#softening point test of bitumen

[backseat-philosopher]

@clivepreaker

It was nice being on the road, stones and dust kicking beneath car tires. Hands on the wheel, eyes peeled on the horizon as the bitumen and gravel get swallowed under the car, moving him forward. Closer to that never ending stretch of road he now travels on. He was still adjusting to it, to the open windows and open road, and just how large this world could be. And how for the first time in a long time he was surrounded by people- strangers. Faces he hadn’t grown up with, and seen day in and day out. Those faces that gave him nothing but looks of pity, eyes sunken into their features, and smiles softening to sorrow on their faces- because who was Clive if not for a reminder of his own pain. “Yeah should do,” Jumping down from where he sat on the bonnet of his car, shoes kicking dust as they land. Head burying into his car for a moment to search. Part of him considers asking the kid what he needed it for, but he decided it didn’t matter too much, it wasn’t like he reached his stereo. Not when his car’s one works just fine. “It hasn’t been turned on for a minute though.” 

Traveling for the last six months in Bonnie and Tatiana's "borrowed" RV was exactly how Cole imagined a never-ending family vacation would be. The bickering (mostly his fault), the veiled threats, the "family time" crowded around a joint after a particularly long day. It took some getting used to for Cole, who was used to being pretty much on his own, but it was good--it was exactly what he needed. Not that he'd ever admit that to their faces. But, like any family vacation, Cole had reached his breaking point. Rather than stick around and yell at them for no reason, he'd decided to get lost.

The older man he'd stumbled upon seemed harmless enough, and eager to help. That was a plus, even the man handing over his stereo so readily sent a wave of guilt through Cole's body. He'd offered! He could've said 'fuck off!' "Thanks. I'm sure I can figure it out," he murmured, taking it from outstretched hands. Cole fiddled with the dials, sliding his Van Morrison tape in to test it. Music pouring faintly from the speaker caused a triumphant smile to light up Cole's face. "Sweet," he glanced up at the man. "I'll swipe a new one next time I'm in town-- bring this back," Cole promised. "You sticking around for a while? For the summit?" Just because Cole didn't know the guy didn't mean he wasn't known-- Cole was aware of his status as newbie at the summit, and he only had a billion questions about how this whole thing worked.

[heicodynamics]

Understanding Bitumen Testing: Key Methods and Benefits

In the road building and maintenance sectors, bitumen testing is an essential phase. Bitumen is a petroleum product. It is the main binder used in asphalt mixtures. This procedure comprises analyzing the chemical and physical elements of bitumen. Testing bitumen is mostly done to determine whether it is suitable for use in asphalt and road building. Among other things, this process involves testing for properties like ductility, penetration, softening point, and aging resistance. These qualities influence bitumen’s performance under varied loads and climatic circumstances and contribute to the goals of keeping the road infrastructure safe, durable, and efficient. One needs to understand.

Read More  - https://heicoin.com/blog/understanding-bitumen-testing-key-methods-and-benefits/ 

[321arka]

Bitumen, a crucial component in road construction and various industrial applications, undergoes physical changes at different temperatures. One such characteristic property is the softening point, which indicates the temperature at which bitumen attains a specific level of softness or deformation.

The softening point of bitumen is determined using various testing methods, with the Ring-Ball test being widely accepted. In this article, we will delve into the concept of bitumen softening point, examine the Ring-Ball test in detail, and explore some proposed alternative methods for determining this critical property.

Understanding Bitumen Softening Point

The softening point of bitumen is defined as the temperature at which it becomes soft enough to allow a standard-sized ball or needle to penetrate a specified distance under standard test conditions. It is an essential parameter for assessing the performance and durability of bituminous materials in different climates and under various loads.

Read more

[miladshafiee89]

Types of Bitumen

Types of Bitumen

Bitumen is a black to a dark brown hydrocarbon that dissolves completely in carbon sulfide and carbon tetrachloride. Although bitumen is solid at ambient temperature, by the temperature rising, it becomes a paste and then liquefies.

