#symptoms f pneumonia in adults

[ascentemc-blog]

[sidshrek6]

Understanding Fever and Cough Symptoms: Causes and Treatment

Fever and cough are two of the most common symptoms experienced by individuals, especially during seasonal changes or outbreaks of infectious diseases. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and disruptive to daily life, but understanding their causes and treatment options can help alleviate concerns.

What is a Fever?

A fever is an elevated body temperature above 100.4°F (38°C), often accompanied by sweating, chills and flushed skin. Fevers are typically caused by the body's immune response to infection or inflammation.

What is a Cough?

A cough is a natural reflex that helps clear the airways of irritants, mucus or foreign particles. Coughs can be dry or productive, bringing up mucus or phlegm.

Causes of Fever and Cough

Infectious Diseases

Common cold

Flu (influenza)

Pneumonia

Bronchitis

Tuberculosis

Allergies and Irritants

Hay fever

Asthma

Dust mites

Pollen

Smoke

Other Medical Conditions

Sinusitis

Tonsillitis

Laryngitis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Most of the time, a cough will go away on its own and is nothing to worry about. But you should see your healthcare provider for symptoms such as coughing up blood or discolored mucus, high fever or night sweats, or a cough that lasts for weeks.

fever and cough are common symptoms that can affect anyone, regardless of age or health status. While they often resolve on their own, there are instances when seeking medical attention is crucial to prevent complications and ensure proper recovery. In this article, we'll explore when to seek fever and cough treatment.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Fever

Seek medical attention immediately if you or someone you know experiences:

1. High fever: Above 103°F (39.4°C) in adults or 102°F (39°C) in children under 3 years.

2. Prolonged fever: Lasting more than 3-4 days in adults or 2-3 days in children.

3. Severe headache: Accompanied by fever, confusion, or stiff neck.

4. Difficulty breathing: Rapid or labored breathing.

5. Severe dehydration: Excessive thirst, dark urine, or decreased urine output.

6. Underlying medical conditions: Fever in individuals with compromised immune systems, chronic illnesses, or taking immunosuppressive medications.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Cough

Seek medical attention if you experience:

1. Persistent cough: Lasting more than 8 weeks.

2. Severe cough: Accompanied by chest pain, difficulty breathing, or coughing up blood.

3. Cough with fever: Fever above 102°F (39°C) accompanied by cough.

4. Cough with difficulty breathing: Shortness of breath or wheezing.

5. Cough with chest pain: Severe or persistent chest pain.

When seeking medical attention, your healthcare provider will:

1. Conduct a physical examination.

2. Take a medical history.

3. Provide guidance on symptom management and recovery.

Prevention and Self-Care

To prevent fever and cough, practice:

1. Good hygiene (handwashing).

2. Healthy lifestyle habits (exercise, balanced diet).

3. Avoid close contact with infected individuals.

Conclusion

Fever and cough symptoms can be uncomfortable, but understanding their causes and urgent care for cough can help alleviate concerns. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

[gentlepediatricssugarland]

How an Emergency Pediatrician Can Help: Ensuring Your Child's Safety and Health

When your child faces a medical emergency, it can be a frightening and overwhelming experience. In these critical moments, having access to a specialized emergency pediatrician can make all the difference in your child’s health and well-being. At Gentle Pediatrics, our emergency pediatricians are trained to provide the urgent care your child needs when every second counts. This article will explore how an emergency pediatrician can help and why it’s essential to seek their expertise during medical crises.

The Role of an Emergency Pediatrician

An emergency pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in the immediate care of infants, children, and adolescents. These physicians have undergone extensive training in pediatric medicine, with a focus on the unique medical needs of children during emergencies. Unlike general emergency doctors, who treat patients of all ages, emergency pediatricians are experts in the physiological and psychological aspects of pediatric care. This specialized knowledge allows them to quickly assess, diagnose, and treat a wide range of pediatric emergencies, from minor injuries to life-threatening conditions.

Immediate Response to Critical Symptoms

One of the primary ways an emergency pediatrician can help is by providing an immediate response to critical symptoms. Children can experience a variety of sudden and severe symptoms that require urgent attention, including:

High Fever: For infants under three months, any fever above 100.4°F (38°C) should be treated as an emergency. In older children, high or persistent fevers can signal serious infections that require prompt evaluation.

Difficulty Breathing: Respiratory issues such as wheezing, rapid breathing, or difficulty breathing can indicate conditions like asthma, pneumonia, or severe allergic reactions. Emergency pediatricians are trained to quickly stabilize breathing and administer necessary treatments.

Severe Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly and requires immediate intervention. Emergency pediatricians can administer life-saving medications and provide further care to prevent complications.

Expertise in Pediatric Trauma Care

Accidents and injuries are a common part of childhood, but some situations require the specialized care of an emergency pediatrician. Whether it’s a fall, a sports injury, or an accident involving a vehicle, emergency pediatricians are equipped to handle pediatric trauma cases. They can manage:

Fractures and Dislocations: Children’s bones are still developing, and fractures can occur differently than in adults. Emergency pediatricians are skilled in diagnosing and treating fractures, ensuring proper healing and minimizing long-term effects.

Head Injuries: Concussions and other head injuries are serious concerns in pediatric care. Emergency pediatricians can perform thorough evaluations, including neurological assessments, to determine the severity of the injury and recommend appropriate treatment.

Lacerations and Wound Care: Deep cuts or wounds that won’t stop bleeding need immediate attention. Emergency pediatricians can provide stitches, clean wounds to prevent infection, and offer follow-up care instructions to ensure proper healing.

Managing Acute Illnesses

Acute illnesses, such as severe infections, dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea, and sudden-onset abdominal pain, are other areas where an emergency pediatrician’s expertise is invaluable. These conditions can escalate quickly in children, making it crucial to have a specialist who can identify the root cause and provide immediate treatment. For example:

Infections: Severe bacterial infections, like meningitis or sepsis, can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Emergency pediatricians can administer antibiotics, perform necessary tests, and monitor your child’s condition closely.

Dehydration: Persistent vomiting or diarrhea can lead to dehydration, especially in young children. Emergency pediatricians can provide IV fluids and other treatments to restore hydration and prevent further complications.

Appendicitis: Sudden, severe abdominal pain, especially in the lower right side, can be a sign of appendicitis. Emergency pediatricians can quickly assess the situation and refer your child for surgery if needed, preventing the risk of a ruptured appendix.

Providing Comfort and Reassurance

Beyond their medical expertise, emergency pediatricians at Gentle Pediatrics also play a crucial role in providing comfort and reassurance to both children and their parents. We understand that an emergency situation is stressful, and our team is dedicated to creating a calm and supportive environment. We communicate clearly with parents, explaining the situation, the treatment plan, and what to expect, so you feel informed and confident in the care your child is receiving.

Conclusion

When your child faces a medical emergency, having access to an emergency pediatrician can be a lifeline. At Gentle Pediatrics, our team is committed to providing the highest level of care during these critical moments. From immediate response to critical symptoms and expertise in pediatric trauma care to managing acute illnesses and providing comfort, our emergency pediatricians are here to ensure your child’s safety and health. If you ever find yourself in a situation where your child needs urgent medical attention, don’t hesitate to seek help from an emergency pediatrician. Your child’s well-being is our top priority, and we’re here to support you every step of the way.

[kbkhospitals]

Severe Infection: Treatment Options | KBK Multispeciality Hospitals

Severe Infection: Treatment Options | KBK Multispeciality Hospitals

Understanding Severe Infections

Severe infections are conditions where harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, invade the body, causing significant health issues. They can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, blood, skin, and other organs. Common Severe Infection Symptoms 

Recognizing the symptoms of a severe infection is the first step towards effective treatment. Common severe infection symptoms include:

High Fever: A persistent fever above 101°F (38.3°C) that doesn’t subside with over-the-counter medications.

Chills and Sweats: Uncontrollable shaking chills or night sweats.

Fatigue: Severe tiredness and weakness that doesn’t improve with rest.

Pain: Localized or generalized pain that may be severe.

Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, which may indicate a lung infection.

Confusion: Sudden changes in mental status, particularly in older adults.

Infection Diagnosis at KBK Multispeciality Hospitals

Accurate diagnosis is key to effective treatment. At KBK Multispeciality Hospitals, we utilize state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and techniques to identify the cause of severe infections. Our diagnostic process includes:

Physical Examination: A thorough examination to check for signs of infection, such as swelling, redness, and tenderness.

Laboratory Tests: Blood tests, urine tests, and cultures to identify the type of microorganism causing the infection.

Imaging Studies: X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs to locate the infection and assess the extent of damage.

Bacterial Infection Treatment

Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic depends on the type of bacteria causing the infection and its resistance patterns. Treatment options include:

Oral Antibiotics: For mild to moderate infections, oral antibiotics are prescribed.

Intravenous Antibiotics: Severe infections often require intravenous (IV) antibiotics administered in the hospital.

Combination Therapy: Sometimes, a combination of antibiotics is necessary to effectively treat the infection.

Regular monitoring is essential to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment and to make any necessary adjustments.

Viral Infection Care

Viral infections are more challenging to treat since antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the immune system. Options include:

Antiviral Medications: For certain viral infections, such as influenza and HIV, antiviral medications can help reduce the severity and duration of the illness.

Symptomatic Relief: Over-the-counter medications to reduce fever, pain, and other symptoms.

Supportive Care: Rest, hydration, and proper nutrition are crucial for recovery.

In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to provide supportive care and prevent complications.

Advanced Treatment Options

At KBK Multispeciality Hospitals, we offer advanced treatment options for severe infections, including:

Surgical Intervention: In cases where an infection has caused an abscess or has spread to the bones or other tissues, surgery may be necessary to remove the infected tissue.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): This treatment can boost the immune system and help fight off severe infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT): HBOT involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized room, which can enhance the body’s natural healing process and fight certain types of infections.

Preventive Measures

Vaccination: Stay up-to-date with vaccinations to protect against diseases like influenza, pneumonia, and hepatitis.

Hygiene: Practice good hygiene, including regular handwashing, to prevent the spread of infections.

Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and get adequate sleep to strengthen your immune system.

Avoiding Risks: Take precautions to avoid exposure to known infection sources, such as contaminated water and food, and use protection when necessary.

Conclusion

Severe infections require prompt and effective treatment to prevent serious health complications. At KBK Multispeciality Hospitals, we are committed to providing comprehensive care for all types of infections. Whether it’s bacterial infection treatment, viral infection care, or managing severe infection symptoms, our team of specialists is equipped with the latest diagnostic tools and treatment options to ensure the best possible outcomes for our patients.

If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms of a severe infection, do not hesitate to seek medical attention.

[seoyash]

Bronchitis Er

Asthma, pneumonia and bronchitis are common lung diseases that can send both kids and adults to the emergency room. All of these conditions can lead to difficulty breathing and at times may be considered a medical emergency. When it’s time to go to the Bronchitis ER. Chest pain - chest pain in bronchitis may be the result of chronic coughing or a sign that the chest infection has worsened. Difficulty breathing - this includes any associated wheezing or shortness of breath. If you’re struggling to breathe or are experiencing difficulty taking in air, seek medical attention immediately. A high fever - One or more of the symptoms above that is accompanied by a fever higher than 100.4 F (38 C) is cause for concern. This is almost certainly a sign of a lung infection. Producing blood in your sputum - producing blood in the sputum is always a cause for concern.

