#state authority

[kritilektwal]

Indicators of the level of centralization of state authority (Huang 2009)

1. Appointments of chiefs of local governments (Are the local government heads elected or appointed by a central authority?) 2. Reporting lines of local government (Where is the local government accountable?) 3. Legislative powers of local government (Are the local governments capable of making their own laws or are they just implementing laws crafted by the central government?) 4. Sources of budget and revenues in local governments (Can the local government generate its own budget or is it dependent for revenue allocations by a central authority?) 5. Civic participation in local government (Can the local government entertain and decide with its constituents?) Reference: Huang, Xiaoming. 2009. Politics in Pacific Asia. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

[captainkentuniverse]

Modern Panopticon is a transparent internet. In the widespread surveillance that our state authorities have undertaken, the citizen never knows when to be observed, and thus people will change their own behavior, consciously or unconsciously.