The important use of bitumen is due to the existence of two important properties of this material:

Waterproof

Adhesion

1. What is Bitumen?

2. Different Types of Bitumen

2.1 Pure Bitumen

2.2Petroleum Bitumen

2.3 Natural Bitumen

2.4 Oxidized Bitumen

3. Bitumen Specifications

4. Quality Tests when Buying Bitumen

What is Bitumen?  

Bitumen, also known as TAR, is a substance composed of a variety of hydrocarbons and petroleum derivatives. It is a paste to solid dark brown to black, relatively foul, very sticky, and impermeable. The excellent adhesion, impermeability, abundance, and reasonable price of this material have caused global consumption and world production to increase day by day, reaching 110 million tons per year. The most common use of bitumen is in asphalt construction and waterproofing. A large amount of bitumen produced in the world comes from excess oil distilled in the distillation towers of refineries. This high concentration residue, called vacuum binder, is converted into bitumen with different properties in different processes.

Different Kind of Bitumen

– Pure Bitumen:

https://exportpersia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bitumen.webp

Bitumen obtained from ores and petroleum is called pure bitumen. This type is classified into several different types depending on the origin and origin of the formation, as well as the physical properties. This type of bitumen, in order to obtain the desired physical and chemical features for different usages, needs to undergo modifications through different processes and to achieve acceptable standards for consumption.

– Petroleum Bitumen:

Most of the bitumen produced in the world comes from the distillation of crude oil obtained in the distillation towers of oil refineries. This type of bitumen is called petroleum bitumen or distilled bitumen. Crude oil distillation is usually done in 2 steps. In the first stage, lighter materials such as propane, ether, and gasoline are separated from the crude oil at 1 air pressure in the distillation tower, and in the second stage at near-vacuum pressure, the heavier compounds more, such as kerosene and diesel, is separated from it. Finally, the residue is a mixture of higher concentrations of hydrocarbon compounds called asphalt. The asphalt is soaked in a liquid, oil called Malton at the bottom of the distillation tower.

– Natural Bitumen:

Such a kind of bitumen is commonly called Uintaite. The formation of such bitumen is due to fracturing the earth’s crust and the expulsion of oil from underground to the surface. This exposes the crude oil to the air for a very prolonged time, after which the risky compounds within side the crude oil evaporate and turn out to be a semi-sturdy and sturdy cloth called bitumen.The benefit of herbal bitumen over petroleum bitumen is its better strength. Uintaite is likewise discovered in its natural shape in nature. The bitumen lake within side the village of Labri in Trinidad is the most important instance of natural bitumen observed in the world. There are masses of bitumen sources in Iran is a bitumen lake named Behbahan.

Features of Natural Bitumen

Natural bitumen has properties such as high solubility in organic solutions, high purity and stable properties, high molecular weight, and high nitrogen content.

Natural bitumen is an organic hydrocarbon and the best moisture insulation in nature. It also has a softening point of 130 to 250 ° C, depending on the type and quality, and enhances its importance in civil engineering and in terms of thermal insulation.It isconsidered an alternative raw material and additive in several uses. It is used in construction projects, especially road construction.

– Oxidized Bitumen:

One of the most widely used bitumen for various purposes is oxidized bitumen. Oxidized bitumen has higher fineness, lower penetration and is less sensitive to temperature changes than pure bitumen. This type of bitumen is mainly used in the manufacture of bituminous roofing sheets, plating, and producing automotive batteries. As the name implies, oxidized bitumen is created by blowing hot air through perforated pipes made of pure bitumen. In such a process, hot air with a temperature of 200 to 300 degrees Celsius is blown over the bitumen. This combines the oxygen in the air with hydrogen from the hydrocarbon molecules in the bitumen and is released as water vapor, the process which called polymerization. Oxidized bitumen is known by the abbreviation R. For example, the R code 25/85 stands for blown bitumen with a penetration of 85 at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius.