For More Contact us at: (281) 937-2800 (or) Do Visit: https://lifesaverser.com/4-signs-its-time-to-go-to-the-er-for-bronchitis/

[pooma-health]

John Korsah from ACCRA-Ghana

Lab scientist

FEVER

Ξ What is fever?

Fever, also known as pyrexia, is a medical condition characterized by an elevation in body temperature above the normal range. In most adults, a fever is typically considered to be present when the body temperature rises to 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. However, the definition of fever can vary depending on factors such as age, underlying health conditions, and the method used to measure body temperature.

Fever is a natural response by the body's immune system to various conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or certain medical conditions.

It is often associated with symptoms like sweating, chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and increased heart rate. Fever itself is not a disease but rather a symptom indicating that the body is fighting off an infection or reacting to an underlying condition.

Fevers are commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, such as the flu, common cold, urinary tract infections, or pneumonia. Other factors that can contribute to fever include certain medications, vaccinations, heat exhaustion, autoimmune disorders, and some cancers.

In most cases, treating the underlying cause of the fever is the primary approach. Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) can help reduce fever and alleviate associated symptoms.

However, it's important to note that fever itself is not always harmful and can actually be beneficial as it helps the body fight off infections. If a fever persists for an extended period, is accompanied by severe symptoms, or occurs in infants, young children, or individuals with weakened immune systems, it is advisable to seek medical attention for proper evaluation and treatment.

Ξ Types of fever

Fever can be categorized into different types based on their underlying causes or characteristics.

Here are some common types of fever:

1. Infectious Fever: This type of fever is caused by an infection, such as a viral or bacterial infection. Examples include the flu, common cold, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and strep throat.

2. Inflammatory Fever: Inflammation in the body can lead to a fever. Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain autoimmune disorders can cause inflammatory fever.

3. Drug-induced Fever: Some medications or drugs can trigger a fever as a side effect. Certain antibiotics, antihistamines, and seizure medications are known to cause drug-induced fevers.

4. Neoplastic Fever: Fevers that are associated with cancers or tumors are referred to as neoplastic fevers. They can occur due to the body's immune response to the presence of cancer cells or as a result of the release of chemicals by the tumor.

5. Recurrent Fever: This type of fever is characterized by recurring episodes of fever that last for a certain period and then resolve, only to return later. Conditions like familial Mediterranean fever, periodic fever syndromes, and certain autoimmune disorders can cause recurrent fevers.

6. Pel-Ebstein Fever: This specific pattern of fever is observed in some cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma, where patients experience alternating periods of fever and normal temperature.

7. Continuous Fever: Continuous fever refers to a sustained fever that remains elevated throughout the day without significant fluctuations.

8. Remittent Fever: This type of fever fluctuates throughout the day but does not return to normal temperature. The variation in temperature is usually more than 2°C (3.6°F).

9. Intermittent Fever: Intermittent fever is characterized by episodes of fever that occur at regular intervals, with temperature returning to normal between episodes. Malaria is a notable example of a disease that causes intermittent fever.

These are just a few examples of the types of fever. It's important to note that the specific type and characteristics of a fever can provide valuable information to healthcare professionals for diagnosing and treating the underlying condition.

Ξ Causes of each fever

Here are some common causes associated with different types of fevers:

1. Infectious Fever:

▪️Viral Infections: Influenza (flu), common cold, viral gastroenteritis, dengue fever, viral hepatitis.

▪️Bacterial Infections: Streptococcal infections (e.g., strep throat), urinary tract infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, bacterial meningitis.

Inflammatory Fever:

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and fever.

▪️Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can lead to fever during flare-ups.

▪️Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): An autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation in various organs and result in fever.

3. Drug-induced Fever:

▪️Antibiotics: Some antibiotics like penicillins, sulfonamides, and cephalosporins can cause drug-induced fever.

▪️Antihistamines: Certain antihistamines used for allergies can trigger a fever as a side effect.

▪️Antiepileptic Drugs: Medications used to treat seizures, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, may cause fever in some individuals.

4. Neoplastic Fever:

▪️Cancers: Various types of cancers, such as lymphomas, leukemias, and solid tumors, can cause fever. Fever may occur due to immune response to cancer cells or chemicals released by tumors.

5. Recurrent Fever:

▪️Familial Mediterranean Fever: A hereditary autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation.

▪️Periodic Fever Syndromes: Conditions like familial Hibernian fever, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), and hyper-IgD syndrome can cause recurrent fevers.

6. Pel-Ebstein Fever:

▪️Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Some individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma may experience fevers that alternate between high and normal temperatures.

It's important to note that these are general examples, and each individual's case may vary. Fever can have various causes, and a healthcare professional should evaluate the specific symptoms and medical history to determine the underlying cause accurately.

Ξ Effects of fever

Fever is a natural response of the body's immune system to fight off infections and other underlying conditions. While fever itself is not typically harmful, it can have certain effects on the body. Here are some common effects of fever:

1. Increased Metabolic Rate: Fever causes an increase in the metabolic rate of the body. This means that the body's processes, such as heart rate, breathing rate, and energy expenditure, are elevated during a fever.

2. Accelerated Immune Response: Fever stimulates the immune system, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms against infections. It can activate immune cells, increase the production of antibodies, and promote the release of cytokines, which aid in fighting off pathogens.

3. Inhibition of Pathogen Growth: Higher body temperatures can inhibit the growth and replication of certain bacteria and viruses. Fever creates an unfavorable environment for pathogens, making it more difficult for them to survive and spread.

4. Increased Heart Rate: Fever can cause an increase in heart rate as the body works to circulate blood and distribute heat evenly throughout the body.

5. Vasodilation: Fever can lead to the dilation of blood vessels in the skin, resulting in flushing or redness. This helps dissipate heat from the body and can contribute to feelings of warmth.

6. Fluid Loss: Fever increases the body's fluid requirements as it can lead to fluid loss through sweating and increased respiratory rate. It is important to stay hydrated during a fever to prevent dehydration.

7. Fatigue and Weakness: Many individuals experience feelings of fatigue, weakness, and decreased energy levels during a fever. This is a natural response as the body redirects its resources to fighting off the underlying cause of the fever.

8. Discomfort and Pain: Fever can be accompanied by symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and general discomfort. These symptoms are often associated with the underlying condition causing the fever, rather than the fever itself.

It's important to note that in most cases, fever is a temporary and self-limiting condition that resolves as the underlying cause is treated or the infection clears. However, high or persistent fevers, especially in certain vulnerable populations such as young children or individuals with weakened immune systems, may require medical attention.

Ξ How to run lab tests on fever :

1. Purpose

Running lab tests on a person with a fever can help identify the underlying cause of the fever and guide appropriate treatment. The purpose of conducting lab tests is to gather specific information about the patient's condition. Here are some common lab tests that may be conducted during a fever:

▪️Complete Blood Count (CBC): A CBC provides information about the different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can help identify indicators of infection, inflammation, or anemia.

▪️Blood Culture: This test involves collecting a blood sample and incubating it in a laboratory to check for the presence of bacteria or fungi in the bloodstream. Blood cultures help identify a potential bloodstream infection, which could be the cause of the fever.

▪️Urinalysis: A urinalysis involves examining a urine sample to check for signs of infection or inflammation in the urinary tract, which can be a potential source of fever.

▪️Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray can be performed to evaluate the condition of the lungs and identify any signs of pneumonia or other respiratory infections, which may cause a fever.

▪️C-reactive Protein (CRP) or Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): These tests measure markers of inflammation in the body. They can help determine the severity of the infection or inflammation contributing to the fever.

▪️Viral Panel: In cases where a viral infection is suspected, specific tests can be conducted to identify the presence of certain viral pathogens, such as influenza, dengue, or respiratory viruses.

▪️Cultures: Depending on the symptoms and suspected source of infection, cultures may be taken from various sites, such as throat swabs, sputum samples, wound swabs, or cerebrospinal fluid, to identify the specific bacteria or fungi causing the infection.

The specific lab tests ordered may vary based on the individual's symptoms, medical history, and clinical presentation. It is important for a healthcare professional to evaluate the patient and determine which tests are necessary to reach a diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment.

2. Procedure

The procedure for conducting lab tests during a fever can vary depending on the specific tests being performed. However, here is a general outline of the steps involved:

▪️Medical History and Evaluation: The healthcare professional will first take a detailed medical history, including information about the patient's symptoms, duration of the fever, and any other relevant information. They will also perform a physical examination to assess the patient's overall condition.

▪️Test Ordering: Based on the medical history, evaluation, and initial assessment, the healthcare professional will determine which lab tests are necessary. They will write an order for the specific tests to be conducted.

▪️Sample Collection: The patient will be directed to the laboratory or a designated collection center for sample collection. The types of samples required may include blood, urine, throat swabs, sputum, or other relevant samples based on the suspected source of infection.

▪️Sample Processing: Once the samples are collected, they are processed in the laboratory according to the specific requirements of each test. This may involve centrifugation, culturing, staining, or other techniques, depending on the test being conducted.

▪️Laboratory Analysis: The collected samples are analyzed using various laboratory techniques and equipment. For example, blood samples may undergo automated analysis, while cultures are incubated to allow for the growth of microorganisms.

▪️Result Interpretation: After the analysis is complete, the results are interpreted by laboratory professionals who generate a report. The report includes the findings for each test conducted, including reference ranges and any abnormalities detected.

▪️Result Communication: The healthcare professional receives the lab report and interprets the results in the context of the patient's clinical presentation. They communicate the results to the patient, explaining any abnormalities or findings and discussing the next steps, such as further diagnostic tests or treatment options.

It is important to note that the specific procedure and timeline for lab tests may vary depending on the healthcare facility, the urgency of the situation, and the specific tests being conducted. The healthcare professionals involved will guide the patient through the process and ensure that the necessary tests are conducted accurately and efficiently.

3. Risks

While lab tests conducted during a fever are generally considered safe, there are some potential risks and considerations to be aware of:

▪️Discomfort or Pain: Certain sample collection procedures, such as blood draws or throat swabs, may cause temporary discomfort or mild pain. However, healthcare professionals aim to minimize any discomfort and ensure patient comfort during the process.

▪️Bleeding or Bruising: In some cases, blood draws may result in minor bleeding at the puncture site or bruising. Healthcare professionals take precautions to minimize these risks, such as using appropriate techniques and applying pressure after sample collection.

▪️Infection: There is a very low risk of infection associated with sample collection, particularly if proper aseptic techniques are not followed. However, healthcare professionals adhere to strict infection control protocols to minimize the risk of infection.

▪️Sample Contamination: Improper handling or contamination of samples can lead to inaccurate results. Laboratory professionals take precautions to ensure proper sample handling, transportation, and storage to minimize the risk of contamination.

▪️Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may have allergies or sensitivities to certain materials or substances used during sample collection or testing, such as adhesive tapes, antiseptics, or latex gloves. Informing healthcare professionals about known allergies or sensitivities can help mitigate this risk.

