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foodzophrenia · 6 years ago

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Turmeric in India: An exhausting examination

They often say that variety is the spice of life. To this I say two things.

Variety is a trade magazine whose chief function is the timely publication of celebrity obituaries. So, if anything, it’s the spice of death.

The real spice of life is turmeric.

That’s right, turmeric. And today I’m going to take you to turmeric school. The story of turmeric is a long one, so strap in.

The Taxonomy of Turmeric

First, let’s get the pleasantries out of the way. Readers, Turmeric; Turmeric, Readers.

From a modern botanical point of view, turmeric is one of many members of the ginger family (along with its common companion galangal). If you want to get downright taxonomic about it, turmeric is a citizen of the kingdom of plants, falling within the order of the Zingiberales (which sounds like a wise-cracking Latino street gang), and nestled comfortably within the family of Zingiberaceae. While there are many varieties of turmeric, the species as a whole has been given the Latin binomial title Curcuma Longa.

Above ground, the plant can reach up to a meter in height (though in commercial production this is rarely the case). Typically long tube-like leaves extend from a central point and unfurl. These longer leaves surround a densely packed central ‘tower’ of bracts, from which the flowers of the plant extend. These flowers themselves can be quite beautiful - ranging in colour from pale white and orange to a brilliant fuschia. If it weren’t otherwise of interest, turmeric might have been cultivated simply for the beauty of its flowers.

There are a few recipes, particularly in India, which employ the leaves of the turmeric plant like a banana leaf to wrap up sweets of various kinds. The most common of these is patoleo - a festive recipe from Goa which involves steaming rice, fresh coconut, and jaggery in a package of turmeric leaves. I don’t have easy access to turmeric leaves or good fresh coconuts so I haven’t tried to make this, but I intend to try it with banana leaves.

While the leaves are of some culinary use, the main point of interest from the (human) culinary point of view is the subsurface root or rhizome of the plant. These rhizomes are, typically, cylindrical and often branched. Beneath the thin, light brown outer skin and scales of the rhizome we find the orange flesh, which can vary in intensity from a deep almost rust-coloured orange to a pale, light orange not unlike the flesh of an unripe peach.

This rhizome can be used ‘fresh’ (though after cleaning and often boiling at the site of production), as well as in the more common powdered form. We’ll look at how this powder is produced below, but first, let’s look at the names for turmeric. This will help us when we are reading through 12th century Indian cookbooks or trying to cast spells in Sanskrit.

Etymology: Turmeric by any other name would stain your fingers just as yellow

Most of the names for turmeric with which I’m familiar originate in the Indian subcontinent. Given the importance of various turmeric subspecies for Ayurvedic medicine and a wide variety of Vedic cultural practices, it is not terribly surprising that there are many names for turmeric in Sanskrit. I say not surprising, but, if I’m being honest, I am still surprised at just how many words for turmeric there actually are in Sanskrit. I attempted to count them all but got annoyed when I reached 50, so I stopped.

The most common name for turmeric in Sanskrit is Haridara or (more usually) Haridra (हरिद्रा).

The word is taken to be a compound of hari (meaning supremacy, to shine or to flourish, but also referring specifically to the colour yellow) and the word dara, meaning to wear. This etymology is often taken to be a reference to Vishnu, the supreme Vedic deity amongst Vaishnavist Hindus, who is typically pictured clothed in yellow. Indeed, many of the earliest recorded uses of turmeric have to do with its peculiar yellowness rather than its flavour (as we will see below).

In English, turmeric is called ‘turmeric’, another word of Indo-European origin. Here the term derives from the Latin terra merita, meaning something like ‘good earth’ - presumably a reference to the fact that ground turmeric resembles a rich, earthy pigment (though it actually suffers from several chemical problems which make it a terrible dye).

It’s ‘official’ scientific name, Curcuma, is also Latin, though it derives from an earlier Arabic term Kurkum ( كُرْكُم‎), which, in turn, is thought to have been derived from an even earlier Sanskrit term कुङ्कुम (kukguma) which means ‘crocus’ or, in its feminine form, ‘saffron’ (a spice itself derived from the flowers of the Crocus sativus). Hence, again, yet another English term for turmeric: ‘Indian Saffron,’ common in the 18th and 19th centuries, and now fallen into disuse. All this to say: there are tons of names for turmeric, and most of them have their source in India and, in particular, they are linked to Sanskrit, the language of the Vedas.

Today, India accounts for nearly 80% of the world’s turmeric production - with 17% of world production centered in the state of Telangana alone. While Turmeric is important in a variety of cuisines, it is almost impossible to imagine Indian cooking without turmeric. So, let’s first look at how turmeric is produced and then how it has been used over the course of India’s long history.

Dung-slurry and toxic adulterants: powdered turmeric’s journey to your pantry

Despite its easy availability around the world, the production of powdered turmeric is a rather involved process. I’m going to skip all the agricultural work that goes into obtaining a field of turmeric. Let’s just assume you’ve got one, the plants are fully grown, and you’re ready to go.

The first step in the manufacture of powdered turmeric is to dig up the rhizomes. This can be arduous work, and is rarely made easier by mechanization.

Once you’ve collected together enough rhizomes, the next step is to wash them thoroughly. This can be done in a number of ways, and there is a significant amount of scientific research produced by agricultural universities in India which dictates EXACTLY how this ought to be done. (The Spices Board of India often coordinates these kinds of efforts and spends quite a bit of energy regulating and improving upon the production of turmeric in India).

The most low tech way to wash turmeric is to do it by hand, much like you would wash a potato. This, as you might expect, is not terribly efficient.

A slightly more high-tech way of doing it involves the use of a large perforated drum, elevated on a pedestal for ease of use. The bottom part of the drum is partially immersed in water and, somewhat like the machine used for picking the numbers for bingo or a lottery, you can rotate it so that all the turmeric rhizomes within get their chance to take a dip. Because of the perforations, chunks of dirt float into the water tank below and you are left with relatively clean turmeric rhizomes. If you’re feeling particularly lazy or are just after that elusive dream of perfect turmeric harvest efficiency, you can also replace the hand-cranked drum with a powered version.

Once you’ve got your relatively clean turmeric rhizomes, you are ready for step three on the road to powder: boiling or steaming. This procedure, too, is often done directly in the field. The function of boiling/steaming is, basically, to ensure that the rhizomes are dead, so that they don’t start sprouting in storage. Without soil and sufficient nutrition,, sprouting rhizomes tend to turn into rotten plants, which stink, attract pests, and don’t sell. Boiling is also useful in reducing the odour of the rhizomes generally and in the production of a more uniform colour at the end of the process.

Traditionally (and in some places still), the rhizomes were ‘cured’ in a slurry of cow dung rather than boiled. Various scientific field studies have shown that, in addition to potential contamination by the slurry, this curing process doesn’t work terribly well. It renders the rhizomes more susceptible to subsequent infections/pest infestation (shocking), rather counterproductively produces a weaker colour, and makes them more difficult to store. It hasn’t reached this point yet, but, if the industrialization of turmeric production continues, I would not at all be surprised if turmeric traditionalists pop-up who insist on the ‘flavour profile’ generated by dung-cured turmeric. I’m cool with boiling.

While there is, at the moment, a wide consensus as to the superiority of boiling in water over curing in a dung-slurry, there is very little consensus about exactly how the boiling should be done.

Traditional approaches tend to recommend longer boiling/steaming times (often as long as six hours), over a fire produced from the turmeric leaves, bracts, and other plant waste generated from the rhizome harvest. The rhizomes are placed in a large galvanized steel pan and boiled or steamed in a little water. (Really, only the bottom layer of rhizomes is boiled, while the upper layers are steamed).

There is disagreement, too, about the exact method of determining when the boiling/steaming is complete. Some argue that the best method is to simply poke the rhizomes with a stick. When they ‘feel right’, they’re done! (Not useful if you’re new on the job). Others recommend cutting a rhizome open; when it is uniformly coloured with a deep yellow, rather than red, the boiling is complete.

More advanced, industrial methods of boiling have also been developed within India. These typically involve large-scale boilers with hoppers, timers, and temperature gauges that can be set to exact specifications. In the name of efficiency and scientific rigor, boiling times here are typically much shorter than in the traditional approaches. Instead of 5 or 6 hours, the rhizomes are boiled for as little as 40 minutes. While the industrialization of turmeric powder production is spreading, it is nowhere near complete - traditional approaches are still more common within India and throughout Asia. The Spices Board of India has recently begun a program meant to subsidize steam boiling units to encourage the industrialization of production, but this project is in its infancy.

Following boiling, the rhizomes are spread out in the sun on the ground, on bamboo mats, or on specialized drying floors in a thin layer. Once the sun goes down, the product is heaped together and covered to discourage pests and to protect them from the rain. Depending on the weather, it takes between ten and fifteen days to dry the rhizomes, which means a lot of fairly arduous labour heaping the turmeric, spreading it out, then heaping it again, etc. The process is similar to the traditional production of malted grains on specialized malting floors, though I haven’t seen anyone discussing the superiority of bamboo versus leaf mats in the subsequent flavour of the turmeric. To encourage hygienic production methods, again, the Spices Board of India has instituted a subsidy program for large plastic drying sheets.

Once the rhizomes are finally dry, they are often (but not always) polished. The aim of polishing is largely aesthetic in character; polishing serves to remove the scales covering the outside of the rhizome, and also helps to get rid of burgeoning rootlets, which resemble the eyes of a potato. Just as with washing, polishing can be done manually. This involves rubbing the turmeric against a hard surface, or placing a number of rhizomes in a stack and stomping on them (relatively gently). It can also be done using a rotating drum with an abrasive surface which is very similar to a rock tumbler (some of the rhizome washers can be adjusted to serve this purpose as well). At this stage of production, if the rhizomes are to be sold ‘fresh’ (i.e., unpowdered) many unscrupulous producers will adulterate the rhizomes by adding colouring agents to make up for any aesthetic defects in their product. Grading turmeric mostly relies on the depth and quality of colour, and so this kind of adulteration is a simple enough way to make more money.

Some of these adulterants are actually fairly toxic. For instance, Metanil Yellow (C18H14N3NaO3S), one of the most common adulterants, has been shown to be neurotoxic in animals and may also cause liver damage. Other unscrupulous dealers will add similar colourants even after the powder has been produced, which can result in even higher concentrations of toxic chemicals. Given the high demand for turmeric worldwide, it is perhaps not surprising that adulteration is a widespread phenomenon. The problem is exacerbated by the difficulty of detection. There are quite a few adulterants which are commonly added to turmeric, and they have to be tested for in quite different ways (and this only includes those adulterants for which tests have been developed). In short: it is very difficult to know if your turmeric is who it says it is. The Spices Board of India is in a bit of a difficult position regarding these adulterants: on the one hand, their goal is to promote the sale of Indian turmeric on the foreign market. On the other hand, they are also concerned with protecting the legitimacy of the Indian spice trade and public health. I’d say ‘buyer beware,’ but there isn’t really much you can do.

Toxic additives or not, once your rhizomes are dry, you can finally turn them into powdered gold. Traditionally, this was done in a large wooden or stone chakki (a hand operated mill similar to a mortar and pestle). Today, in almost every case of commercial production it is done using a large burr mill, set to produce a fine powder that can pass through a 300 micrometer sieve. Some of the larger producers also employ cryogenic mills which cool the rhizomes using liquid nitrogen prior to milling. This allows for high speed, more efficient milling, though the practice is uncommon and quite expensive.

After all of this you have a fine, earthy yellow powder ready for use

Out, damned spot(s)! - Turmeric and Ayurvedic Medicine

Aside from the fact that many regions in India are well-suited for growing turmeric, one of the chief reasons for the Indian dominance in the international turmeric market is that turmeric has been used there the longest. The earliest direct, historical references to turmeric come from Ayurvedic medical texts from 1500 BC to 1200 BC. But we can be sure that, prior to these written texts, turmeric was being used for quite some time already.

While it has been used as a temporary dye and, symbolically, in certain religious rites (e.g., its use as a mangala sutra (a kind of wedding necklace)), it has been most prominently used in cooking and medicine. Let’s take a look at early medical accounts of turmeric (which happen to appear in some of the earliest medical texts in the world).