Bitumen Specifications

Penetration Grade:This test is used to measure the hardness of bitumen. Through this experiment, a standard needle penetrates the bitumen at a temperature of 25 degrees for 5 seconds under the effect of a 100 g load. The amount of penetration in terms of tenths of a millimeter is called the degree of penetration. The lower the penetration grade, the harder the bitumen.

Viscosity: The more bituminous it is, the more solid properties it shows. It is clear that at higher temperatures it is less psychologically slow. This characteristic of bitumen is measured by the C-bolt fioreldevice or through a basic kinematic viscosity test.

Ignition Evaluation: Degree of ignition is the temperature that if the bitumen reaches that temperature, the gases emitted from it ignite as the flame approaches, and a flame is formed on its surface. The maximum temperature at which bitumen can be heated in the workshop is limited to the degree of ignition.

Weight loss: Weight loss of bitumen at high temperatures is due to the evaporation of some of its oils and petroleum compounds. This is one of the important features of bitumen. The weight loss of bitumen in the oven is measured at 163 ° C for 5 hours (approximate asphalt curing conditions).

Ductility: If we draw a sample of bitumen with a cross-sectional area of ​​1 cm2 at a speed of 5 cm/minute, the amount of increase in the length of the sample before the bituminous property of the bitumen is torn.

Degree of purity: We know that the solvent of bitumen is carbon tetrachloride and carbon-sulfur. Therefore, if we dissolve a sample of bitumen in any of these materials, its impurities remain, and from there we can determine the degree of purity of the bitumen. The degree of purity is: (weight of bitumen sample) ÷ [(weight of impurity) – (weight of bitumen)

Degree of softness:The degree of softness is the temperature at which bitumen changes from solid to liquid when it reaches that temperature. The higher the degree of softness of the bitumen, the less sensitive it is to temperature changes. The softness degree of ordinary bitumen is about 60 to 70.

Quality Tests when Buying Bitumen

The following tests determine the quality of bitumen:

The Softening Point

Penetration Grade

The amount of ductility

Fraass Breaking Point

Investigating the effect of heat and air on bitumen

Viscosity measurement

Measuring specific gravity

Measuring the solubility or purity of bitumen solubility

Measure the flash point of Flash Point

Measuring the strength of asphalt mixtures by the Marshall method

Sieve Analysis of Mineral Materials

Extraction and testing of bitumen in Extraction asphalt mixtures

for any question for import bitumen call us

[vincivilworld]

Bitumen Softening Point Test - Ring and ball method

Bitumen Softening Point Test – Ring and ball method

The bitumen softening Point Test is done to determine the consistency of bitumen. Bitumen is a viscoelastic material, which means it behaves like both a liquid and a solid state. It does not have a specific melting point. As the temperature increases, the bitumen becomes softer and the viscosity of the bitumen decreases. One of the common parameters for classifying bitumen is the softening point…

[materialsscienceandengineering]

The first highway trials show that nanotube-reinforced asphalt concrete prevents cracks and ruts

Trials of the world’s first experimental section of road pavement with graphene nanotubes have demonstrated a 67% increase in resistance to rutting and cracking. The next step in the industrial application of the technology is designing a road network with a nanotube-reinforced pavement.

[...]

The Russian company ECO Group has successfully tested road bitumen modified with TUBALL graphene nanotubes produced by OCSiAl. The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation had found the formulation to be promising and thus authorized an experimental section of road pavement with nanotubes to be laid on the M-4 Don federal highway.

“Graphene nanotubes form a reinforcing network in asphalt concrete, which improves its physical and mechanical properties: rutting resistance, ring-and-ball softening point, ultimate compressive strength, and fatigue life,” says Alexander Zimnyakov, OCSiAl’s Vice President. “This significantly boosts asphalt concrete’s performance, which is especially important for roads subjected to intense traffic loads at high temperatures.”

