Words borrowed from other languages in English
Very incomplete list, based mostly on The Languages of the World (3rd ed.), Kenneth Katzner, 2002 + a heavy use of Wiktionary. some notes:
Many of these words have passed through multiple languages on their way to English (e.g. Persian -> Arabic -> Spanish -> French -> English); in that case I usually list them under the first language that used them in the same acception as English.
I generally don't include words whose ancestors already existed in Middle English, unless their origin was exotic enough to be interesting.
The vast majority of borrowings are terms very specific to their culture of origin; I generally only include those that are either very well known amng English-speakers, or of general use outside that culture.
INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY (West and South Eurasia)
Hellenic
Greek: angel, chronometer, democracy, encyclopedia, geography, graphic, hieroglyphic, homogeneous, hydraulic, meter, microscope, monarchy, philosophy, phobia, photography, telephone, and way too many other scientific or technical terms to count
Germanic
Afrikaans: aardvark, apartheid, fynbos, rooibos, springbok, trek, veld, wildebeest
Danish: Lego, simper
Dutch: brandy, bumpkin, coleslaw, cookie, deck, dock, dollar, freight, furlough, hodgepodge, landscape, maelstrom, noodle, Santa Claus, waffle, walrus, yacht
German: aurochs, bildungsroman, blitzkrieg, cobalt, dachsund, eigenvector, ersatz, gestalt, glockenspiel, hamburger, hinterland, kindergarten, kohlrabi, lager, poodle, quark, sauerkraut, wanderlust, yodel, zeitgeist
Icelandic: eider, geyser
Norwegian: auk, fjord, krill, lemming, narwhal, slalom, troll
Swedish: lek, mink, ombudsman, rutabaga, smorgasbord, tungsten
Yiddish: bupkis, chutzpah, kvetch, putz, schlemiel, schmaltz, schmooze, schtick, spiel, tchotchke
Slavic
Czech: robot
Russian: fedora, glasnost, intelligentsia, kefir, mammoth, pogrom, samizdat, steppe, sputnik, troika, tsar, vodka
Serbo-Croat: cravat, paprika
Celtic [many of these words are shared between the two languages]
Irish: bog, galore, gaol, geas, glen, orrery, shamrock, slob, whiskey
Scottish Gaelic: bard, bunny, cairn, clan, loch, ptarmigan, ?scone, slogan
Italic-Romance
†Latin: [way too many]
French: [way too many]
Italian: allegro, aria, balcony, bandit, bravo, calamari, casino, cello, chiaroscuro, crescendo, contraband, contrapposto, fresco, gazette, ghetto, gusto, inferno, lagoon, lava, mafia, malaria, pants, quarantine, tempo, umbrella, vendetta, volcano
Portuguese: baroque, brocade, cachalot, cobra, creole, flamingo, petunia, pimento, zebra
Spanish: abalone, armadillo, bolas, bonanza, canyon, cargo, chupacabra, cigar, cilantro, embargo, gaucho, guerrilla, junta, manta, mesa, mosquito, mustang, patio, pueblo, rodeo, siesta, tornado, vanilla
Iranian
Persian: bazaar, caravan, checkmate, chess, crimson, dervish, divan, jackal, jasmine, khaki, kiosk, lemon, lilac, musk, orange, pajama, paradise, satrap, shawl, taffeta
Indo-Aryan
†Sanskrit: brahmin, Buddha, chakra, guru, karma, mantra, opal, swastika, yoga
Bengali: dinghy, jute, nabob
Hindi: bandana, bungalow, cheetah, chintz, chutney, coolie, cot, dungaree, juggernaut, lacquer, loot, rajah, pundit, shampoo, tom-tom, thug, veranda