There is significant debate as to the origin and dating of the earliest Ayurvedic medical traditions. Some scholars argue, on the basis of archaeological evidence, that rudimentary forms of later Ayurvedic practices like dentistry and trepanation were already in place by 7000 BC among the precursors of the Harappan (or Indus Valley) Civilization. A bit of a stretch. To me, this seems like it ignores what is peculiar to the Ayurvedic tradition: namely, the collection and organization of a variety of medical practices into a relatively coherent and theoretically consistent whole. For me, these systematized practices are what Ayurveda is really about, and they began to emerge in written form beginning around 1200 BC, with the appearance of the Atharva-veda. The Atharva-veda is the fourth of the Vedic scriptures. In contrast to the rather complex religious and philosophical quality of the first three vedas, the Atharva-veda concerns practical life and what we might call ‘popular’ religion. The text itself is broken up into three distinct segments: the Samhita, Brahmana, and Upanishad layers. The Brahmanic layer contains the Gopatha Brahmana and focuses on the proper performance of certain rituals. The three Upanishads within the Atharva-veda focus on meditation and the generation of correct spiritual knowledge. Finally, the Samhita layer, distinct among the early vedic texts, focuses on practical matters - things like surgery, medicine, herbalism, and various charms, mantras, and spells meant to combat specific physical and spiritual ailments.

It is within this Samhita portion of the Atharva-veda that turmeric finds its first recorded medical use in a hymn (or charm) intended to combat leprosy:

Night-born art thou, O herb, O dark, black, and dusky one: O coloror, do thou color this leprous spot and what is pale! [Atharva-veda Samhita, Book I, Hymn 23]

The ‘colourer’ (rajani) here is turmeric. The hymn continues:

The leprous spot, what is pale, do thou cause to disappear from hence, the speckled; let thine own color enter thee; make white things fly away. Dusky is thy hiding-place, dusky thy station; dusky art thou, O herb; make the speckled disappear from hence. Of the bone-born leprous spot, and of the body-born that is in the skin, of that made by the spoiler -- the incantation have I made the white mark disappear [Atharva-veda Samhita, Book I Hymn 23].

Here the crucial feature of turmeric is its ability to colour human skin: by invoking the power of turmeric as a colourer, and by applying turmeric to the skin, the leper’s speckles are made to disappear. The idea here is not simply to use turmeric to dye the skin directly -- since this effect is temporary - but to invoke the inner power of colouring which characterizes turmeric. This early invocation was the beginning of a very long medical tradition. In a later Ayurvedic text, the Sushruta Samhita (ca. 1st millennium BC), the same basic idea of using turmeric to treat various kushtha (diseases of the skin) is applied. Here, however, turmeric is to be taken internally, perhaps, also, to internalize and capture the inner power colouring. The patient is recommended to “use a lambative medicinal compound of [...] Haridra [turmeric] with an adequate quantity of cow’s urine every day for a month” [Sushruta Samhita, 357]. (‘Lambative,’ by the way, is a term applied to medicines which are taken by licking with the tongue - yum!)

In other later Ayurvedic works, like the Charaka Samhita (produced in stages between 400 BC and 200 AD), turmeric plays many roles in addition to that of the colourer and leper-saver.

Thus, for example, it is an important part of a ‘cleansing’ concoction used in rasayana. Rasayana is a blanket term which refers to treatments meant to promote health by halting or slowing various degenerative processes (e.g., aging). The first step in rasayana involves the near-complete evacuation of the body and mind of any sort of pollutant. The idea here is to return the body and the mind to a state of purity, and then to engage in practices which uphold this purity as against the corrupting influences of bad diet, bad thoughts, and bad companionship. As one might expect, these purifying processes are fairly involved.

First, a suitable location needs to be acquired, and the Charaka Samhita goes into great detail regarding this:

For this [treatment] a cottage should be built in an auspicious ground, facing eastward or northward and in a locality which is inhabited by king, physician, and brahmanas, holy saints, is free from dangers, auspicious and with easy availability of necessary accessories. It should have sufficient space area and height, three interior chambers one after the other, a small opening, thick walls and should be comfortable for the seasons, well-clean and favourable. It should be impermeable for undesirable sound, etc. (sense objects, free from women, equipped with necessary accessories, and attended by physician with medicaments and brahmanas [Charaka Samhita, 5].

Then, as now, health is 90% real estate.

After you’ve acquired such a cottage, and freed it from women, you can begin the second stage of treatment: the cleansing rituals. These are mostly mental in character. You first have to free yourself from “mental defects” and try to “feel companionship with all the creatures”. No problem. Done.

And, once this social and mental work is done, you need to begin work on physical cleansing or “evacuative measures” [Charaka Samhita, 5].

This is where turmeric comes in (...and goes out).

The person well-uncted and fomented, should take with hot water the formulation consisting of the powders of haritaki, rock salt, amalaka, jaggery, vaca, vidanga, haridra, long pepper, and dry ginger. When he is evacuated properly by this and has followed the routine dietetic regimen, he should be given barley preparation added with ghee for three, five, or seven days (according to measure of evacuation) till the accumulated feces are eliminated. Thus when he is considered as having cleansed bowels, the physician should administer the appropriate rasayana drug taking into consideration his age, constitution, and suitability [Charaka Samhita, 5].

So, now we’ve got our first turmeric-based recipe. And it’s an old one!

Bowel evacuator for the well-uncted cottager (from Charaka Samhita)

Ingredients

Amalaka (Phyllanthus emblica, aka Indian gooseberry, amla, purple-leaf plum, myrobalan)

Haritaki (Terminalia chebulia, aka Black Myrobalan)

Rock Salt

Jaggery (cane sugar)

Vaca (Acorus calamus, aka sweet flag)

Vidanga (Embelia ribes, aka false black pepper)

Haridra (Turmeric)

Long Pepper (Piper longum)

Dry Ginger

Instructions

Build an auspicious cottage (or, better, have one constructed for you).

Make sure no women are around.

Feel companionship with all the creatures.

Mix the above ingredients in hot water.

Consume along with a barley gruel mixed with ghee.

Evacuate bowels for days.

Consult your physician for further guidance.

Although most pre-modern recipes (medical or otherwise) are rather vague when it comes to quantities and the exact methods of preparation, the Charaka Samhita is (occasionally) extremely precise, giving both ratios of ingredients and in many cases exact measurements of quantity. This makes it somewhat irritating (if you are interested in really evacuating those bowels) that so much is left vague in our above recipe.

Fortunately, the much more important recipe for invincibility is slightly more precise and it also happens to contain turmeric:

Ghee extracted from milk is cooked with haritaki, amalaka, bibhitaka, haridra, salaparni, bala, vidanga, guduci, sunthi, madhuka, pippali and katphala. This (ghee) along with honey and sugar is mixed with the amalaka powder impregnated hundred times with the juice of amalaka fruits and added with iron powder (bhasma) in ¼ quantity. [Ten grams] of this formulation should be taken in every morning by the above method. In the evening, the patient should take diet consisting of sali and sastika rice added with ghee along with the soup of green gram or milk. If this formulation is used regularly for three years, the person attains a life-span of hundred years free from old age, acquires knowledge, his diseases are alleviated, poison becomes ineffective in his body which is rendered firm as stone and he becomes invincible for the organisms [Charaka Samhita 11-12].

While this is still not as precise as one might like, it does allow us to generate the following recipe, loosely in the ‘modern’ style.

Ghee of General Invincibility

Ingredients

Ghee

Amalaka (Phyllanthus emblica, aka Indian gooseberry, amla, purple-leaf plum, myrobalan)

Haritaki (Terminalia chebulia, aka Black Myrobalan)

Bibhitaka (Terminalia bellirica, aka beleric, bastard myrobalan)

Haridra (Turmeric)

Salaparni (Pseudarthia viscida)

Bala (Sida cordifolia, aka flannel weed, country mallow)

Vidanga (Embelia ribes, aka false black pepper)

Guduci (Tinospora cordifolia, aka heart-leaved moonseed, giloy)

Sunthi (Zingiber officinale, aka dry ginger)

Madhuka (Madhuca longifolia, aka honey tree, butter tree)

Pippali (Piper longum, aka long pepper)

Katphala (Myrica esculenta, aka box myrtle, bayberry)

Honey

Sugar (presumably jaggery)

Amalaka powder impregnated with amalaka juice

Lauha Bhasma (calcinated iron powder)*

Accompaniments

Sali rice (any variety of Oryza sativa)

Sastika rice (aka Navara rice, particularly as grown in Kerala - typically harvested after 60 days of growth)

Soup of green gram (aka mung bean)

Milk (aka milk, animal left unspecified)

Instructions

Cook the amalaka, haritaki, bibhitaka, haridra, salaparni, bala, vidanga, guduci, sunthi, madhuka, pippali, and katphala in ghee.

Mix this spiced and herbed ghee with honey, sugar, and the enriched amalaka powder.

Add calcinated iron powder in a ratio of 1 part iron powder to 4 parts of the mixture.

Consume ten grams of the mixture daily for three years with rice, milk, or mung bean soup.

Become invincible and ageless.**

*Note 1: While many of the metallic powders used in Ayurvedic medicine have been shown to be toxic, most of the evidence regarding Lauha Bhasma seems to indicate no such toxicity. For instance, a 2016 study indicated that, even at 100 times the usual therapeutic dosage, Lauha Bhasma did not result in any acute toxicity, though it did occasionally lead to weight gain.

**Note 2: As noted later in the Charaka Samhita, the effect of these herb- and fruit-based recipes depends on the user: “The effect of the divine herbs can be tolerated only by the persons like you and not by those with uncontrolled self” [Charaka Samhita, 30]. (I have to say I am flattered that the authors of the text think I have the requisite self-control). So if you lack the self-control of someone who has the wherewithal to construct an evacuation cottage, this recipe probably won’t make you invincible. But there’s no harm in trying - other than the slight risk of heavy metal poisoning I suppose.

In addition to its evacuative and invincibility-producing capacities, within the early Ayurvedic texts turmeric is also recommended to be used

as a key component in a vinegar-based enema designed to ‘remove obstructions’,

In an herb-paste used to evacuate an excess of a particular kind of dosha (or fundamental energy type) from the head,

to be taken as snuff as a cure for baldness

And many more besides!

The ayurvedic use of turmeric continues today in more or less modernized forms. Indeed, this continued Ayurvedic popularity is a significant instigator for research into the biochemical effects of curcumin (the chief chemical component found within turmeric). But, despite my interest in these early vedic texts and in turmeric, I’m not particularly interested in the modern medical uses of turmeric. I just want to use it to make things taste good and yellowy.

There is an argument to be made that the medical uses of turmeric recommended within the various ayurvedic texts are also culinary in character. Here the idea that food and medicine are separate spheres of human activity would have to be abandoned. I think this is reasonable enough: in almost every culture which developed a conception of ‘diet’, the medical value of food becomes important. But, despite this argument, I want to suggest that the REAL written culinary history of turmeric only begins much later, with a 12th century text called the Manasollasa, or, loosely translated, The Delighter of the Mind.

The Other Manasollassa

There are, in fact, two texts known by the title Manasollassa, and they are wildly different from one another. The first is an extended philosophical discussion of the doctrine of Advaita by the 9th century philosopher Suresvara. Advaita (literally ‘non-dualism’) is the philosophical view which identifies the Atman and the Brahman. That is to say: for the Advaitist, the ultimate ground of reality is to be found in the self, and liberation from suffering is to be found in this world, not somewhere else. Sounds good.

Now, I have to imagine that turmeric figures at some point in the story of individual salvation from suffering but, strangely, it is not covered at all in this first Manasollasa. Instead, we have a few hundred years for the second version. This one has nothing to do with Advaita (although I guess everything does?), nor is it related in any obvious way to the earlier text by Suresvara. Instead, it is one of the first (if not the first) encyclopedias, though with a slightly narrower focus than the most general encyclopedias. It is basically a detailed account of every aspect of royal life in 12th century Southern India.

The text was written in 1131 (roughly), by Somesvara III, the king of the Western Chalukya Empire in Southwestern India - someone with clear first-hand experience when it comes to the description of the intricacies of royal life. Somesvara’s text includes some of the most detailed information we have on medieval Indian cultural practices like wrestling, perfumery, angling, and choreography. It also happens to be one of the earliest known Indian cookbooks, with several chapters devoted to recipes for various occasions.

I cannot read Sanskrit, and Somesvara’s Manasollassa has not been translated into English (though, somewhat irritatingly for me, Suresvara’s much earlier and less turmericky Manasollassa has). As a result, my knowledge of the recipes contained within it is derived from two sources, neither particularly reliable.

