#sundaland

[arkipelagic]

a too-common misconception about the origins of filipinos is that we are all descended from the aeta. we are not. “aeta” refers to a specific ethnic group native to certain places in luzon such as zambales and pampanga, but is also commonly used as an umbrella term for several related ethnic groups across the philippine archipelago. they are identified by physical characteristics such as dark skin and very curly hair (leading to a false belief that they are descendants of black africans) as opposed to those of majority of the country who have lighter skin and hair that is either straight or of looser curl patterns (also falsely believed to be markers of the so-called malay race.)

the aeta are an ethnic minority; as of 2010, there were a documented <100,000 out of millions of filipino citizens identifying as such. it is clear majority of filipinos are not of aeta descent. so where does this myth that all filipinos “descend” from the aeta come from?

generations of miseducation has led the average filipino to believe that, out of the hundreds of ethnic groups native to the philippines, it is the aeta in particular who are the original people who came to the philippines prior to the advent of the austronesian expansion. in other words, filipinos view the aeta as a pure people who are remnants of the old world.

this is not true because:

DNA evidence from the luzon aeta, mamanwa ata, batak, & other similar peoples indicate ancestry from BOTH the earliest settlers of what is now the philippines (commonly referred to colloquially and in the literature as negritos but also sometimes as basal australasians and first sundaland peoples) and later migrants associated with the austronesian expansion.

all other native populations in the philippines save for igorot peoples also show admixture from both negrito/basal australasian/first sundaland peoples and later migrants, most significantly the austronesian speakers. what’s notable is the varying degrees of admixture among aetas and non-aetas.

two graphic charts showing the peopling of the philippines and genetic admixture in modern populations. taken from the study, “Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years” (2021) by Maximillian Larena et al.

i think what has happened is that “aeta” has become synonymous with the earliest inhabitants of the philippines, the real name for these ancient peoples being unknown to us moderns. it is only the flawed tendency to view indigenous peoples as unchanging relics of the past that has led to the biggest mistake filipinos make when discussing our origins: that is, the constant misuse of the term “aeta” to mean “pureblooded original people” when in reality aeta peoples are also descended from later migrants. when people say filipinos are descended from the aeta, they really mean to say filipinos are descended from the first settlers.

aeta peoples are our contemporaries; they are not our living progenitors but their own people with their own languages, ancestral lands, cultures, and histories.

[2t2r]

La beauté des ailes en oeil de tigre du papillon brahmane géant [vidéo]

New Post has been published on https://www.2tout2rien.fr/la-beaute-des-ailes-en-oeil-de-tigre-du-papillon-brahmane-geant-video/

La beauté des ailes en oeil de tigre du papillon brahmane géant [vidéo]

[little-cat-showdown]

[ID: a photo of a sunda clouded leopard and a photo of an oncilla. the sunda clouded leopard is a medium sized cat with a tan coat covered in large spots, with smaller spots inside. the oncilla is a small cat with a tan coat covered in small rosettes. end ID]

note: the Sunda clouded leopard is also known as the Sundaland clouded leopard, Enkuli clouded leopard, Diard's clouded leopard, and Diard's cat. the oncilla is also known as the northern tiger cat, little spotted cat, and tigrillo

[moths-daily]

Moth Of The Day #261

Brahmaea hearseyi

From the brahmaeidae family. Their wingspan ranges up to 200 mm. They can be found in Northeastern Himalaya, Burma, Western China, Sundaland and the Philipphines.

Image sources: [1] [2]

[autisticexpression2]

Understanding human prehistory is extremely important, and it should be taught in schools. I genuinely think a lot of persistent and irritating issues would be somewhat mitigated if prehistory was more commonly understood.

The issue of race really gets put into perspective when you understand what a genetic bottleneck modern humans are. That we are not only all one species but all one subspecies. That we all ultimately descend from dark-skinned Africans, with light skin evolving relatively late. Similarly, the idea that any one ethnicity is more or less intelligent falls apart when you learn that full human intelligence evolved before modern humans.

Evolution would also become less touchy if more people actually understood that we are the last in a long line of human species rather than directly descended from apes.