Marathi: mongoose
Romani: hanky-panky, pal, shiv
Sinhalese: anaconda, beriberi, serendipity, tourmaline
DRAVIDIAN FAMILY (Southern India)
Kannada: bamboo
Malayalam: atoll, calico, copra, jackfruit, mahogany, mango, pagoda, teak
Tamil: curry, mulligatawny, pariah
Telugu: bandicoot
URALIC FAMILY (Northern Eurasia)
Finnic
Finnish: sauna
Saami: tundra
Samoyedic
Nenets: parka
Ugric
Hungarian: biro, coach, goulash, hussar, puszta, tokay
VASCONIC FAMILY (Northern Pirenees)
Basque: chaparral, chimichurri, silhouette
TURKIC FAMILY (Central Eurasia)
†Old Turkic: cossack, yurt
Tatar: ?stramonium
Turkish: baklava, balaclava, bergamot, caftan, caviar, harem, janissary, kebab, kismet, minaret, pastrami, sherbet, tulip, yoghurt
Yakut: taiga
MONGOLIC FAMILY (Mongolia and surrounding areas)
Mongol: horde, khan, ?valerian
SINO-TIBETAN FAMILY (China and Southeast Asia)
Tibeto-Burman
Burmese: ?marzipan
Tibetan: lama, panda, tulpa, yak, yeti
Sinitic [Chinese languages closely related, not always clear from which a borrowing comes]
Hokkien: ?ketchup, sampan, tea
Mandarin: chi, dao, dazibao, gung-ho, kaolin, oolong, shaolin, shanghai, yin-yang
Min Nan: nunchaku
Yue (Cantonese): chop suey, dim sum, kowtow, kumquat, lychee, shar-pei, ?typhoon, wok
TUNGUSIC FAMILY (Eastern Siberia)
Evenki: pika, shaman
KOREANIC FAMILY (Koreas)
Korean: bulgogi, chaebol, hantavirus, kimchi, mukbang, taekwondo
JAPONIC FAMILY (Japan)
Japanese: banzai, bonsai, dojo, emoji, geisha, ginkgo, hikikomori, honcho, ikebana, kamikaze, karaoke, koi, kudzu, manga, origami, pachinko, rickshaw, sake, samurai, sensei, soy, sushi, tofu, tsunami, tycoon, zen
AUSTRONESIAN FAMILY (maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania)
Western Malayan
Javanese: ?junk [ship]
Malay: amok, cockatoo, compound [building], cootie, durian, kapok, orangutan, paddy, pangolin, rattan, sarong
Barito
Malagasy: raffia
Phlippinic
Cebuano: dugong
Ilocano: yo-yo
Tagalog: boondocks
Oceanic
Hawai'ian: aloha, hula, luau, poi, wiki
Maori: kauri, kiwi, mana, weta
Marshallese: bikini
Tahitian: pareo, tattoo
Tongan: taboo
TRANS-NEW GUINEAN FAMILY (New Guinea)
Fore: kuru
PAMA-NYUNGAN FAMILY (Australia)
Dharug: boomerang, corroboree, dingo, koala, wallaby, wobbegong, wombat, woomera
Guugu Yimithirr: kangaroo, quoll
Nyungar: dunnart, gidgee, quokka
Pitjantjatjara: Uluru
Wathaurong: bunyip
Wiradjuri: kookaburra
Yagara: dilly bag
AFRO-ASIATIC FAMILY (North Africa and Near East)
Coptic: adobe
Berber
Tachelhit: argan
Semitic
†Punic: Africa
Arabic: albatross, alchemy, alcohol, alcove, alfalfa, algebra, alkali, amber, arsenal, artichoke, assassin, candy, coffee, cotton, elixir, gazebo, gazelle, ghoul, giraffe, hashish, harem, magazine, mattress, monsoon, sofa, sugar, sultan, syrup, tabby, tariff, zenith, zero
Hebrew: amen, behemoth, cabal, cherub, hallelujah, kibbutz, kosher, manna, myrrh, rabbi, sabbath, Satan, seraph, shibboleth
NIGER-CONGO FAMILY (Subsaharan Africa)
unknown: cola, gorilla, tango
Senegambian
Wolof: banana, fonio, ?hip, ?jigger [parasite], karite, ?jive, yam
Gur-Adamawa
Ngbandi: Ebola
Kwa
Ewe: voodoo
Volta-Niger
Igbo: okra
Yoruba: gelee [headgear], mambo, oba, orisha
Cross River
Ibibio: calypso
Bantu
Lingala: basenji
Kikongo: ?chimpanzee, ?macaque, ?zombie
Kimbundu: ?banjo, Candomblé, gumbo, macumba, tanga
