#soap export

[ooliecat]

originally i was gonna have a nonchalant caption like "bunch of unrelated drawings" but i accidentally deleted the entire canvas file for the first one oh my god i freaked the hell out

[palvichemical]

Pioneering Excellence in Soda Ash Solutions Worldwide | palvichemical

Experience innovation and purity with Palvichemical, your premier destination for Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate). As a leading soda ash exporter in Canada, we deliver global excellence with our high-quality Soda Ash variants, including both Light and Dense. Trust Palvichemical as your reliable partner and Soda ash distributor in Canada, transforming industries and setting new standards for Soda Ash solutions worldwide. We deliver excellence with both Soda Ash Light and Soda Ash Dense variants. Our commitment to quality ensures that you receive top-notch products to meet your industrial needs.

Discover the power of purity with Palvichemical's Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate).

[shivendrasharama]

Finest Double Soap Dish exporter

[anuspaheritagep]

Why Choose Organic Soap Over Regular Soap?

Organic soaps are made from natural ingredients like plant oils, essential oils, and botanicals. They are free from synthetic chemicals and pesticides, gentle on the skin, environmentally friendly, and often cruelty-free. Organic soaps promote skin health and are suitable for those with sensitive skin. Anuspa Heritage is a prominent Indian brand known for exporting high-quality organic soaps globally. Our products are crafted using traditional techniques and organic ingredients, offering luxurious and rejuvenating experiences. With a commitment to sustainability, Anuspa Heritage's organic soap export from India showcases the country's rich heritage and dedication to natural skincare.

[orientalgroupposts]

Bulk Black Soap Wholesale Supplier

Description

Group Oriental offers various black soap products. We deal as a wholesale supplier of original Moroccan black soap. The products are 100% organic and natural and we ensure their quality and authenticity.

Benefits

The black soap is originally produced in Morocco where traditional methods are employed for the manufacturing of a rich and aromatic product. The soap is known to be the best natural cleanser which is suitable for all types of skin. It helps to get rid of the acne, scars and the irritation. The finest natural ingredients in the soap help to rejuvenate the skin and bring back the natural glow.

Group Oriental Serves as a Wholesale Supplier of Black Soap

1. COMPOSITION Formula’s reference: SAV.NOIR.01 INCI name (US)

CAS number

Percentage

Aqua (water)

7732-18-5

>50% - ≤75%

Potassium olivate

68154-77-8

>25% - ≤50%

Glycerin

56-81-5

>1% - ≤5%

Sodium benzoate

532-32-1

>0,1% - ≤1%

Potassium sorbate

24634-61-5 / 590-00-1

>0,1% - ≤1%

Potassium hydroxide

1310-58-3

≤0,1%

100% Organic Moroccan Beldi Black Soap - Moroccan Black Soap: The Next Big Thing in Skin Care

 Moroccan black soap is one of the country’s hidden secrets. Its benefits for the skin and well-being are unparalleled as it brings to the surface the best qualities of the country and the local culture. Made with secret recipes passed down from generation to generation. There are several formulations of Moroccan black soap on the market today that may add in oats, honey, or aloe. But the core ingredients of traditionally made African black soap include native plants like plantain skins, cocoa pods, shea tree bark, or palm tree leaves. Moroccan black soap has many health benefits as it:

It has ageing benefits.

It helps improve skin texture

Helps to get rid of skin discolorations and skin irritation

It has a deep cleaning properties

It is a natural exfoliate

At Oriental Group, we make the finest of Moroccan black soap; it is sold in different sizes:

Packaging details: 100g, 150g, 250g, 1kg, 5kg plastic jars.

We offer to our clients a flexible offer and very reasonable prices. We also offer a private labeling service to the clients wishing to resell our products, alongside with the design fee if they wish to put their own design on the label. It is a onetime fee, as we understand the importance of the products and the branding for our clients.

Supply Ability of Black soap:       2000 Kg/Kgs of Black soap per Week

Port:      FOB Casablanca /Tanger MED / Agadir

Payment Terms:              L/C,T/T, ,Western Union,MoneyGram/Paypal

Quick Details

Place of Origin:       Black soap from Morocco

customs code / HS code of Black soap: 34.01.20.90.99

Brand Name:          BioProGreen or Twichya or private labeling

Form:                        Paste

Use:                           Body , face

Product name : Black soap

Feature : Antiseptic, Basic Cleaning, Whitening

Flavors : Eucalyptus - Lavender.