▪️Psychological Distress: For some individuals, undergoing lab tests may cause anxiety or psychological distress. It is important to communicate any concerns or anxieties to healthcare professionals, who can provide support and address these concerns.

▪️False-Negative or False-Positive Results: Lab tests have a certain degree of sensitivity and specificity. However, false-negative or false-positive results are possible, which means that the test may incorrectly indicate the presence or absence of a condition. Interpretation of test results should always be done in conjunction with the patient's clinical presentation and other diagnostic information.

It is essential to communicate openly with healthcare professionals about any concerns or questions you may have about the lab tests being conducted. They can provide you with information, address your concerns, and help ensure a safe and effective testing process.

4. Medication both in Medicine and Natural ways

Medication can be used to manage various health conditions and symptoms, including fever. It's important to note that specific medications should be prescribed by a healthcare professional based on the underlying cause of the fever and the individual's medical history. Here are some common medications used to treat fever:

▪️Antipyretics: These medications are used to reduce fever by lowering body temperature. Common antipyretics include acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve).

▪️Antibiotics: If the fever is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to target and eliminate the bacteria. However, antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.

▪️Antiviral Medications: In cases where the fever is caused by a viral infection, specific antiviral medications may be prescribed to help control the viral replication and reduce symptoms.

▪️Anti-inflammatory Drugs: In certain cases, such as fever associated with autoimmune diseases or inflammation, corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to manage symptoms and reduce fever.

▪️Other Medications: Depending on the underlying cause of the fever, additional medications may be prescribed to address specific symptoms or conditions. For example, antimalarial drugs may be used to treat fever caused by malaria.

While medications prescribed by healthcare professionals are often effective in managing fever, there are also some natural ways to help alleviate fever symptoms:

▪️Rest: Getting plenty of rest allows the body to conserve energy and focus on fighting the underlying cause of the fever.

▪️Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, herbal teas, or clear broths, to stay hydrated and prevent dehydration.

▪️Sponge Bath or Cooling Measures: Applying a damp cloth or sponge soaked in lukewarm water to the forehead, wrists, and ankles can help cool the body. Avoid using cold water or ice as it can cause shivering and may actually increase body temperature.

▪️Room Temperature: Keep the room temperature comfortable and not excessively warm. A cooler environment can help promote comfort during a fever.

▪️Wear Lightweight Clothing: Dress in lightweight and breathable clothing to facilitate heat dissipation from the body.

▪️Herbal Remedies: Some herbal remedies, such as chamomile or peppermint tea, may have mild fever-reducing properties. However, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional or herbalist before using herbal remedies, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications.

It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options for fever. They can provide guidance on the most suitable medications or natural remedies based on individual circumstances.

[hurt-buck-archive]

Going off that lovely ask from yesterday, there's a phenomenon called Fever of Unknown Origin, where for some reason your temperature keeps spiking for no readily-discerned reason.

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) in adults is defined as a temperature higher than 38.3 C (100.9 F) that lasts for more than three weeks with no obvious source despite appropriate investigation. - source

This is some fun information to have, but I did find this to go along with it!

DON'T forget that infection is the main cause of FUO. Common infections include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, tuberculosis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis (infection of the bone), tick-borne diseases (e.g., Lyme disease), gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HIV, AIDS, and abdominal abscesses. - source

I have no idea how credible these sources are, but they seemed like the most relevant articles when I googled this! And honestly, the thought of Buck having a fever and no doctors being able to pinpoint it sounds amazing! I can just see Maddie getting frustrated with doctors and, in the end, basically ripping them a new one so they can run some tests that finally lead to finding out the cause. Bonus Points if Maddie and the doctors know that he's not exhibiting the typical symptoms of something so that's why they were reluctant to do it, but she comes out right in the end.

"I used to be a nurse. I've been around the block a few times."

[joseamooney]

20 Health Tips for 2020

The start of a new decade brings with it new resolutions to improve one’s life, including a healthier lifestyle. Here are 20 practical health tips to help you start off towards healthy living in 2020.

1. Eat a healthy diet Photo: FAO/J. Grey Eat a combination of different foods, including fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts and whole grains. Adults should eat at least five portions (400g) of fruit and vegetables per day. You can improve your intake of fruits and vegetables by always including veggies in your meal; eating fresh fruit and vegetables as snacks; eating a variety of fruits and vegetables; and eating them in season. By eating healthy, you will reduce your risk of malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer.

2. Consume less salt and sugar Photo: WHO/C. Black Filipinos consume twice the recommended amount of sodium, putting them at risk of high blood pressure, which in turn increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Most people get their sodium through salt. Reduce your salt intake to 5g per day, equivalent to about one teaspoon. It’s easier to do this by limiting the amount of salt, soy sauce, fish sauce and other high-sodium condiments when preparing meals; removing salt, seasonings and condiments from your meal table; avoiding salty snacks; and choosing low-sodium products. On the other hand, consuming excessive amounts of sugars increases the risk of tooth decay and unhealthy weight gain. In both adults and children, the intake of free sugars should be reduced to less than 10% of total energy intake. This is equivalent to 50g or about 12 teaspoons for an adult. WHO recommends consuming less than 5% of total energy intake for additional health benefits. You can reduce your sugar intake by limiting the consumption of sugary snacks, candies and sugar-sweetened beverages.

3. Reduce intake of harmful fats

📷 Photo: WHO/S. Volkov Fats consumed should be less than 30% of your total energy intake. This will help prevent unhealthy weight gain and NCDs. There are different types of fats, but unsaturated fats are preferable over saturated fats and trans-fats. WHO recommends reducing saturated fats to less than 10% of total energy intake; reducing trans-fats to less than 1% of total energy intake; and replacing both saturated fats and trans-fats to unsaturated fats. The preferable unsaturated fats are found in fish, avocado and nuts, and in sunflower, soybean, canola and olive oils; saturated fats are found in fatty meat, butter, palm and coconut oil, cream, cheese, ghee and lard; and trans-fats are found in baked and fried foods, and pre-packaged snacks and foods, such as frozen pizza, cookies, biscuits, and cooking oils and spreads.

4. Avoid harmful use of alcohol

📷 Photo: WHO/S. Volkov There is no safe level for drinking alcohol. Consuming alcohol can lead to health problems such as mental and behavioural disorders, including alcohol dependence, major NCDs such as liver cirrhosis, some cancers and heart diseases, as well as injuries resulting from violence and road clashes and collisions.

5. Don’t smoke

📷 Photo: WHO/Y. Shimizu Smoking tobacco causes NCDs such as lung disease, heart disease and stroke. Tobacco kills not only the direct smokers but even non-smokers through second-hand exposure. Currently, there are around 15.9 million Filipino adults who smoke tobacco but 7 in 10 smokers are interested or plan to quit. If you are currently a smoker, it’s not too late to quit. Once you do, you will experience immediate and long-term health benefits. If you are not a smoker, that’s great! Do not start smoking and fight for your right to breathe tobacco-smoke-free air.

6. Be active

📷 Photo: WHO/Y. Shimizu Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. This includes exercise and activities undertaken while working, playing, carrying out household chores, travelling, and engaging in recreational pursuits. The amount of physical activity you need depends on your age group but adults aged 18-64 years should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity throughout the week. Increase moderate-intensity physical activity to 300 minutes per week for additional health benefits.

7. Check your blood pressure regularly

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Tanggol Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is called a “silent killer”. This is because many people who have hypertension may not be aware of the problem as it may not have any symptoms. If left uncontrolled, hypertension can lead to heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. Have your blood pressure checked regularly by a health worker so you know your numbers. If your blood pressure is high, get the advice of a health worker. This is vital in the prevention and control of hypertension.

8. Get tested

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Tanggol Getting yourself tested is an important step in knowing your health status, especially when it comes to HIV, hepatitis B, sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and tuberculosis (TB). Left untreated, these diseases can lead to serious complications and even death. Knowing your status means you will know how to either continue preventing these diseases or, if you find out that you’re positive, get the care and treatment that you need. Go to a public or private health facility, wherever you are comfortable, to have yourself tested.

9. Get vaccinated

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Tanggol Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent diseases. Vaccines work with your body’s natural defences to build protection against diseases like cervical cancer, cholera, diphtheria, hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, polio, rabies, rubella, tetanus, typhoid, and yellow fever. In the Philippines, free vaccines are provided to children 1 year old and below as part of the Department of Health’s routine immunization programme. If you are an adolescent or adult, you may ask your physician if to check your immunization status or if you want to have yourself vaccinated.

10. Practice safe sex

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Tanggol Looking after your sexual health is important for your overall health and well-being. Practice safe sex to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhoea and syphilis. There are available prevention measures such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) that will protect you from HIV and condoms that will protect you from HIV and other STIs.

11. Cover your mouth when coughing or sneezing

📷 Photo: WHO/I. Brown Diseases such as influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis are transmitted through the air. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, infectious agents may be passed on to others through airborne droplets. When you feel a cough or sneeze coming on, make sure you have covered your mouth with a face mask or use a tissue then dispose it carefully. If you do not have a tissue close by when you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth as much as possible with the crook (or the inside) of your elbow.

12. Prevent mosquito bites

📷 Photo: WHO/Y. Shimizu Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest animals in the world. Diseases like dengue, chikungunya, malaria and lymphatic filariasis are transmitted by mosquitoes and continue to affect Filipinos. You can take simple measures to protect yourself and your loved ones against mosquito-borne diseases. If you’re traveling to an area with known mosquito-borne diseases, consult a physician for a vaccine to prevent diseases such as Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever or if you need to take antimalarial medicines. Wear light-coloured, long-sleeved shirts and pants and use insect repellent. At home, use window and door screens, use bed nets and clean your surroundings weekly to destroy mosquito breeding sites.

13. Follow traffic laws

📷 Photo: WHO/D. Rodriguez Road crashes claim over one million lives around the world and millions more are injured. Road traffic injuries are preventable through a variety of measures implemented by the government such as strong legislation and enforcement, safer infrastructure and vehicle standards, and improved post-crash care. You yourself can also prevent road crashes by ensuring that you follow traffic laws such as using the seatbelt for adults and child restraint for your kids, wearing a helmet when riding a motorcycle or bicycle, not drinking and driving, and not using your mobile phone while driving.

14. Drink only safe water

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Guerrero Drinking unsafe water can lead to water-borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Globally, at least 2 billion people use a drinking water source contaminated with faeces. Check with your water concessionaire and water refilling station to ensure that the water you’re drinking is safe. In a setting where you are unsure of your water source, boil your water for at least one minute. This will destroy harmful organisms in the water. Let it cool naturally before drinking.

15. Breastfeed babies from 0 to 2 years and beyond

📷 Photo: WHO/T. David Breastfeeding is the best way to provide the ideal food for newborns and infants. WHO recommends that mothers initiate breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Breastfeeding for the first six months is crucial for the baby to grow up healthy. It is recommended that breastfeeding is continued for up to two years and beyond. Aside from being beneficial to babies, breastfeeding is also good for the mother as it reduces the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, type II diabetes, and postpartum depression.