Swahili: askari, Jenga, kwanzaa, safari
Xhosa: Ubuntu
Zulu: impala, mamba, vuvuzela
KHOE-KWADI FAMILY (Southwest Africa)
Khoekhoe (Hottentot): gnu, kudu, quagga
ESKIMO-ALEUT FAMILY (Arctic America)
Greenlandic Inuit: igloo, kayak
Inuktikut: nunatak
ALGIC FAMILY (Eastern Canada and northeast USA)
†Proto-Algonquin: moccasin, opossum, skunk
Cree: muskeg, pemmican
Mikmaq: caribou, toboggan
Montagnais: husky
Narragansett: ?powwow, sachem
Ojibwe: chipmunk, totem, wendigo, woodchuck
Powhatan: persimmon, raccoon
SALISHAN FAMILY (Pacific coast at the USA-Canada border)
Chehalis: chinook
Halkomelem: sasquatch
Lushootseed: geoduck
IROQUOIAN FAMILY (Eastern North America)
Cherokee: sequoia
SIOUAN FAMILY (Central USA)
Lakota: teepee
MUSKOGEAN FAMILY (Southeast USA)
Choctaw: bayou
UTO-AZTECAN FAMILY (Southwest USA and north Mexico)
Nahuatl: atlatl, avocado, chili, cocoa, coyote, chocolate, guacamole, hoazin, mesquite, ocelot, quetzal, tamale, tegu, tomato
O'odham (Pima): jojoba
Shoshone: chuckwalla
Yaqui: ?saguaro
MAYAN FAMILY (Southern Mexico and Guatemala)
Yucatec Maya: cenote, Chicxulub
ARAWAKAN FAMILY (Caribbeans and South America)
†Taino: barbecue, cannibal, canoe, cassava, cay, guava, hammock, hurricane, iguana, maize, manatee, mangrove, maroon, potato, savanna, tobacco
Arawak: papaya
CARIBAN FAMILY (Caribbean coast of South America)
unknown: curare
Galibi Carib: caiman, chigger, pawpaw, peccary, yucca
QUECHUAN FAMILY (Andes)
Quechua: ?Andes, caoutchouc, coca, condor, guano, jerky, llama, mate, poncho, puma, quinine, vicuna
AYMARAN FAMILY (Andes)
Aymara: alpaca, chinchilla
TUPIAN FAMILY (Brazil)
[borrowings are often shared between these two languages]
†Old Tupi: ananas, arowana, Cayenne [pepper], jaguar, manioc, piranha, tapioca
Guarani: cougar, maracuja, Paraguay, petunia, toucan
CREOLE LANGUAGES (worldwide, mixed origin)
English-derived
Chinese Pidgin English: chopstick, long time no see, pidgin, taipan
Jamaican Creole: dreadlocks, reggae
Chinook-derived
Chinook Jargon: potlatch
EDIT 08-01-24: added lots more examples, especially African, Asian, and North American languages. Still not done.
EDIT 17-01-24: finished adding examples, more or less.
EDIT: 18-02-24: apparently not (cheetah).
EDIT: 20-05-24: nope (mosquito); 30-06-24: jerky, mukbang, cello, glockenspiel, hodgepodge; 06-06-25: marzipan, lagoon, contraband, artichoke
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From Traditional to Trendy: Wooden Spice Box Prices in Pakistan
Introduction
Wooden spice boxes Price In Pakistan, an integral part of many kitchens, blend functionality with aesthetic appeal. In Pakistan, these handcrafted items are more than just storage solutions; they are a testament to the country's rich cultural heritage. This article explores the journey of wooden spice boxes from traditional designs to contemporary styles, while providing insights into their prices in Pakistan.
The Heritage of Pakistani Handicrafts
Pakistan is renowned for its exquisite handicrafts, which reflect the country's diverse cultural tapestry. Wooden handicrafts, in particular, have a special place in Pakistani art and craft traditions. From intricately carved furniture to delicate jewelry boxes, Pakistani artisans have mastered the art of woodworking.
