#thats our second pathogen!

[medigocrazy-blog]

Dexamethasone- The Wonder Drug or The Desperate Hope?

Despite all the desperate efforts to control the spread of the virus SARS-CoV2, wiz getting on nerves of us, humans, as a very, very, social ;sometimes; toxic, species 

Hello,          I am Arjun and this picture is not me. Its been like 6 months into this pandemic and I have been eating all this junk you can actually say that this picture is me.Gosh, I was so excited for 2020 because so many exciting things were about to happen. Elon Musk was actually going to complete that Neuralink trial thingy by the end of this year and I could finally end my never ending struggle to take care of my> oh my god> numerous organ systems? my weight ? and my metabolism? any my eyesight? and my everything? Who the h*ll does that? 

But no, its just not happening guys. I am pretty sure now because 2020 is just the worst year! let us just agree to that as a starter!

Can you guys like believe that we cannot go out for window shopping anymore?

I go out to buy milk and I have to wear this Halo master chief armored suit thingy.

Ordering from Starbucks is just a pandemic and one kidney away and I certainly cannot beat the Indian summer heat.

I am desperate, I am so desperate that Baba Ramdev doing Yoga at 4:30 in the morning actually makes sense somehow.

I am so desperate that my lockdown 3 AM anthem is :

Taoism talks about how you should go with the flow so thats what I am actually doing, I am finally going with the flow,

But it feels like this flow is actually going towards a falling waterfall and we all are almost on the edge now.

The International airlines are shut down You cannot travel to Ladakh or Goa with your friends and Emiway just featured Macklemore in his song? Like seriously? He went from worshiping M&M to MM? Half a million people have died due to the Coronavirus alone

Yemen is going through a civil war and one of the worst famines in modern history.

And for some reason Delhi is getting its ego drop by a series of Earthquakes.

Well,  Thank You 2020, UNESCO just declared you to be the most confused year in the history of mankind. Like seriously, please decide what you want man.

Now, lets talk medicine.

Lets talk about the scope Dexamethasone potentially has, against Covid-19,

There has been numerous claims in the recent past to have successfully found a potential cure for Covid-19, But I was like meh; BUT I am pretty excited for this one which Oxford just released a statement for I think last night maybe.

The World Health Organisation also applauded the initial results of the study.

It is really interesting, the excerpt said that they are trying to publish the data as soon as possible which basically makes it a more trustworthy of a claim.

The study was an attempt to potentially use Dexamethosone  (A long acting corticosteroid which can remain in the systemic circulation for as long as 3 days) as a DOC for the Covid19.

What are Steroids?

Steroids is a group of chemical compounds with extensive properties often used as a drug of choice for many life threatening diseases.

Some steroids ( Androgenic Steroids) are activated due to stress and leads to many anabolic processes inside your body for example "Muscle building", When you are like trying to get those gains so badly in the gym, what basically happens is you are stressing your muscular cells (also injuring) as a result of resistance training and then steroids are produced as a physiological response so that more and more protein is available for the muscle to repair (btw this is the reason why some bodybuilders using anabolic steroids, end up gaining exceptional gains over years of steroid use)

Some steroids (Glucocorticoids) can strongly suppress the immune system by either suppressing certain genes in various immune cells or by blocking the important enzyme activities. These steroids can act as Anti Inflammatory too which basically means these steroids counter any inflammatory response which can be physiological or pathological. This is the reason that if a steroid taken in the early phase of the Covid-19 disease (The mild symptomatic or Asymptomatic phase) can actually suppress the immunity to a certain point that the drug itself becomes counterproductive.

Some Steroids (Mineralocorticoids) maintain the mineral balance by salt retention, etc. Lets just skip this one.

Adrenal Gland produces Steroid. Them tiny glands you can see above the kidneys.

Now the immunity suppressing nature of Dexamethasone is also the reason why it cannot be taken as a mass prophylaxis drug,  unless the patient is in a state of severe immune response to the infection and requires ventilation or ICU.

The exudate formed in the lungs become an overwhelming immune response to fighting the virus and becomes fatal by causing the patient to stay in respiratory distress and finally succumbing to death.