Read more.

[wecivilengineers]

Penetration test of Bitumen

AIM: To determine the penetration of bitumen as per IS: 1203 – 1978.

PRINCIPLE: The penetration of a bituminous material is the distance in tenths of a mm, that a standard needle would penetrate vertically, into a sample of the material under standard conditions of temperature, load and time.

APPARATUS:

PENETROMETER

i) Penetrometer ii) Water bath iii) Bath thermometer – Range 0 to 44oC,…

[tccicomputercoaching]

Get Basic Knowledge of Civil Engineering at TCCI-tccicomputercoaching.com

Civil engineers make, enhance and ensure nature in which we live. They design, outline and supervise development and upkeep of building structures and framework, for example, streets, railroads, air terminals, spans, harbors, dams, water system ventures, control plants, and water and sewerage frameworks.

CIVIL ENGINEER should have Basic Requirements to become successful.

1. Tests of Building Materials:

·         A good civil engineer should have proper knowledge of different tests of building materials.       Some important tests are listed below.

·         Concrete Test: Slump test, compression test, split tensile test, soundness etc.

·         Soil Test: Core cutter test, compaction test, sand replacement test, triaxial test, consolidation     test etc.

·         Bitumen Test: Ductility test, softening point test, gravity test, penetration test etc.

2. He / she should be aware of uses Of Surveying Instruments:

·         Usages of surveying instruments like the total station, theodolite etc. 

3. Drawing and Design:

·         Drawing and design are the primary keys of an ongoing project. 

4. Estimation and Bills:

·         Estimation and bills should be prepared by a civil engineer in a construction project.

5. CLEAR COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT:

6. WEIGHT OF ROD PER METER LENGTH:

7. STANDARD CONVERSION FACTORS

8. MATERIAL CALCULATION:

9. UNIT WEIGHT:

TCCI have Best Qualified Faculty who provide all such Basic Knowledge to civil engineering students. TCCI is located in Bopal and satellite in Ahmedabad. Faculty teach at home also. Lectures are conducted as per student flexible time.

Call us @ 9825618292                                      

Visit us @ http://tccicomputercoaching.com/course/

[heicoin]

Different types of bitumen quality tests used in the road work

Construction of anything that can be road or any building involves a lot of planning behind it. To ensure that the construction work done of it will provide the best result, some tests are conducted to evaluate the consistency, temperature, gradation, and safety of the bitumen. For this different types of tests are conducted using different types of equipment like the penetration test of bitumen apparatus.

Some of the tests are stated below that evaluates the characteristics of the bituminous rocks.

Softening     point test: The softening point is when the bitumen is kept under certain     temperature conditions so that it can become very soft. For conducting     these tests, there is the requirement of ring and ball apparatus. The ring     keeps the bitumen sample in the glycerine and the ball is used to put the     sample into heat. In this, the temperature is recorded when the bitumen     reaches the point of being soft.

Flash     and Fire point test: It is very important to check the volatility of the     bitumen that is released at high temperatures. So it is very important to     make sure that the bitumen should not be overheated so that it catches     fire. The flashpoint test will help in evaluating the highest temperature     the bitumen can withstand without getting into adverse conditions.

Viscosity     test: It is the liquid characteristics of bituminous. This test measures     the resistance to flow and measures at what temperature the concrete mix     can provide the best results. So every time the concrete mixing is done     for the construction purpose the viscosity is observed to get the most     stable values.

Ductility     test: It is the characteristic of the bitumen that helps in undergoing     deformation. The ductility is measured in cm and to evaluate the standard     sample of the bitumen will be deformed without breaking it. To conduct     these tests, the bitumen sample is heated to a great extent and further,     it is poured into the mold and after this, the molds are kept in the cool     air. Even after this, the molds are given a water bath for cooling them     down. The value of the ductility can be influenced by the temperature at     the test and the rate of pulling.