There would be less trendy diet bullshit if we all had a basic understanding of how our prehistoric ancestors ate. No "humans are herbivores" if you know that even the earliest humans were eating meat. No raw meat bullshit if you know that humans have been cooking since Homo erectus and that we as a species evolved to eat cooked meat. There's even a theory that more easily digestible cooked meat freed up energy that allowed our brains to get as big as they are!

You're less likely to waste your time looking for shit like Atlantis, Mu, or Lemuria if you know about actual sunken landmasses like Doggerland, Sahul, and Sundaland.

Also, the unga bunga caveman stereotype is bullshit and ultimately rooted in racism. Prehistoric people did not live in caves, and they didn't only wear crude furs. They lived in houses like anyone else, and some wore very elaborate clothing, as in this reconstruction of the Gravettian culture by Libor Balák:

We can distinguish distinct cultures going back to the early paleolithic based on what art, jewelery, or tools they have left behind.

Not to mention, there are many cultures that have retained a paleolithic way of life into modern times, like the Sentinalese:

Note that not one person in this photo is dragging a club or a woman by her hair.

It's just a really fascinating and important subject, and more people deserve to know more about it.

[jartita-me-teneis]

Origen de Mayas y Aztecas.

Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg (1814 - 1874) fue un abad flamenco del siglo XIX. Además de su profesión clerical, el abad francés es universalmente conocido por sus importantes contribuciones al conocimiento de los pueblos mesoamericanos. De hecho, Charles Étienne Brasseur fue también un renombrado escritor, etnógrafo y arqueólogo que se especializ�� particularmente en el estudio de las civilizaciones mayas y aztecas. ... Según el erudito, los mayas recordaron su tierra natal como un "continente ubicado en el Pacífico" que más tarde se hundió. Llamaron a este continente la "Tierra de Mu". ... Hace unos años, se pensaba que esto era una leyenda. Pero la llegada de los satélites ha demostrado que todo esto es cierto. De hecho, la actual Indonesia y Australia son "remanentes" de un continente mucho más grande, al que los científicos llaman Sundaland. Este continente ubicado en las aguas del Océano Pacífico estaba parcialmente sumergido hace 14.000 años cuando el Océano Pacfico se elevó en unos 140 metros. ... ¿Cómo supieron los mayas sobre el "continente hundido" en el Océano Pacífico? ¿Es una coincidencia increíble? ¿O sus antepasados realmente vinieron de Sundaland? ... Una vez más, si escucháramos a la ciencia y no a nuestros prejuicios, los mayas tendrían toda la razón. Sus antepasados vinieron de Sundaland. ¿Cómo estamos seguros? Según Kenneth M. Olsen, un biólogo especializado en evolución vegetal en la Universidad de Washington en St. Louis, tenemos pruebas irrefutables de que navegantes de las regiones de Sundaland y Sahuland viajaron a Panamá en América Central en tiempos precolombinos. ... La "prueba viviente" es la presencia del coco en América. Este investigador descubrió que todos los cocoteros, dondequiera que se encuentren en el mundo, provienen de la India o de la antigua región de Sundaland. Además, el profesor explica que, al menos en lo que se refiere a las largas distancias, el cocotero no migra naturalmente, a diferencia de las semillas de otras plantas. En su caso, debe ser transportado por humanos a otras regiones lejanas para echar raíces allí. Si el cocotero llegó a Centroamérica en tiempos precolombinos, significa que marineros de la región de Sundaland llegaron a América antes que Cristóbal Colón y lo plantaron. No hay mucho que discutir sobre esto. ... El artículo continúa en el libro: **HOMO RELOADED - La historia oculta de los últimos 75.000 años**

#agoralanavedelmisterioylacultura

[susieporta]

Le sfere di pietra qui raffigurate non sono una scena di un film di fantascienza; sono reali e si trovano in una zona remota della Costa Rica. Alcune sono sfere perfette. Il mistero sta in chi li ha fatti e perché. Come le Piramidi e la Sfinge, queste sfere non possono essere datate utilizzando il metodo radiocarbonio C14, che data solo materiale organico presente sulle pietre. Se le sfere fossero state lavate, ogni traccia databile sarebbe stata cancellata.