The Trials done by the Oxford University aka RECOVERY trials, said that :

"1 death would be prevented by treatment of around 8 ventilated patients"

or

"around 25 patients requiring oxygen alone as of now"

*The prognosis may potentially increase as with other combinations in the future*

The study is really interesting because the study population was relatively large ( around 11,500) ; The Cohort population was around 2100 and Control was 4300 which is really exciting.

How does Dexamethasone work against SARS - CoV2?

Dexamethasone is a long acting Corticosteroid and mostly suppress the genes of immune expression

This is the Mechanism of Action of the drug if you are interested:  

Dexamethosone vs The Immune System :  

The goal of this drug is to just deactivate the immune system which has gone kinda crazy over this virus.

The immune system (IS) basically starts acting like its IS and terrorizes the whole body like its Iraq or Syria.

Jokes aside, This drug can really do some great damage to the hyper super- immune response which is kind of self destructive as the disease progress. Let's try to understand HOW

Only Within 6 hours of single dose of Dexamethasone:

There is a decreased availabilty of lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes,

These cells start redistributing and becomes less available and inactive for almost a day or two.

Also there is a decreased adhesion of these cells to blood vessel walls due to Dexamethasone, Actually the drug is not letting these immune cells to cross the wall of the vessel and go to the infection site (which is kinda cool cuz' no immune response no problem right? seriously why didnt evolution think of this?)

SECONDLY < there is a > decreased phagocytotic capacity of the immune cells so that they do not eat up the virus and form further exudates.

Finally leading to the decrease in respiratory burst (It is the area inside a phagocyte where we burn the pathogen inside the phagolysosome usually, in the case of Covid19,  later explodes and kills us, Dont worry the jokes' on evolution not us )

Now the first most remarkable thing Dexamethasone does is, that, it suppresses Macrophage activity.

Which is basically blocking the Arachidonic Acid Pathway, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, Interleukin 1, Interleukin 6 and TNF

Explaination :

IL-1 goes to the brain and causes fever and normally increases the production of steroids by stimulating the hypothalamus, but since we are giving Dexamethasone (which is a steroid) there's something called as a negative feedback and it decreases the natural physiological production of steroid, causing the person to be severely dependent on steroids; and if the person stops taking this steroid, he can eventually die due to acute adrenal insufficiency, thats the reason why we should always taper the dose when withdrawing a steroid.

Now,

The Interleukin 6 usually activates almost all other immune system actions (Remember that respiratory burst is also decreased and hence theres no signal from the MHC I and II to activate the immune system either)  but when it is suppressed by Dexamethoasone, it cannot activate the immune response like it normally would.

The second most important thing is that Dexamethasone down stimulates the cooperation between naive T cells and Interleukins

In Covid 19, Macrophage connects with the Naive T cells and there is a co-stimulation and can be two pathways. (depending on which interleukin is available for the naive T cell)

The first pathway:

In presence of Interleukin 4, these Naive T cells convert into T helper -1 cells which further increases Interleukin 4 and Interleukin 5 by positive feedback mechanism.

Finally causing the other cells of cell- mediated immunity, the "B-cells" to become active and produce antibodies which bind with the virus antigen and try to repeatedly neutralise it. (and kills us).

The Dexamethasone can potentially end all this suffering by attacking a gene known as GATA3 on the T helper 1 cell, (Remember Steroids suppress some immune genes it is just one of them) and hence GATA3 is suppressed, and therefore the chain is broken and there is no immune response ( yay, we alive now)

The second pathway :

If the naive t cell has Interleukin 12 available instead of Interleukin 4, it becomes T helper 2 cell, which produces Interleukin 2, which activates Cytotoxic T cells which produces some naughty proteins called perforins and granzymes.

These Perforin causes perforations in the infected cell and granzymes are then injected to that infected cell which makes the cell kind of commit suicide I guess ?. (and it kills us)

Dexamethasone acts on the T-bet gene on the T helper 2 cell which suppresses the further activation of immune response ( and hey we back to life again)

Now, ALL this information which just went over all of our heads is just the immune suppression of steroids, Lets not go in details with the EXTENSIVE collection of what Dexamethasone can actually achieve.