Penetration     test: This is one of the tests that is conducted to check the hardness or     the softness of the bitumen. The standard bitumen extraction test     apparatus is used to conduct the test. The penetrometer is made     up of a needle that will weigh around 100 g. The bitumen is decreased to     the pouring consistency so that it can be emptied into the containers as     per the requirement. The penetration value can get affected if any error     in the pouring or the test temperature is done.

All these tests are done according to the need of the construction site. But it is for sure, it is very important to conduct them to have all the in-depth details that will help in taking the best decisions. These decisions can help in getting the best and the most desired results.

[siva3155]

400+ TOP CONSTRUCTION Engineering Interview Questions and Answers

CONSTRUCTION Engineering Interview Questions :-

1. What are all the types of cement? Ordinary Portland cement PC33,OPC43 and OPC53 grade Rapid hardening cement Extra rapid hardening cement Sulphate resisting cement Portland slag cement Quick setting cement Low heat cement Portland pazzolona cement Air entraining cement Colored cement 2. Differentiate dry process and wet process of manufacturing cement? Process Lime stone and clay are ground to fine powder separately and are mixed together Water is added to make a thick paste which contains 14% of moisture The paste format are dried and off charged into a rotary kiln The product obtained often calcinations in rotary kiln Process The crushed raw materials are fed in to a ball mill and a little water is added The steel balls in the ball mill pulverized the raw material which form a slurry with water The slurry is passed through storage tanks where the proportioning of compound is adjusted to ensure desired chemical composition 3. Explain batching, what are all the methods of batching? The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching. Methods of batching Volume batching Weigh batching 4. What are all the raw materials of the cement? Lime Silica Alumina Calcium sulphate Iron oxide Magnesium oxide Sulphar ti oxide alkalis 5. Write notes on steam curing. This approach is widely used in precast concrete units.here the precast units are kept under warm and damp atmosphere of a steam chamber.

6. Define non destructive testing. Non destructive testing is done on haredend concrete in non destructive testing methods soe properties of concrete are used to estimate strength durability ,elastic parameters,crack depth micro cracks and progressive deteriotion of concrete. 7. What are all the types of concrete test? Slump test compressive test split tensile strength. 8. Initial Setting Time of Cement? 9. Final Setting Time of Cement? 10. List out Grades of Cement available in Market? 11. Apparatus used for Soundness of Cement? 12. Equipment used for Abrasion Test? 13. Equipment used for Attrition Test? 14. Workability Means? 15. List out Workability Tests? 16. Slump value required for RCC Slab? 17. What is Segregation of concrete? 18. List out various sizes of Coarse Aggregate used in Concrete? 19. Equipment used to test Compressive Strength of Concrete? 20. Size of Concrete Cubes? 21. What is the standard w/c value for nominal mix of concrete? 22. Density of Concrete? 23. No. of Cube samples required for testing Compressive Strength for 100 m3 of concrete? 24. List out Shape Tests on Coarse Aggregate? 25. Aggregate Impact value of material A is 15 and that of B is 35. Which one is better for surface course? 26. The abrasion value found from Los Angeles test for two aggregates A and B are 50% and 38% respectively. Which aggregate is harder? 27. Two materials have abrasion values 3 and 10 respectively. Which one is harder and why? 28. Define flash and fire points of Bitumen? 29. Define specific gravity? 30. What do you understand by the term 80/100 bitumen? 31. What is softening point? 32. If material A has softening point of 56 and B has 42 which binder is good and why? 33. List the factors that affect the result of a ductility test? 34. Explain the significance of ductility test? 35. Explain the term viscosity? 36. Explain aggregate crushing value. How would you express? 37. Aggregate crushing value of material A is 40 and that of B is 25. Which one is better and why? 38. How is aggregate impact value expressed? 39. Aggregate impact value material A is 20 and that of B is 45. Which one is better for surface course? Why? CIVIL Construction Engineer Questions & Answers : Read the full article

[heicodynamics]

Why Is Bitumen Testing Necessary?