MOQ :  50 pc or 5kg

Delivery Time : 7-15 working  days

Shipping              :  UPS,DHL,FEDEX,TNT,EMS,etc or as per customer request

Delivery Detail:       10 days after confirmation of all details and deposit

Precautions:      Rinse thoroughly if products gets into the eye.Keep away from children

We offer the natural black soap and provide our services as its wholesale supplier. You can get the product with private and customized labelling. Worldwide export and delivery services are available with quantity-based discounts at Group Oriental.

[arawalisupplychainsolutions]

[toiletsoapmachine]

Toilet Soap Machine Manufacturer

We produce toilet soap machines, including batch soap machines and toilet soap machines, and export them from India and Ahmedabad. We offer quality control for the supplied toilet soap-making equipment. When you work with us on your toilet soap manufacturing machine needs, you'll receive effective productivity.

[chemway-chemicals]

[aadhunikayurveda]

Start a skin-care brand

One of the most lucrative sectors in the global economy is skincare. It's growing quickly and there are tons of niche markets for specific products, which means you can make and sell your own. Whether you’re planning to sell skin-tightening products, exfoliators, moisturizers, masks, or, you’ll always have a market among consumers who want to look their best and boost their confidence. 

That is a fantastic chance for budding business people who want to launch a skincare line. Imagine all the individuals you could introduce to have beautiful, healthy skin. That makes starting your own skincare business exciting, amazing, and absolutely thrilling.

Important Steps - It takes a lot of work, but it is entirely possible to bring a wonderful skincare product or service idea to life.  Here are a few steps, you must follow to start skincare brand in India:

1. Identify your place in the skincare market

2. Identify Your Niche

3. Write a business plan

4. Choose your brand name and logo.

5. Incorporate your skincare business

6. Find a skin care product manufacturer or supplier. 

7. Meet the Legal Requirements

8. Decide the price point for your items.

9. Begin the marketing process.

10. Set realistic sales and distribution goals.

Unless you plan to make your products yourself, you will need to research find a good partner who can take a lot of pressure off your shoulders when you’re designing your own line. 

If you want to make custom products, take your time to find a private label organic skincare product manufacturer who can create your unique formulations. It can help to have a very clear idea of what you want so that you can explain to private label manufacturers what you want to create for your business.

A quality manufacturer will quickly, in large quantities, and in accordance with the strictest legal requirements, allowing you to concentrate on developing your brand.. All you need to do is make sure you’re picking a reputable company or manufacturer you can trust. 

Best private label ayurvedic manufacturing - Whether you’re planning on working with a manufacturer one thing matters above all else—efficiency, but when it comes to running a premium skincare line, it’s always better to make sure you’re working with a quality manufacturer and  not with the cheapest option.

Hence, Aadhunik Ayurveda is one of the best private label ayurvedic manufacturers, they are leading and certified companies in India and across the world for skin care products, essential oils, hair care products, cold pressed oils, cold processed soap, health & wellness products.

The company is engaged in manufacturing & exporting a premium quality collection of organic and chemical-free products. Their aim is to offer their consumers the highest-quality organic skin care, hair care, and wellness products at the most competitive pricing.

They also have dedicated in-house R&D team of experts in ayurvedic & chemical free product design, developed a complete range of skincare, haircare & personal care products.

They are the top leading Private Label Organic Skin Care Products Manufacturer in India and provide some of the following products such as - 

Cold Pressed oils

Essential Oils/ Hydrosols

Herbs & Powder

Cold Processed Soaps

Baby Care Products

Men’s Care products

Treatment oriented products

Wellness Products

[bioprogreenmorocco]

MOROCCAN BLACK SOAP FACTORY

Morocco is an acreage of spices, known for its dazzling colors and sweet-smelling fragrance. It is also known for its traditional beauty secrets. The Moroccan black soap factory is a thick golden brown paste with a green highlight. black soap factory is part of pacifying skin treatment. This magnificent product is rich in minerals that help cleanse the skin, hence leaving an incredibly charming and smooth finish. For centuries, Moroccans have black soap factory which is the secret to clean, healthy and glowing skin.