Please note the trials were done with Dexamethasone and not other corticosteroids mainly because of its wide availability, inexpensive nature, and most importantly because it is along acting Corticosteroid despite being the most potent among them

Dexamethasone also decreases inflammation

Explaination :

Our Cell membranes have a phospholipid bilayer, which is converted by PLA2( Phospholipase A2 ) enzyme to Arachidonic Acid. a) Arachidonic Acid is acted on By COXs ( Cyclooxygenases) to release PGE2F2, PGI2, Thromboxin A2 b) Arachidonic acid can be converted to Leukotrienes by LOXs (Lipooxygenase)

Dexamethasone can block the PLA2 enzyme and COX2 and COX1,  by producing Lipocortin 1, and therefore there's no formation of Arachidonic Acid in the first place, and the whole inflammatory system goes down. (Kudos to the structure of Dexamethasone)

Please, keep in mind that we do need the immune and inflammatory response in the early part of the disease but as their  actions overwhelm the healthy effects of the process, steroids can be used. Not too early, because it can actually worsen the disease if steroids are administered too early.

Some Side Effects which are to be kept in mind :

1. Withdrawl :

- Underlying disease which we were treating may rebound even stronger than before - Acute Adrenal Insufficiency - Pseudotumor Cerebri - Myalgias - Arthralgias - Malaise

2. Hyper use of steroid for long period :

- Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities - HTN ( more sodium retention) - Hyperglycemia ( gluconeogenesis) - Increased infection susceptibility (suppressed immune system) - Behavioral disturbances - Striae (fat redistribution)

While this is a serious concern for us as Indians, people are already stocking up Dexamethasone, price is most likely to spike up and things actually somehow do not work perfectly in India. Let's hope we learn from our mistakes in the past and just get this done and over with. PS - I will try to post more articles like this if I find something interesting regarding the pandemic. Thank you for the time. :)   Feel free to contact.

Source: Dexamethasone statement by WHO

https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/16-06-2020-who-welcomes-preliminary-results-about-dexamethasone-use-in-treating-critically-ill-covid-19-patients

Oxford Recovery Trial Statement

https://www.recoverytrial.net/files/recovery_dexamethasone_statement_160620_v2final.pdf

[pathology-studies]

Hi! Can you please share your process on how to study? Or simply, how you study?

Hi Love! 

How I study depends on the subject, but here are my three major categories. If your class/test requires all of them, prioritize them according to whatever your prof / more advanced students say is most important.  

Broad Concepts 

When to use? Long answer tests / debates, connecting ideas. 

Talk to your friends about the key concepts! Explain it to friends in your class (people who can catch your mistakes / misconceptions). 

Mind maps to connect your big concepts! Make what I affectionately call “dating profiles” for them: what are their 3-5 MOST important features? 

Ex. Vaccines: safe, effective (activated B and T cells), and accessible financially/societally. 

Do some extra reading about it – make sure that you have examples of how to use the information and why it’s important. Google that shit, baby. Look at how other people describe it and use it! 

Make up “long answer” questions with your friends and trade them.

Ex. If you were a researcher trying to make a vaccine that was for pathogen X, and it needed to reach places without sufficient, what are three Next Gen vaccine types you could make, and what are their advantages and disadvantages? 

OK, so this question isn’t really fair: it requires connecting broad concepts AND knowing their tiny details! So once you’ve pinpointed what broad concepts you need to understand, move into their nitty gritty details: 

Heavy Memorizing (Detail Oriented)

When to use? Multiple choice, True/False, examples for long answers, straight-up classic memorizing (think history classes or anatomy!), fleshing out your understanding of concepts. 