Introduction to Bitumen Testing

Bitumen, a vital component in road construction and waterproofing applications, requires rigorous testing to ensure its quality, performance, and compliance with industry standards. Bitumen testing is essential to assess various properties and characteristics of bituminous materials, providing valuable insights for construction projects and product development.

Importance of Bitumen Testing

Bitumen serves as a binding agent in asphalt mixes, providing strength, durability, and resistance to weathering and traffic loads.

Comprehensive bitumen testing is crucial to ensure the quality, consistency, and reliability of bituminous materials used in construction projects, roadways, and infrastructure development.

Understanding Bitumen Properties

Bitumen exhibits diverse properties such as viscosity, penetration, ductility, softening point, and flash point, which influence its suitability for specific applications.

Bitumen testing helps evaluate these properties, allowing engineers, manufacturers, and contractors to select the most suitable bitumen grades and formulations for various projects.

Assessing Bitumen Quality

Quality assurance is paramount in bitumen production and application. Bitumen testing ensures that the material meets industry standards and regulatory requirements for performance and safety.

Best bitumen testing practices involve conducting a series of standardized tests to determine the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of bituminous materials.

Types of Bitumen Tests

Viscosity Testing: Measures the flow and resistance of bitumen at different temperatures, indicating its workability and ability to coat aggregates uniformly.

Penetration Testing: Determines the hardness and consistency of bitumen by measuring the depth to which a standard needle penetrates the sample under specified conditions.

Ductility Testing: Evaluates the elongation and deformation characteristics of bitumen at low temperatures, indicating its flexibility and resistance to cracking.

Softening Point Testing: Determines the temperature at which bitumen softens and becomes fluid, indicating its suitability for hot climates and high-temperature applications.

Flash Point Testing: Determines the temperature at which bitumen emits flammable vapors, providing insights into its safety and handling precautions.

Ensuring Product Performance

Best bitumen testing practices involve conducting comprehensive evaluations of raw materials, intermediate products, and finished goods to ensure consistency and quality.

Quality control measures in bitumen testing help identify deviations, anomalies, and potential defects early in the production process, minimizing risks and ensuring product performance.

Compliance and Regulatory Requirements

Bitumen testing is essential for compliance with national and international standards such as ASTM, AASHTO, and EN specifications.

Regulatory authorities and government agencies often mandate rigorous testing protocols to ensure the safety, durability, and sustainability of bituminous materials used in construction projects.

Conclusion

In conclusion, bitumen testing plays a pivotal role in ensuring the quality, performance, and reliability of bituminous materials used in various construction and infrastructure projects. By assessing key properties and characteristics of bitumen through standardized testing procedures, stakeholders can make informed decisions, mitigate risks, and ensure the longevity and sustainability of built environments. Embracing best bitumen testing practices is imperative for achieving excellence and adherence to industry standards in the dynamic field of bituminous materials and road construction.

[raogbl]

In order to become a successful civil engineer, the following qualities are essential :-

1. TESTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS: An efficient civil engineer should be well versed with various test methods of building materials. Given below, the details of some crucial test methods :-

Concrete Test: Slump test, compression test, split tensile test, soundness etc. Soil Test: Core cutter test, compaction test, sand replacement test, tri axial test, consolidation test etc. Bitumen Test: Ductility test, softening point test, gravity test, penetration test etc.

2. EXAMINATION OF SOIL: Prior to build up a construction, different types of soil tests are accomplished to define the settlement and constancy of soils. Therefore, as a civil engineer, one should possess adequate knowledge with these tests to carry on at the job site.

3. APPLICAIONS OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS: Each civil engineer should have clear conception on how to apply various surveying instruments like the total station, theodolite etc. These instruments are specifically designed for marking and measurements.