Gli archeologi hanno collegato queste sfere alla cultura Diquís, che esisteva intorno al 600 d.C. Tuttavia, questo non spiega come una popolazione presumibilmente primitiva possa intagliare diverse centinaia di sfere perfette, con la più grande misura 2,66 metri di diametro. Creare una sfera perfetta senza strumenti avanzati è incredibilmente difficile.

Sorgono domande: altre popolazioni antiche erano capaci di questo lavoro? Fino a poco tempo fa, si credeva che la cultura originale delle Americhe fosse il Clovis, risalente a 14.000 anni fa. Tuttavia, una ricerca pubblicata intorno al 2020 suggerisce che gli esseri umani vivevano nel Messico centrale almeno 30.000 anni fa. Studi genetici indicano che queste popolazioni avevano antenati provenienti dal Sundaland e dalla Siberia, non dal Nord America, suggerendo una storia più complessa.

Rifletti su quanto rare siano le sculture a forma di sfera nella storia. Cosa ha ispirato questi antichi popoli a crearne centinaia in una piccola regione? Il mistero dura, sfidando la nostra comprensione delle civiltà antiche.

[tanadrin]

paleonationalist who wants to lower the sea level by 400 feet so ancestral homelands like doggerland, beringia, and sundaland can be reclaimed

[theconstitutionisgayculture]

I think a lot of people forget that pagan myths and religious texts are often based around events that happen but misremembered or people were not being able to interpret correctly.

Dragons: Most likely ancient humans finding dinosaurs bones but not comprehending them.

Giant snakes like the hydra, Apophis, orochi, and Jorgumdar: humans finding remains of giants snakes or if I got my cavemen stuff right. Prehistoric humans fighting the giant snakes that once roamed the earth.

You mentioned a comet, now did that comet created massive tsunamis and such that lead to the creation of the great flood, the Greek monster Typhon, etc?

Atlantis is a allegory yes, but we keep finding massive landmass that submerged into water. Or even human temples and such in the sea. So my question is: how much of human history have been lost to time by nature?

They also ignore that oral history and mythology is how ancient cultures passed down knowledge. Pretty much every ancient myth is either based on something that happened or is designed to teach some sort of lesson.

As for the flood, yes, exactly. Pretty much every corner of the world has a flood myth, and they all pretty much go more or less the same way. The gods, or God, is angry with humanity, sends a warning to one man saying that a flood will come; either that god or another god tells the man to build a boat, or an ark, or an underground sanctuary, and hide everything that needs to survive the flood; once the flood is over, the man and his family repopulate the Earth. There's also usually a warning that another world ending cataclysm will happen if humanity refuses to obey the gods/loses its way/sins too much/etc. And a lot of those stories say that the new apocalypse will be fire. Keep in mind these are stories from civilizations that conventional history says never met, and could never have met. So if that's true (and there's some doubt on that front, tbh) then all these cultures either were talking about the same event, or someone went around the world and spread this story for some reason, or both.

It's actually really fascinating if you do a deep dive. There's a lot of evidence out there that human civilization is a lot older than conventional historians and archeologists are willing to admit. And that a lot has happened in our past that those same people refuse to even allow to be studied. For example, there's evidence to suggest that Atlantis may have been in Indonesia in the sunken land of Sundaland. But after some promising early findings--including a giant temple that was dated to just after the end of the last ice age (when humanity was supposed to still be all hunter-gatherer societies and not even remotely able to build giant stone temples), with even older layers of the temple buried deeper that were discovered by ground penetrating radar--the Indonesian government shut down all study of that site because the head of some archeology department in the government publicly petitioned to have it stopped and their funding redirected towards her own projects. Archeology is a very stubborn field of study, and archeologists are very, very reluctant to accept any new information that contradicts what they already "know". Honestly, ancient alien nonsense has done a lot of harm to alternative historians, because they're now the popular face of all non-conventional history. Even though a lot of what they show as evidence of aliens is actual, real evidence that currently accepted conclusions in archeology might be wrong, it's hard for anyone to study those things seriously partly because it's tied to "ancient aliens". But that's a whole other rant. Basically don't trust academia, especially entrenched academia that refuses to question its own dogma.