Oooooh flashcards. Quizlet is OK but hand-made ones stick in my brain better, personally. Run through them, stick any of them that aren’t INSTANT recall back in the “do-over” pile, continue until they are done. THEN, pick them up again every few days until the test to keep it *fresh* 

Make a generic chart with lots of boxes. Print like 15. Fill out as much as you can from memory. Check it, add in info you forgot / correct what you got wrong. Put it away. Fill out a blank one. Repeat until you could do it in your sleep (or do it perfectly 2x in a row lol) It’s really useful for memorizing things that have categories like this: 

DISEASE 1 : host, vector, symptoms, epidemiology, pathogenic factors 

DISEASE 2 : host, vector, symptoms, epidemiology, pathogenic factors 

if you have say, Disease 1-20, and disease 1-5 are in an over arching group, you could mind map it too! 

Mind maps are the ultimate catch-all tbh. I usually do one on paper and then a million on a white board until i can nail it every time! Whoop! 

Ask your friends questions and have them ask you! Me and a friend of mine always study for parasitology by taking our notes and drilling each other with every relevant question we can think of, correcting each other as we go, and then doing it AGAIN (you guessed it) until we can get it perfectly every time, 

You might be like “thats unrealistic for the amount of notes I have!” and you might b right but we did it with over 200 powerpoint slides and both got As so….sometimes weird shit works idk fam.  

pls start studying for tests more than a 5 days out it makes memorizing things….way better…and less stressful…

Procedural (Doing it!)

When to use? Practical/lab tests, math/chemistry. 

DO EVERY PRACTICE PROBLEM PROVIDED. 

If you’ve done all of them and ur still nervous, look up youtube tutorials and pause the video when they give out a problem, get as far as you can, and then watch and see if you got it right. 

go to office hours! you prof / TA might have EVEN MORE practice problems!!

If it’s a lab technique, as you TA if you can practice w them (they might say no!)

Memorize all the steps to a method (works for lab or math/chem) and then easy peasy plug and chug it baby. This can be time consuming and stressful tho: try to break down each step LOGICALLY if you know WHY you’re doing something, you can APPLY it to new problems which is p cool. 

general advice: 

stay hydrated love. Eat!! Your brain is a diva that NEEDS glucose to function. Supply that glucose. 

you can do literally anything but don’t waste time trying to force a certain study technique to work for you. Some things gel w ur brain and some things don’t: find the right balance between lowest effort and best results. 

Work out. It’s good for ur brain to get some blood flowing! This can be walking around, doing some chill yoga poses on ur bedroom floor, whatever. It’s esp helpful to break up study sessions w some stretches / light exercises if you can. Do some wall-pushups or try to hold a plank for a few seconds. release ur physical tension it will help you focus. 

DO NOT fuck w distractions: phones, music, noises, people that distract you, do NOT let them interfere w ur study time. There is other time for that I promise you. If you go hard during study time, it will take you less time to learn the info, and then you can actually ENJOY the other things instead of feeling guilty. 

Notes (personal preferences): I usually listen to lyrical music when I’m doing practical stuff, and non-lyrical for the first bit of memorizing (or when i’m reading) and then switch to all lyrical (if u can remember that shit w hayley kiyoko blasting directly into your brain you’ll remember it when those noisy people walk by your classroom! but use this as a “final test” of sorts if lyrical music is super distracting to you.”

I also always study with a water bottle / tea / whatever to sip on so I don’t get dehydration headaches sneak up on me and gradually make me devolve into a frustrated pile of goo, but that’s just me. 

Let me know if you have other questions about specifics / want clarification or anything like that! Good luck!! You can do it!! 

[necharepli1981-blog]