BLACK SOAP FACTORY BENEFITS

Beldi as its often called is a 100% natural plant product. The dough is based on an olive oil, pulp, which is enormously rich in vitamin E and an excellent exfoliator and moisturizer. It purifies the skin by eliminating dead cells and toxins, leaving the skin soft and silky to the touch. Consequently, it has a texture of butter and high content of vitamin E, which helps refresh the skin, working against dryness, aging, and dehydration of the skin. The lather of the soap is modest, and you will love its rich texture. Moroccan black soap factory is suitable for all skin types, especially for dry and mature skin. The Soap is part of a traditional hammam ritual. This is the first treatment in an oriental public bath. If you ever visit Morocco, then it's essential to your tourist experience to enjoy a hammam. The soap is produced from a mixture of oil and wrinkled olives, soaked in salt and potash. Over the years, this black soap factory used as a product for dermatology, and later became a real beauty tool for body, appropriate for all skin types.

Moroccan black soap factory is filled with Argan oil or olive oil and infused black olives, as a result, it organizes the skin for exfoliation. With this, the skin will be softer and ready to scrub. Combined with the action of Kessa gloves, removes impurities and dead skin cells. As a result of its exfoliating and moisturizing, it softens and at the same time sustains the skin. It hardly foams, but becomes creamy when water is added. Moroccan black soap factory is also enriched with eucalyptus oil, which gives the skin a youthful radiance. Therefore, your skin will be left with silky and soft feeling for days as a result of an efficient hammam experience. The most attractive quality is that it is appropriate for all skin types. The Components also offer therapeutic value.

PROPERTIES AND BENEFITS OF MOROCCAN BLACK SOAP FACTORY

The soap deep cleans the skin by removing toxins and dead skin cells (the rough and dry outer surface) making the skin softer. The exfoliation increases circulation of blood and lymph. With its anti-microbial properties, Moroccan black soap factory is rich in vitamin E which highly relieve itching due to excess of dead skin and blocked pores. It is also ideal for in-growing hair reduction. Once this is done, your skin is ready to absorb better treatment from the next skin care treatment such as mask, tanning and moisturizing. In conclusion, enjoying the exotic beauty rituals from traditions halfway around the world is now possible with the natural Moroccan black soap factory. Using this product will leave your skin smooth to touch. Make this soap a part of your beauty routine on a weekly basis for the best results. With this exfoliating process, you can get a healthy and glowing skin.

[seair]

Exploring the Growing Industry of Soap Export from India

To successfully export soap from India, explore soap export data with an updated soap exporters list, HS codes and emerging trends.

[arganoilsidighanem]

Morocco is an acreage of spices, known for its dazzling colors and sweet-smelling fragrance. It is also known for its traditional beauty secrets. The Moroccan black soap factory is a thick golden brown paste with a green highlight. black soap factory is part of pacifying skin treatment. This magnificent product is rich in minerals that help cleanse the skin, hence leaving an incredibly charming and smooth finish. For centuries, Moroccans have black soap factory which is the secret to clean, healthy and glowing skin.

BLACK SOAP FACTORY BENEFITS

Beldi as its often called is a 100% natural plant product. The dough is based on an olive oil, pulp, which is enormously rich in vitamin E and an excellent exfoliator and moisturizer. It purifies the skin by eliminating dead cells and toxins, leaving the skin soft and silky to the touch. Consequently, it has a texture of butter and high content of vitamin E, which helps refresh the skin, working against dryness, aging, and dehydration of the skin. The lather of the soap is modest, and you will love its rich texture. Moroccan black soap factory is suitable for all skin types, especially for dry and mature skin. The Soap is part of a traditional hammam ritual. This is the first treatment in an oriental public bath. If you ever visit Morocco, then it's essential to your tourist experience to enjoy a hammam. The soap is produced from a mixture of oil and wrinkled olives, soaked in salt and potash. Over the years, this black soap factory used as a product for dermatology, and later became a real beauty tool for body, appropriate for all skin types.

Moroccan black soap factory is filled with Argan oil or olive oil and infused black olives, as a result,  it organizes the skin for exfoliation. With this, the skin will be softer and ready to scrub. Combined with the action of Kessa gloves, removes impurities and dead skin cells. As a result of its exfoliating and moisturizing, it softens and at the same time sustains the skin. It hardly foams, but becomes creamy when water is added. Moroccan black soap factory is also enriched with eucalyptus oil, which gives the skin a youthful radiance. Therefore, your skin will be left with silky and soft feeling for days as a result of an efficient hammam experience. The most attractive quality is that it is appropriate for all skin types. The Components also offer therapeutic value.