16. Talk to someone you trust if you're feeling down

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Guerrero Depression is a common illness worldwide with over 260 million people affected. Depression can manifest in different ways, but it might make you feel hopeless or worthless, or you might think about negative and disturbing thoughts a lot or have an overwhelming sense of pain. If you’re going through this, remember that you are not alone. Talk to someone you trust such as a family member, friend, colleague or mental health professional about how you feel. If you feel that you are in danger of harming yourself, contact the National Center for Mental Health hotline at 0917-899-USAP (8727).

17. Take antibiotics only as prescribed

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Tanggol Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health threats in our generation. When antibiotics lose their power, bacterial infections become harder to treat, leading to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Antibiotics are losing their power because of misuse and overuse in humans and animals. Make sure you only take antibiotics if prescribed by a qualified health professional. And once prescribed, complete the treatment days as instructed. Never share antibiotics.

18. Clean your hands properly

📷 Photo: WHO/F. Tanggol Hand hygiene is critical not only for health workers but for everyone. Clean hands can prevent the spread of infectious illnesses. You should handwash using soap and water when your hands are visibly soiled or handrub using an alcohol-based product.

19. Prepare your food correctly

📷 Photo: WHO/A. Esquillon Unsafe food containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical substances, causes more than 200 diseases – ranging from diarrhoea to cancers. When buying food at the market or store, check the labels or the actual produce to ensure it is safe to eat. If you are preparing food, make sure you follow the Five Keys to Safer Food: (1) keep clean; (2) separate raw and cooked; (3) cook thoroughly; (4) keep food at safe temperatures; and (5) use safe water and raw materials.

20. Have regular check-ups

📷 Photo: WHO/Y. Shimizu Regular check-ups can help find health problems before they start. Health professionals can help find and diagnose health issues early, when your chances for treatment and cure are better. Go to your nearest health facility to check out the the health services, screenings and treatment that are accessible to you.

[matsuieposts]

The Covid 19 Scam

This document was copied from the moderna web site which is proof that they were working on coved 19 before the first cases were ever detected which is absolute proof that it is all a devious and deadly scam perpetuated by all the worlds governments against the people of the world Nuremberg two should be demanded by the people for justice to be recognised or democracy is dead

Moderna Announces Progress in Prophylactic Vaccines ...

https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200210005823/en/Moderna-Announces-Progress-Prophylactic-Vaccines-Modality-CMV

The development candidates announced today are mRNA vaccine candidates against Epstein-Barr virus (mRNA-1189), respiratory syncytial virus (mRNA-1345) in young children, and the novel coronavirus ...

Moderna Announces Progress in Prophylactic Vaccines Modality with CMV Vaccine Phase 2 Study Data Now Expected in Third Quarter 2020 and Expands Investment in This Core Modality with Three New Development Candidates

Phase 2 CMV vaccine dose-confirmation study more than sixty percent enrolled

mRNA-1189 to prevent infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection

mRNA-1345 to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in young children, with the intent to combine with mRNA-1653 to create a pediatric respiratory vaccine against RSV, hMPV and PIV3

mRNA-1273 to prevent novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health; physical manufacturing of first batch complete, awaiting analytical testing

February 10, 2020 05:11 PM Eastern Standard Time

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Moderna, Inc. (Nasdaq: MRNA), a clinical stage biotechnology company pioneering messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics and vaccines to create a new generation of transformative medicines for patients, today announced that the Phase 2 dose-confirmation study of its mRNA vaccine against cytomegalovirus (CMV) is enrolling ahead of plan with data now expected in the third quarter of 2020. The Company also announced three new vaccine development candidates, which support the Company’s strategy, announced January 12, to accelerate new development candidates in its core modalities, prophylactic vaccines and systemic secreted & cell surface therapeutics. The three new infectious disease vaccine candidates complement the January announcement of two autoimmune development candidates, PD-L1 (mRNA-6231) and IL-2 (mRNA-6981), in the Company’s other core modality, systemic secreted & cell surface therapeutics.

Moderna’s CMV vaccine (mRNA-1647), the first mRNA vaccine for an infectious disease to enter a Phase 2 study, is enrolling ahead of plan with the second cohort nearly completed. This Phase 2 study will investigate the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1647 in approximately 252 healthy adults in the U.S. at three dose levels (50, 100 and 150 μg) in both CMV-seronegative and CMV-seropositive participants administered in a three-dose vaccination schedule (0, 2 and 6 months). The first interim analysis, expected in the third quarter of 2020, will evaluate safety and immunogenicity at three months (one month after the second vaccination) and is intended to inform Phase 3 dose selection. The Company is actively preparing for a Phase 3 pivotal study, which will evaluate prevention of primary CMV infection in a population that includes women of childbearing age.

The development candidates announced today are mRNA vaccine candidates against Epstein-Barr virus (mRNA-1189), respiratory syncytial virus (mRNA-1345) in young children, and the novel coronavirus (mRNA-1273). mRNA-1345 will be evaluated in early clinical trials with the intention of combining the vaccine with mRNA-1653, Moderna’s hMPV/PIV3 vaccine, to address RSV, hMPV and PIV3, viruses that cause significant respiratory diseases in young children, in one vaccine. Each of these new development candidates utilizes the Company’s proprietary lipid nanoparticle (LNP) technology.

Today’s announcement reflects the Company’s belief that positive Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity data across nine studies with more than 1,000 participants have validated the Company’s prophylactic vaccine modality. Clinical data demonstrate that Moderna’s proprietary vaccine technology has been generally well-tolerated1 and can elicit durable immune responses to viral antigens. The Company also believes that it has demonstrated the ability to leverage shared technology, digital systems and its flexible manufacturing infrastructure to advance a large portfolio quickly and efficiently.

“Our investments in science and manufacturing have resulted in six positive Phase 1 infectious disease vaccine readouts. These data validate the technology used in our prophylactic vaccines modality, which has allowed us to accelerate research and development timelines, and advance our mRNA vaccines into new areas of high unmet need. I am pleased with the continued progress of our late-stage CMV vaccine program as we prepare for a pivotal Phase 3 study and commercial readiness. The three new development candidates reflect the continued productivity of our platform and the potential of our mRNA technology. Moderna now owns global rights to three vaccines, which we believe have blockbuster potential – CMV, EBV and the potential combination RSV/hMPV/PIV3 vaccine for young children,” said Stéphane Bancel, Moderna’s Chief Executive Officer. “I am proud of the team’s ability to rapidly respond to the ongoing public health crisis posed by the novel coronavirus and to be working with the National Institutes of Health and Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations.”

Moderna currently has 24 mRNA development candidates in its portfolio with 12 in clinical studies. Across Moderna’s pipeline, more than 1,500 participants have been enrolled in clinical studies.

About Moderna’s New Development Candidates

mRNA-1189 is an mRNA vaccine against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) containing five mRNAs that encode viral proteins in EBV, gp350, gB, gp42, gH and gL. Similar to Moderna’s CMV vaccine (mRNA-1647), the viral proteins in mRNA-1189 are expressed in their native membrane-bound form for recognition by the immune system. There is no approved vaccine for EBV.

mRNA-1345 is an mRNA vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in young children encoding for a prefusion F glycoprotein, which elicits a superior neutralizing antibody response compared to the postfusion state. The Company intends to combine mRNA-1345 with mRNA-1653, its vaccine against hMPV and PIV3, to create a combination vaccine against RSV, hMPV and PIV3. There is no approved vaccine for RSV.

mRNA-1273 is an mRNA vaccine against the novel coronavirus encoding for the viral Spike (S) protein, which was selected by Moderna in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health, the manufacture of which was funded by the Center for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovations (CEPI). The S protein complex is necessary for membrane fusion and host cell infection and has been the target of vaccines against the coronaviruses responsible for Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). On January 13, the NIH and Moderna’s infectious disease research team finalized the sequence for the 2019-nCoV vaccine and Moderna mobilized toward clinical manufacture. The first clinical batch, including fill and finishing of vials, was completed on February 7. This mRNA vaccine was designed and manufactured in 25 days and is undergoing analytical testing prior to release to the NIH for use in their planned Phase 1 clinical trial in the U.S. Currently, there are no approved vaccines specific to 2019-nCoV.

About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

EBV is a common herpesvirus that is spread through bodily fluids, most commonly saliva, and contracted primarily by young children and adolescents (approximately 50% and approximately 89% seropositivity, respectively). It is a major cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM) in the U.S., accounting for over 90% of the approximately 1-2 million cases annually. IM can debilitate patients for weeks to months and, in some cases, can lead to hospitalization and splenic rupture. EBV infection is associated with the development and progression of certain lymphoproliferative disorders, cancers, and an increased risk of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. There is no approved vaccine for EBV.

About Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

RSV is the leading cause of unaddressed severe lower respiratory tract disease and hospitalization in infants and young children worldwide, with most children infected at least once by two years of age. The virus is transmitted primarily via contamination of environmental surfaces with infectious secretions, and symptoms typically begin within several days of exposure. The illness may manifest as wheezing, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, hospitalization or even death.

In the United States, it is estimated that over two million children younger than five years of age receive medical attention and more than 86,000 are hospitalized due to RSV infection annually. Globally, RSV is estimated to be responsible for over approximately 33 million episodes of acute lower-respiratory tract infection, 3.2 million hospitalizations and as many as 118,000 deaths per year in children younger than five years of age. Infections with RSV follow a seasonal pattern, occurring primarily in the Northern hemisphere between the months of November and April, and in the Southern hemisphere primarily between March and October. There is no approved vaccine for RSV.

About Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can lead to respiratory illness, including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people and can evolve into strains not previously identified in humans. On January 7, 2020, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China. Estimates from the World Health Organization as of February 9, 2020 indicate that there are approximately 37,000 confirmed cases and over 800 deaths worldwide. The suspected number of infections is likely to be substantially higher. It is important to note that there is not yet a good understanding of the rate of asymptomatic infection. Currently, there are no approved vaccines specific to 2019-nCoV.

About Moderna’s Prophylactic Vaccines Modality

Moderna scientists designed the Company’s prophylactic vaccines modality to prevent infectious diseases. More than 1,000 participants have been enrolled in Moderna’s infectious disease vaccine clinical studies under health authorities in the U.S., Europe and Australia. Based on clinical experience across six Phase 1 studies, the Company deems prophylactic vaccines a core modality and intends to accelerate development of its infectious disease vaccine candidates.

The potential advantages of an mRNA approach to prophylactic vaccines include the ability to mimic natural infection to stimulate a more potent immune response, combining multiple mRNAs into a single vaccine, rapid discovery to respond to emerging pandemic threats and manufacturing agility derived from the platform nature of mRNA vaccine design and production.

Moderna currently has nine development candidates in its prophylactic vaccines modality, including:

Vaccines against serious respiratory infections

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine for older adults (mRNA-1777 and mRNA-1172 or V172 with Merck)

RSV vaccine for young children (mRNA-1345)

Human metapneumovirus and parainfluenza virus type 3 (hMPV/PIV3) vaccine (mRNA-1653)

Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) vaccine (mRNA-1273)

Influenza H7N9 (mRNA-1851)

Vaccines against serious infections transmitted from mother to baby

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine (mRNA-1647)

Zika vaccine (mRNA-1893) with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)

Vaccines against common viral infections with high unmet need

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) vaccine (mRNA-1189)

To date, Moderna has demonstrated positive Phase 1 data readouts for six prophylactic vaccines (H10N8, H7N9, RSV, chikungunya virus, hMPV/PIV3 and CMV). Moderna’s CMV vaccine is currently in a Phase 2 dose-confirmation study. Moderna’s investigational Zika vaccine (mRNA-1893), currently in a Phase 1 study, was granted FDA Fast Track designation.