After a few weeks of filming, the studio heads decided that Thorpe didn't understand how to film a fairy tale, and he was fired. Legendary director George Cukor, who was steeped in preproduction for "Gone With the Wind," stepped in temporarily to help redefine the creative direction of the film. After a few weeks, Cukor handed the reins off to Victor Fleming, who ultimately guided the film through its completion. Locked me out of options. He won in the next lane. First time I seen that card in play. Second, many of us have specific training and skill sets that exist no where else, and where they do, its as a contractor for the federal government, so the pay is less, no benefits and THEY ARENT HIRING EITHER right now. Now move on the to the idea that you claim there is 200,000 하남출장샵 magical jobs properly distributed to even come close to absorbing the work force thats currently not getting paid. Im in a highly technical and specialized position. Edit 3: Thank you all for the support, kind words and golds! You guys are the best! I will work on getting versions of DoH and DoL icons when I get back in town next week. I will post an update with everything together. I tried to message everyone who was kind enough to comment. But active is a must! Many of our member have over 77 activity points a week. Because of this, we've enacted a weekly minimum of 44 points a week. This discouraged ghosts and inactive members. Your gut already has thousands of types of bacteria, whose job it is to aid in digestion. The good bacteria in a healthy system stave off any of the pathogenic, or disease causing, bacteria. Together they're called our colonizing microbes, and each of us has a unique set. To explain this even further: of course craft is an artform! That isn why this distinction is made at all. It was made back when the main kind of art we got was still images, like paintings and drawings, so that those could be filtered out on the weekends while other, less prominent stuff got seen. We voted on this several times before now; as recently as last year, the community voted to block still image art on the weekends but allow craft. I didn't tell anybody what i was doing. Reporter: For "good morning america," paula faris, abc news, new york. Paula, we thank you. You put a lot of extra words in my mouth, and misquoted me. Half of what you just defended are things I didn't mention. Did you miss the part about "I have had prenatal care"? My discussions with my OB and what is the best is just different from what you think is best for me.. My favorite palette is the A Gudetama ones in shade 1. That matte orange and the glittery brown, y So perfect. I really loving oranges right now so that works for me. He changed plans for a pretty important reason. Like you said, these events are few and far between. Plus it for something important, not just hanging out with his friends 하남출장샵 or whatever. Those should release when Cinderella does. 1 point submitted 5 days agoAll of the ones you mentioned specifically are available on Disney Movie Club, except for Cinderella (which will be available once Cinderella is released again).The ones I wondering about are all of the movies currently available without digital copies. Hunchback, Great Mouse Detective, Rescuers, Treasure Planet, etc.

[sciencespies]

Anglerfish physically fuse to their mates, and we finally know how that's possible

https://sciencespies.com/nature/anglerfish-physically-fuse-to-their-mates-and-we-finally-know-how-thats-possible/

Anglerfish physically fuse to their mates, and we finally know how that's possible

Dating is hard enough when you have ample choice, but imagine drifting through a dark nothingness, half-formed and hopeless, starved for nutrients and love.

So goes the life of a bachelor anglerfish, and when there aren’t plenty of fish in the deep sea, you can’t blame them for being a little clingy when they do find one.

Still, some anglerfish take that neediness to the extreme. When certain species sniff out a giant female in the dark, they will whip out their sharp teeth and bite their date by the belly.

Once they have a firm grasp, these tiny males, sometimes no bigger than a centimetre, will release an enzyme that dissolves the surrounding skin, melding his and her tissues, and establishing a common circulation of blood.

Comfortable at last in a relationship that serves him up regular meals, the male may even start to lose its eyes, fins and some internal organs.

Arrow shows a 23.5 mm large male fused onto a female anglerfish. (Edith A. Widder)

In this gruesome way, these fish become nothing more than loyal and loving appendages with testes. Or, more accurately, sexual parasites.

As one naturalist put it in 1938: “This is sheer fiction, beyond all belief unless we have seen the proof of it.”

And we have – we’ve actually got footage. Outside of identical conjoined twins, scientists say this is the only other example of sexual parasitism that’s naturally occurring.

For 100 years, we’ve wondered how anglerfish actually do it, and now we might have figured it out.

Even for the best doctors, fusing foreign tissue and establishing a common blood circulation is incredibly difficult. Human organ transplantation requires lifelong immunosuppressants, because vertebrate immune systems are evolved to attack foreign matter that may pose a threat.

But anglerfish don’t seem to have those issues. Studying the genomes of 10 different anglerfish species, scientists have found these fish have differences in several crucial parts of the vertebrate immune system.

Some species were missing the genes that encoded for a type of antigen found on the surface of somatic cells, and which is known to signal the immune system when invaders arrive.

These are known as major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens, and while they are usually great for our health, they cause a lot of problems during organ and bone marrow transplantation when we want foreign matter to stay.