PROPERTIES AND BENEFITS OF MOROCCAN BLACK SOAP FACTORY

The soap deep cleans the skin by removing toxins and dead skin cells (the rough and dry outer surface) making the skin softer. The exfoliation increases circulation of blood and lymph. With its anti-microbial properties, Moroccan black soap factory is rich in vitamin E which highly relieve itching due to excess of dead skin and blocked pores. It is also ideal for in-growing hair reduction. Once this is done, your skin is ready to absorb better treatment from the next skin care treatment such as mask, tanning and moisturizing. In conclusion, enjoying the exotic beauty rituals from traditions halfway around the world is now possible with the natural Moroccan black soap factory. Using this product will leave your skin smooth to touch. Make this soap a part of your beauty routine on a weekly basis for the best results. With this exfoliating process, you can get a healthy and glowing skin.

[queenshelby]

Sweet Possession (Part 1)

Pairing: Very Dark! Thomas Shelby (32) x Innocent! Reader (19)

Warning: Age Gap, Smut

It was about four months ago when you met him, this blue-eyed stranger who would change your life forever. It was as if you had stepped into the unknown, shedding your old, familiar skin. He made your head spin with his charm and allure for the unknown.

When you talked to him for the very first time, it was as if you had known each other for years. He listened to you, and you felt as though he truly understood who you were and what you needed in life.

Despite being over 12 years older than you , Thomas Shelby made you feel safe and wanted, desired and accepted. You never felt such a connection to someone who had such an intense personality as Thomas and, most importantly for all, he showed you respect.

Thomas (or Tommy as you called him) was a wealthy business man from Birmingham and whilst you did not know much about his business activities, you knew that he was responsible for import and export of goods such Tabacco and cars.

With both of your parents not having survived the sinking of the Titanic, you had no one but yourself to stand up for and take care of yourself until Tommy came into your life.

He took you in and took care of you a few months ago, admiring your inner strength and determination to overcome all the challenges that life had thrown at you ever since you had turned 16, which was almost three years before you met him, your soon to be husband.

You were 19 years old when you met the 32-year-old in a pub named the Garrison shortly after you had started working there behind the bar. That night, Tommy had saved you from some unwanted attention from some other patrons and as you sat together that night, your connection was undeniable, palpable. Every guess or gut feeling you had ever had about your future guesses or dreams was confirmed in an instant. This was the moment that would change it all.

Fast-forward a bit and soon you found yourself living in Tommy's mansion, which you had yet to fully discover. The mansion was home to your own magnificent bedroom, Surreal wallpapers, wax-leafed walls, brass fixtures, and white porcelain handles.

It was surreal coming from almost living on the street to this and when Tommy asked you to marry him a few weeks ago,  you accepted blindly only thinking of the safety and love he gave you.

The wedding ceremony itself was small, with only some of his family in attendance. You were his second wife; his first wife having died four years ago and this was something that did not bother you. You accepted him with all as his baggage, just as he accepted you.

***

Having respected your wishes not to engage in any sexual activities before marriage, you two waited for the big night, anticipating the pleasure of having each other's bodies.

Tommy had told you through the weeks leading up to your wedding day that he would be gentle, as he assumed you were still a virgin and had no experience with men. He also told you that he would teach you everything there was to know about sex, which was a prospect that excited you. 

You knew that being abstinent for more than four months, must have been difficult for a man his age, and you couldn't help but admire him for his respect towards you and your decision to wait until your wedding night.

Unlike many other men, he said that he had no interest in the services of prostitutes and you believed him. He showed you that intimacy was not just about sex but more about the emotional connection between two people. But as each day passed, the tension between you two grew stronger and stronger.

The big night finally arrived. You had taken a bath, washing your whole body using a lavender-scented soap and then slid your body gently into a silky nightgown that you had bought in an expensive store downtown especially for you wedding night. As you looked at the mirror, you could not help but feel a bit nervous.

Tommy knocked gently on your door and after a short moment, he opened it up.

As you stood there in your nightgown, he couldn't help but stare. His eyes wandered over every bit of your body, and you could see the hunger in his eyes from a mile away.

Approaching you, he gently took your hand and drew you closer to him. His other arm wrapped around your waist, pulling you into a tight embrace. You could feel the heat radiating off his body, making your core tighten. 

"You are beautiful, Love," Thomas whispered in your ear, brushing a loose tendril of hair from your face, his breath warm against your skin.