Moderna has built a fully integrated manufacturing plant in Norwood, MA which enables the promise of the technology platform.

About Moderna

Moderna is advancing messenger RNA (mRNA) science to create a new class of transformative medicines for patients. mRNA medicines are designed to direct the body’s cells to produce intracellular, membrane or secreted proteins that can have a therapeutic or preventive benefit and have the potential to address a broad spectrum of diseases. Moderna’s platform builds on continuous advances in basic and applied mRNA science, delivery technology and manufacturing, providing the Company the capability to pursue in parallel a robust pipeline of new development candidates. Moderna is developing therapeutics and vaccines for infectious diseases, immuno-oncology, rare diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, independently and with strategic collaborators. Moderna has 24 mRNA development candidates in its portfolio across all modalities, with 12 in clinical studies. Four of these programs are in or preparing for Phase 2 studies and the Company is preparing for its first Phase 3 study.

Headquartered in Cambridge, Mass., Moderna currently has strategic alliances for development programs with AstraZeneca, Plc. (Nasdaq: AZN) and Merck, Inc. (Nasdaq: MRK), as well as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a division of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Moderna has been named a top biopharmaceutical employer by Science for the past five years.

Forward Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, including, without limitation, statements regarding plans for Moderna’s development candidates, plans to create a pediatric respiratory vaccine against RSV, hMPV and PIV3, plans regarding regulatory submission and clinical testing for mRNA-1273, expected timing of data from the Phase 2 study of mRNA-1647, and Moderna’s strategy, business plans and focus. The words “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “continue,” “target” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Any forward-looking statements in this press release are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and important factors that may cause actual events or results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements contained in this press release, including, without limitation, uncertainties related to market conditions and the completion of the public offering on the anticipated terms or at all. These and other risks and uncertainties are described in greater detail in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Moderna’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and other filings that Moderna has made or may make with the SEC in the future. Any forward-looking statements contained in this press release represent Moderna’s views only as of the date hereof and should not be relied upon as representing its views as of any subsequent date. Moderna explicitly disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

Moderna has filed a registration statement (including a prospectus) with the SEC for the offering to which this communication relates. Before you invest, you should read the prospectus in that registration statement and other documents the issuer has filed with the SEC for more complete information about the issuer and this offering. You may get these documents for free by visiting EDGAR on the SEC Web site at www.sec.gov. Alternatively, the issuer, any underwriter or any dealer participating in the offering will arrange to send you the prospectus if you request it by calling toll-free 1-866-471-2526.

1 The most common adverse reactions in Moderna’s Phase 1 clinical trials in prophylactic vaccines include injection site pain, headache, myalgia, and fatigue.

Contacts

Moderna Contacts: Media: Colleen Hussey Senior Manager, Corporate Communications 203-470-5620 Colleen.Hussey@modernatx.com

Investors: Lavina Talukdar Head of Investor Relations 617-209-5834 Lavina.Talukdar@modernatx.com

Release Summary

Moderna announces progress in prophylactic vaccines modality with CMV vaccine Phase 2 study data now expected in third quarter 2020.

Contacts

Moderna Contacts: Media: Colleen Hussey Senior Manager, Corporate Communications 203-470-5620 Colleen.Hussey@modernatx.com

Investors: Lavina Talukdar Head of Investor Relations 617-209-5834 Lavina.Talukdar@modernatx.com

TIME LINE

mRNA-1273 to prevent novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health; physical manufacturing of first batch complete, awaiting analytical testing

February 10, 2020 05:11 PM Eastern Standard Time

January 2020

31 January – The first two cases of coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the United Kingdom are confirmed.[1]

February 2020

6 February – A third case of coronavirus is confirmed in the UK.[2]

10 February – The total number of cases in the UK reaches eight as four further cases are confirmed in people linked to an affected man from Brighton.[3][4]

11 February – A ninth case is confirmed in London.[5]

23 February – The DHSC confirms a total of 13 cases in the UK as four new cases in passengers on the cruise ship Diamond Princess are detected. They are transferred to hospitals in the UK.[6]

28 February – The first British death from the disease is confirmed by the Japanese Health Ministry; a man quarantined on the Diamond Princess cruise ship.[7]

[the-diagnosis-archive]

The flu(influenza)

Influenza is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system (nose, throat and in severe cases the lungs). Being viral makes it highly contagious and difficult to prevent. It’s usually a seasonal illness, with yearly outbreaks killing hundreds of thousands of people around the world. It affects mainly children, elderly people, pregnant people and the immune compromised. Its caused by the influenza virus. A viral family that mutates each year making every flu season an arms race against that year’s mutation. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals, covering coughs and sneezes, and washing your hands often can help prevent the flu. But the best way to prevent the infection is to take the flu vaccine ever year. Even if the vaccine isn’t 100% effective it’s best way to prevent it.

For most people the flu can pass by itself without many complications. But there are groups of people that are in more danger of developing dangerous complications. This groups are:

Adults older than age 65

Children 18 years of age and younger who are taking aspirin-based or salicylate-based medications

Native Americans (American Indians and Alaska Natives)

People who have chronic illnesses, such as asthma, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease and diabetes

People with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher

People with a compromised immune system

Pregnant people and people up to two weeks postpartum

Residents of highly populated quarters (like military barracks)

Residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities

Young children under age 5, and especially those under 12 months

Causes:

The influenza is a virus, what does this means. It means that it can travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly, or you can pick up the germs from an object and then transfer them to your eyes, nose or mouth.

Four types of the virus exist: A and B, which are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics in people; C, which is relatively rare, causes a mild respiratory illness, and is not thought to cause epidemics; and D, which primarily infects cattle and isn’t known to affect people. Influenza A virus, which also infects animals, like birds, swine, horses, and other, is further divided into subtypes based on two antigens (proteins) on the virus’s surface: hemagglutinin (H), of which there 18 subtypes, and neuraminidase (N), of which there 11 subtypes. The specific virus is recognized by these antigens. For example, H1N1 refers to influenza A virus with hemagglutinin subtype 1 and neuraminidase subtype 1, and so on and so on. Influenza B, on the other hand, is recognized by lineages and strains. The influenza B viruses commonly seen in people belong to one of two lineages: B/Yamagata or B/Victoria.

People with flu are most contagious in the first 3-4 days after the symptoms begins. If the person is asymptomatic (doesn’t get sick but does get infected with the virus) may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. Sometimes those with high risk conditions may be able to spread the infection for even more time.

The influenza virus has a very fast mutation mechanism, and covers an arrange so wide of viruses that even if you got the flu already you can get sick again. Because it won’t be the same virus that infected you before. Is for this that vaccinating each year is important. Because the vaccine will be tailored especially for the flu’s strand that is stronger that year.

Symptoms:

*Fever over 100.4 F (38 °C)

Chest pain

Chills and sweats

Confusion

Cough (usually dry)

Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

Difficulty sleeping

Fatigue (tiredness) and weakness

Feeling sick and being sick

Headache

Loss of appetite

Muscle or body aches

Nasal congestion

Runny or stuffy nose

Severe or persistent vomiting

Some people may also have vomiting and diarrhea. This is more common in children.

 Sore throat

Sudden dizziness

 The symptoms are similar for children, but they can also get pain in their ear and appear less active. For infants and children, emergency flu symptoms include:

trouble breathing

blueish skin

irritability

fever that accompanies a rash

inability to eat or drink

no tears when crying

*It’s important to note that not everyone with flu will have a fever.

Diagnosis:

For this illness the presence of the symptoms it’s enough to treat it, but a test can be done to see which strand is the one active. The test it’s not necessary because by being a virus most treatments for all influenzas are the same. Most people recover from the flu within one to two weeks. Others will start to get better and then find that their condition rapidly deteriorates and their fever spikes again. If this happens, it could mean that you have a flu complication like pneumonia, an ear infection, or bronchitis. You should see a doctor right away. The idea is to go see a doctor for medication if you are in the high risk group.

Treatment:

If you are not in high risk of having complications the virus may go on its own. But you can rest and sleep, keep yourself warm, take paracetamol or ibuprofen to lower your temperature and treat aches and pains and drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration (your pee should be light yellow or clear). Al. in the spirit of lowering your symptoms and lower the risk of developing complications.

there are antiviral medicines that you can use to lower the time you are infected and down with the sickness. Like oseltamivir phosphate (available as a generic version or under the trade name Tamiflu®), zanamivir (trade name Relenza®), peramivir (trade name Rapivab®), and baloxavir marboxil (trade name Xofluza®). But never use antibiotics when infected with the flu. Antibiotics attack bacteria and living things. Viruses are not alive; they are just loose strands of RNA (genetic material) that don’t have the mechanisms that are needed for the antibiotics to work. Using antibiotics when not infected with bacteria could lead to strong antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Sources: x x x x x x x x x 

[lichen-soup-scribe]

A flu infodump

I’m currently fighting the flu (ugh!) and, as I’ve talked to my husband about it, I’ve realized that some of what I know about the flu isn’t common knowledge. (Perks of growing up around a bunch of physicians!) So, while I laze around drinking tea with honey and trying not to shiver my skin off, here’s a quick infodump of shit you should know about the flu. Sources under the readmore.

I’m going to cover what flu is, how it’s transmitted, how you can avoid it and how you can treat it. I’ll also give some info on how to get vaccinations and treatment at a reduced price.

What is it?

Info in this post applies only to influenza. People colloquially refer to many things as “the flu.” A stomach bug or bad cold might receive the label. But actually, influenza is a specific disease caused by the influenza virus. There are three species of flu virus: A, B (more severe) and C (less common and less severe), each with many variations (called serotypes). Remember the swine flu outbreak in 2009? That was H1N1, a serotype of Influenza A.

The flu is a respiratory disease that infects the nose, throat and lungs. The main symptoms include:

fever (not always present, but often high)

cough

sore throat

runny or stuffy nose

body aches

headache

chills

fatigue

If your *main* symptom is puking/the runs, you more likely have something like gastroenteritis. One of the keys to recognizing flu is the rapid onset of symptoms. Unlike a cold, which creeps up on you over the course of days, the flu typically comes on fast. I woke up yesterday morning with a bit of a headache and a scratchy throat; by evening I was laid out with a 102 degree (F) fever, aches, chills and general fatigue.

If you’re lucky, your symptoms may be mild and last only a few days. If you’re unlucky, they could last up to two weeks, involve complications like pneumonia, and even result in death. Yes, even if you’re young and healthy. It’s most dangerous to the very young, very old and immunocompromized. 

How do I get it?

As mentioned above, the flu virus takes up residence in your respiratory tract. It stands to reason, then, that it’s primarily passed through the air: an infected person coughs, sneezes or breathes nearby, and you inhale the particles. Or you smooch someone with flu. The virus can also live for one or two days on surfaces like doorknobs, light switches, etc.