The first source was simply brute force, word by word translation of the Sanskrit text into English. The results of these efforts were, predictably, not very good. While Sanskrit is highly regimented grammatically, individual words have several possible meanings - and these vary significantly over time. Translation depends significantly upon context, both historical and within the text itself, so machine translations are not very useful. I basically had to guess which pages might contain food related references and then translate sentences from there. So not much luck here other than figuring out the English names of specific ingredients mentioned.

The second source was a somewhat odd work by P. Arundhati, who wrote a number of texts about the Manasollassa in English. One of these, a shortish work called Royal Life in Manasollassa, seemed like a promising candidate for information on the turmeric-related recipes therein. As far as I could find, the book was not available at any Canadian library that I have access to, and there are no electronic versions anywhere on the internet that I could find either. After I eventually acquired the book from an American university, I was somewhat dismayed by its contents. It is, essentially, an English-language summary of the text (promising!) within which about 50% of the words are untranslated, though transliterated, Sanskrit (unpromising). As a result, I couldn’t understand quite a bit of it, though I did realize just how decadent courtly life was in medieval India, and how prominent wrestling was.

I did learn, however, that turmeric was used in a variety of foods. It’s most common use was as a colourant for pulses like lentils, chickpeas, pigeon peas, and so on. It was (and still is) so common in these various dahls that it is often noted when it isn’t supposed to be used. And its absence in a dahl preparation is almost always for medical rather than purely culinary reasons.

While it is omnipresent in dahls in the Manasollassa, turmeric is also used in a number of meat preparations. One interesting recipe called for the immersion of chunks of venison in a slurry of turmeric and cumin. These chunks were then threaded on a skewer and slow roasted over a large open fire. If I acquire any deer meat this year, I plan on trying this out.

Another interesting feature of these early recipes is that, as in modern Indian cuisines, turmeric is almost always used when preparing fish. One recipe in particular involves wrapping a whole fish in a leaf (the type is not mentioned, but presumably a banana, lotus, or possibly a turmeric leaf) along with turmeric and ginger, and then roasting/steaming it over a fire. I’ve actually made a slightly more complicated version of this leaf-wrapped turmeric fish, which is a relatively common dish in modern Kerala, in the far south of the Indian subcontinent.

In short: my hopes of plumbing the depths of the Manasollassa for medieval turmeric recipes have been put on hold until I learn Sanskrit. But the story of turmeric waits for no man, regardless of linguistic incompetence. So let’s press on!

Nimmatnama (c. 1500)

While I think it is reasonable to say that the Manasollassa is probably the earliest extant Indian cookbook, the primary aim of the text is not culinary. Instead, it is something like an encyclopedic instruction manual for a future king. It tells you not only what to eat, but how to dance, fish, ride elephants, wrestle, and perfume your hair. (It is hard, in fact, to find a medieval Indian text which doesn’t deal in some way with perfumery, and even we are going to delve into it a bit below).

A few hundred years later, however, we have something a little bit more like a proper cookbook - the Nimmatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi, or The Book of Delights of Nasir Shahi, written in a heavily Persian-influenced Urdu. The earliest form of the book was actually composed by Ghiyath Shahi, a 16th century sultan of Malwa in central India (located in modern day Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh). Ghiyath Shahi was the father of Nasir Shahi, who later added to and embellished the text, so much so that it is named after him and not his father. Much like the Manasollasa, the Nimmatnama is aimed at a royal audience: it is a compendium of recipes for food, aphrodisiacs, and perfumes (duh), all of which were meant for the lavish life of hedonism typical of the rulers of the Malwa Sultanate during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. (I’m sensing a trend here).

Ghiyath Shahi has been variously referred to as medieval India’s greatest ‘bon vivant,’ as an unabashed hedonist, and as an Indian prototype for Hugh Hefner. While medieval numbers are often wildly inflated, he was reputed to have had a harem composed of more than 15000 women (probably the reason for the large number of ‘aphrodisiacs’ in the Nimmatnama). A more realistic examination suggests that his entire court (comprised of various artisans, wrestlers, concubines, cooks, and so on) numbered around 12000. Regardless of the size of his court, one thing is certain: he wielded his power almost solely in the pursuit of pleasure. In his younger years, sexual pleasure was his focus. But, as time wore on, he focussed on the pleasures of the table as well.

The result is the unique text of the Nimmatnama, which is lavishly illustrated by 50 Persian/Turkish-style miniatures, an artistic style which dominated the Islamic courts of the 15th and 16th century. Most of the illustrations show the sultan being waited upon by his court, performing some specific culinary ritual. In one, for instance, he is in the presence of cattle being milked. In another, betel nut is being prepared for his consumption.

Within the text itself, we find dozens of actual recipes, many of which contain specific measurements and clearly delineated steps - very much like modern recipes. Unlike the Manasollassa, where the recipes are mostly incidental, the primary focus of the Nimmatnama is the recording of precise instructions to help future sultans enjoy life just as Ghiyath himself did.

While several of these recipes feature turmeric prominently, the one which caught my eye is a recipe for quails or partridges.

Another recipe for partridges and quails: prepare tender partridges and quails. Rub in turmeric, asafoetida and salt. Put a cooking vessel (dathara) into a cooking pot, add water and put it on the fire. When the water is hot, put the quails and partridges on skewers and rub them with potherbs of all kinds. Roast the skewered meat and put some camphor and musk into ghee. Rub the ghee onto the skewered meat and roast it. When the meat is required for eating add lime juice or vinegar and eat it.

This recipe is quite a bit more careful than most of the recipes in the Manasollassa. Nevertheless, we need to do some work if we want to convert it into something more like a modern recipe that we can use to actually produce a palatable dish. Let’s give it a shot! The first thing I’m going to do is limit the recipe to quails. If you have easy access to partridges, feel free to use those.

Tender Roast Quails with Turmeric and Musk

Ingredients

Quails

Turmeric

Asafoetida

Salt

Potherbs of all kinds

Camphor

Musk

Ghee

Lime juice (or vinegar)

Instructions/Interpretation

1. Prepare tender quails.

I take this to mean, fairly straightforwardly, that you ought to choose quail which are ‘tender’ (i.e., not too old), and dress them by plucking and cleaning them, presumably also removing various undesirable bits (e.g., internal organs, head, and feet, as your taste dictates).

2. Rub in turmeric, salt, and asafoetida.

Another fairly straightforward step. Here quantity is not mentioned but, given the strength of asafoetida, it seems reasonable to assume that a much smaller quantity should be used than that of turmeric and salt - likely little more than a pinch.

3. Put a cooking vessel (dathara) into a cooking pot, add water, and put it on the fire.

This step is a bit unclear and requires some explanation. On the face of it, it sounds something like a double boiler: a pot within a pot, over some heat source. This isn’t exactly right. Here the term for ‘cooking vessel’ (dathara) has two possible interpretations. It may refer to a layer of leaves, or sometimes grass, placed within a pot. Whatever you want to cook is then typically placed on top of these leaves, or wrapped in them, and gently steamed. It may also refer to a specialized rack or grill to place within the cooking vessel. The modern reader might try to split the difference by placing banana leaves on a grill over relatively low heat.

4. When the water is hot, put the quails on skewers and rub them with potherbs of all kinds.

Here we encounter vagueness: which potherbs are meant here? For Ghiyath Shahi’s intended readers (i.e., medieval Indian royalty and their retinues of cooks) this would have been obvious. For us, we need to do a bit of historical research. In my version of this recipe, I use cilantro and fenugreek, both finely chopped.

5. Roast the skewered meat and put some camphor and musk into ghee.

By ‘roast’ here I assume it is meant that the skewers are to be placed on the dathara, the bed of leaves or the grill within the cooking vessel. Depending on how this is interpreted, you’ll end up with a fairly different product: if you opt for just the grill, you’ll end up with fire-roasted quails. If you opt for banana leaves laid flat, you’ll have a quail which is cooked lower and slower. And if you choose to wrap the skewers in leaves, you’ll end up with a kind of steamed/roasted quail. All of these options seem reasonable enough to me.

The preparation of the ghee poses further complications, however. First of all, while camphor was extremely common in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking from at least the 11th century onwards, it has fallen into disuse and today it is recognized as potentially toxic. It is potentially fatal in fairly small doses in children, especially, and can cause seizures when ingested orally. Fortunately, today a chemical analogue of camphor is available which is not known to be toxic. This is called pachha karpooram or, helpfully, ‘edible camphor’. On its own, camphor has a kind of cooling, vaporous taste. Within a dish, the chief function of camphor is simply to enhance and spread flavour, as MSG would, so only a small pinch of it is required here. You might also skip the camphor entirely without a drastic effect on the overall flavour of the dish.

The musk, however, poses a rather more significant problem for us. First, we also need to figure out exactly what is meant by ‘musk’. As I’ve mentioned, medieval Indian (and Persian) texts are rift with references to perfumery. There are a few reasons for this. First, these works are almost always produced by and for the idle rich. Then, as now, the upper strata of society has tended to eschew practical endeavours, favouring instead a life of aesthetic enjoyment. While I think it is fair to say that olfactory enjoyment is low on the modern list of priorities (probably because many more people have access to perfumes than ever before), in the medieval world, smelling good was one of the primary pleasures of the rich--and an exclusive one at that. Amongst the medieval perfumeries of India, Persia, and the Middle East, no scent was as heavily prized and used as musk. It was used as a fixative - a relatively stable substance which allowed the more volatile, floral notes of a perfume to last much longer. Today, for the most part, the use of musk within perfumes has dramatically declined. It is used very sparingly if at all, as there are many synthetic alternatives available. During the period in question, however, it was used extensively and any royal household in India would have had a steady supply of musk. Next question: what is musk, and what kind of musk is likely to have been used in this recipe?

Musk, as used in perfumery (and apparently in cookery as well) is a substance derived from the musk deer. To obtain musk, you must first harvest the musk pod of a musk deer (any one of the seven species of deer within the family Moschidae). This musk pod is a fur-covered scent gland located on the abdomen of the musk deer, near the penis (if you’ve reached the anus, you’ve gone too far). In order to harvest the pod, the deer is killed and the gland is carefully removed and skinned. The oily, dark red substance within the pod is then dried, producing musk crystals. In perfumery, a tincture is usually made by immersing these crystals in alcohol. This tincture is then used in combination with other scents to produce the desired perfume. While there are seven species of musk deer (six of them now endangered thanks to the harvesting of their musk pods), during the medieval period, the Tibetan musk deer was prized above all else. We can imagine that, if musk is recommended in the recipe book of a notoriously extravagant sultan such as Ghiyath Shahi, then it would be the best musk available. The question we now have is: in what form is this musk to be used in our recipe? There are at least 3 options:

The ‘fresh’ oily musk from a recently harvested musk pod.

The dried, crystalized grains of musk.

The musk tincture.

I honestly have no idea which form of musk is meant here. From a purely practical standpoint, it would make sense to use the tincture, as it is easier to store and transport, and a liquid would be easier to mix into the ghee and rub onto the skewered quail. On the other hand, I am not at all certain that the distillation of alcohol for the production of tinctures was a commonplace practice, even amongst perfumers, within 16th century India, so I have no idea if this is ‘historically accurate’. What I can say, with some confidence, is that whatever form of musk I used on my quail, I would use it extremely sparingly, for three reasons:

Most species of musk deer are currently endangered (only the Siberian musk deer is officially not endangered, it is, instead, listed as ‘vulnerable’ and is steadily inching toward becoming officially endangered). Harvesting the musk pod requires killing the deer. So, using musk at all likely involves participation in the future extinction of an entire species.

Musk is extremely expensive. I just checked and a single musk pod (weighing around 35 grams) from a Siberian musk deer sells for around $1500.

Musk is an extremely powerful scent, so (I would presume) it also produces an extremely powerful taste which, very likely, would not be immediately appealing to most modern palates.

For these reasons, then, I’d recommend just skipping the musk entirely, even if you happen to have some on hand (which you shouldn’t, how dare you). If you feel absolutely compelled to make your quail musky, I would recommend purchasing a 30ml bottle of muscone (a synthetic analogue which doesn’t require killing endangered deer) for $150 or so, and using the barest hint of it in your ghee.

6. Rub the ghee onto the skewered meat and roast it.

7. When the meat is required for eating add lime juice or vinegar and eat it.

It’s as simple as that!