[kumaradhikaryofficial]

Biodiversity Hotspots-

The concept of biodiversity hotspot was first given by Norman Myers in 1988. Later, in 1989, Conservation International (CI) adopted Myers’ concept and defined it further. A region is classified as a Biodiversity Hotspot if it meets undermentioned two criteria:

  It must have at least 1500 vascular plants (> 0.5% of world's total) as endemics 

It must have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation or it must be threatened. 

There are 36 biodiversity hotspots across the world. These represent just 24% of the earth’s land surface but support nearly 43% endemic species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. 

Biodiversity hotspot in India -

India has four biodiversity hotspots of the world these include 

Himalayas: It includes the entire Indian Himalayan region.

Indo- Burma: It includes entire north-east India (except Assam) and Andaman group of islands.

Sundaland: includes Nicobar group of Islands.

Western Ghats. 

Megadiverse Countries -

This concept was given by Conservation International in 1998. It refers to the world's top biodiversity-rich countries. To qualify as a Megadiverse country, a country must: 

Have at least 5000 of world’s plants as endemics.

 Have Marine ecosystems within its borders. 

 Apart from these two, some other criteria like species and ecosystem diversity are also taken into consideration.

 There are 17 Megadiverse countries that account for at least two-thirds of all non-fish vertebrate species and three-fourths of all higher plant species. This classification demonstrates how a small number of countries hold a large proportion of global diversity and their four have greater responsibility for conservation and biodiversity management. India is one of the Mega-divers countries of the world. 

[screamingcicada]

Cicadas are literally so beautiful tho?? and look at her

A revision of the cicadas of the genus Maua Distant (Hemiptera, Cicadidae) from Sundaland (figure 29)

i have been laughing at this for 5 mins

[arkipelagic]

In northern Palawan two tiger subfossils were found during archaeological excavations at Ille Cave near the village of New Ibajay, as reported by Philip Piper and colleagues … Piper and colleagues take the tiger bones as evidence of a viable tiger population in Palawan. However, tiger claws are widely used as amulets in the whole of South and Southeast Asia where tigers occur, a practice carried out in earlier centuries, as pointed out by Van der Geer. Furthermore, the condition of the tiger subfossils differs from that of the other fossils, as they show longitudinal cracking of the cortical bone surfaces due to weathering, indicating a post-mortem exposure to air and light. In addition, slight damage is present at several places, and partial concretion occurs on one of the condyles. Piper and colleagues are aware of the 'ornamental' (magic) value of tiger skins and teeth, and admit that these can be transported over long distances, but they overlook tiger claws and jugular bones, which are widely used as well. The tiger subfossils might thus very well have been imported by the human settlers. Such was the case with the tiger canine found in 10th to 12th century Ambangan sites in Butuan, Mindanao, as explained by Elenita Alba. On the other hand, admittedly, Palawan is not far away from Borneo, and tigers are known to be excellent swimmers. A few tiger remains have also been reported from Borneo, being two subadult canines and a metacarpal fragment (Niah Caves) and a navicular bone (Madai Cave), from large latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene vertebrate assemblages. The conclusion that there was a viable tiger population in Palawan during the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene.

Excerpt from “Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands” (2011) by Alexandra van der Greer et al.

[moths-daily]

Moth Of The Day #282

Oriental White Silk-moth

Penicillifera apicalis

From the bombycidae family. They can be found from the north-eastern parts of the Himalaya to Sundaland and the Philippines.

Image sources: [1] [2]

[dreamstz1]

Ali kamwe atakiwa kumlipa Tsh Billion 3 Sundaland the only one

Kampuni ya Kisheria inayomsimamia Mfanyabiashara Sandaland the Only One ‘SANDA’ ambaye ndie Mtengenezaji wa jezi za SIMBA imemtumia barua Meneja wa Habari wa Yanga, Ally Kamwe ikidai fidia ya BILLION TATU kutokana na kauli za kumchafua Mteja wao na imepelekea kuathiri biashara zake.Wanadai Kamwe alitoa maneno kuwa Viongozi wa Simba wamemsema sana Sandaland kuwa wanatukanwa kisa yeye na wakamsusia…

[sobeksintern]

There was and remains a lot of anti-wolf propaganda, mostly from the livestock industry and general NIMBY types. Another approach they tried was claiming the wolves from Canada were actually an invasive species, because they're (allegedly) not the same as the wolves that used to live in the lower 48 states. Obviously, this would not matter even if it were true, because a wolf from a different population would still perform ecologically similarly to a wolf just barely south of it that hunted all the same prey species, and would still be better than no wolves at all.