People are capable of transmitting the virus about one day before symptoms show up and (typically) 3-7 days afterward. 

While you can catch the flu at any time of year, it’s most common from October to March.

How do I avoid it?

The single best way, according to every reliable source out there, is getting a flu shot. No, it’s not 100 percent effective -- the flu is constantly mutating. 

Each year, the World Health Organization tries to predict which strains are going to be most prevalent, and develops a vaccine accordingly. Some years they guess better than others; during the 2018-19 season, overall effectiveness is estimated at 61 percent so far. That means cutting your chance of getting the flu by more than half, which is pretty significant, as one study estimated 1 in 10 unvaccinated adults and 1 in 5 unvaccinated children get the flu each year.

Most insurance plans cover flu vaccinations (not mine, unfortunately) and many organizations offer free flu shots. Google “free flu shots near me” and see if anything comes up. If you can’t get one for free, check GoodRx for coupons; a flu shot is $24 at the Walmart near me with a coupon.

There’s a lot of fear-mongering about vaccines going on right now. While that isn’t the focus of this post, these two fact sheets from the CDC should help clear up your fears. What I will note is that the flu vaccine CANNOT give you the flu. None of them are made with live viruses. 

I’m a procrastinating idiot and forgot to get my vaccine this year; I’m paying the price, doing penance by writing this post and trying not to infect anyone else.

Research also indicates that even if you still catch the flu after getting vaccinated, your symptoms are likely to be less severe and less long-lasting.

You can also wash your hands (frequently!) and try to avoid large crowds.

What if I catch it?

The above info might have you freaked out about catching the flu. What many people (including my husband) apparently don’t know is if you DO catch the flu, you don’t have to just tough it out. There are treatments available!

The key here is recognizing your symptoms early. If you visit a doctor within 48 hours of developing symptoms, they can prescribe Tamiflu or another antiviral medication that should help you get over the flu much faster, with a lot less suffering.

Your primary care physician or a nearby urgent care clinic will be able to perform a flu test and evaluate your symptoms to provide a diagnosis. (Be nice and wear a face mask to the waiting room!) The test involves a quick swab of your nostrils or throat and then 10-15 minutes of waiting. Prices will vary depending on where you go and insurance/lack thereof; a little research brought back prices between $50 (at a Walmart Care Clinic) and $150 (whoof). 

However, according to the CDC, the flu test is likely to return false negatives (meaning, fail to properly diagnose flu’s presence), especially in adults. Your doctor may not insist on administering it, and may go ahead and prescribe Tamiflu even if it comes back negative. They may also prescribe Tamiflu to your household members as a preventative measure. 

If Tamiflu isn’t covered by your insurance, or you don’t have insurance, download the GoodRx app/visit the website immediately. It’s a free app that will find coupons for the pharmacies near you. Without GoodRx, Tamiflu would’ve cost me $153; with it, the five-day course cost $48.88 at Walmart Pharmacy.

According to the CDC, most people who catch flu experience mild symptoms and don’t really need antivirals. For me, the cost and trouble was worth it to avoid missing extra days of work and risking complications. It’s especially important to get on antivirals if you’re at risk for flu complications.

Here are some other things you can do:

Take doses of ibuprofen, acetaminophen or naproxen, which are over-the-counter pain relievers that will also reduce your cramps and fever.

Sip soothing drinks, like tea with honey. Just stay hydrated, in general!

Suck cough drops or try an over-the-counter cough suppressant.

Cuddle up to a heat pack or hot pad to calm aches and chills.

Rest, rest, rest.

Coughing keeping you awake? Prop up on an extra couple of pillows.

If you feel up to it, do some gentle yoga stretches to help with cramps and aches.

Make sure to eat; your body needs energy to fight the virus.

Wash your hands often, and cover your coughs and sneezes.

If at all possible, stay home for at least 3-4 days after your symptoms show up. I know America’s shitty labor practices make this impossible for some people. No judgment here. If you do have to go out, please be extra-careful about hand-washing!

With the help of Tamiflu and/or the above steps, most people can ride the flu out without issue. But if any of the following symptoms show up, head to the ER.

Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

Persistent pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen

Persistent dizziness, confusion, inability to arouse

Seizures

Not urinating

Severe muscle pain

Severe weakness or unsteadiness

Fever or cough that improve but then return or worsen

Worsening of chronic medical conditions

Any other severe/concerning symptoms

Emergency symptoms are different in children; follow this link for more info.

SOURCES:

CDC: Key Facts About Influenza (Flu), Interim estimates of ... vaccine effectiveness, Vaccine safety concerns, Misconceptions about flu vaccines, What to do if you get sick

Wikipedia: Gastroenteritis, Influenza

Harvard: How long does the flu last?

Time: The flu killed a healthy 21-year-old man.

ScienceDirect: Estimating the annual attack rate...

Mayo Clinic: Influenza

Walmart: Testing prices

GoodRx

Yoga with Adriene: Yoga for when you’re sick

[sidshrek6]

Understanding Fever and Cough Symptoms: Causes and Treatment

Fever and cough are two of the most common symptoms experienced by individuals, especially during seasonal changes or outbreaks of infectious diseases. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and disruptive to daily life, but understanding their causes and treatment options can help alleviate concerns.

What is a Fever?

A fever is an elevated body temperature above 100.4°F (38°C), often accompanied by sweating, chills and flushed skin. Fevers are typically caused by the body's immune response to infection or inflammation.

What is a Cough?

A cough is a natural reflex that helps clear the airways of irritants, mucus or foreign particles. Coughs can be dry or productive, bringing up mucus or phlegm.

Causes of Fever and Cough

Infectious Diseases

Common cold

Flu (influenza)

Pneumonia

Bronchitis

Tuberculosis

Allergies and Irritants

Hay fever

Asthma

Dust mites

Pollen

Smoke

Other Medical Conditions

Sinusitis

Tonsillitis

Laryngitis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Most of the time, a cough will go away on its own and is nothing to worry about. But you should see your healthcare provider for symptoms such as coughing up blood or discolored mucus, high fever or night sweats, or a cough that lasts for weeks.

fever and cough are common symptoms that can affect anyone, regardless of age or health status. While they often resolve on their own, there are instances when seeking medical attention is crucial to prevent complications and ensure proper recovery. In this article, we'll explore when to seek fever and cough treatment.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Fever

Seek medical attention immediately if you or someone you know experiences:

1. High fever: Above 103°F (39.4°C) in adults or 102°F (39°C) in children under 3 years.

2. Prolonged fever: Lasting more than 3-4 days in adults or 2-3 days in children.

3. Severe headache: Accompanied by fever, confusion, or stiff neck.

4. Difficulty breathing: Rapid or labored breathing.

5. Severe dehydration: Excessive thirst, dark urine, or decreased urine output.

6. Underlying medical conditions: Fever in individuals with compromised immune systems, chronic illnesses, or taking immunosuppressive medications.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Cough

Seek medical attention if you experience:

1. Persistent cough: Lasting more than 8 weeks.

2. Severe cough: Accompanied by chest pain, difficulty breathing, or coughing up blood.

3. Cough with fever: Fever above 102°F (39°C) accompanied by cough.

4. Cough with difficulty breathing: Shortness of breath or wheezing.

5. Cough with chest pain: Severe or persistent chest pain.

When seeking medical attention, your healthcare provider will:

1. Conduct a physical examination.

2. Take a medical history.

3. Provide guidance on symptom management and recovery.

Prevention and Self-Care

To prevent fever and cough, practice:

1. Good hygiene (handwashing).

2. Healthy lifestyle habits (exercise, balanced diet).

3. Avoid close contact with infected individuals.

Conclusion

Fever and cough symptoms can be uncomfortable, but understanding their causes and urgent care for cough can help alleviate concerns. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

[myelderlycare-blog]

How long does it take to recover from pneumonia in the elderly

Pneumonia is like a gamble. It can be a mild case still turn to a life-threating situation at any moment. In the elderly, it can be a great matter of concern. It is also not clear how long does it take to recover from pneumonia in the elderly.

Be extra careful and pay more attention when an older person or a child gets sick with pneumonia. Those who have a weak immune system suffers the most and are most at risk of death.

The death rate of elderlies is quite high. Around 50,000 die each year in the US from pneumonia. In the case of community-acquired pneumonia CPA, 10% get admitted in ICU and approximately 25% dies.

Brief Introduction to Pneumonia

Pneumonia is lung inflammation due to bacterial or viral infection. In pneumonia patients, air sacs get inflamed. It can be in one or both lungs. The sacs get filled with fluid or pus which are known as purulent material.

It causes phlegm or a pus-filled cough, fever, chills. You may even find difficulty in breathing. There are other ranges of symptoms too.

You can get pneumonia for various reasons. There are over 30 causes that can inflame your air sacs and make you sick. Also, there are different types of pneumonia. The dangerous one among them for elderlies is CAP. It remains a top leading cause of death in elderly who are over 65.

Then there is walking pneumonia. Fortunately, it is the least scary of all the pneumonia variations. It can be so mild that you may not even figure out you have got you sac inflamed and caught pneumonia.

Pneumonia symptoms in elderly

Few signs and symptoms of pneumonia can be:

Trouble in breathing or shortness of breath

Pain in chest or rib while breathing. Sometimes the elderly can even fracture rib bone due to excessive coughing. Slipped disk and vertebra alignment issues can occur too.

Audible wheezing during inhale and exhale

Confusion, disorientation or changes in mental awareness

Cough with phlegm and pus

Fatigue

Fever. It can be a lower one only producing 99°F – 100°F temperature or high with above 101°F.

Sweating and shaking chills with fever

Lower body temperature (people with weak immune systems also have this same symptom)

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Walking pneumonia VS bronchitis

Walking pneumonia is the mildest type. Doctors call it atypical pneumonia. It mostly happens due to a lung infection. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is to blame usually.

It is a common condition. Anyone from children to adults (younger than 40) can get walking pneumonia. Unfortunately, it is a contagious disease.

People living in schools, dorms, military barracks, and nursing homes are most likely the victims. It usually occurs during late summer and fall.

Bronchitis is another respiratory condition where bronchial tubes and trachea gets inflamed. They are airways of the lungs. You feel constant irritation in the area. You cough a lot and mucus come up with a cough. Badly enough, this mucus spread infection.

The virus responsible here is the same one responsible for cold and flu. We can find 3 types of bronchitis.

The symptoms in both cases are same. But they are two very different health conditions. Only an experienced doctor can differ between them and act properly thereby to cure you. So, you better go and review yourself from a physician.

Symptoms of walking pneumonia in adults

After getting infected with mycoplasma, the symptoms begin to appear after 15-25 days. Things get worse over 2-4 days.

The symptoms may include

Chest pain during deep breathing

A cough with possible violent spasms

Symptoms of mild flu; fever and chills

A sore throat

A headache

Tiredness

Continuous lingering weakness even after other symptoms goes away

Ear infection

Anemia

Skin rash

This pneumonia may be the most harmless one, but things with elderlies do not take much time to change.