Turmeric Adieu

I had initially intended this post to be the first of a long series of exhaustive examinations of the history of individual spices. My plan for turmeric was to begin in India and then take a look at its spread to westward to Persia (where it is used to great effect in a number of khoreshes, my favourite of which is probably Gheymeh) and eastward into Burma (garlic turmeric oil), Vietnam (Banh Xeo), and Thailand . As it turns out, even scratching the surface of the history of turmeric in India required thousands of words. So, in place of the exhaustive treatment I’ve decided to rest satisfied with exhausting.

“May your table be stained yellow!” (Traditional farewell, as coined by me, right here)

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savetopnow · 7 years ago

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2018-04-03 23 EDUCATION now

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brajeshupadhyay · 4 years ago

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One wrong move & everything will be over!! #DelhiLockdown — Gautam Gambhir (@GautamGambhir) May 18, 2020 20:02 (IST) Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates Uddhav Thackeray to speak on COVID-19 situation at 8.30 pm मुख्यमंत्री उद्धव बाळासाहेब ठाकरे आज दि. १८/०५/२०२० रोजी रात्री ८:३० वा. महाराष्ट्रातील जनतेला संबोधित करतील. CM Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray will address the State at 8:30 pm on 18th May 2020.#WarAgainstVirus — CMO Maharashtra (@CMOMaharashtra) May 18, 2020 19:58 (IST) Coronavirus in Gujarat Latest Updates Gujarat to have only 'containment' and 'non-containment' zones "Gujarat will have containment and non-containment zones. Only essential services to be allowed in containment zones," said Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani on Monday. "Schools, shopping malls, gyms, swimming pools will remain closed. Beauty parlours and salons allowed to operate in non-containment zones only. "Restaurants can open but only for home delivery of food. The food delivery agents must have a health card. Restaurants on highways can be open but social distancing to be maintained," he said. 19:51 (IST) Coronavirus in India Latest Updates 28 Zee News employees test positive for COVID-19 These are difficult times. 28 of my colleagues at @ZeeNews have tested positive for COVID-19. Thankfully all of them are fine,mostly asymptomatic. I wish them a speedy recovery and salute their courage & professionalism. Sharing the official statement with you. pic.twitter.com/50yW2auj0Y — Sudhir Chaudhary (@sudhirchaudhary) May 18, 2020 19:42 (IST) Coronavirus in Karnataka Latest Updates Karnataka govt allows barber shops, salons to open till 31 May The Karnataka govt on Monday said that all shops, including barber shops, spa and salons will be allowed to function till 31 May, as per Standard Operating Procedure issued by state government. 19:38 (IST) Coronavirus in Uttarakhand Latest Updates Three new COVID-19 cases reported in Uttarakhand Three new positive cases reported in the state today, taking the total number of positive cases to 96: Uttarakhand Health Department 19:25 (IST) Coronavirus in Karnataka Latest Updates Karnataka govt issues revised guidelines for fourth phase of lockdown The Government of Karnataka has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31st May, 2020. #COVID19: The Government of Karnataka has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31st May, 2020. pic.twitter.com/KvLt20eJZF — ANI (@ANI) May 18, 2020 19:19 (IST) Coronavirus in Uttarakhand Latest Updates Uttarakhand govt says migrants to be given 5 kgs of ration The Uttarakhand government on Monday said that migrant workers in the state will be provided 5 kilograms of ration per person by the state government. There are no red zone districts in the state. Uttarakhand chief secretary Utpal Kumar Singh ssid. 19:09 (IST) Coronavirus in Assam Latest Updates Assam govt revises lockdown guidelines to be effective till 31 May The Government of Assam has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31 May, 2020. #COVID19: The Government of Assam has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31st May, 2020. pic.twitter.com/LB7wbzkLtr — ANI (@ANI) May 18, 2020 18:57 (IST) Coronavirus in Tamil Nadu Latest Updates 536 new COVID-19 cases reported in Tamil Nadu today Tamil Nadu on Monday reported 536 new cases of coronavirus, of which 46 people have travel history to Maharashtra. The total number of cases in Tamil Nadu rose to 11,760. "Meanwhile, 234 coronavirus patients have been discharged today, taking the total count of recoveries in the state to 4,406," India Today reported. 18:51 (IST) Coronavirus in Uttar Pradesh Latest Updates Migrants in Ghaziabad crowd to get registered for special trains, says report Reports said that a large crowd of migrants had gathered in Ghaziabad to get registered for the special trains to take them back to their native states. More visuals from Ghaziabad where migrants have turned up in large numbers to get themselves registered for special trains. This is the time medical screening and quarantine facilities in East UP and Bihar should be stepped up to the maximum. pic.twitter.com/oGZAs4yIfx — Piyush Rai (@Benarasiyaa) May 18, 2020 18:38 (IST) Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates Uddhav Thackeray to speak at 8 pm Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray is reportedly scheduled to address the state at 8 pm on Monday over the coronavirus situation. Meanwhile, a dedicated COVID-19 health centre was transferred from the MMRDA to BMC on Monday, News18 reported. The facility has 1,000 beds and was transferred in the presence of Thackeray and Deputy chief minister Ajit Pawar. 18:31 (IST) Coronavirus in India Latest Updates Recovery rate at 38.29% in India, says report Reports said that there are currently 56,316 active cases of coronavirus in India. "So far, a total of 36,824 people have been cured of COVID-19. In the 24 hours a total of 2,715 patients are reported cured and presently the recovery rate is pegged at 38.29 percent," News18 reported. 18:28 (IST) Coronavirus in Karnataka Latest Updates Karnataka health bulletin today: 99 new coronavirus cases were reported in the last 24 hours. Total active cases: 678 Total discharges: 530 Total toll: 37 Total cases so far: 1246 18:21 (IST) Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates Carpooling not allowed for taxi aggregators, says Kejriwal "Carpooling or car-sharing will not be allowed for aggregators. Auto-rickshaws, e-rickshaws and cycle-rickshaws will be allowed but only with one passenger. For two-wheelers, pillion rider will not be allowed. There will be no activity allowed in containment zones," Kejriwal said on Monday. 18:15 (IST) Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates Kejriwal says buses to be allowed to function with 20 passengers Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal said that that bus services with 20 passengers will be allowed in the National Capital in the fourth phase of the lockdown. "Individual movement in private vehicles with a maximum of four passengers has also been allowed in Delhi," India Today reported. 18:05 (IST) Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates 10,054 COVID-19 cases reported in Delhi so far, says govt Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal said that 10,054 cases have been reported in the National Capital so far. He said, "4,485 persons have been cured/discharged and 160 people have died due to COVID-19 till now." Coronavirus Outbreak LATEST Updates: Reports said that 366 new coronavirus cases were reported in Gujarat on Monday, taking the state's tally to 11,746. "The package announced will not bring any immediate relief to the distressed farmers. The standing crops have perished due to lockdown causing great losses to the farmers. In turn, they are facing a cash crunch & need immediate support to undertake ensuing Kharif season activities," Sharad Pawar said in his letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The Maharashtra health department said that 2,033 more coronavirus cases and 51 deaths were reported in the state on Monday. Total number of cases in the state is now at 35,058, including 25,392 active cases and 1,249 deaths. Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray extended the COVID-19 lockdown in the state till 31 May. He added, "People ask me why are you not lifting lockdown. Imagine if we lift the lockdown, see what happened in US, UK and Brazil. We won't allow that to happen in Maharashtra. This is why no industries will be allowed to open in red zones. Just think, if we allow industries to function and if their workers are found positive, then again we will have to go into a forced lockdown. Why not continue this lockdown only." "We have to ensure the green zones remain green and are not infected. Also have to ensure red turns into green. We have set up a 1,000-bed hospital in BKC in just 10-12 days. It will be ready for use in 2-3 days," said Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray on Monday. "Gujarat will have containment and non-containment zones. Only essential services to be allowed in containment zones," said Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani on Monday. "Schools, shopping malls, gyms, swimming pools will remain closed. Beauty parlours and salons allowed to operate in non-containment zones only. "Restaurants can open but only for home delivery of food. The food delivery agents must have a health card. Restaurants on highways can be open but social distancing to be maintained," he said. Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray is reportedly scheduled to address the state at 8 pm on Monday over the coronavirus situation. Meanwhile, a dedicated COVID-19 health centre was transferred from the MMRDA to BMC on Monday, News18 reported. The facility has 1,000 beds and was transferred in the presence of Thackeray and Deputy chief minister Ajit Pawar. Tamil Nadu on Monday reported 536 new cases of coronavirus, of which 46 people have travel history to Maharashtra. The total number of cases in Tamil Nadu rose to 11,760. Reports said that there are currently 56,316 active cases of coronavirus in India. "So far, a total of 36,824 people have been cured of COVID-19. In the 24 hours a total of 2,715 patients are reported cured and presently the recovery rate is pegged at 38.29 percent," News18 reported. Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal said that while private offices can open at full strength, they should try that most of the staff works from home. "Markets can open but shops will open on odd-even basis. Sports complexes and stadiums can open but without spectators. Construction activities are allowed in the national capital now but only with labourers who are in Delhi right now," he added. Kerala chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan said that 29 new cases of coronavirus were reported in the state on Monday, of which 21 have arrived from abroad. West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee on Monday extended the COVID-19 lockdown in the state till 31 May. "We will try to arrange for 115 more trains in a few days and the state government will pay the train fare," she added. The Delhi government reportedly decided not to test samples of deceased patients who were suspected of having coronavirus. Delhi health secretary Padmini Singla issued the order saying, "No sample for COVID-19 test will be taken of dead body. However, if doctors are satisfied from clinical examination that the cause of death may be COVID-19 infection, the dead body may be released as suspect COVID-19 infected dead body." "However, even those suspected to have died of coronavirus have to be buried or cremated as ICMR protocols. As reported by The Indian Express, over the past two months, five cremation/burial grounds in the capital have carried out 410 funerals as per the standard operating procedure (SOP) for Covid patients, which is followed for confirmed as well as suspected cases," The Indian Express reported. According to a Maharashtra Police action report, 240 cops and 38 health workers have faced assault. Moreoever, 85 policemen have also suffered injuries while performing their duty. Karnataka CM BS Yediyurappa announced that people from Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu will not be allowed to enter the state till 31 May. Migrants workers pelted stones at the police and vandalised two of their vehicles in Ahmedabad allegedly over their demand to go back to home states. A clash then ensured, in which two police personnel were injured. Six employees of OPPO mobile company's factory in Greater Noida have tested positive for COVID-19, ANI reported. The factory, which had resumed operations on 9 May has been completely shut down. Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code will remain in effect in all districts of Chhattisgarh for the next three months. The state has reported 86 cases so far, of which 59 have recovered and none have died. The fourth phase of the coronavirus lockdown began on Sunday and will continue till 31 May. Meanwhile, a total of 62 countries, including India, backed a joint effort by Australia and European Union, calling for an independent inquiry into the World Health Organisation's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Three more passengers - a total of seven people - who travelled in Mumbai-Goa train on Sunday tested positive for COVID-19 during TrueNat testing. The total number of active cases in Goa has reached 29. The country is set to enter the fourth phase of the lockdown due to the novel coronavirus on Monday, as the National Disaster Management Authority issued an order to continue the lockdown measures till 31 May. Subsequently, the home ministry issued a set of guidelines for the fourth phase, in which it directed that air travel, hotels, restaurants and public gatherings will remain prohibited throughout the country. Earlier in the day, finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the fifth and final tranche of the government's stimulus package to revive the coronavirus-hit economy. She said the stimulus package includes the Rs 8.01 lakh crore of liquidity being made available by the RBI. The death toll due to COVID-19 rose to 2,872 and the number of total positive cases climbed to 90,927 Sunday morning, registering an increase of 120 fatalities and a record jump of 4,987 new cases in 24 hours, since 8 AM Saturday, according to the Union Health Ministry. The number of active COVID-19 cases stands at 53,946, while 34,108 people have recovered and one patient has migrated, it said. Lockdown guidelines The Union home ministry issued guidelines listing the dos and don''ts during the lockdown 4.0 that has been clamped in the country to cut the chain of coronavirus infection. The guidelines said all domestic, international air travel of passengers, except domestic air ambulance, will remain prohibited. Metro rail services, schools, colleges will remain closed till May end, the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) said. Hotels, restaurants, cinema halls, malls, swimming pools, gyms will also remain shut even as all social, political, religious functions, and places of worship will be closed till May 31, it said. The MHA said inter-state movement of passenger vehicles, buses will be allowed with mutual consent of states involved during the COVID-19 lockdown 4.0. States and Union Territories have been given the powers for delineation of Red, Green and Orange Zones as per COVID-19 situation, the MHA said. All shops, except those in containment zones and malls, will be allowed to open from Monday with staggered timings during lockdown 4.0, it said. Further, state governments and Union Territories have been asked to decide on the demarcation of red, orange and green zones based on the parameters set by the Centre. Also significantly, the new guidelines permit inter-state movement of passenger vehicles and buses with the mutual consent of the states or Union Territories. State-wise cases and deaths Of the 120 new deaths reported since Saturday morning, 67 were in Maharashtra, 19 in Gujarat, nine in Uttar Pradesh, seven in West Bengal, six in Delhi, four in Madhya Pradesh, three in Tamil Nadu and two in Haryana and one each from Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan Of the total 2,872 fatalities, Maharashtra tops the tally with 1,135 fatalities, Gujarat comes second with 625 deaths, followed by Madhya Pradesh at 243, West Bengal at 232, Delhi at 129, Rajasthan at 126, Uttar Pradesh at 104,Tamil Nadu at 74 and Andhra Pradesh at 49 The death toll reached 36 in Karnataka, 34 Telangana and 32 in Punjab Haryana has reported 13 fatalities due to the disease, Jammu and Kashmir has 12 deaths while Bihar has registered seven and Kerala has reported four deaths Jharkhand, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Odisha have recorded three COVID-19 fatalities each, while Assam has reported two deaths Meghalaya, Uttarakhand and Puducherry have reported one fatality each, according to the ministry data. The ministry's website says more than 70 per cent of the deaths are due to comorbidities According to the health ministry data updated in the morning, the highest number of confirmed cases in the country are from Maharashtra at 30,706, followed by Gujarat at 10,988, Tamil Nadu at 10,585, Delhi at 9,333, Rajasthan at 4,960, Madhya Pradesh at 4,789 and Uttar Pradesh at 4,258 The number of COVID-19 cases has gone up to 2,576 in West Bengal, 2,355 in Andhra Pradesh and 1,946 in Punjab It has risen to 1,509 in Telangana, 1,179 in Bihar, 1,121 in Jammu and Kashmir, 1,092 in Karnataka and 887 in Haryana Odisha has reported 737 coronavirus infection cases so far, while Kerala has 587 cases. A total of 217 people have been infected with the virus in Jharkhand and 191 in Chandigarh Tripura has reported 167 cases, Assam has 92 cases, Uttarakhand has 88, Himachal Pradesh has 78 cases, Chhattisgarh has 67 and Ladakh has registered 43 cases, so far Thirty-three COVID-19 cases have been reported from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Goa have reported 17 COVID-19 cases, while Meghalaya and Puducherry have registered 13 cases each Manipur has seven cases. Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Dadar and Nagar Haveli have reported a case each till now. Sitharaman announces final tranche of economic stimulus The Centre has announced suspension of new bankruptcy filings on loan defaults for one year and raised the threshold for insolvency as it moved to ease COVID-19 pain for the industry. It also announced a new policy for companies under state control saying public sector undertakings under the non-strategic sector will be privatised while those in the identified strategic sector would be capped by not more than four by merging some of them. In the fifth and final tranche of the economic stimulus package, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman raised allocation for employment guarantee scheme by Rs 40,000 crore over and above the Rs 61,000 crore budgeted earlier for MGNREGS, to provide employment to migrant workers moving back to their states. This, she said, will help generate nearly 300 crore person-days in total. For industries, she said the minimum threshold to initiate insolvency proceedings will be raised to Rs 1 crore from Rs 1 lakh, which largely insulates micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) from bankruptcy on defaulting on loans. Also, a special insolvency resolution framework for MSMEs under Section 240A of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) will be notified soon, she said adding that fresh initiation of insolvency proceedings will be suspended up to one year depending upon the pandemic situation. Coronavirus-related debt will be excluded from the definition of "default" under the IBC for the purpose of triggering insolvency proceedings, she said adding that the changes will be effected by promulgating an ordinance. Additionally, minor technical and procedural defaults under the Companies Act such as shortcomings in CSR reporting, inadequacies in board report, filing defaults, and delay in holding AGM will be decriminalised. Last week, the government pledged a Rs 20 lakh crore (nearly 10 per cent of gross domestic product) package to support the economy headed for its first full-year contraction in more than four decades. With inputs from PTI