But, it turns out, populations of large carnivorans like this tend to have very wide geographic distributions. These animals tend to have very large individual/pack territories, and individual's may disperse over hundreds of km in their lifetime. A lot of animals we thought to be distinct species or subspecies turned out to just be local variations that are still connected via gene flow, so Southern individuals can often still grow winter coats in Northern areas, and vice versa. Tigers went from an absurd nine subspecies to just two once we checked the DNA; mainland tigers, and Sundaland tigers. Sundaland is Indonesia, as it was in the ice age when sea levels were lower: tigers found on different islands are all still the same subspecies, as they only separated from each other less than 12,000 years ago.

So the wolves that were originally exterminated from Yellowstone were part of the same population that survived in Alaska and Canada, as there was no geographic or ecological barrier to gene flow between them before we came an exterminated the Southern portions of that population. The same was true of the "Florida panther." It's not a unique population, it was just the last puma population left on the East coast, but people tried to let it go extinct by attempting to block the release of Texas pumas into Florida to increase the Florida populations genetics diversity.

Just something to keep in mind, because this will be brought up all the time to block large carnivore reintroductions. Grizzly bears, Jaguars, Pumas, etc. all used to live throughout most of the USA, and people will try and block their return to places like Texas, California, etc. by claiming the source animals from say, Alaska, Mexico, Canada, or even nearby states are "invasive/non-native." Don't believe it. Ecosystems need carnivores.

[jartita-me-teneis]

# LA DESAPARICIÓN CIVILIZACIÓN DE LOS MARINEROS HACE 30.000 AÑOS

Según los últimos estudios del ADN humano, las primeras civilizaciones humanas en poblar América fueron los pueblos de América Central y del Sur. La primera colonización ocurrió hace al menos 15.000 a 20.000 años, mucho antes de lo que se pensaba.

Pero la verdadera revelación es otra. Esta colonización no fue hecha por tierra, desde el estrecho de Bering, como se creía. Esta gente vino por mar usando barcos. Los colonizadores vinieron de Siberia y Sundaland (el continente desapareció debido al deshielo, correspondiente a la actual Indonesia y las islas circundantes).

Efectivamente, en 2020, investigadores publicaron los resultados del hallazgo de restos humanos en la cueva de Chiquihuite en México. Las excavaciones comenzaron en 2012, y el trabajo más significativo se llevó a cabo en 2016 y 2017. Resultados publicados en la revista *Nature*. Lo que se encontró en la cueva revolucionó completamente la opinión de los arqueólogos. El estudio presentado por Ciprian Ardelean, arqueólogo de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas (México), y sus compañeros, sugiere que personas han vivido en el centro de México durante al menos 26.500 años. El profesor afirma: "Se necesitan siglos, incluso milenios, para que la gente cruce Beringia y llegue al centro de México. Además, agregó: "Se necesita un largo período de presencia previa para llegar allí, ya sea por mar o por tierra. Eso significa que el hombre probablemente estuvo presente en América Central mucho antes de los 30.000 años. "

Otro centro de investigación descubrió que las poblaciones indígenas de América Central y del Sur no tienen un antepasado, sino dos. De alguna manera poseen una "madre pueblo" identificada como la "población Y" que es el habitante original de Sundaland en un pasado lejano, alrededor de la época del deshielo. Pero también tienen un "padre pueblo", el Inupiat, que viene de Siberia.

Estos descubrimientos revolucionan completamente todas las creencias arqueológicas sobre el pasado de Estados Unidos. ¿A quién pertenecían las ruinas más antiguas encontradas? ¿Qué civilización del pasado logró crear geopolímeros en la cima de los Andes? ¿Quién creó los dibujos gigantes de Nazca y, sobre todo, cuál era su propósito? Y sobre todo: si los hombres lograron ir de Australia a Centroamérica hace 30.000 años, ¿qué les impidió ir de Centroamérica a Egipto, como parecen sugerir varios indicadores hoy?