He then took hold of your left hand again and tenderly kissed your wedding ring – a token of your eternal love. Your heart raced and your nerves tingled at his tender display of affection. Your cheeks felt flushed and the room seemed to be spinning as the moment you'd been waiting for your entire life was finally about to happen.

Your hands felt clammy and you were struggling to find the words to respond to the man you'd married.

"Tommy," you gasped. "I want you," you stammered, looking up into his sharp, handsome face.

He caught your gaze with a knowing smile. "Good, because I want you too," Thomas said, with his eyes blazing and expectant.

As you looked into his eyes, you felt yourself being swept away on a tide of anticipation and desire.

Thomas stood in front of you, his fingers tracing the outline of your delicate collarbone.

He leaned in to softly kiss your quivering lips. His tongue danced upon yours for a mere moment before he pulled away. Slowly, he unbuttoned your night dress and let it fall gently to the floor, revealing your perky, young breasts to the cool air of the bedroom.

He took a moment to admire your inexperienced and vulnerable beauty before he began to trail kisses down your neck, across your chest, and onto your sensitive nipples.

"Oh God," you gasped, your hands clenching in his thick, dark hair as he teased you with his mouth.

"You like that, do you?" Thomas whispered, a wicked grin on his face.

The heat between your thighs became unbearable. You wanted him to do more, to touch you there, to do away with the last scraps of clothing that separated you from the man you married.

"Why don't you lie down for me, Love?" Thomas suggested, as he began to remove his own clothes.

You nodded eagerly, unable to find your voice in the intensity of the moment. Your breath hitched as you watched him undress. His muscled chest and chiseled abdomen were revealed to you as he shed his shirt, and your mouth went dry as he removed his trousers to stand proudly before you.

You laid back against the plush, velvet pillows, feeling self-conscious about your own nakedness in front of such a strong, confident man.

You noticed that his member stood tall and rigid, ready to claim you as his.

"Stop looking at my cock and lay back, Sweetheart," Thomas chuckled, sensing your discomfort. "I promise I won't hurt you," he then reassured you and you swallowed hard, nodding in compliance as you scooted further up on the bed.

Thomas followed, crawling up the bed with a seductive grace. He settled between your thighs and you trembled with anticipation.

"Open for me," Thomas whispered, his fingers lightly tracing your slick folds.

You whimpered at the sensation of his touch, your body tensing as he explored you intimately. Slowly, you obeyed his demand and allowed your legs to fall open. You felt exposed and vulnerable, but also safe in Thomas' arms, which held you with a protectiveness you needed in this new and uncertain moment.

"Good girl," Thomas praised, his fingers circling your clit with a tantalizing slowness. "You are already so nice and wet for me, eh?"  Thomas whispered, a suggestive smirk tugging at the corners of his lips.

You nodded, biting your lower lip as Thomas began to circle your clit with his thumb, all the while keeping his fingers buried inside of you.

"You are so beautiful Y/N. I am a lucky man," Thomas murmured, sensing your pleasure at his touch.

You nodded again, too caught up in the euphoria of the moment to find your voice.

Thomas began to thrust his fingers back and forth, his thumb continuing to rub your clit in slow, steady circles.

You threw your head back and moaned, your hips moving with a mind of their own. The pleasure was overwhelming, and you could feel yourself getting close to the edge.

"Let go for me, Love," Thomas whispered, his voice hoarse with desire. "Let yourself go. I promise you'll enjoy it."

With those words, something inside of you snapped. You closed your eyes and let the waves of pleasure wash over you, your body shaking with the intensity of your orgasm.

"That's it," Thomas murmured, his voice full of satisfaction. "That's my good girl. You're so beautiful when you cum, sweetheart," Thomas said, his voice thick with lust as he brushed a strand of hair from your sweaty forehead.

You smiled weakly, still catching your breath after the powerful release you had just experienced. You had never felt anything like that before and you couldn't believe how intensely Thomas had been able to make you feel.

"I love you Tommy ," you whispered, half-ashamed of the needy tone in your voice.

Thomas kissed you softly, his lips tasting of salt and lust. "I love you too, my wife," he said, before his hand started to wander down your body again.

His fingers found your wetness once more and he stroked you gently before, finally, climbing on top of you.

"I'm going to fuck you now, Love," Thomas whispered, his breath hot against your cheek as he teased your entrance with his tip.

"Please be gentle , Tommy," you pleaded, feeling overwhelmed by the sheer size and intensity of Thomas' manhood.