Wooden Spice Boxes are a prime example of this craftsmanship. Traditionally used to store spices, these boxes have evolved in design and utility over time. Today, they are cherished not only for their practical use but also as decorative pieces that add a touch of elegance to any kitchen.
Evolution of Wooden Spice Boxes
Traditional Designs
Traditional wooden spice boxes are characterized by their intricate carvings and robust construction. Made from high-quality wood, these boxes often feature elaborate patterns inspired by Mughal and Persian art. The use of natural dyes and finishes enhances their rustic charm.
These traditional designs have been passed down through generations, preserving the essence of Pakistani heritage. They are typically found in older homes and are prized for their historical value and craftsmanship.
Contemporary Styles
As lifestyles have modernized, so too have the designs of wooden spice boxes. Contemporary styles incorporate minimalist aesthetics, sleek finishes, and innovative features to cater to modern kitchen needs. These boxes may include multiple compartments, transparent lids, and even magnetic closures for added convenience.
The shift towards contemporary designs reflects a broader trend in Pakistani handicrafts, where artisans blend traditional techniques with modern sensibilities to create unique, functional art pieces.
Factors Influencing Wooden Spice Box Prices in Pakistan
Several factors affect the prices of wooden spice boxes in Pakistan. Understanding these can help buyers make informed decisions when purchasing these beautiful items.
Material Quality
The type of wood used significantly impacts the price. High-quality woods such as teak, rosewood, and walnut are more expensive due to their durability and aesthetic appeal. Boxes made from these woods are often considered premium products.
Craftsmanship
The level of detail and craftsmanship involved also plays a crucial role in determining the price. Intricately carved boxes that require hours of labor are priced higher than simpler, machine-made ones. Handcrafted pieces by skilled artisans are particularly valued for their uniqueness and quality.
Design Complexity
Complex designs with multiple compartments and additional features like magnetic closures or transparent lids tend to be more expensive. These designs offer greater functionality and often require more time and effort to produce.
Brand Reputation
Reputable brands and artisans with a history of quality craftsmanship command higher prices. Buyers are often willing to pay a premium for products from well-known sources to ensure they are getting a high-quality, authentic item.
Where to Buy Wooden Spice Boxes in Pakistan
Several markets and online stores offer a wide variety of wooden spice boxes. Here are some popular options:
Local Markets
Visiting local markets can be a delightful experience where you can see and feel the products firsthand. Cities like Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad have vibrant markets known for their handicrafts. Anarkali Bazaar in Lahore and Empress Market in Karachi are particularly famous for wooden items.
Online Stores
For convenience, many people prefer shopping online. Websites like Crafts Emporium offer a wide selection of wooden spice boxes, ranging from traditional to contemporary designs. Shopping online allows you to compare prices, read reviews, and make informed decisions from the comfort of your home.
Conclusion
Wooden spice boxes in Pakistan have evolved from traditional, intricately carved pieces to modern, functional designs that cater to contemporary needs. These boxes not only serve as practical storage solutions but also add a touch of elegance and heritage to your kitchen. By understanding the factors that influence their prices, you can make informed choices and find the perfect spice box that fits both your aesthetic and functional requirements.
Whether you are drawn to the rich history of traditional designs or the sleek lines of contemporary styles, there is a wooden spice box for every taste and budget. Embrace the beauty and craftsmanship of Pakistani Handicrafts by investing in a wooden spice box that will enhance your kitchen and preserve the rich heritage of Pakistan's woodworking tradition.
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10 Vintage decor Ideas for Your Home
Incorporating vintage decor into your home is a delightful way to infuse your space with charm, character, and a sense of nostalgia. Whether
If you're a fan of retro furniture, antique accents, or classic textiles, there are countless ways to create a vintage-inspired aesthetic. Here are ten vintage decor ideas to help you transform your home into a stylish, timeless sanctuary.
1. Retro Furniture
Vintage furniture is the basis of every house with a retro design. Look for classic examples of mid-century modern furniture, like old leather sofas, Eames chairs, or teak sideboards. These pieces serve as useful, eye-catching focus points in your living area in addition to adding style. Incorporating a Kids Bunny Chair into your child's room can also add a whimsical, retro touch, blending seamlessly with other vintage pieces.