4. STANDARD CODES USED IN CONSTRUCTION: Each country should contain their standard safety specifications (eg: Is Code) for construction associated works. The construction works of new buildings should abide by the rules and processes indicated in the standard codes. if not, there are chances for collapsing of the structure any time.

5. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE: Bar bending schedule is a vital chart for civil engineers. It offers the reinforcement calculation of RC beam like cutting length, type of bending, the length of bending etc.

6. DRAWING AND DESIGN: Drawing and design are considered as the elementary part of a running project. It offers all the necessary specifications of that project. Each site engineers should possess the quality for evaluating such drawings and designs.

7. COMPUTATION AND BILLS: A civil engineer should have the skills to produce the estimation and bills in a construction project.

8. QUALITY CONTROL: With proper quality control, the profit of the project is raised and the cost is decreased. Therefore, a engineer should be well versed with quality control process.

9. ON SITE MANAGEMENT: A engineer should have adequate knowledge with form-work, concreting, safety measures etc.

10. COORDINATION WITH LABOR: As a civil engineer, one should know how to manage the labors in a job site.

[iranexportbiz]

BITUMEN - 60/70

BITUMEN – 60/70

BITUMEN – 60/70 Test Method Specification   Description ASTM – D – 71, D3289 1.01 – 1.06 (Kg/m3) Specific Gravity @ 25oC ASTM – D – 5 60 / 70   Penetration @ 25oC 100 gr. 5s ASTM – D – 36 49 / 56 (oC) Softening Point ASTM – D – 113 100 Min. (cm) Ductility @ 25oC 5 cm/min ASTM – D – 6 0.2 Max. (Wt %) Loss on Heating ASTM –  D – 5 20 Max. (%) Drop in Penetration after Heating ASTM…

[vincivilworld]

Bitumen Softening Point Test – Ring and ball method

Bitumen Softening Point Test – Ring and ball method

The bitumen softening Point Test is done to determine the consistency of bitumen. Bitumen is a viscoelastic material, which means it behaves like both a liquid and a solid state. It does not have a specific melting point. As the temperature increases, the bitumen becomes softer and the viscosity of the bitumen decreases. One of the common parameters for classifying bitumen is the softening point…

[bimoutsourcing]

To become a successful civil engineer, the following knowledge is essential :-

Building materials testing processes Concrete Test : Slump test, compression test, split tensile test, soundness Soil Test : Core cutter test, compaction test, sand replacement test, triaxial test, consolidation test etc. Bitumen Test : Ductility test, softening point test, gravity test, penetration test

Utilization of surveying instruments: Must be well versed with applying these instruments like total station, theodolite etc.

Bar Bending Schedule: Bar bending schedule is very useful list for civil engineers. It produces the reinforcement calculation for reinforced concrete beam, column, slab etc. It offers the details of reinforcement cutting length, type of bends and bend length. Generally, quantity surveyors use bar bending schedule.

Computation & Bill: A civil engineer is liable to prepare estimate and bills for a construction project.

Standard codes for construction works: All civil engineers should be familiar with the codes of their own countries for construction projects. As for example : IS Codes

Drawing and design: Every engineer should have adequate knowledge with drawing and design as it is considered as the basis of any civil engineering projects.

On field activities: A civil engineer must have clear conception regarding concreting, form-work and measurement etc..

Analyzing soil: A civil engineer must be aware of various soil testing methods to find out the settlement and stability of soils prior to commence a construction project.

Quality control: A civil engineer should possess adequate knowledge of quality control so that any additional cost can be curtailed.

To get more details on this topic, watch the following construction video tutorial.