http://sansaartimes.blogspot.com/2020/05/coronavirus-outbreak-updates-366-new.html

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easyadmissionsorg · 2 years ago

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urvashiela-blog · 6 years ago

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Best IVF Clinics in Secunderabad | Elawoman

The following are the IVF Clinics in Secunderabad with options to book your first appointment FREE. Check Studies, IVF Cost, Accomplishment rates, Expenses, Contact Number and Address for all In Vitro Preparation medicines. Also find sensible unnaturally imagined kid costs.

Addressing the infertility problem is greatly challenging for the two people. This could influence a greater number of women than men. In any case, the genuine fact is that the two people are all in all responsible for the infertility issue. This implies the infertility problems originate from both a couple, so nor is to be faulted. In case you are experiencing inconveniences in giving birth to a youth in a trademark way, look not any more removed than a reputed IVF clinic that produces consistent pregnancy rates.

Getting an IVF treatment at these clinics is the best path for you to imagine. For any situation, you should keep in mind that the IVF procedure would not give you a 100% accomplishment rate. This is because of everything depends on the idea of your egg to the idea of the semen accumulated from your life partner. Any approved IVF clinic will offer its administrations with various dreams. These clinics will offer sensible infertile medicines for those in need. You can see relentless improvements of the models in these clinics on the patient concern, treatment, and furthermore on the idea of their Infertility treatment. You can get all infertility-related medicines, for example, innate test, counseling for uneasiness diminish, weight control, and Sexual brokenness under a single rooftop. You will get realities based IVF treatment in a reputable IVF clinic. Here, women can experience the pleasure in parenthood. Noida, Panchkula, Patna, Rajkot, Surat are completely occupied with various results producing IVF clinics. You can get guide at these clinics according to your helpful time.

The crisp out of the container new cutting edge purpose created IVF Center, which has ended up being valuable since Walk 2016 is the greatest IVF office in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The planning of the IVF center has been done in concurrence with Indian Council of Therapeutic Exploration (ICMR) guidelines. Our particular IVF lab is at the cutting edge of IVF innovation and we maintain 'class 10,000'- clean room workplaces to empower us to provide the best possible lab conditions to ensure dependably high accomplishment rates. We offer a broad assortment of fertility administrations including the latest advances, for example, IMSI, Laser helped hatching,Preimplantation Innate Examination/Screening and egg cryopreservation. We have a given group of professionals who work to the most vital standard with passion and vitality to ensure that our couples get the best possible thought that they justify. Up to this point, we have obtained more than 1500 productive pregnancies and our prosperity rates are on par with various focal points of repute the world over.

Janapareddy Hospital - Sikh Road

A champion among other Mother and Child Hospitals in Secunderabad specializing in Pediatrics, Gynecology, ENT and Therapeutic procedure.

We are the group of professionals with a typical vision to provide sensible quality human administrations in light of good practices. We depend on our group of Qualified experienced people, Best practices, and Repeatable processes and adopt a Propelled innovation.

We pride ourselves on being prepared to dependably provide moral human administrations and separate ourselves to the extent bring down Patient Affirmation Days, bring down Medicine and Investigations per Attestation while continuing to provide quality social insurance and deal with an extensive variety of Pediatric, Neonatal, Gynec and diverse emergencies.

Janapareddy Hospital has turned out to be well known as one of the premier medicinal and patient thought institutes among the hospitals in Secunderabad. Their vision lies in providing the best helpful pharmaceuticals at more than direct prices. The group of qualified professionals at the hospital have been powerful in providing moral social insurance administrations and dealing with an extensive variety of Pediatric, Neonatal, Gynec and diverse emergencies. Through their dynamic participation in educational and people development programs, they keep themselves especially mindful of the latest developments in the field of medicinal thought. Their workplaces are internet prepared, with video conferencing office to advise specialists for expert opinion and relatives to see their dear ones from anyplace at whatever point.

Their specialities includes benefits in the field of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Medicine, Pediatric and Neonatal restorative procedure, General and Laparoscopic therapeutic procedure, Plastic and Remedial restorative procedure, ENT, Sensory system science and Neurodevelopmental, Pediatric cardiology, Dermatology, Pediatric urology and Psychiatry.

Their in patient specialities include Operation Theater for Laparoscopic and General medicinal procedures, Neonatal Intensive thought unit, Pediatric Intensive thought unit, Intensive thought unit, Maternery restorative procedures that handle high risk to ordinary movements, Day care office with an inviting simple condition with warm and sensitive staff orderlies to make the patients feel better, Lavish, Individual and Semi private rooms providing space and privacy for the patient and family, staffed by qualified and experienced chaperons and support staff equipped with cooling, TV, Cooler and internet in the rooms, Casuality and Emergency unit, National transport crisis vehicle, 24 hours Lab and Pharmacy equipped with robotized equipments and trained and experienced staff.

Workplaces and Infrastructure

Their best in class equipments includes Mechanical Ventilator, Neonatal Ventilator, Infusion Pumps, Open Thought Splendid Warmers, Open and Close Incubators, Phototherapy Units: Single surface, Twofold surface Drove based, Billi Cover, Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phototherapy, Pulse Oximeters, and Multi Para screens, Non-Invasive circulatory strain screens (NIBP), Blood Glucose screen (Glucometer), Propelled Infant Weighing Scale, 100 MA Portable X-shaft Machine, Standard Ventilation, Air pocket CPAP, Syringe Pump, Et cetera.

Dr. Nabat Bandeali

Dr. Nabat Bandeali is a Gynecologist and Obstetrician at Janapareddy Hospital in Secunderabad. She is specialized in Gynecological Problems Care, Obstetrics Care, Pediatrics Intensive Thought, Pregnancy Care and Kid Transport. She has done her MBBS from Deccan School of Therapeutic Sciences, Hyderabad in 2003, DGO from Annamalai University in 2011 and MRCOG from Rcog London in 2013.

Dr. Nabat Bandeali in Kompally has developed the clinic and has gained a dedicated client base over the span of late years and is in like manner regularly visited by a couple of superstars, aspiring models and other great clients and international patients as well. They moreover plan on expanding their business further and providing administrations to a couple of more patients owing to its prosperity over the span of late years. The proficiency, responsibility, precision and compassion offered at the clinic ensure that the patient's prosperity, comfort and needs are kept of top priority. The clinic is equipped with latest types of equipment and brags profoundly progressed cautious instruments that help in undergoing particular therapeutic procedures or procedures. Locating the social insurance center is simple as it is Garden Plaza,Telangana.

Universal Srushti Fertility & Surrogacy Centre - Secunderabad

Comprehensive Srushti Fertility and Surrogacy Center is a Fertility Center in Secunderabad. The administrations provided by the inside are IVF (In vitro preparation), Fertility Appraisal/treatment, IUI (Intrauterine insemination), Semen Freezing, Baby Freezing, ICSI, Egg Blessing and Gynae Problems Care.

In Comprehensive Srushti Fertility and Surrogacy Center the specialists being a relative of the working class instructors family and understanding better about the psychological pain and the financial problems looked by such people, with the point of providing better thought for poor and cubicle class among the infertile couples/with the intention of serving Indians in our country, has set up the infertility clinic. A group of specialists on board, including specialists are equipped with the information and expertise for handling distinctive types of medicinal cases.

Dr. P. Namratha

Dr. P. Namratha is acclaimed specialist for Gynecology in Jaydev Vihar, Bhubaneswar. As specialist She needs to cope with an unusual lifestyle from working up at odd hours she live for her patients. She starting at now Practices at Srusti Unnaturally considered tyke Center.

She expertise in gynae Problems, Obstetrics care, Infertility Treatment, Laparoscopy Therapeutic procedure, IVF and Male fertility. As proud as being one of her lineages, She can in like manner say that it is her passion perseverance and discipline attributes essential to becoming a nice specialist that got she here.