2. Antique Accents
Little things can have a significant effect. Consider antique photo frames, rotary phones, typewriters, and clocks. You may create a unified vintage vibe in your house by using these elements everywhere. An antique Kids Coffee Table, can provide a charming centerpiece for your living room or play area, combining function with nostalgia.
3. Vintage Art and Prints
Your decor's overall tone is greatly influenced by the art you choose. Seek out old-fashioned posters, prints of botanicals, or monochrome images to decorate your walls. Original works can be found at flea markets, while superior reproductions can be found online. Putting these on display in traditional frames will add to the retro vibe.
4. Classic Lighting
Lighting is another crucial element in vintage decor. Opt for fixtures that evoke a bygone era, such as chandeliers, industrial pendant lights, or antique table lamps. For a whimsical touch in a child's room, consider a Marine Bunny Chair paired with a vintage-style lamp to create a cozy reading nook.
5. Nostalgic Textiles
Textiles can significantly influence the ambiance of a room. Use vintage-inspired fabrics for curtains, cushions, and upholstery. Floral prints, paisleys, and gingham patterns are excellent choices. A Kids Rocking Chair upholstered in a vintage fabric can add both comfort and style to a child's bedroom or play area.
6. Repurposed Furniture
Giving old furniture a new lease on life is a sustainable and stylish way to decorate. Consider repurposing an old dresser as a bathroom vanity or transforming a vintage ladder into a bookshelf. For a unique seating option, a Kids Eggshell Sofa can be a charming addition to a playroom or nursery, offering both comfort and a touch of vintage flair.
7. Vintage Rugs and Carpets
A well-chosen rug can anchor a room and tie together your vintage decor. Persian rugs, kilims, and other hand woven pieces are excellent choices for adding warmth and texture to your floors. Look for rugs with classic patterns and rich colors to enhance the nostalgic vibe of your space.
8. Decorative Mirrors
Mirrors not only add light and the illusion of space but also serve as beautiful decorative elements. Look for mirrors with ornate frames, such as gilded, carved wood, or wrought iron. A large vintage mirror can become a stunning focal point in a hallway or above a fireplace, adding elegance and depth to your decor.
9. Vintage Storage Solutions
Incorporate vintage storage solutions to keep your home organized while maintaining its nostalgic charm. Antique trunks, vintage suitcases, and wooden crates can be used for storage and as decorative elements. A Kids Moon Chair paired with a vintage storage trunk can create a cozy reading corner in a child's room, combining functionality with style.
10. Old World Kitchen and Dining
Bring a touch of vintage elegance to your kitchen and dining areas with retro appliances, enamel cookware, and classic china. Open shelving displaying vintage glassware and crockery can add charm and practicality. A vintage dining table paired with mismatched chairs can create a welcoming and eclectic dining space, perfect for family gatherings.
Conclusion
Incorporating vintage decor into your home can create a unique, timeless atmosphere that blends the old with the new. From retro furniture and antique accents to nostalgic textiles and classic lighting, there are numerous ways to infuse your home with vintage charm. By carefully selecting pieces and thoughtfully arranging them, you can transform your space into a stylish haven that celebrates the beauty of bygone eras. Whether you're decorating a living room, kitchen, or a child's bedroom, vintage decor offers endless possibilities for creativity and expression.
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Roman, day 1: Roman & Jack
Cw: bbu, pet whump, previous drugging, injury, noncon touch (nonsexual)
***
The morning after his harrowing arrival, Roman felt himself again. There was a residual stiffness in his limbs from the box, but his head was clear and pain free. His long sleep had burned off the effects of the pink drug like wiping a chalkboard.
The twins had left him two bottles of water on the nightstand. He winced as he reached for one. His side was unspeakably tender where he had landed on the metal hinge the day before. He lifted the blanket to look and saw the wound was covered neatly with a square of gauze and medical tape. It unnerved him that it had been done while he was asleep, but maybe it was a blessing after the day he’d had.
He drank the first water so quickly the plastic bottle crunched and collapsed as he gulped it down. Finding no evidence he should do otherwise, Roman swung his feet out of the bed and went to the window. It was raining and gloomy. The wind was up, blowing through the palms planted around the property so they rattled and swayed. He could see the gulf in the distance, not glittering and blue but grey and choppy.