He nodded, his eyes blazing with desire. "Of course, Sweetheart. I'll be as gentle as I can," he said and, with that, he slowly began to push himself inside of you.

You gasped at the initial pain and pressure of his penetration, clutching onto the sheets as he filled you up completely.

Thomas paused for a moment, allowing you to adjust to his size.

"Are you alright, Love?" he asked, his voice laced with concern.

You nodded, biting your lower lip as you tried to relax and accommodate his girth.

"Yes, I'm okay," you assured him, and Thomas began to thrust in and out of you with slow, deliberate movements.

At first, it felt foreign and slightly painful, but as Thomas' rhythm gradually picked up speed, your discomfort gave way to a growing sense of pleasure and desire.

"You feel so good, Sweetheart," Thomas groaned, as he plunged deeper and deeper inside of you.

Your legs wrapped around Thomas' waist, drawing him closer still, as you moaned and writhed beneath him.

You had never experienced such intense pleasure before, and you could feel yourself edging closer and closer to the precipice of climax.

You clung to Thomas, your fingernails digging into the taut muscles of his back as you moaned and gasped beneath him.

"Oh, God, Tommy," you panted, your hips bucking to meet his thrusts. "I think I'm going to cum again."

Thomas' eyes blazed with a fierce hunger as he drove himself deeper inside of you, your bodies slapping together in a primal dance.

"That's right, Love. Cum for me," Thomas growled, his voice low and husky.

"I want to feel you tighten around me, Love. I want to hear you scream my name while I make you come."

With those filthy words, Thomas thrust deeper and harder into you, sending wave after wave of pulsating pleasure surging through your body.

"Yes, Tommy! Yes!" you screamed, your voice mingling with his deep, guttural grunts.

"Fuck, you feel so tight and warm. So fucking good," Thomas groaned, sweat dripping from his brow as he plunged into your depths again and again.

"Don't cum inside me ," you gasped, suddenly remembering a crucial detail as you had previously discussed that you were not yet ready to have children with him. 

"I won't," Thomas groaned. "But I need to feel you a little longer. You just feel too good around my cock, Love," Thomas pleaded as he continued to drive himself in and out of you with wild, untamed passion.

You could feel another orgasm building within you, and you knew it would be powerful. You wanted to hold off for as long as possible, wanting to savor every exquisite sensation that Thomas was eliciting from your hyper-sensitive body.

But your pleasure took over and you succumbed to the tidal wave of ecstasy that washed over you. You screamed his name as you squeezed your thighs around his flexing hips.

"Good girl," Thomas panted in your ear, swirling his hips as he forced yet another powerful orgasm from your aching flesh. "So good. So, so fucking good."

You arched your back and collapsed against the bed, trembling beneath him as pain, pleasure, shame and wonderment coursed through your veins like liquid fire.

"Fuck, I am going to cum," Thomas groaned, the thickness of his cock throbbing within you before pulling out quickly and spraying sticky streaks of semen over your stomach, breasts, and bedsheets.

Both of you were breathing heavily as the room filled with the scent of your mutual pleasure, stocks damp with your fluids and mixed with the evidence of his release on your skin.

Neither of you spoke for a few moments, enjoying the quiet moment of contentment that came on the heels of such intense satisfaction.

Thomas broke the silence, removing evidence of his release from your body, as one would clean a precious piece of artwork after its masterpiece was finished.

"Did I hurt you, Love?" Thomas asked, his eyes softening as they met yours.

"No, I-I wanted that," you admitted, your body still shivering from the intense pleasure. "It was perfect," you told him, and he smiled, leaning down to kiss you softly, recalling how long he wanted to do this. 

Unbeknownst to you, he had been wanting you for many years and now, finally, you were his. His wife. His possession. His triumph.

Tags:

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[determinate-negation]

“This raises the question: if industrial production is necessary to meet decent-living standards today, then perhaps capitalism—notwithstanding its negative impact on social indicators over the past five hundred years—is necessary to develop the industrial capacity to meet these higher-order goals. This has been the dominant assumption in development economics for the past half century. But it does not withstand empirical scrutiny. For the majority of the world, capitalism has historically constrained, rather than enabled, technological development—and this dynamic remains a major problem today.