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freelancerbharat · 7 years ago

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interfailonesitting-blog · 8 years ago

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Inter Fail

Inter Fail Join Degree With Pass Guarantee

Inter Fail Can Join Degree College In Hyderabad In our Country after schooling we give most importance to INTERMEDIATE [Sr. Secondary/ +2/ Pre University CERTIFICATE] because we feel this course is a career decider. Though it is a career decider, the optional subjects [i.e. group [M.P.C/Bi.P.C/ M.E.C/ C.E.C/H.E.C]are decided by student’s parents or relatives without knowing student interest. Most of the Intermediate Students failure reason is selection of uninterested subjects in the group.Most of the Inter Fail Candidates and their parents think that Inter Fail candidates have no bright future and they cannot pursue Graduation. What is next, if a candidate fails in intermediate?Do you know, The Inter Failed can join Graduation [Degree] course by passing a Bachelor Preparatory Program [an Entrance Test]. And they can select optional subjects according to their interest to enjoy the Graduation.So many reputed universities in India are offering BA; B.Com [Gen]; B.Com [Computers] in this systemThe Following Universities of Telangana & Andhra Pradesh are offering Graduation courses with BPP:KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY- WarangalDr. BR AMBAKER OPEN UNIVERSITY –HyderabadGITAM UNIVERSITY –Visakhapatnam/Hyderabad /Bangalore; Acharya Nagarjuna University –Guntur; Sri venkateshvara University – Tirupathi ; Sri Krishna Devaraya University –Anantapur;Andhra University- Visakhapatnam;Dravidian University – Kuppam.

Authorized Center For T.S A.P K.A T.N & Various UniversitiesHIITMS[The College] is deemed to Regular Degree College for Inter Failed Candidates.With These Following Salient Futures:Regular Classes.Experienced Students Friendly Faculty.Limited Students In A Classes.Corporate Atmosphere.Well Equipped Computer Lab.Free WifiCampus equipped with CCTV cameras.Weekly & Monthly Tests.Useful For Government / Corporate & Oversees Jobs.Useful For Further Studies In India & Abroad.Industrial Visits.Placement Assistance.SAP/Intensive training on the software’s used by Professionals and Entrepreneurs.Weekend Classes for professionals.Live ProjectsDegree awarded by UGC & Govt. Of India, Top Ranked recognized Universities*Special Focus on Soft Communication Skills, Personality Development, Neuro Linguistic Programme, Body Language, Mind techniques etc by Industry Experts.

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#inter fial #inter one sitting #inter fail join direct degree #inter fail #inter fail join degree #inter fail join regular degree

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savetopnow · 7 years ago

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2018-04-03 20 EDUCATION now

EDUCATION

Cathy Jo Nelson

Choose USC-SLIS for your MLIS!

New Standards – Discount Price through SCASL

Happy Thanksgiving – Happy Weeding

Put a positive spin on it

Library Flier

Cool Cat Teacher

Drones in the Classroom: Teaching Writing and Collaboration with Drones

Connecting Parents to Student’s Digital Lives

Awesome Atlanta Education Conference: STLinATL – July 26-27, 2018

Taking a Break to Focus: Sometimes We Need All Need to Take a Break

7 Ways My Interactive Display is a Key Part of My Student-Centered Classroom

Mndshift

Five Ways to Sustain School Change Through Pushback, Struggle and Fatigue

Turning Kids Into Readers, One Barbershop At A Time

Can the Right Nudge Help Low-income Kids Go Beyond High School?

Why It’s Time to Rethink School Science Fairs

When Pushing Boundaries in Math Education, Where Can Teachers Turn For Help and Camaraderie?

Parents Countdown to College

It’s Time for a Wake-Up Call for Parents (and Students) about College

Defanging Social Media

Spring College Visits Aren’t Just for Juniors

How One Student Hacked the College System

The College Selection Dilemma: Big or Small?

Reddit Education

how can we describe our current education system?

Why do you think people plagiarize anyways?

Should Texas teachers walk out, too? | Commentary

Top Science Colleges in Telangana

Medical Colleges in Vizag

Study Hacks Blog

On Analog Social Media

Beyond #DeleteFacebook: More Thoughts on Embracing the Social Internet Over Social Media

On Social Media and Its Discontents

Stephen Hawking’s Radical Thinking

Tim Wu on the Tyranny of Convenience

Teach Thought

27 Teacher Actions That Help Promote Valid Assessment Data

25 Examples Of Mobile Teaching

School Walls Talk: Leading Through Space Design

What English Sounds Like To Non-English Speakers

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Secret Teacher: my school's endless rules do more harm than good

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isgsemarsjournal-blog · 8 years ago

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ARS - Journal of Applied Research and Social Sciences

Print ISSN: 2350-1472

E-ISSN: not available Publication is on going since September 2014

[General Impact Factor 2.0081 ( 2016)]

[ General Impact Factor 1.739 (2015)]

Nature of Journal: Print only

Periodicity of the Journal: Fortnightly , 2 issues per month, Total 24 issues per year

Place of Publication : Kolkata and Country : India

Broad Subject Category: Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities or Multi-disciplinary

Publisher

International Society for Green, Sustainable Engineering and Management

Organizational Member

National Board of Quality Promotion, QCI, Govt of India

(ISO 9001:2008 & ISO 10002:2014 certified Organization for Research, Development &Training )

Regd.Address:94,Garfa Main Road, Ground Floor, Jadavpur,Kolkata-700075

---- Scientific Citation Indexing- International Society for Indexing (ISI)---

Visit: http://sciindexing.com/indexed-journal-list/ for Indexing Status

Chief Editor: Dr.Debaprayag Chaudhuri, Chairman, International Society for Green, Sustainable Engineering and Management

Some of Some Editorial Board Member:

Dr.Vinay Dasore, Dean, Physical Science, Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam University, Indore

Mr.Mohd Faisal,Research Associate,UNDP Project, Scotland

Etc……

++++++++++++ Authors' Guidelines+++++++++

1. Submit Abstract and title of the paper with name of the authors and their affiliation.

2. After review, we will give the email to send full paper.

3. Send full paper in MS WORD having Body of the article would be 12 points size and Times new remain fonts.

4. After review of the full article we will give the acceptance email and also inform the issue of journal where your article will be considered to publish.

5. Each author will get print journal copy and print certificate of publication.

++++++++++++++ The journal has well defined PEER REVIEW, PUBLICAITON POLICY and ETHICS POLICY+++++++

Send articles or manuscript to:--

[email protected],

Some selected title of publication

(1) A STUDY ON FINDING MEASURES REDUCING TDS AT CETP, TIRUPUR FOR PROCESSING INDUSTRY

Prof. A. Rajagopal,INDIAN STATISTICAL INSTITUTE,SQC & OR UNIT,# 514, First Floor, Mettupalayam Road,

Coimbatore - 641 043

Vol.1, Issue.10, September 2014

(2) RETILING BUSINESS AND PERCEPTION OF THE CONSUMERS

Dr. Falguni C. Shastri,Principal

Smt. H.B. Jasani Arts & Commerce College

1, Vidyanagar, Chhelbhai Dave Marg

Rajkot. 360002.

Vol.1, Issue.11, September 2014

(3) ECONOMIC REFORM AND EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN INDIA: A DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS

Dr. Tushar Das

Headmaster, Sadananda Mission High School(Govt.Sponsored), Howrah.

Vol.1, Issue.13, October 2014

(4)EFFECT OF BANK RATE VARIABILITY ON RUPEE VALUE AND BANKEX IN INDIA

Dr. P.Baba Gnanakumar,

Professor and Head,

Department of Commerce

Sri Krishna Arts and Science College,

Coimbatore - 641 008.

Tamil Nadu.

Vol.1, Issue.14, November 2014

(5) GIS ANALYSIS FOR SPATIAL ACCESSIBILITY OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES

Vanum Govindu1 Alefe Meresa2

1Assistant Professor, Institute of Geo-Information and Earth Observation Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. E-mail: [email protected]

2Senior Data Manager, Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services, Management Sciences for Health, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia

Vol.1, Issue.16, December’2014

(6) Cognition and Language : A Debate

Gitanjali Singh

Assistant Professor in French

School of Humanities

Galgotias University

Noida- 201306 (U.P)

Vol.2, Issue.1, January’2015

(7) “ A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EMOTIONAL COMPETENCIES BETWEEN ORPHANAGE FEMALE ADOLESCENT AND THE PARENTED FEMALE ADOLESCENT.”

DESAI TRUSHA R

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

HEAD ,PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT,

GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE, (GUJARAT UNIVERSITY)

MANINAGAR,

AHMEDABAD.

Vol.2,Issue.3, February’2015

(8) Working women and financial freedom

Dr.Yashaswini

Assistant Professor

Departmrnt of Social Work

Mangalore University

Mangala Gangothri

Vol.2, Issue.7,April 2015

(9) STRATEGIC-SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BUSINESS OPENING POLITICS OF MEXICO

José G. Vargas-Hernández, M.B.A.; Ph.D.

University Center for Economic and Managerial Sciences, University of Guadalajara

Periférico Norte 799 Edif. G201-7, Núcleo Universitario Los Belenes

Zapopan, Jalisco, 45100, México

Vol.2, Issue.8, April’2015

(10) ECONOMIC WELLBEING AND BURDEN OF DIABETES: A CASE STUDY

Dr. T.M.Saravana Kumar,Assistant Professor in Economics, Chikkaiah Naicker College of Arts and Science, Erode-8, Tamil Nadu.

Vol.2, Issue.12,June’2015

(11) EFFECTS OF USING ICT IN STUDENTS’ LEARNING

Dr.K.VANITHA,Asst. Prof & Head,Department of Education,Periyar Maniammai University,Vallam, Thanajavur

Vol.3,Issue.14,July 2016

(12) DIGITAL LITERACY: CHALLENGES AND IMPLEMENTATIONS

T. Santosh Kumar, MSW, LL.B, (LL.M), Telangana University, Nizamabad.

Vol.3,Issue.21,November 2016

(13) Women Empowerment through Employment Opportunities in India

DR.LALITAMISHRA,[UGC NET],GUEST FACULTY,GOVT.MLB PG COLLEGE OF EXCELLENCE,GWALIOR MP

Vol.4,Issue.1,January 2017

(14) A Study on Performance Evaluation of District Central Co-operative Banks in India

*Prof. Dr. K. Maruthamuthu

**Dr. K. Munusamy

* Principal, Periyar University College of Arts and Science, Mettur Dam, Salem, Tamilnadu -- 636401.

** UGC -Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Commerce, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu -636011.

Vol.4, Issue.5, March 2017

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brajeshupadhyay · 4 years ago

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Coronavirus Outbreak Updates: 366 new COVID-19 infections reported in Gujarat today, total number of cases rises to 11,746 in state

00:02 (IST)

Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates

Delhi govt says Aarogya Setu app must be installed by all professionals

The Delhi government said, "With a view to ensuring safety in offices and workplaces, employers on best efforts basis should ensure that Aarogya Setu is installed by all employees having compatible mobile phones."

"RWAs (Resident Welfare Associations) shall not prevent any person from performing their services and and duties which has been permitted under these guidelines. No passes/e-passes for movement for any permitted activities from any authority shall be required," the statement added.

23:50 (IST)

Coronavirus in Uttar Pradesh Latest Updates

UP govt issues fresh guidelines for 4th phase of lockdown

"Uttar Pradesh government has released fresh guidelines for lockdown 4.0. The lockdown has been extended in the state till May 31. Metro services, schools, colleges, coaching centres, hospitality services (except those used for healthcare workers) cinema halls, gyms, shopping malls, swimming pools, religious/public gatherings to remain banned till 31 May," India Today reported.

23:23 (IST)

Coronavirus Pandemic Latest Updates

SARS antibodies can block COVID-19 infection: study, reports AFP

"An antibody from a patient who recovered from SARS has been shown to block COVID-19 infection in a laboratory setting, researchers said Monday in another potential breakthrough in the search for coronavirus treatment.

Scientists based in Switzerland and the United States previously isolated the antibodies from the patient in 2003, following the SARS outbreak that killed 774 people.

They experimented with 25 different types of antibodies — which target specific protein spikes on viruses — to see if they could prevent cells becoming infected with COVID-19," AFP reported.

23:19 (IST)

Coronavirus in Assam Latest Updates

Seven new COVID-19 cases reported in Guwahati

Assam minister Himanta Biswa Sarma said that seven new coronavirus cases were detected in Guwahati on Monday.

"One person had unfortunately died at GMCH prior to detection. Three patients are from Sarusajai quarantine center and rest are related to Aloo Godam case are from Fancy Bazaar containment zone," he said.

23:15 (IST)

Coronavirus in Gujarat Latest Updates

366 new COVID-19 cases reported in Gujarat today

Reports said that 366 new coronavirus cases were reported in Gujarat on Monday, taking the state's tally to 11,746.