“Apart from this unusual constellation of MHC genes, we discovered that the function of killer T cells, which normally actively eliminate infected cells or attack foreign tissues during the organ rejection process, was also severely blunted if not lost entirely,” says immunobiologist Jeremy Swann from the Max Planck Institute in Germany.

“These findings hinted at the possibility that the immune system of anglerfishes was very unusual among the tens of thousands of vertebrate species.”

To make these fish even stranger, researchers found some species were missing antibodies – the second major immune defence system, which tag invaders for attack.

In humans, the authors say, the loss of all these immune facilities would most likely kill us.

“The study thus shows that despite several hundred million years of co-evolutionary partnership of innate and adaptive functions, vertebrates can survive without the adaptive immune facilities previously considered to be irreplaceable,” says immunologist Thomas Boehm from the Max Planck Institute.

“We assume that as-yet unknown evolutionary forces first drive changes in the immune system, which are then exploited for the evolution of sexual parasitism.”

The question has thus gone from: how did anglerfish evolve to survive fusing with another?; to: how did anglerfish evolve to survive without the most crucial parts of the vertebrate immune system? 

Female anglerfish of the species Photocorynus spiniceps, 46 mm, with a 6.2 mm parasitic male fused to her back. (Theodore Pietsch)

Clearly, these fish aren’t completely unprotected. The authors think they must be drawing on some innate immunity to fight off infection – one that doesn’t remember and adapt to pathogens, simply kills them outright.

If that’s true, it undermines a key assumption of vertebrate evolution.

“Our findings challenge the view that, once innate and adaptive immune systems have engaged in co-evolution, neither arm can be eliminated without detrimental consequences,” the authors write.

Instead, it appears that anglerfish have lost key aspects of this adaptive immune system after it evolved among most vertebrates some 500 million years ago.

“We find it remarkable that the unusual mode of reproduction was invented several times independently in this group of fishes,” says evolutionary biologist Theodore (Ted) Pietsch from the University of Washington.

Among the genomes studied, the authors actually identified several stages of this strange evolution in action. The less strong the physical attachment between mates, the more the anglerfish immune system resembled other vertebrates.

As of now, we can’t say for sure why these anglerfish have adapted such odd immune systems, but it seems likely that it’s somehow tied to their strange reproductive habits. And these are most likely driven, in some way, by their lonesome environment.

When there’s no hope for life outside of love, it seems these fish will give up up just about anything for a life partner, their fins, their eyes, their immune systems, and even their organs.

“There’s basically no integrity at this point,” Pietsch told The New York Times.

The study was published in Science.

#Nature

[quester8888]

