a variant of the routine of the fight of nadao is also perceived in a legend transmitted in two differing versions in the middle high German die Robin schlock and historical Norse Diedrich saga in which the sons of Attila fall in fight the legend of Walter of Aquitaine meanwhile suggests the Huns to obtain child hostages as tribute from their subject persons’s customarily the Continental Germanic traditions paint a extra confident photo of Attila and the Huns than the Scandinavian sources where Hun’s appear in a particularly negative mild in medieval German legend the Huns were recognized with the Hungarians with their capital of Etzel burg attila metropolis being identified with Esther gone or Buddha the historical norse Diedrich saga however which is founded on North German sources locates Hoonah land in northern Germany with a capital at Sohus tin Westphalia in other ancient Norse sources the time period hunt is oftentimes applied indiscriminately to various individuals above all from south of Scandinavia from the thirteenth century onward the center high german phrase for hon excessive possess grew to become a synonym for enormous and continued to be used on this which means in the forms hoon and hewn into the modern day era on this way quite a lot of prehistoric megalithic structures exceptionally in northern Germany came to be recognized as Hoon engraver hun graves or hounam beddin hun beds topic hyperlinks to the Hungarians establishing within the excessive center a while Hungarian sources have claimed descent from or an in depth relationship between the Hungarians Magyars and the Huns the declare appears to have first arisen in non Hungarian sources and only steadily been taken up through the Hungarians themselves due to the fact that of its terrible connotations the nameless visitor to starvation Orem after 1200 is the primary Hungarian supply to mention that the road of our Padian Kings had been descendants of Attila however he makes no declare that the Hungarian and hun peoples are associated the primary Hungarian author to assert that hun and Hungarian peoples were associated with Simon of kaiza in his company to Honora at starvation Orem 1282 to 1285 Simon claimed that the Huns and Hungarians had been descended from two brothers named Honora and Magor these claims gave the Hungarians and historical pedigree and served to legitimize their conquest of Pannonia latest students generally brush aside these claims related to the claimed Hunnish origins found in these chronicles Gendo fits writes the Hunnish starting place of the Magyars is of direction a fiction just like the Trojan starting place of the French or any of the opposite Arrigo gentes theories fabricated at so much the same time the Magyars actually originated from the you Gurion department of the finno-ugric peoples within the direction of their wanderings within the steppes of japanese Europe they assimilated a type of chiefly Iranian and exclusive Turkic cultural and ethnic elements but that they had neither genetic nor ancient links to the Huns as a rule the proof of the connection between the Hungarian and the finno-ugric languages within the nineteenth century is taken to have scientifically disproven the searching origins of the Hungarians a different claim also derived from Simon of kaiza is that the Hungarian talking search a persons of Transylvania are descended from Huns who fled to Transylvania after a Teela’s dying and remained there unless the Hungarian conquest of Pannonia at the same time the origins of the CKD are unclear modern day scholarship is skeptical that they’re involving the Huns Laszlo McKee notes as good that some archaeologists and historians think CK’s were a Hungarian tribe or Annanagar BullGuard tribe drawn into the Carpathian Basin on the finish of the seventh century via the Avars who were identified with the Huns via modern day Europeans not like in the legend the CK were resettled in Transylvania from Western Hungary in the 11th century their language in a similar way indicates no proof of a change from any non Hungarian language to Hungarian as one would expect if they had been Hung’s even as the Hungarians and the CK’s will not be descendants of the Huns they had been historically closely associated with Turkic peoples Paul Engle notes that it cannot be utterly excluded that our Padian kings will have been descended from Attila nevertheless and believes that it is doubtless the Hungarians as soon as lived under the rule of the Huns jung jin kim supposes that the hungarians might be linked to the Huns by way of the bulgar zan de vars each of whom he holds to have had Hunnish factors whilst the idea that the Hungarians are descended from the Huns has been rejected through mainstream scholarship the thought has persisted to excerpt a important have an effect on on hungarian nationalism and country wide identity a majority of the hungarian aristocracy endured to ascribe to the Hunnic view into the early twentieth century the fascist arrow move-get together similarly talked about hungary as Honea in its propaganda hunnic origins also performed a massive function within the ideology of the cutting-edge radical proper-wing party Jobbik part ii ology of pantora nism legends related to the Hunnic origins of the seek a minority in Romania meanwhile continued to play a colossal role in that businesses ethnic identification the Hunnish starting place of the CK’s remains probably the most trendy theory of their origins among the many Hungarian general public subject twentieth-century use in reference to Germans on the 27th of July 1900 doing the Boxer rebellion in China kaiser wilhelm ii of germany gave the order to act ruthlessly toward the rebels mercy will not be proven prisoners is probably not taken just as a thousand years in the past the Huns below attila won a popularity of would that lives on in legends so made the name of germany in china such that no chinese may even again dare so much as to appear askance at a german this comparison used to be later heavily employed via british and english language propaganda in the course of World conflict one and to a lesser extent in the course of World conflict two in order to paint the Germans as savage barbarians matter see additionally record of rulers of the Huns nomadic Empire equals equals notes

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