23:07 (IST)

Coronavirus in Telangana Latest Updates

Telangana reports 41 new COVID-19 cases today

The Telangana health department said that 41 more coronavirus cases were reported in the state on Monday. Total number of cases in the state is now at 1,592, including 1,002 cured/discharged, 556 active cases and 34 deaths.

23:03 (IST)

Coronavirus in Punjab Latest Updates

20 trains leave Punjab every day, says CM

Punjab chief minister Amarinder Singh said that so far, more than two lakh migrants of the 11 lakh who had registered on the special portal created by the government have left the state.

A statement by the CMO said, "As many as 20 trains are leaving Punjab every day, with 15 scheduled for Uttar Pradesh and six for Bihar on Monday. Chief Minister said while more trains were needed for Bihar, the state was not willing to take in people at this stage as their quarantine facilities were full."

22:51 (IST)

Coronavirus in India Latest Updates

Harsh Vardhan says Modi ensured 'proactive, graded' response against COVID-19

Union health minister Harsh Vardhan on Monday said at 73rd World Health Assembly via video conference, "PM Modi personally monitored situation and ensured a preemptive, proactive and graded response, leaving no stones unturned to contain the deadly virus from spreading. India took all necessary steps well in time."

22:48 (IST)

Coronavirus in India Latest Updates

Health Minsitry issues guidelines for COVID-19 prevention in workplaces

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issues guidelines on preventive measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 in workplace settings.

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issues guidelines on preventive measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 in workplace settings. pic.twitter.com/1uKRYmcKN5

— ANI (@ANI) May 18, 2020

22:44 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Sharad Pawar writes to PM over Rs 20 lakh crore package

"The package announced will not bring any immediate relief to the distressed farmers. The standing crops have perished due to lockdown causing great losses to the farmers. In turn, they are facing a cash crunch & need immediate support to undertake ensuing Kharif season activities," Sharad Pawar said in his letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

I have raised concerns and shared my views in an open letter to Hon’able Prime Minister Narendra Modi ji over the scope of the 20 trillion package announced by him in the wake of the coronavirus-led damages. @PMOIndia @narendramodi @nsitharaman @ianuragthakur @FinMinIndia pic.twitter.com/PSDRe95naP

— Sharad Pawar (@PawarSpeaks) May 18, 2020

22:34 (IST)

Coronavirus in Telangana Latest Updates

Metro services won't resume in Telangana, says CM

Telangana chief minister KCR announced the extension of the lockdown till 31 May and spoke about the revised guidelines to be applied in the fourth phase of the lockdown.

"E-commerce activities will be allowed in the state. Auto and cab aggregators will be allowed to ply in the state. Government and private offices are allowed to function with 100% workforce. Factories and manufacturing services can also start with 100 percent operations,

No Metro services will be allowed in Telangana. Gyms and religious institutions will also not be allowed to open," News18 reported.

22:30 (IST)

Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates

Connaught Place market to open from tomorrow, says report

"The Connaught Place market in Central Delhi will open on Tuesday after a closure of 55 days, the first such closure in its 109 years of existence. An odd-even policy with respect to shop numbers will be followed by the market," India Today reported on Monday.

22:20 (IST)

Coronavirus in Assam Latest Updates

Two new COVID-19 cases reported in Assam

Alert ~ Two persons of Golaghat district have tested #COVID19 positive. ↗️Total cases 108 ↗️Recovered 41 ↗️Active cases 62 ↗️Deaths 3 ↗️Migrated 2 Update 9.15 pm / May 18#AssamCovidCount pic.twitter.com/qJOnkPJ6PS

— Himanta Biswa Sarma (@himantabiswa) May 18, 2020

22:16 (IST)

Coronavirus in Goa Latest Updates

Goa CM says 414 passengers to arrive from Italy

Goa chief minister Pramod Sawant said that 414 passengers from Italy will arrive in the state on Saturday.

"Their throat swab test will be done upon arrival. If any passenger tests positive, he/she ill be shifted to a COVID-19 hospital. On our request, the 2 Rajdhani trains to Goa have been cancelled. Only Nizamuddin Express train will continue to run, and those arriving in Goa will have to furnish their proof of residence," he said.

22:11 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Mumbai reports 1,185 new COVID-19 cases

1,185 more COVID-19 cases and 23 deaths were reported in Mumbai on Monday, the BMC said. Total number of cases in the city is now at 21,152, including 757 deaths.

22:03 (IST)

Coronavirus in Jharkhand Latest Updates

Liquor shops to open in Jharkhand tomorrow

Jharkhand chief minister Hemant Soren said that liquor shops will open in the state from Monday.

21:54 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

2,033 new COVID-19 cases reported in Maharashtra

The Maharashtra health department said that 2,033 more coronavirus cases and 51 deaths were reported in the state on Monday. Total number of cases in the state is now at 35,058, including 25,392 active cases and 1,249 deaths.

21:46 (IST)

Coronavirus in Rajasthan Latest Updates

Rajasthan reports 305 new COVID-19 cases

The Rajasthan health department said that 305 coronavirus cases and seven deaths were reported in the state on Monday, as of 9 pm. Total number of cases in the state is now at 5,507, including 2,151 active cases and 138 deaths.

21:42 (IST)

Coronavirus in Goa Latest Updates

35 new COVID-19 cases reported in Goa

Goa chief minister Pramod Sawant was quoted by ANI as saying that 35 new COVID-19 positive cases have been reported in the state. The total number of cases in the state is now 41.

21:28 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav 'welcomes' new investors to state

Uddhav Thackeray on Monday said, "I welcome new investors in the state. Over 40,000 acre land has been kept aside for new businesses. We will provide the land to the new investor on a rental basis."

21:10 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav Thackeray extends lockdown till 31 May, says move is necessary

Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray extended the COVID-19 lockdown in the state till 31 May.

He added, "People ask me why are you not lifting lockdown. Imagine if we lift the lockdown, see what happened in US, UK and Brazil. We won't allow that to happen in Maharashtra. This is why no industries will be allowed to open in red zones. Just think, if we allow industries to function and if their workers are found positive, then again we will have to go into a forced lockdown. Why not continue this lockdown only."

21:05 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav Thackeray says have to tackle COVID-19 before monsoon begins

The Maharashtra chief minister said that the coronavirus pandemic will have to be tackled before the monsoon season begins as "schools and colleges will be scheduled to start again in June".

21:00 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Have to ensure green zones remain green, says Uddhav

"We have to ensure the green zones remain green and are not infected. Also have to ensure red turns into green. We have set up a 1,000-bed hospital in BKC in just 10-12 days. It will be ready for use in 2-3 days," said Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray on Monday.

20:56 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav says 5 lakh migrants sent back to other states

Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray said that five lakh migrant workers have been sent back to their native states by trains and buses, however, he appealed to those walking on the roads to stop. He also said that the state government has undertaken the travel cost of the migrants who have been sent to other states.

20:53 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Don't take COVID-19 lightly, says Uddhav Thackeray

Uddhav Thackeray appealed to people to not take COVID-19 pandemic lightly and treat it as a "regular flu" and said that he will not allow the cases to increase steeply.

20:50 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav asks people to help healthcare workers

Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray appealed to people to also join the COVID-19 healthcare workers if they are healthy and willing. "We are concentrating on the rising cases and deaths in the state, but we must also consider the recoveries," he added.

20:48 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav appeals for more people to join workforce

20:38 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav says some relaxations brought in green, orange zones

Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray said that 50,000 businesses have been allowed to function across the state and several labourers have been employed. These businesses have only been allowed to open outside containment/red zones, he said.

20:35 (IST)

Coronavirus in Odisha Latest Updates

Odisha issues revised guidelines for 4th phase of lockdown:

"-Odisha extends lockdown till May 31

-Inter-state busses, vehicular movements allowed

-All other activities allowed except those which are prohibited

-School, colleges, cinemas, malls, gyms, restaurants to remain closed

-Stadiums, sports complexes can open, but, without spectators

-Night curfew to continue," India Today reported.

20:34 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav Thackeray starts speaking on COVID-19 situation

Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray thanked the Assembly MLAs for his uncontested win for an MLC seat, so that he can retain the CM chair.

"Maharashtra has been worst affected. The numbers are rising everyday. After seeing the numbers, it raises questions as to what are we doing. If the precations we took since march, would not have been taken, the number would have gone high. We are continuing relaxations. Red Zones cannot be relaxed."

20:30 (IST)

Coronavirus in Jammu and Kashmir Latest Updates

106 new COVID-19 cases reported in Jammu and Kashmir today

106 new coronavirus cases were reported in Jammu and Kashmir on Monday, reports said. The total number of cases is now1,289.

20:23 (IST)

Coronavirus in Telangana Latest Updates

Telangana govt extends lockdown to 31 May

Telangana chief minister KCR said that that "except containment zones, all areas in the state are "green zones".

"There are 1,422 families in this containment zones and it will be a complete lockdown in these areas. However, the state has extended the lockdown till 31 May," News18 reported.

20:19 (IST)

Coronavirus in India Latest Updates

Centre's offices to work at 50% strength, says report

Reports said that all the central government offices have been asked to work at 50 percent of the strength and that "officers above the rank of deputy secretary to compulsorily attend office everyday."

20:12 (IST)

Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates

Gautam Gambhir says lockdown relaxations in Delhi could be 'death warrant'

BJP MP Gautam Gambhir slammed Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal over some relaxations announced in the fourth phase of the COVID-19 lockdown on Monday. He said the relaxations are a "death warrant".

The decision to open up almost everything in one go can act as a DEATH WARRANT for Delhiites! I urge Delhi Govt to think again & again! One wrong move & everything will be over!! #DelhiLockdown

— Gautam Gambhir (@GautamGambhir) May 18, 2020

20:02 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav Thackeray to speak on COVID-19 situation at 8.30 pm

मुख्यमंत्री उद्धव बाळासाहेब ठाकरे आज दि. १८/०५/२०२० रोजी रात्री ८:३० वा. महाराष्ट्रातील जनतेला संबोधित करतील. CM Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray will address the State at 8:30 pm on 18th May 2020.#WarAgainstVirus

— CMO Maharashtra (@CMOMaharashtra) May 18, 2020

19:58 (IST)

Coronavirus in Gujarat Latest Updates

Gujarat to have only 'containment' and 'non-containment' zones

"Gujarat will have containment and non-containment zones. Only essential services to be allowed in containment zones," said Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani on Monday.

"Schools, shopping malls, gyms, swimming pools will remain closed. Beauty parlours and salons allowed to operate in non-containment zones only.

"Restaurants can open but only for home delivery of food. The food delivery agents must have a health card. Restaurants on highways can be open but social distancing to be maintained," he said.

19:51 (IST)

Coronavirus in India Latest Updates

28 Zee News employees test positive for COVID-19

These are difficult times. 28 of my colleagues at @ZeeNews have tested positive for COVID-19. Thankfully all of them are fine,mostly asymptomatic. I wish them a speedy recovery and salute their courage & professionalism. Sharing the official statement with you. pic.twitter.com/50yW2auj0Y

— Sudhir Chaudhary (@sudhirchaudhary) May 18, 2020

19:42 (IST)

Coronavirus in Karnataka Latest Updates

Karnataka govt allows barber shops, salons to open till 31 May

The Karnataka govt on Monday said that all shops, including barber shops, spa and salons will be allowed to function till 31 May, as per Standard Operating Procedure issued by state government.

19:38 (IST)

Coronavirus in Uttarakhand Latest Updates

Three new COVID-19 cases reported in Uttarakhand

Three new positive cases reported in the state today, taking the total number of positive cases to 96: Uttarakhand Health Department

19:25 (IST)

Coronavirus in Karnataka Latest Updates

Karnataka govt issues revised guidelines for fourth phase of lockdown

The Government of Karnataka has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31st May, 2020.

#COVID19: The Government of Karnataka has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31st May, 2020. pic.twitter.com/KvLt20eJZF

— ANI (@ANI) May 18, 2020

19:19 (IST)

Coronavirus in Uttarakhand Latest Updates

Uttarakhand govt says migrants to be given 5 kgs of ration

The Uttarakhand government on Monday said that migrant workers in the state will be provided 5 kilograms of ration per person by the state government. There are no red zone districts in the state. Uttarakhand chief secretary Utpal Kumar Singh ssid.