Shit. The rain. He really needed to get to that cell phone before it got ruined, plastic bag or no. Ivan was probably out of his mind wondering why there was still only radio silence from him.
He listened a moment at the bedroom door before venturing out to find the hallway empty. The whole house seemed empty. Grand and cold and empty, like a museum. He managed the stairs just fine, remembering how yesterday the twins practically had to carry him.
He found Jack Madden first, reading in an airy front living room, its floor to ceiling windows meant for the morning sun, though on this particular morning they were streaked in rain. Jack was sitting sideways in a chair, one foot planted on the floor and the other leg draped over its green arm. Cream and peridot seemed to be the theme of this room, if there was one. The massive persian carpet laid over the teak floor was white and grey, with thin splashes of color like sprigs of mint.
Jack looked up from his book. “There he is,” he said rather warmly. He nodded outside at the rain. “Better day to be a boxie, I think. Yesterday pretty much knocked you out.”
To be a boxie, Roman had to posture himself like one. That was the hardest part, resisting the natural square of his shoulders and confidently held head. Shrink, he told himself like a mantra. Shrink, subdue, serve.
“Yes. Sorry, Sir. For yesterday.” He stood with his bare feet close together on the carpet, his hands clasped demurely behind his back.
Jack gave him a lazy smile as he set his book on his thigh. “Don’t be. The boss isn't even home.”
Rebecca.
“The boss, Sir?” He wanted to make fun of his own timid voice. T-the boss, Sir? Christ.
Jack feigned a lordly accent. “My lady mother, of course.”
“My mistress?”
He shrugged noncommittally. “Sure. You’re the family pet, Snoopy. So long as we’re still a family, I suppose.”
Roman wondered what that was supposed to mean.
“I’ll give you the grand tour in a bit. Show you where the important stuff is, anyway. My mother bought you a bunch of clothes ahead of time, I’ll give you those. I’d like to read a little longer though, if you don’t mind. I’m not a morning person by any stretch of the imagination.”
“Yes Sir. Of course.”
He wanted to ask where Rebecca was, and when he would be meeting her. At least he’d get the layout of the house down with the tour. He found he didn’t know what to do next, and stood there awkwardly for a moment. It would be strange if he turned on his heel and left, without knowing where he was going or being dismissed, right? But Jack hadn’t given him any instruction...
Jack lifted a dark eyebrow at him. “Did you see Ben on your travels?”
He shook his head.
“Well, I guess you ought to come here, then.” To Roman’s horror, he patted the leg that was planted on the ground. “Sit a spell.”
He approached with his heart in his throat, until he was as close to Jack Madden as he dared. This was what he signed on to do, after all. He wasn’t their janitor. This was a more intimate role. But he could fake it. He was getting the last laugh, really, by getting one over on them with them none the wiser. As long as they weren’t overtly sadistic, he should count himself lucky.
He went to his knees on the carpet, staring at the streaks of rain running down the widow until his eyes unfocused. Jack went back to his book, clearing his throat here and there, lazily jiggling the foot that was draped over the arm of the chair.
Eventually Roman relaxed, leaning against the front of the chair for support. Soon after he situated himself more comfortably, Jack’s right hand went to the back of his head and carded gently, casually, through his hair.
Roman’s spine went stiff as marble.
Jack’s hand stilled, hovering. "No?"
Roman looked up at him apologetically. To his relief, Jack only laughed.
You already fucked up, he thought, turning red and feeling his palms prickle with sweat. He was only touching your head. Big deal. You’re a goddam boxboy.
He wasn’t used to being touched like that, though. Not by other men. Or anyone, really. He hadn’t expected it.
Jack returned the offending hand to his book, leisurely turning the page. “You’re for maman, then.” he murmured, almost as if to himself. “Got it, Snoopy.”
***
Roman’s Taglist:@briars7 @whump-only @boxboysandotherwhump @onyxeverett, @albino-whumpee @cupcakes-and-pain @orchidscript @asummerwithclara @finder-of-rings
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