[ruizhirefractory]

The role of variety bulk refractory material in artillery mud

The preparation requirements of the stemming is the most error of each material weighing <0.5%, each weight of 250Kg feed according to a certain feeding order, require mixing, the total mixing time is 8 ~ 10min; prepared the temperature of the stemming 50 ℃, the upper limit of the mixture particle size <3 mm, while less than 0.088mm more than 40%, moisture <4%. The role of various bulk refractory materials in stemming is described below.

1, high bauxite

High bauxite particles and fines increase the fire resistance of stemming. The results of slag rotation erosion test show that the loss of stemming decreases with the increase of alumina content. Japan from the erosion of stemming mechanism found that the surface of the old aluminum high artillery mud although the electrical found SiC, alumina and other particles refractory brick suppliers fall into the slag, but did not find the dissolution of alumina particles. In Japan, the use of electrically-conductive alumina is more common. Based on the national conditions in our country, it is appropriate to use super-rich or first-grade high-alumina bauxite which is rich in sources, inexpensive in bauxite, and capable of meeting the performance requirements.

2, silicon carbide

Carbide refractory with high strength, resistance to hot metal and molten slag erosion, high thermal stress characteristics. The quality of silicon carbide should match the quality of the aggregate, from the cold and the use of requirements, SiC content of 50% and 70% of the two to choose from.

3, sericite

Sericite as a ceramic binder to make mud with low temperature strength. Due to the high content of alkali metal, the refractoriness refractory brick manufacturers drops, the quick-drying gunnable can be rapidly dried and hardened in a large temperature range (500-1650 ℃) to form a continuous strength, which can shorten the pumping time and win the maintenance of the iron mud Set and repair the main trench ditch time, reduce the glowing ditch lining of the mud gun baking. Sericite can also increase the rheological properties of mud, mud plasticity and lubrication properties are properly raised. Its dosage is less, require mixing evenly in the mud.

4, refractory clay

Refractory clay is an inorganic binder, forming a ceramic bond at high temperature, which makes the stemming at medium and high temperature (900 ~ 1440 ℃) to obtain sufficient firing strength, good plasticity at room temperature. On the grain size is extremely strict, more than 0.088mm into less than 5%, can increase the "slip" effect of stemming, mud can reduce the launch pressure.

5, expansion of materials

In the taphole, the stemming is a layered or massive structure, and stripping and shedding are one of the major causes of wastage. One of the measures to be taken may be to increase the tackiness of the old stemming and the new stemming by adding an expanding material . The amount of expansion agent added to increase the effect of swelling is significant. Production of gun mud line rate of change should be controlled within ± 0.5%, if the amount is too large, then generate more low melting point compounds, the loss becomes larger, and control the amount of added is necessary. The addition of a bulking agent improves the expansibility of the shotcrete, improves the adhesion between the new shotcrete and the old shotcrete, and improves durability.

6, Coke powder

Coke powder has high slag resistance and abrasion resistance, good air permeability, carbon products in the molten iron slag through and after the condensation process, are not bonded with the slag iron. Coke powder in the mixture of particle size requirements <l mm, too large will affect the plasticity. The higher the fixed carbon content the better, the water as low as possible. Coking powder in the coke generally from the blast furnace under the coke, the φ750 × 500 crusher broken <5 mm the following use.

7, asphalt

Softening temperature of 105 ~ 125 ℃ hard pitch, softening better plasticity, coke formation under high temperature carbon network structure, so that it has a high temperature strength stemming, volatile in the plug after the pores in the small Conducive to the drying mud stem. As the softening temperature of bitumen increases above 200 ° C, there are more components forming the high polymer in the bitumen which will enhance the coking performance of the bitumen. Hard asphalt mixing mill in the work of the flood (≤ 50 ℃) insoluble tar, help hand-cranked mud preparation and plasticity increase.

8, off-anthracene oil

Desiccant anthracene oil as binder and plasticizer Jing use, at room temperature (50 ℃) to shoot with a good relaxation and coke at high temperatures (1200 ~ 1500 ℃) coke ability to enhance the strength of mud.

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