19:09 (IST)

Coronavirus in Assam Latest Updates

Assam govt revises lockdown guidelines to be effective till 31 May

The Government of Assam has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31 May, 2020.

#COVID19: The Government of Assam has issued revised guidelines to be followed in the state during the extended lockdown till 31st May, 2020. pic.twitter.com/LB7wbzkLtr

— ANI (@ANI) May 18, 2020

18:57 (IST)

Coronavirus in Tamil Nadu Latest Updates

536 new COVID-19 cases reported in Tamil Nadu today

Tamil Nadu on Monday reported 536 new cases of coronavirus, of which 46 people have travel history to Maharashtra. The total number of cases in Tamil Nadu rose to 11,760.

"Meanwhile, 234 coronavirus patients have been discharged today, taking the total count of recoveries in the state to 4,406," India Today reported.

18:51 (IST)

Coronavirus in Uttar Pradesh Latest Updates

Migrants in Ghaziabad crowd to get registered for special trains, says report

Reports said that a large crowd of migrants had gathered in Ghaziabad to get registered for the special trains to take them back to their native states.

More visuals from Ghaziabad where migrants have turned up in large numbers to get themselves registered for special trains. This is the time medical screening and quarantine facilities in East UP and Bihar should be stepped up to the maximum. pic.twitter.com/oGZAs4yIfx

— Piyush Rai (@Benarasiyaa) May 18, 2020

18:38 (IST)

Coronavirus in Maharashtra Latest Updates

Uddhav Thackeray to speak at 8 pm

Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray is reportedly scheduled to address the state at 8 pm on Monday over the coronavirus situation.

Meanwhile, a dedicated COVID-19 health centre was transferred from the MMRDA to BMC on Monday, News18 reported. The facility has 1,000 beds and was transferred in the presence of Thackeray and Deputy chief minister Ajit Pawar.

18:31 (IST)

Coronavirus in India Latest Updates

Recovery rate at 38.29% in India, says report

Reports said that there are currently 56,316 active cases of coronavirus in India.

"So far, a total of 36,824 people have been cured of COVID-19. In the 24 hours a total of 2,715 patients are reported cured and presently the recovery rate is pegged at 38.29 percent," News18 reported.

18:28 (IST)

Coronavirus in Karnataka Latest Updates

Karnataka health bulletin today:

99 new coronavirus cases were reported in the last 24 hours.

Total active cases: 678

Total discharges: 530

Total toll: 37

Total cases so far: 1246

18:21 (IST)

Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates

Carpooling not allowed for taxi aggregators, says Kejriwal

"Carpooling or car-sharing will not be allowed for aggregators. Auto-rickshaws, e-rickshaws and cycle-rickshaws will be allowed but only with one passenger. For two-wheelers, pillion rider will not be allowed. There will be no activity allowed in containment zones," Kejriwal said on Monday.

18:15 (IST)

Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates

Kejriwal says buses to be allowed to function with 20 passengers

Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal said that that bus services with 20 passengers will be allowed in the National Capital in the fourth phase of the lockdown. "Individual movement in private vehicles with a maximum of four passengers has also been allowed in Delhi," India Today reported.

18:05 (IST)

Coronavirus in Delhi Latest Updates

10,054 COVID-19 cases reported in Delhi so far, says govt

Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal said that 10,054 cases have been reported in the National Capital so far.

He said, "4,485 persons have been cured/discharged and 160 people have died due to COVID-19 till now."

Coronavirus Outbreak LATEST Updates: Reports said that 366 new coronavirus cases were reported in Gujarat on Monday, taking the state's tally to 11,746.

Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray extended the COVID-19 lockdown in the state till 31 May.

"Gujarat will have containment and non-containment zones. Only essential services to be allowed in containment zones," said Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani on Monday.

"Schools, shopping malls, gyms, swimming pools will remain closed. Beauty parlours and salons allowed to operate in non-containment zones only.

"Restaurants can open but only for home delivery of food. The food delivery agents must have a health card. Restaurants on highways can be open but social distancing to be maintained," he said.

Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray is reportedly scheduled to address the state at 8 pm on Monday over the coronavirus situation.

Tamil Nadu on Monday reported 536 new cases of coronavirus, of which 46 people have travel history to Maharashtra. The total number of cases in Tamil Nadu rose to 11,760.

Reports said that there are currently 56,316 active cases of coronavirus in India.

Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal said that while private offices can open at full strength, they should try that most of the staff works from home.

"Markets can open but shops will open on odd-even basis. Sports complexes and stadiums can open but without spectators. Construction activities are allowed in the national capital now but only with labourers who are in Delhi right now," he added.

Kerala chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan said that 29 new cases of coronavirus were reported in the state on Monday, of which 21 have arrived from abroad.

West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee on Monday extended the COVID-19 lockdown in the state till 31 May.

"We will try to arrange for 115 more trains in a few days and the state government will pay the train fare," she added.

The Delhi government reportedly decided not to test samples of deceased patients who were suspected of having coronavirus.

Delhi health secretary Padmini Singla issued the order saying, "No sample for COVID-19 test will be taken of dead body. However, if doctors are satisfied from clinical examination that the cause of death may be COVID-19 infection, the dead body may be released as suspect COVID-19 infected dead body."

"However, even those suspected to have died of coronavirus have to be buried or cremated as ICMR protocols. As reported by The Indian Express, over the past two months, five cremation/burial grounds in the capital have carried out 410 funerals as per the standard operating procedure (SOP) for Covid patients, which is followed for confirmed as well as suspected cases," The Indian Express reported.

According to a Maharashtra Police action report, 240 cops and 38 health workers have faced assault. Moreoever, 85 policemen have also suffered injuries while performing their duty.

Karnataka CM BS Yediyurappa announced that people from Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala and Tamil Nadu will not be allowed to enter the state till 31 May.

Migrants workers pelted stones at the police and vandalised two of their vehicles in Ahmedabad allegedly over their demand to go back to home states. A clash then ensured, in which two police personnel were injured.

Six employees of OPPO mobile company's factory in Greater Noida have tested positive for COVID-19, ANI reported. The factory, which had resumed operations on 9 May has been completely shut down.

Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code will remain in effect in all districts of Chhattisgarh for the next three months. The state has reported 86 cases so far, of which 59 have recovered and none have died.

The fourth phase of the coronavirus lockdown began on Sunday and will continue till 31 May. Meanwhile, a total of 62 countries, including India, backed a joint effort by Australia and European Union, calling for an independent inquiry into the World Health Organisation's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Three more passengers - a total of seven people - who travelled in Mumbai-Goa train on Sunday tested positive for COVID-19 during TrueNat testing. The total number of active cases in Goa has reached 29.

The country is set to enter the fourth phase of the lockdown due to the novel coronavirus on Monday, as the National Disaster Management Authority issued an order to continue the lockdown measures till 31 May.

Subsequently, the home ministry issued a set of guidelines for the fourth phase, in which it directed that air travel, hotels, restaurants and public gatherings will remain prohibited throughout the country.

Earlier in the day, finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the fifth and final tranche of the government's stimulus package to revive the coronavirus-hit economy. She said the stimulus package includes the Rs 8.01 lakh crore of liquidity being made available by the RBI.

The death toll due to COVID-19 rose to 2,872 and the number of total positive cases climbed to 90,927 Sunday morning, registering an increase of 120 fatalities and a record jump of 4,987 new cases in 24 hours, since 8 AM Saturday, according to the Union Health Ministry.

The number of active COVID-19 cases stands at 53,946, while 34,108 people have recovered and one patient has migrated, it said.

Lockdown guidelines

The Union home ministry issued guidelines listing the dos and don''ts during the lockdown 4.0 that has been clamped in the country to cut the chain of coronavirus infection.

The guidelines said all domestic, international air travel of passengers, except domestic air ambulance, will remain prohibited.

Metro rail services, schools, colleges will remain closed till May end, the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) said.

Hotels, restaurants, cinema halls, malls, swimming pools, gyms will also remain shut even as all social, political, religious functions, and places of worship will be closed till May 31, it said.

The MHA said inter-state movement of passenger vehicles, buses will be allowed with mutual consent of states involved during the COVID-19 lockdown 4.0.

States and Union Territories have been given the powers for delineation of Red, Green and Orange Zones as per COVID-19 situation, the MHA said.

All shops, except those in containment zones and malls, will be allowed to open from Monday with staggered timings during lockdown 4.0, it said.

Further, state governments and Union Territories have been asked to decide on the demarcation of red, orange and green zones based on the parameters set by the Centre.

Also significantly, the new guidelines permit inter-state movement of passenger vehicles and buses with the mutual consent of the states or Union Territories.

State-wise cases and deaths

Of the 120 new deaths reported since Saturday morning, 67 were in Maharashtra, 19 in Gujarat, nine in Uttar Pradesh, seven in West Bengal, six in Delhi, four in Madhya Pradesh, three in Tamil Nadu and two in Haryana and one each from Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan

Of the total 2,872 fatalities, Maharashtra tops the tally with 1,135 fatalities, Gujarat comes second with 625 deaths, followed by Madhya Pradesh at 243, West Bengal at 232, Delhi at 129, Rajasthan at 126, Uttar Pradesh at 104,Tamil Nadu at 74 and Andhra Pradesh at 49

The death toll reached 36 in Karnataka, 34 Telangana and 32 in Punjab

Haryana has reported 13 fatalities due to the disease, Jammu and Kashmir has 12 deaths while Bihar has registered seven and Kerala has reported four deaths

Jharkhand, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Odisha have recorded three COVID-19 fatalities each, while Assam has reported two deaths

Meghalaya, Uttarakhand and Puducherry have reported one fatality each, according to the ministry data.

The ministry's website says more than 70 per cent of the deaths are due to comorbidities

According to the health ministry data updated in the morning, the highest number of confirmed cases in the country are from Maharashtra at 30,706, followed by Gujarat at 10,988, Tamil Nadu at 10,585, Delhi at 9,333, Rajasthan at 4,960, Madhya Pradesh at 4,789 and Uttar Pradesh at 4,258

The number of COVID-19 cases has gone up to 2,576 in West Bengal, 2,355 in Andhra Pradesh and 1,946 in Punjab

It has risen to 1,509 in Telangana, 1,179 in Bihar, 1,121 in Jammu and Kashmir, 1,092 in Karnataka and 887 in Haryana

Odisha has reported 737 coronavirus infection cases so far, while Kerala has 587 cases. A total of 217 people have been infected with the virus in Jharkhand and 191 in Chandigarh

Tripura has reported 167 cases, Assam has 92 cases, Uttarakhand has 88, Himachal Pradesh has 78 cases, Chhattisgarh has 67 and Ladakh has registered 43 cases, so far

Thirty-three COVID-19 cases have been reported from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Goa have reported 17 COVID-19 cases, while Meghalaya and Puducherry have registered 13 cases each

Manipur has seven cases. Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Dadar and Nagar Haveli have reported a case each till now.

Sitharaman announces final tranche of economic stimulus

The Centre has announced suspension of new bankruptcy filings on loan defaults for one year and raised the threshold for insolvency as it moved to ease COVID-19 pain for the industry.

It also announced a new policy for companies under state control saying public sector undertakings under the non-strategic sector will be privatised while those in the identified strategic sector would be capped by not more than four by merging some of them.

In the fifth and final tranche of the economic stimulus package, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman raised allocation for employment guarantee scheme by Rs 40,000 crore over and above the Rs 61,000 crore budgeted earlier for MGNREGS, to provide employment to migrant workers moving back to their states.

This, she said, will help generate nearly 300 crore person-days in total.

For industries, she said the minimum threshold to initiate insolvency proceedings will be raised to Rs 1 crore from Rs 1 lakh, which largely insulates micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) from bankruptcy on defaulting on loans.

Also, a special insolvency resolution framework for MSMEs under Section 240A of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) will be notified soon, she said adding that fresh initiation of insolvency proceedings will be suspended up to one year depending upon the pandemic situation.

Coronavirus-related debt will be excluded from the definition of "default" under the IBC for the purpose of triggering insolvency proceedings, she said adding that the changes will be effected by promulgating an ordinance.

Additionally, minor technical and procedural defaults under the Companies Act such as shortcomings in CSR reporting, inadequacies in board report, filing defaults, and delay in holding AGM will be decriminalised.

Last week, the government pledged a Rs 20 lakh crore (nearly 10 per cent of gross domestic product) package to support the economy headed for its first full-year contraction in more than four decades.

With inputs from PTI

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