It has long been recognized by liberals and Marxists alike that the rise of capitalism in the core economies was associated with rapid industrial expansion, on a scale with no precedent under feudalism or other precapitalist class structures. What is less widely understood is that this very same system produced the opposite effect in the periphery and semi-periphery. Indeed, the forced integration of peripheral regions into the capitalist world-system during the period circa 1492 to 1914 was characterized by widespread deindustrialization and agrarianization, with countries compelled to specialize in agricultural and other primary commodities, often under “pre-modern” and ostensibly “feudal” conditions.

In Eastern Europe, for instance, the number of people living in cities declined by almost one-third during the seventeenth century, as the region became an agrarian serf-economy exporting cheap grain and timber to Western Europe. At the same time, Spanish and Portuguese colonizers were transforming the American continents into suppliers of precious metals and agricultural goods, with urban manufacturing suppressed by the state. When the capitalist world-system expanded into Africa in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, imports of British cloth and steel destroyed Indigenous textile production and iron smelting, while Africans were instead made to specialize in palm oil, peanuts, and other cheap cash crops produced with enslaved labor. India—once the great manufacturing hub of the world—suffered a similar fate after colonization by Britain in 1757. By 1840, British colonizers boasted that they had “succeeded in converting India from a manufacturing country into a country exporting raw produce.” Much the same story unfolded in China after it was forced to open its domestic economy to capitalist trade during the British invasion of 1839–42. According to historians, the influx of European textiles, soap, and other manufactured goods “destroyed rural handicraft industries in the villages, causing unemployment and hardship for the Chinese peasantry.”

The great deindustrialization of the periphery was achieved in part through policy interventions by the core states, such as through the imposition of colonial prohibitions on manufacturing and through “unequal treaties,” which were intended to destroy industrial competition from Southern producers, establish captive markets for Western industrial output, and position Southern economies as providers of cheap labor and resources. But these dynamics were also reinforced by structural features of profit-oriented markets. Capitalists only employ new technologies to the extent that it is profitable for them to do so. This can present an obstacle to economic development if there is little demand for domestic industrial production (due to low incomes, foreign competition, etc.), or if the costs of innovation are high.

Capitalists in the Global North overcame these problems because the state intervened extensively in the economy by setting high tariffs, providing public subsidies, assuming the costs of research and development, and ensuring adequate consumer demand through government spending. But in the Global South, where state support for industry was foreclosed by centuries of formal and informal colonialism, it has been more profitable for capitalists to export cheap agricultural goods than to invest in high-technology manufacturing. The profitability of new technologies also depends on the cost of labor. In the North, where wages are comparatively high, capitalists have historically found it profitable to employ labor-saving technologies. But in the peripheral economies, where wages have been heavily compressed, it has often been cheaper to use labor-intensive production techniques than to pay for expensive machinery.

Of course, the global division of labor has changed since the late nineteenth century. Many of the leading industries of that time, including textiles, steel, and assembly line processes, have now been outsourced to low-wage peripheral economies like India and China, while the core states have moved to innovation activities, high-technology aerospace and biotech engineering, information technology, and capital-intensive agriculture. Yet still the basic problem remains. Under neoliberal globalization (structural adjustment programs and WTO rules), governments in the periphery are generally precluded from using tariffs, subsidies, and other forms of industrial policy to achieve meaningful development and economic sovereignty, while labor market deregulation and global labor arbitrage have kept wages extremely low. In this context, the drive to maximize profit leads Southern capitalists and foreign investors to pour resources into relatively low-technology export sectors, at the expense of more modern lines of industry.

Moreover, for those parts of the periphery that occupy the lowest rungs in global commodity chains, production continues to be organized along so-called pre-modern lines, even under the new division of labor. In the Congo, for instance, workers are sent into dangerous mineshafts without any modern safety equipment, tunneling deep into the ground with nothing but shovels, often coerced at gunpoint by U.S.-backed militias, so that Microsoft and Apple can secure cheap coltan for their electronics devices. Pre-modern production processes predicated on the “technology” of labor coercion are also found in the cocoa plantations of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, where enslaved children labor in brutal conditions for corporations like Cadbury, or Colombia’s banana export sector, where a hyper-exploited peasantry is kept in line by a regime of rural terror and extrajudicial killings overseen by private death squads.

Uneven global development, including the endurance of ostensibly “feudal” relations of production, is not inevitable. It is an effect of capitalist dynamics. Capitalists in the periphery find it more profitable to employ cheap labor subject to conditions of slavery or other forms of coercion than they do to invest in modern industry.”

Capitalism, Global Poverty, and the Case for Democratic Socialism by Jason Hickle and Dylan Sullivan

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