Pneumonia in elderly recovery time

The recovery time hugely depends on the patient’s health status before they got the infection. If they had good health and maintains proper treatment guideline, they can be cured within 3 weeks. During this period they will face common symptoms of weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

If the elderly already have health conditions related to their respiratory system than the recovery time can take 60 days or more. Symptoms will be the same and more and severe. Their recovery will be challenging too.

Signs that pneumonia is improving

Everyone’s signs differ depending on their general health condition.

After a week fever will be gone, and the temperature will be average.

In 4 weeks you will feel better in the chest area and produce less mucus.

It will be easier to breathe and less cough after 6 weeks.

By the end of 3 months, most symptoms will be gone, but there will be a weakness.

You will be a cure after 6 tiring months.

If your signs do not improve or worsen, immediately seek help.

Seek For An Expert Guidance

Matters regarding elders should be taken seriously. Is any of the above symptoms occurs go and visit a doctor? It may not be pneumonia, but there can be any other illness underlying in the root.

Elders are already weak and subject to various health conditions. It is only wise to visit a doctor if there is any unusualness in their health and behavior.

Get Well Soon

Pneumonia is dangerous. It can kill. But it can also be sure. You can recover and completely get back to your previous health.

Just yourself properly. Just a bit of attention can save you from bitter pain.

Ask us if you have any inquiry. Share your problems and how you solved them so that we can create a better community for elderlies and us.

[the-diagnosis-archive]

Pneumonia

The lungs are made up of small sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when a healthy person breathes. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The infection causes the alveoli to become inflamed and fill up with fluid or pus. That can make it hard for the oxygen you breathe in to get into your bloodstream. The symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild to severe, and include cough, fever, chills, and trouble breathing.

Many factors affect how serious a case of pneumonia is, such as the type of germ causing the lung infection, the person’s age, and their overall health. The people most at risk are infants and young children, adults 65 or older, and people who have other health problems. Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization in both children and adults. Most cases can be treated successfully, although it can take weeks to fully recover. Tens of thousands of people in the U.S. die from pneumonia every year, most of them adults over the age of 65. And is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Pneumonia killed 808 694 children under the age of 5 in 2017, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under five years old. Pneumonia affects children and families everywhere, but is most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Children can be protected from pneumonia, it can be prevented with simple interventions, and treated with low-cost, low-tech medication and care.

Causes:

Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. Your body usually prevents these germs from infecting your lungs. But sometimes these germs can overpower your immune system, even if your health is generally good. Most germs that cause pneumonia are contagious. This means they can spread from person to person. Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection.

Both viral and bacterial pneumonia can spread to others through inhalation of airborne droplets from a sneeze or cough. You can also get these types of pneumonia by coming into contact with surfaces or objects that are contaminated with pneumonia-causing bacteria or viruses.

 Community-acquired pneumonia

The most common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside of hospitals or other health care facilities. It may be caused by:

Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in the U.S. is Streptococcus pneumonia. Other type of bacteria that cause pneumonia can be Mycoplasma pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila and Viral pneumonia. This type of pneumonia can occur on its own or after you've had a cold or the flu. It may affect one part (lobe) of the lung, a condition called lobar pneumonia.

Bacteria-like organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also can cause pneumonia. It typically produces milder symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Walking pneumonia is an informal name given to this type of pneumonia, which typically isn't severe enough to require bed rest.

Fungi. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms. The fungi that cause it can be found in soil or bird droppings and vary depending upon geographic location. Some of them being Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus species, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasmosis species. However, it doesn’t spread from person to person. (in infants infected with HIV, Pneumocystis jiroveci is one of the most common causes of pneumonia, responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants.)

 Viruses. Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. Most commonly caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and sometimes influenza type A or B. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years. Viral pneumonia is usually mild. But in some cases it can become very serious.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Some people catch pneumonia during a hospital stay for another illness. Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick. People who are on breathing machines (ventilators), often used in intensive care units, are particularly at risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia

 Health care-acquired pneumonia

Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities or who receive care in outpatient clinics, including kidney dialysis centers. Like hospital-acquired pneumonia, health care-acquired pneumonia can be caused by bacteria that are more resistant to antibiotics.

Aspiration pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale vomit, a foreign object, such as a peanut, or a harmful substance, such as smoke or a chemical into your lungs. Aspiration is more likely if something disturbs your normal gag reflex, such as a brain injury or swallowing problem, or excessive use of alcohol or drugs.

Some types of bacteria cause what is known as "atypical" pneumonia, including:

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a tiny wide-spread bacterium that usually infects people younger than 40 years old, especially those living and working in crowded conditions. The illness is often mild enough to go undetected and is sometimes referred to as walking pneumonia.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae, which commonly causes upper respiratory infections year-round, but can also result in a mild form of pneumonia.

Legionella pneumophila, which causes a dangerous form of pneumonia called Legionnaire's disease. Unlike other bacterial pneumonias, Legionella is not passed from person to person. Outbreaks of the disease have been linked to exposure to contaminated water from cooling towers, whirlpool spas, and outdoor fountains.

These bacteria are referred to as "atypical" because pneumonia caused by these organisms might have slightly different symptoms, appear different on a chest X-ray, or respond to different antibiotics than the typical bacteria that cause pneumonia. Even though these infections are called "atypical," they are not uncommon.

Symptoms:

The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health. Mild signs and symptoms often are similar to those of a cold or flu, but they last longer.

Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include:

Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough

Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older)

cough – which may be dry, or produce thick yellow, green, brown or blood-stained mucus (phlegm)

difficulty breathing – your breathing may be rapid and shallow, and you may feel breathless, even when resting

Fatigue

feeling generally unwell

Fever, sweating and shaking chills

loss of appetite

Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems)

Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea

rapid heartbeat

Shortness of breath

Less common symptoms include:

coughing up blood (haemoptysis)

headaches

fatigue

feeling sick or being sick

 wheezing

joint and muscle pain

feeling confused and disorientated, particularly in elderly people

Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eating.

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher, or persistent cough, especially if you're coughing up pus. It's especially important that people in these high-risk groups see a doctor:

Adults older than age 65

Children younger than age 2 with signs and symptoms

People with an underlying health condition or weakened immune system

People receiving chemotherapy or taking medication that suppresses the immune system

For some older adults and people with heart failure or chronic lung problems, pneumonia can quickly become a life-threatening condition.

Diagnosis:

Pneumonia can be difficult to diagnose because it shares many symptoms with other conditions, such as the common cold, bronchitis and asthma. To diagnose pneumonia, and to try to identify the germ that is causing the illness, your doctor will ask questions about your medical history, do a physical exam, and run some tests.

Medical history

Your doctor will ask you questions about your signs and symptoms, and how and when they began. To help figure out if your infection is caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi, you may be asked some questions about possible exposures, such as:

Any recent travel

Your occupation

Contact with animals

Exposure to other sick people at home, work or school

Whether you have recently had another illness

Physical exam

Your doctor will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope. If you have pneumonia, your lungs may make crackling, bubbling, and rumbling sounds when you inhale.

Diagnostic Tests

They’ll then give you a physical exam. This will include listening to your lungs with a stethoscope for any abnormal sounds, such as crackling. Depending on the severity of your symptoms and your risk for complications, your doctor may also order one or more of these tests

If your doctor suspects you may have pneumonia, they will probably recommend some tests to confirm the diagnosis and learn more about your infection. These may include:

Blood culture: This test uses a blood sample to confirm an infection. Culturing can also help identify what may be causing your condition.

Chest X-ray: An X-ray helps your doctor look for signs of inflammation in your chest. If inflammation is present, the X-ray can also inform your doctor about its location and extent.

Fluid sample: If your doctor suspects there’s fluid in the pleural space of your chest, they may take a fluid sample using a needle placed between your ribs. This test can help identify the cause of your infection.

Pulse oximetry: A pulse oximetry measures the amount of oxygen in your blood. A sensor placed on one of your fingers can indicate whether your lungs are moving enough oxygen through your bloodstream.

Sputum culture: During a sputum culture, a sample of mucus is collected after you’ve coughed deeply. It’s then sent to a lab to be analyzed to identify the cause of the infection.

If you are considered a high-risk patient because of your age and overall health, or if you are hospitalized, the doctors may want to do some additional tests, including:

CT scan of the chest to get a better view of the lungs and look for abscesses or other complications.

Arterial blood gas test, to measure the amount of oxygen in a blood sample taken from an artery, usually in your wrist. This is more accurate than the simpler pulse oximetry.

Pleural fluid culture, which removes a small amount of fluid from around tissues that surround the lung, to analyze and identify bacteria causing the pneumonia.

Bronchoscopy, a procedure used to look into the lungs' airways. If you are hospitalized and your treatment is not working well, doctors may want to see whether something else is affecting your airways, such as a blockage. They may also take fluid samples or a biopsy of lung tissue. Your doctor will start by taking your medical history. They’ll ask you questions about when your symptoms first appeared and your health in general.

Treatment:

Specific treatments depend on the type and severity of your pneumonia, your age and your overall health. The options include:

Antibiotics. These medicines are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. It may take time to identify the type of bacteria causing your pneumonia and to choose the best antibiotic to treat it. If your symptoms don't improve, your doctor may recommend a different antibiotic.

Cough medicine. This medicine may be used to calm your cough so that you can rest. Because coughing helps loosen and move fluid from your lungs, it's a good idea not to eliminate your cough completely. In addition, you should know that very few studies have looked at whether over-the-counter cough medicines lessen coughing caused by pneumonia. If you want to try a cough suppressant, use the lowest dose that helps you rest.

Fever reducers/pain relievers. You may take these as needed for fever and discomfort. These include drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).

Your doctor may prescribe a medication to help treat your pneumonia. What you’re prescribed will depend on the specific cause of your pneumonia.

Oral antibiotics can treat most cases of bacterial pneumonia. Always take your entire course of antibiotics, even if you begin to feel better. Not doing so can prevent the infection from clearing, and it may be harder to treat in the future.

Antibiotic medications don’t work on viruses. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral. However, many cases of viral pneumonia clear on their own with at-home care.

Antifungal medications are used to fight fungal pneumonia. You may have to take this medication for several weeks to clear the infection.

Hospitalization

You may need to be hospitalized if:

You are older than age 65

You are confused about time, people or places

Your kidney function has declined

Your systolic blood pressure is below 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or your diastolic blood pressure is 60 mm Hg or below

Your breathing is rapid (30 breaths or more a minute)

You need breathing assistance

Your temperature is below normal

Your heart rate is below 50 or above 100

You may be admitted to the intensive care unit if you need to be placed on a breathing machine (ventilator) or if your symptoms are severe.

Children may be hospitalized if:

They are younger than age 2 months

They are lethargic or excessively sleepy

They have trouble breathing

They have low blood oxygen levels

They appear dehydrated

Hospital treatment may include:

intravenous antibiotics injected into a vein

respiratory therapy, which involves delivering specific medications directly into the lungs or teaching you to perform breathing exercises to maximize your oxygenation

oxygen therapy to maintain oxygen levels in your bloodstream (received through a nasal tube, face mask, or ventilator, depending on severity)

Mild pneumonia can usually be treated at home by:

getting plenty of rest

taking antibiotics

drinking plenty of fluids

Your doctor may also recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medication to relieve your pain and fever, as needed. These may include:

aspirin

ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

acetaminophen (Tylenol)

 If you do not have any other health problems, you should respond well to treatment and soon recover, although your cough may last for some time. It's usually safe for someone with pneumonia to be around others, including family members. But people with a weakened immune system are less able to fight off infections, so it's best they avoid close contact with a person with pneumonia.