COVID-19 the Elusive Virus

We are witnessing a rapidly changing social and economic landscape as never before, affecting absolutely everybody. Following is some factual information that challenges main stream thought, both allopathic and alternative. No speculation, no conspiracy, just some thoughtful facts and questions. This should help you negotiate these challenging times. Nothing here is meant to diminish the seriousness of the situation. Think about it - draw your own conclusions. This message is intentionally brief. More detail and references can be found at the website linked at the end for those who have questions and are drawn to go deeper. Believe nothing, no matter where you have read it or who has said it, not even me, unless it resonates with your own thinking and common sense Is this virus really the threat it's made out to be ? Or is there something else at play ? Much of modern medical thinking about viruses and other microbes is questionable. The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) research initiative to improve understanding of the microbial flora involved in human health and disease. Launched in 2007, the first phase (HMP1) focused on identifying and characterizing human microbial flora. Much of our cellular makeup is microbial - estimates range from 50% to 90%. Regardless of where you settle on this line, a large number of cells in our body are bacteria, yeasts, parasites and yes viruses according to the Human Microbiome Project. It is hypothesized that bacteria appeared around 1.8 billion years ago, viruses around 1.5 billion years ago and humans around 66 million years ago. Microbes were here first. What if we all evolved symbiotically ? It doesn't make sense that these microbes would attack us. If that were the case, we would never have survived. What if they have a positive role to play in our bodies ? The human population has grown steadily over the millenia. Over the last 200 years the population has exploded growing from aprox 1 billion to almost 8  billion. How could that happen if we carry pathogenic microbes (viruses) in our body ? Note the date this project started 2007 - the attack on microbes started more than two centuries earlier with Dr Edward Jenner who in 1796 administered the first vaccine against smallpox. Knowing this, does the indiscriminate use of pharmaceutical antibiotics and vaccines make sense ? All developed without a full and complete knowledge of the human microbiome ? How is a virus diagnosed ? This is a big question, an important question. You will find that there is no direct, positive and fool proof diagnostic tool to isolate a virus in the human body. Without isolation and identification, would you not question causation? Are you becoming concerned, perhaps a bit suspicious ? Several respected scientists and professionals have examined this question  ... Dr Stefan Lanka PhD Virologist Dr Lanka appeared twice before the German Supreme Court to challenge the medical community over the existence of a virus. The first time concerning HIV and the second time measles. He was supported both times with the court, confirming that there was no proof that these viruses existed. Dr Etienne de Harven MD PhD "By 1970 however, and in spite of a most extensive, worldwide research effort, not a single virus was ever demonstrated by Transmission Electron Microscopy ..." Dr R G Hamer MD For the better part of 40 years, Dr Hamer studied the relationship between emotional trauma and disease - one of his conclusions was that a virus, if it exists, participates in healing and repair processes in our body. He showed that the flu is the result of an emotional upset (this is all about your subconscious belief system). Much of modern medicine is based on the Germ Theory of Louis Pasteur. Several books have been published showing that Pasteur was wrong. There is no hard science to substantiate the existence of medically significant viruses. So what is really going on ? What is making people sick ? As of the 20th of March, the WORLDOMETER website reports 11,000 + deaths worldwide as a result of the Corona virus (COVID-19) This includes almost 3,500 in Italy - slightly more than China (3248). However, a report from the Italian Higher Institute of Health contradicts that Italian number. “There may be only two people who died from corona virus in Italy, who did not present other pathologies. This is what emerges from the medical records examined so far by the Higher Institute of Health, according to what was reported by the President of the Institute ..." In many cases the cause of death is the opinion of the examining doctor at the time of death. WHAT ?? Then what are these people dying of you may ask ? The answer; Conventional causes and complications. Things you need to know The WORLDOMETER website reports that 56 million people died, worldwide, in 2017 thats 153,000 / day from all causes. Jon Rappoport reports “, ‘influenza and pneumonia’ took 62,034 lives in 2001 — 61,777 of which were attributable to pneumonia and 257 to flu, and in only 18 cases was the flu virus positively identified.” Statistics can be grossly distorted. If a recent death presents with several pathological conditions - including a (corona) virus, what will the pathologist list as the cause of death ? You must ask what purpose would be served by selecting one over the other ? Dr Barbara Starfield reports 250,000 deaths / yr in America due to medical misadventure. This information appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in July 2000. The US Food and Drug Administration reports 100,000 annual deaths from properly prescribed and administered pharmaceutical drugs. Ron Paul reports that “tuberculosis, an old disease not much discussed these days, killed nearly 1.6 million people in 2017.” So, the big question now is why the hysteria around Corona (a flu virus) and not the "regular" flu which appears to be deadlier? Why is the entire planet seemingly headed for lockdown ? Is universal and mandatory vaccination on the horizon ? Is this the answer ? Stay tuned ... a vaccine is on the way. For more details https://thegnmsolution.com/the-elusive-virus-2/ How can you be certain that the information presented here is not just as biased as that of "conventional" medicine. You cannot be certain. Everyone must gain the truth in their own way. If you want to know something you must look at all the premises yourself, listen to all the arguments yourself, and then decide for yourself what seems to be the most likely answer. You may be easily led astray if you ask the authorities to do this work for you. This is also the answer to those who wonder why even honest doctors and scientists are misled. And it is also the answer to those who after reading this information, ask the same question. Adapted from Uffe Ravenskov MD PhD Author of The Cholesterol Myths Exposing the fallacy that saturated fat and cholesterol causes heart disease   http://www.ravnskov.nu/cm2/ Seminars    Consultation It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it - Aristotle -384 - 322 BC   Read the full article