For at-risk groups, pneumonia can be severe and may need to be treated in hospital. This is because it can lead to serious complications, which in some cases can be fatal, depending on a person's health and age. Your treatment will depend on the type of pneumonia you have, how severe it is, and your general health.

Take any medications as prescribed by your doctor. If your pneumonia is caused by bacteria, you will be given an antibiotic. It is important to take all the antibiotic until it is gone, even though you will probably start to feel better in a couple of days. If you stop, you risk having the infection come back, and you increase the chances that the germs will be resistant to treatment in the future. Typical antibiotics do not work against viruses. If you have viral pneumonia, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication to treat it. Sometimes, though, symptom management and rest are all that is needed.

Sources: x x x x x 

[takeeachdayonebookatatime]

Triple f day [fanfiction friday]

Flashpoint fan fiction 

(No coughing matter)

Staring 

Sam and jules (jam forever) 

Loosely based on perfect storm 

On Friday team one went over to ed's house for dinner Sophie is an amazing cook she made eggplant parm with garlic bread and a fancy salad with non alcoholic wine she found because Greg does not drink he still drank his diet coke izzy was not feeling so well so jules went to check on her Sophie said the baby was sick some baby illness it had been 2 weeks since that and jules seemed to have a cold today jules was hiding it well but Sam knew so did Greg and the rest of the team did to she even had a slight cough she would not go home or take a sick day said it was probably a cold and would go away in a week Sam watched her carefully and convinced her to take some medicine back at their house Sam made jules soup it had been a whole week and jules was still sick Sam was worried she said she was fine even suggested the reason she still had the cold was her previous injury from the gunshot wound weakened her immune system nothing wrong it will just take me a little longer to get well Sam was not convinced another week went by and jules was still hiding the fact that she did not feel  better the rest of the team thought she was over it Sam was trying to convince her to go to the dr he told Greg about her coughing at night, all day jules was trying to hide her cough because it was pretty bad worst that yesterday's cough which she hid from the team she almost got away with it but during workout at the beginning of shift jules started to cough and looked a little blue which scared the team they were so shocked Sam told her to use her sniper breathing sarge told jules she has 2 choice Sam takes her to the er or Sam takes her to the dr She chose the dr's Sam called on her behalf because she did not look good he told dr Jen that jules had been sick for 2 weeks with what jules thought was a cold and that she has a bad cough and has been hiding it from the team and today during workout she turned a little blue while coughing dr Jen was also concerned she asked sam to have jules cough which made her turn blue again and take a deep breath while on the phone she said with the way she sounds just go straight to the er and that she was calling ahead so they know their coming Sam told Greg what dr Jen said and he agreed he asked troy if he could borrow Donna for the day since he was 2 members down troy said sure at the er Sam was carrying jules in since she would not get out of the car they were ushered into an exam room so a dr could examine her Sam quickly filled out the forms/papers with medical history the nurse checked her vitals like bp, pulse, heart rate, temperature and oxygen levels which were low  jules started to cough and was turning blue again the nurse called the dr she also put an oxygen mask on jules to help her breath better

dr Jeff asked about her symptoms he said she has cold like symptoms mild fever but today was worse the cough also started getting worse yesterday he tested her a few thing asked if any one they knew was sick in the last 2 weeks he said no but Ed's infant daughter was sick about 3 weeks ago with a baby illness dr Jeff asked if he could get in touch with ed and ask him what the baby had ed texted back immediately with whooping cough the dr said pertussis is nasty in adults and he is 100% sure that is what she has the time frame adds up to he ordered some heavy antibiotics for her and to keep her on the oxygen 24/7 and he also said that she would have to stay so he could monitor her and her room would be in the icu which made jules very mad and angry the dr said oh well should have got checked out sooner you would not have had to stay at the hospital at all but now you do Sam called Greg to tell him what was going on and that jules had to stay in the icu ed felt so bad that jules caught it from izzy the dr found out jules was a horrible patient and kept trying to take her oxygen mask off the dr got creative and gave her some medicine to make her sleepy once she was asleep he used medical tape and taped the mask on her face Sam was impressed with the dr but 2 hours later jules woke up and threw up into her mask Sam managed to hold her up quickly so she would not swallow her own barf he called for the nurse and dr who untapped the mask while the nurse cleaned her up the dr switched her to a nebulizer for 30 minutes to see if that would help hecdid not tape the mask again at 6 the team came by even Donna showed up they all wished her well while sam was talking to the dr jules took of her mask to talk with the guys and Donna and all of a sudden  started to cough and turn blue Greg called for the dr and jules did not have enough time to put her mask back on so she got caught with it off the dr was so mad he put it back on and gave her a warning about taking it off or she will have a tube down her throat that scared her and she kept it on, he also gave her some meds to make her sleep for a while the team left and Sam ate dinner while jules slept

the next day Team one got a call about a young woman kidnapping her son Donna was still filling in for Sam and jules since they were 2 members down the young woman had given her  son up for adoption, but decided when her boyfriend re-enters the picture, they decide they want their child back, kidnapping him from his adoptive family and then demanding a lawyer to find a way to end the adoption all together because they want him back. Upon Realising that she cannot care for the baby, the young woman contacts Team One and attempts to end the situation that she started by herself . Recognising the young man's pain at never having had a family of his own and his struggles, Parker began negotiating, but was put in a bad position when he could only save the baby or the father. He was then able to return the child to its adoptive family, but in the process the young man jumped to his death

Greg calls Sam to ask about jules and he asks about how there day went and Greg tells him he also says there all coming over at 6 most of the day was the same as yesterday day when jules woke up in the morning she threw up everywhere they still were not giving her food do to the choking hazard dr jeff decided to take her up stairs for a chest x-ray just to make sure everything was good turns out she was starting to develop pneumonia so more antibiotics for her she fell asleep 20 minutes later dr jeff wanted to weigh her when she woke up Sam said she had been eating a normal amount mostly soup, crackers and ginger ale the last 2 weeks  jules woke up 2 hours later and the nurse brought in a scale Sam said she weighs 125 full gear so about 120 without it turns out she weighed in at 115 only 5 pound lighter so dr Jeff decided to give jules a nice nasal feeding tube since she was still coughing very bad and food and rest help fight infection and it would help her recover quicker he had a nurse hold her down while dr Jeff got the tube ready he inserted it slowly down her right nostril until it was all the way down and in place he then taped it to her face she would then be feed 3 times a day it was now 6:00 and the team was coming over wordy had a pink teddy bear and some get well soon balloon for her they talked about yesterday's hot call while sam ate dinner and then they all went home Sam watched a movie with jules who fell asleep during the movie because her nighttime medicine made her very sleepy in the morning Sam showered jules woke up and said she felt gross and wanted to shower so dr Jeff got her a shower chair and she showered all by herself the oxygen mask was still on 24/7 same with all the other wires which were removed so she could shower  Sam went in the bathroom to help her change when all of a sudden jules coughed and turned blue and started to faint Sam caught her and got her to the bed and called dr Jeff who got a stethoscope to listen to her lungs everything sounded the same while he was doing that the nurse was putting her oxygen back on and all the wires jules was only in the shower for 20 minutes every day jules improved a little bit more it was now 3 days later and her coughing was not as bad so the dr set up to take her feeding tube out so she can eat real food it took 5 minutes to get the tube out of her nostril and when it was out she threw up everywhere the nurse gave her nausea medicine and some soup to eat sam had a sandwich she was also cleared to walk around and shower she was also moved to the general ward everything was starting to look good jules played a card game with Sam and watched a lot of movies dinner was more soup and ginger ale sam had a sandwich for dinner oxygen was also decreased she fell asleep quickly after the team visited ed told her Sophie would bring some homemade soup tomorrow it was the next day and Sophie brought some fancy soup jules was so thankful so was Sam jules was also switched to nasal oxygen her cough was almost gone 

she slept easy the next day was great she slept all morning had chicken noodle soup for lunch and dinner she played a board game with Sam and watched some TV and did some coloring with Sam also read a book bedtime was easy jules was having a hard time staying in the hospital she wanted to leave she kept talking about it the next morning she got to spend a couple of hours outside she was no longer needing oxygen and doing great and walking around her wires also got removed after 2 hours outside her dr told her she was getting released tomorrow jules was so excited jules spent most of her time writing stuff down he also said in a few day she can start some light workouts but she was still contagious so another week or 2 off will do jules was so shocked she could not Sam told her they could do some light training at home so she would be ready when she came back he called Greg and told him the news the next day she was released 

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Urgent Care for Cough: When to See a Doctor Specialist

Coughing is a common symptom that can range from a mild annoyance to a debilitating condition. While many coughs are self-limiting and resolve on their own, some require medical attention. Knowing when to seek urgent care and when to consult a doctor specialist can make all the difference in receiving effective treatment and preventing complications.

When to Seek Urgent Care for Cough

Visit an urgent care center or emergency room if you experience:

Severe cough: Persistent, violent, or uncontrollable coughing.

Difficulty breathing: Shortness of breath, wheezing, or feeling like you're choking.

Chest pain: Sharp or dull pain in your chest, especially if it worsens with coughing.

Fever: High temperature (over 102°F) accompanied by cough.

Blood or rust-colored mucus: Coughing up blood or rust-colored phlegm.

Severe headache: Headache accompanied by cough, fever, or confusion.

Infant or elderly: Cough in infants under 3 months or adults over 65, as they're more susceptible to complications.

When to See a Doctor Specialist

Consult a doctor specialist if:

Persistent cough: Cough lasts more than 8 weeks.

Chronic cough: Recurring cough interferes with daily life.

Underlying conditions: Cough worsens with existing conditions like asthma, COPD, or heart disease.

Respiratory issues: Cough accompanied by wheezing, bronchitis, or pneumonia.

Allergies: Cough triggered by allergies or environmental factors.

Cough with weight loss: Unexplained weight loss accompanied by cough.

Types of Doctor Specialists

Pulmonologist: Expert in lung diseases and respiratory conditions.

Allergist/Immunologist: Specializes in allergy diagnosis and treatment.

Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Specialist: Treats cough related to sinus or throat issues.

Infectious Disease Specialist: Manages cough caused by infectious diseases.

Diagnostic Tests

Your doctor may order:

Chest X-ray: To rule out pneumonia or other lung conditions.

CT scan: For detailed lung imaging.

Pulmonary function tests: To assess lung function.

Allergy testing: To identify allergens triggering cough.

Blood tests: To detect infections or underlying conditions.

Prevention

To prevent cough, practice:

Good hygiene: Frequent handwashing.

Vaccinations: Stay up-to-date on flu and pneumonia vaccines.

Healthy lifestyle: Avoid smoking, maintain a healthy weight.

Environmental control: Avoid pollutants, dust, and allergens.

In conclusion, while many coughs resolve on their own, some require urgent medical attention. Knowing when to seek care and consulting Cough doctor specialist can ensure effective treatment and prevent complications.